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W/Z/'f^ 


gaz^€; 


THE 


College  of  Plivsicians  ajm  Surgeons 


NEW    YORK 


AND  ITS 


Founders,  Officers,  Instructors,  Benefactors 
and  Alumni 

A     HISTORY 


EDITED  BY 

JOHN  SHRADY,  A.  M..  M.  D. 


MEMBER    OF   THE    NEW    YORK   HISTORICAL   SOCIETY,  THE   AMERICAN    AND    NEW    YORK   STATE 

MEDICAL   ASSOCIATIONS,  EX-PRESIDENT   NEW   YORK    MEDICAL   UNION,  HARLEM, 

YORKVILLE,   NEW    YORK    COUNTY     MEDICAL    ASSOCIATIONS    AND 

NEW    YORK    MEDICO-HISTORIC    SOCIETY,    ETC.,  ETC. 


ILLUSTRATED 


NEW  YORK— CHICAGO 
THE  LEWIS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 


fin  ^17 

.  HL>i9 
V.I 


INTRODUCTION 


In  presenting  the  History  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
now  virtually  the  JMedical  Department  of  the  Columbia  University  of  Xew 
York,  it  is  hoped  that  the  concession  will  be  made  that  it  is  at  least  an 
undertaking  of  labor  and  patience.  Shortcomings  in  all  missions  to  the 
public  are  inevitable.  History  may  be  claimed  to  be  a  Ledger,  with  vouchers 
duly  filed  and  a  wide  column  for  remarks  and  challenges  for  the  discomfiture 
of  the  accountant.  Biography,  on  the  other  hand,  is  expected  to  aid  with 
its  affidavits  and  possibly  bring  to  ruin  the  offender  against  the  proprieties. 
Hence  in  an  undertaking  of  this  kind  the  time  and  work  expended  cannot  be 
expected  to  show  on  the  surface,  since,  according  to  the  ancients,  the  province 
of  "art  is  to  conceal  art."  Chronology  is  also  to  be  regarded  with  a  deference 
due  to  long  usage  and  as  a  valuable  aid  in  the  dating  of  epochs.  The  dearth 
of  material  should  defend  the  compilers  of  the  present  work  against  the 
accusation  of  partiality  for  any  personage  or  institution,  for  how  can  the 
expectation  be  realized  that  any  list  of  living  names  can  be  entirely  satisfac- 
tory, or  that  any  balancing  of  achievements  can  be  effective  beyond  the  cavil 
of  a  doubt?  Little  can  the  indifferent  reader  know  of  the  regretful  conning 
over  of  memoirs,  pamphlets,  addresses  and  controversies  beside  the  Gothic 
grandeur  of  a  towering  reputation. 

What  have  been  the  beginnings  of  this  institution  under  consideration? 
What  else  but  a  recounting  of  its  development  stages  beneath  leaky  roofs, 
with  a  pupilage  hunting  the  nooks  and  corners  of  its  environments  for  an 
humble  education  ?  What  beyond  can  disheartened  undergraduates,  learn- 
ing from  their  own  discomfiture,  hope  to  gain  from  lessons  of  amiable  chari- 
ties as  they  loom  up  in  the  halo  of  a  borrowed  book? 

As  may  be  readily  divined,  many  are  the  temptations  to  extol  mere 
leaderships  as  well  as  to  reverently  name  great  discoverers  who  have  improved 
their  opportunities.  But  alas  for  the  ambitious,  equitable  distribution  and 
parallelisms  with  the  past  compel  an  adaptation  to  the  Spirit  of  the  Age,  to 
which  the  greatest  dissemblers  must  yield.  But  even  to  that  rare  blend  of 
justice  with  loyalty  is  given  the  privilege  to  every  alumnus  to  praise  his  own 
Alma  Mater  without  suspicion  of  a  warped  judgment.     Still  further,  without 


iv  INTRODUCTION. 

vanity  and  without  an  allegation  for  perfection  in  any  given  instance,  any 
institution  may  accept  on  merit  alone  a  certain  rank  among  its  peers.  As 
histor}^  is  made  up  of  annals,  so  the  contributors  to  this  enterprise  do  verily 
trust  that  certain  vacant  places  may  be  filled  bv  those  destined  to  rise  above 
their  surroundings.  Let  them  be  consoled  by  the  reflection  that  the  higher 
the  ascent  the  more  lonely  the  grandeur. 

The  medical  history  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  once 
merely  classed  as  a  school,  with  its  thirty-three  graduates  from  1769  to  1810, 
is  based  upon  its  own  minutes,  notices  in  the  newspapers  of  the  times  and 
other  meager  references,  made  essential  by  property  transfers  in  a  trading 
station  which  from  the  start  began  growing  into  a  metropolis.  Not  much 
attention  was  given  to  affairs  other  than  political  or  financial.  The  few 
names  of  the  prominent  in  the  professions  were  truly  representative,  since 
they  were  equipped  with  degrees  from  abroad  as  evidences  of  a  systematic 
education.  The  population,  sparse,  motley  and  transient,  depended  on  do- 
mestic remedies  and  the  voluntary  services  of  those  nearest  at  hand.  The 
demands  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  past  century  had  not  yet  pressed  them- 
selves to  the  front.  In  the  builder's  phrase,  the  work  was  not  then  done  by 
contract,  but  by  the  piece.  Skill  was  at  a  premium  and  beyond  the  reach  of 
bribery,  and  the  people  were  content  that  the  situation  was  no  worse.  Even 
though  the  obstacles  were  many  and  various,  none  have  as  yet  appeared  to 
charge  that  opportunities  were  not  embraced,  but  rather  that  the  competition 
was  by  methods  rather  than  by  results.  The  lesson  of  evolution  was  that  the 
past  of  a  surety  had  made  the  present  possible. 

In  the  fight  for  recognition,  without  even  a  suggestion  of  self-conceit  as 
such,  the  College  has  held  its  own  amid  many  discouragements.  It  has  been 
fortunate  in  the  command  of  earnest  teachers,  differently  estimated  as  regards 
their  attainments  by  different  individuals.  Their  qualifications  as  a  whole 
have  commanded  respect  and  their  fame  has  grown  apace,  radiant  with  quaint 
anecdotes  and  characteristic  reminders.  Their  logic  sometimes  seemed  a 
little  odd,  but  their  witticisms  were  scarcely  ever  lost  in  tangents.  Full  class- 
rooms were  never  exceptional  and  there  was  never  a  lecturer  without  a 
modicum  of  popularity.  In  fact  the  relations  between  teacher  and  scholar 
were  happy  in  the  extreme. 

The  phases  of  crises  in  the  college  and  of  stages  in  careers  may  be  sur- 
mised if  not  stated  in  the  running  narratives  which  follow  in  the  work  that 
may  surprise  such  doubters  as  may  be  without  ideas  of  agreeable  endeavor. 
Occasionally  slight  smirches  of  reputation  may  reason  of  indolence  or 
remissness,  but  they  do  not  appear  to  have  been  abiding.  Contrariwise  there 
was  an  earnestness  of  aim  and  an  energy  of  spirit  which  uniformly  captured. 


INTRODUCTION.  v 

Without  the  reminiscences  of  the  universities  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  there 
was  more  of  a  jocund  daring  and  a  more  direct  apphcation  of  force — the 
surgery  was  bolder,  instruments  were  adapted  to  more  dehcate  operations,  the 
self-registering  thermometer  came  into  vogue  and  the  laws  of  light  and  sound 
revealed  startling  conditions,  general  pathology  gi'ew  more  Teutonic,  and 
medication  more  aseptic  as  well  as  more  philosophical.  In  the  whirl  of 
mechanical  forces  the  age  had  become  one  of  velocity,  failures  were  ex- 
plained more  adroitly,  and  as  a  rule  the  operator  divulged  with  minute  detail 
his  intentions  before  the  anaesthetic  sleep  had  ceased. 

As  ancestor-worship  keeps  alive  the  glories  of  the  past,  as  Egypt  stil! 
teaches  by  symbolism,  as  Greece  and  Rome  by  the  laws  of  symmetry,  as  the 
earthquakes  vield  us  metals  and  gems  while  the  spectroscope  reads  the  surfaces 
of  the  sun.  so  may  it  not  be  too  much  for  any  or  e\-ery  alumnus  of  Columbia 
to  hope  tliat  it  may  have  abundant  years  to  fulfil  its  mission  in  the  compan- 
ionship of  yet  worthier  groups. 

However,  according  to  the  culprit"?  usage,  the  plea  is  to  be  interjected 
that  notwithstanding  the  endeavors  of  a  well  equipped  working  force  there 
remains  the  fact  that  possibly  through  modesty  many  of  the  alumni  ha\-e 
baffled  all  attempts  to  gain  direct  personal  information.  The  quest  indeed 
has  been  paramount  and  as  a  rule  has  met  with  an  endorsement  of  those 
directlv  concerned.     May  their  reputations  linger  to  cheer  the  unwary! 

In  the  preparation  of  this  work  it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  the  labors 
of  the  editor  should  extend  beyond  the  history  proper  and  such  biographical 
mention  as  is  necessarily  a  part  thereof.  Other  memorabilia  were  of  neces- 
sity committed  to  other  hands.  That  history  necessarily  aims  to  complete 
records  and  begins  with  the  death  of  the  subject  cannot  be  gainsaid.  On 
those  grounds  all  historians  are  exonerated  from  wanton  h}-perboles  and 
protected  from  the  controversies  of  the  living.  Remembering  that  editors 
and  publishers  occupy  a  middle  ground  between  the  statements  of  bare  facts 
and  the  mere  caterings  to  exquisite  literary  tastes,  it  is  hoped  that  all  con- 
cerned mav  temper  justice  with  mercy.  Let  all  remember  that  the  progress 
of  the  past  century  was  not  the  work  of  the  superior  few.  Even  they  do  not 
claim  more  than  a  moiety  of  glory,  but  are  willing  to  divide  with  the  lowliest 
in  their  retinue. 


CONTENTS. 


Chapter  I. — Early  History  of  Medicine  in  New  York — The  First  Medical 

College  I 

Chapter  II. — Founding  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. — The 

Early   History   and   First   Graduates 28 

Chapter  HI. — The  Second  Period  of  the  History  of  the  College. — Resig- 
nation   of    the    Faculty 51 

Chapter  I\'. — Reorganization  of  the  College. — Removal  to  Crosby  Street.  ..   80 

Chapter  \'. — The  College  under  President  Stevens 93 

Chapter  VL — Removal  of  the  College  and  its  Union  with  Columbia  College.  105 

Chapter  VH. — The  College   Under  President  Alonzo  Clark 121 

Chapter  VHI. — Administration  of  President  John  C.   Dalton 137 

Chapter  IX.- — The    New    College — The    Vanderbilt    Clinic — The    Sloane 

Maternity  Hospital 1 58 

Chapter  X. — Dr.  James  W.  McLane  Called  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Col- 
lege.— Union    with    Columbia    University 222 

Chapter  XL- — Progress  of  the  College  Since  its  Union  with  Columbia  Uni- 
versity    238 

Chapter  XII. — Instruction   and   Examinations — Present   Requirements 289 

Chapter  XIII. — Prizes  and   Scholarships — Gifts  to  the  College 304 

Chapter  XI\'. — The  Alumni  Associations — Of  The  College  of  Physicians 

and  Surgeons,  and  of  Sloan  Maternity  Hospital.  .  .  .319 

Chapter  XV. — Officers   of  the  College .' .  338 

Appendix. — Charter  of  Kings  College — The  "Doctors'  Mob." — Ordinance 
for  Conferring  the  Medical  Degree — State  of  Learning  in 
Columbia  College  in  1795 — Charter  and  Supplementary  Char- 
ter of  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons — Disruption  of  the 

College — Protest  of  the  Professors 346 

Charter  Compilation  of  1886 — Agreements  of  Union  Between  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  Columbia  College — Laws  Per- 
taining to  the  Same — Certificate  of  Incorporation  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
sreons 402 


vu 


HISTORICAL  INDEX. 


Act  to  Promote  Medical  Science lOO 

Agnew,     Cornelius    R 142 

Alnmni    Associations : 

College   of   Physicians  and   Surgeons.  .319 

Sloane  Maternity  Hospital    335 

Alumni    Association    Civil    List 331 

Alumni    Fellowships    325 

Alumni     Association     Prize 320 

Anderson,    Alexander 27 

Bard,  John   10 

Bard,     Samuel 51,  67 

Bayley,   Richard    25 

Beck,  John   Brodhead 84 

Beck,    Theodore    Romeyn ■i^ 

Botanic    Garden    57 

Brockway,    Frederick   J 275 

Cartwright  Lecture  and  Prize 322 

Catalogue   of   College,    1880 136 

Chandler,    Charles    F 257 

Charlton,   John    11 

Charters : 

Of   Kings    College 346 

Charter    of    1784 356 

Charter    of     1787 357 

Regents'    Charter     365 

Supplementary    Charter,    1811 369 

Charter   Compilations    400 

Clark,   Alonzo    121 

Death    of    127 

Clossy,    Samuel    12 

Cock,    Thomas    105 

Colden,    Cadwallader    9 

College  Buildings : 

In     1813     56 

On    Twenty-third     Street 106 

Corner  Stone  of  New  Building  Laid..  167 
Address  by  Hon.  Chauncey  M.  Depew.167 
Historical  Address,  Dr.  John  C.   Dal- 

ton    172 

Description  of  204 

Columbia  College  Medical   School 24 


Commencement,   First    21 

Course    of    Study    293 

Da    Costa    Laboratory .317 

Dalton,    John    C,    President 137 

History    ot    College    by 139 

Death    of    148 

Dana,   James    F 82 

Delafield,    Edward    105 

Death    of    118 

Delafield   Prize    ■  • 320 

Doctor   of   Medicine,   Degree   Established.  .360 

Draper,  William  H 262 

Examinations   289 

Fellowships    315 

First    Commencement     36 

First  Faculty   30 

First    Graduates    37 

Francis,    John    W 71 

Gifts    and     Bequests 315 

Gilman,   Chandler  R 112 

Harsen    Prizes    306 

Hosack,   David    42 

Quoted    21 

Hospital,   the    First,   in    1771 22 

Instruction    and    Exaininations 289 

Jacobi,   Abraham,   Ward   for   Children 317 

Jones,   John    14 

Kierstede,  Dr.   Hans 3 

King's   College    Medical    School 15 

Kissam,   Samuel    20 

La   Montague,   Dr.   Johannes S 

Lovi',    President,    Address    by 231 

McClelland   Bequest    315 

McLane,   James   W 160 

President    of    College 222 

Macneven,    William   J 48 

Markoe,    Thomas    M 276 

Medical    Degrees,    Priority    of 19 

Medical    Graduates,    First 19 

Medical  School,  First 12 

Medical  and  Surgical  Clinics 98 


HISTORICAL   INDEX. 


Medicine,   Under   Dutch    Regime 3 

jNIetcalfe,    John    T 275 

Middleton,    Peter 14 

Mitchell,    Samuel    L 40 

Mitchell,   S.   Weir,   Quoted 154 

Mobs,   The   Doctors' 359 

Mott,   Valentine    73 

Officiary  of  College  338 

Otis,    Fessenden    Nott 270 

Parker,   Willard    go 

Pathological   Society   103 

Physicians  and   Surgeons,  College  of 28 

Post,    Wright    70 

Prizes     304 

Protest    of    Professors 394 

Proudfit    Fellowship    315 

Regents,   Report   of 370 

Reorganization  of  College 80 

Romayne,    Dr.    Nicholas t,"/ 

Roosevelt  Hospital  219 

Rutgers    Medical    College 64 

Sands.    Henry    B 250 

Seaman.    Dr.    Valentine 11 

Ship's   Surgeons    3 


Sloane    Maternity    Hospital 189 

Description    of    217 

Smith.   John   Augustine 87 

Smith,   Joseph   Mather 114 

Smith    Prize    313 

Stevens,   Alexander   H 93 

Stevens   Prize 313 

St.    John,    Samuel 124 

Swift    Physiological    Cabinet 316 

Torrey.    John    82 

University  Connection    226 

Plans   of   Union 229 

Legislative   Authority    230 

Act   of   Union 404 

Statutes     235 

Vanderbilt  Clinic    193 

Inaugural    Address,    Dr.    T.    Gaillard 

Thomas    195 

Description    of    210 

Vanderbilt,    William    H 158 

Death    of    166 

Watts.    John    80 

Watts,  Robert.  Life  of 115 


INDEX 


Abbe,  Robert   458 

Allen,   Thomas   H 582 

Bailey,    Frederick   R 599 

Bailey,    Pearce    436 

Ball,   Alonzo   B ,.425 

Bang.    Richard    T 526 

Bartlett,  Homer  L 633 

Bickham,    Warren    S 575 

Bishop,    Louis    F 568 

Blake,  Joseph  A 418 

Bleything,  George  D 564 

Boag,   Edward   T 446 

Bolton,    Percival    R 531 

Born,   Rudolph   0 476 

Bovaird,   David,   Jr 479 

Boyer,   Arthur  A 562 

Bozeman,   Nathan  G 493 

Bradley,    Cornelius   C 587 

Brewer,    George    E 436 

Briddon,    Charles    K 420 

Bronson,    Edward    B 536 

Brown,    Hezekiah    B 580 

Buck,   Albert   H 444 

Buckmaster,    Clarence    W 489 

Bull,    Charles    S 459 

Bull,    William    T 441 

Burt,    Stephen    S 590 

Cabot,    John     619 

Campbell,  Archibald  M 491 

Carter,   De  Lancy    570 

Chadbourne,  Edwin  R 605 

Chapman,    Charles    F 635 

Claiborne,   John    H 617 

Clark,  William  B 621 

Cleveland,    Clement     571 

Coe,  Henry  C 566 

Coley,    William    B 460 

Collins,  Howard  D 447 

Cragin,   Edwin   B 435 

Cunningham,    Richard    H 462 

Curtis,  Edward   i 410 

Curtis,  John  G 416 

Cutler,  Colman  W 586 


Cutler,    Condict    W 532 

Davis.   Asa    B 560 

Davis,  Fellowes,  Jr 615 

Dawbarn.  Robert  H.  M 556 

Delafield,    Francis    469 

Dowd.    Charles   N 466 

Eddy,    Herbert    M 640 

Ehrmann,    Herman    A 531 

Eliot,    Ellsworth 427 

Elsberg,   Charles   A 475 

Ely,    Albert    H 612 

Eve,    Paul    F 597 

Ferrer,    Jose    i\I 485 

Ferris,   Albert  W 625 

Forbes,  Henry  H 555 

Ford,    Edward    1 627 

Fox.    George    H 464 

Freeman,  Rowland  G 422 

Frei.    Emil    626 

Gallaudet,  Bern  B 421 

Gardner,  Alfred  W 622 

Gibney.   Virgil    P 451 

Gies,    William    J 465 

Gimilan,  William  W 610 

Gillette,  Walter  R 4S0 

Gilley,   William    C 623 

Grant,  Gabriel   537 

Hadden,  Alexander  424 

Hall,   Dupree  M S4i 

Hallock,  William   561 

Hamilton,    Allan    M 585 

Hancock,    James    C 632 

Hart,    James    A 601 

Hartley,   Frank   450 

Hathaway,    Henry    S 490 

Hawkes,  Forbes    618 

Hayden.   James   R 488 

Hayes,   William  V.  V 572 

Heiman,  Henry  636 

Hollis.    Austin   W 578 

Hosack,    Alexander    E 463 

Hotchkiss,  Lucius  W 481 

Hussey,  Augustus  A 640 


INDEX. 


Jackson,    George   T 569 

Jacobi,    Abraham    423 

James,   Walter   B 426 

Janvrin,  Joseph   E 638 

Johnson,  Alexander  B 549 

Judson,    Walter    597 

Kemp,  Robert  C 516 

Kinniciitt,    Francis    P 445 

Knapp,    Jacob    H 457 

Knapp,  John  B 623 

Knight.    Charles    H 577 

Koplik,    Henry    574 

La   Fetra,   Linnaeus   E 449 

Lambert,  Edward  W 530 

Leaming,    Edward    413 

Lee,    Frederic    S 440 

Lefiferts,   George   M 438 

Lewis,    Daniel 592 

Lewis,    Robert.    Jr 484 

Lloyd,    Samuel    554 

Lordly,  James  E.  M 481 

Markoe,  Francis  H 443 

Markoe,   James    W 492 

May,    Charles    H 478 

McBurney,   Charles    428 

McCosh,    Andrew    J 446 

McKernon,  James  F 545 

McNaught,    Francis    H 580 

Miller.    Frank    E 538 

Miller,    Lewis    H 630 

Moore,    William    0 533 

Morrill,  Jesse  L 611 

Morris,   Robert   T 588 

Murray,  Francis  W 566 

Murray,  Peter   520 

Myers,    Thaddeus    H 473 

Newcomb,   James    E 51S 

Painter,  Henry  McM 590 

Partridge,   Edward  L 558 

Peabody,    George    L 425 

Peck,    Charles    H 470 

Peck,  Morton  R 486 

Pedersen,  James   616 

Peterson,    Frederick    469 

Polk,  William  M 521 

Pollitzer,    Sigmund    : 563 

Poore,  Charles  T 486 

Prudden,   Theophil    M 417 

Purdy,  Harry  L 624 

Quackenbos,   John    D 542 

Root,  Joseph  E .606 


Satterthwaite.   Thomas   E 550 

Schoonover,  Warren   584 

Scott.   .Kenophon   C 613 

Scribner,  James  W 514 

Seabrook,    Harry    H 544 

Segur,    Gideon    C 600 

Sherman.    William    H 490 

Shrady.   George   F 468 

Simmons.    Charles    E 631 

Simpson,    William    K 482 

Smith,    Stephen     496 

Starr.   M.   Allen    .437 

Sternberger.  Edwin   540 

Stillwell.    John    E 471 

Stillwell,  William   E .472 

Stimson.    Daniel    M 519 

Stone.    William    S 474 

Strong,   Oliver   S 558 

Strouse,  Alfred  N 579 

Swan,  Benjamin  R 513 

Swift,    George    M 419 

Tansley,   John    0 581 

Taylor,   Henry  L 526 

Taylor,    Robert    W 462 

Thomas,   Allen    M 495 

Thompson.    William    G 594 

To wnsend,   Charles  W 596 

Townsend,  Wisner  R 602 

Tuttle,    George    M 414 

LTpson,  Henry  S 5S3 

Vanderpoel,    Waldron    B 476 

Vedder,    Harmon    A 570 

Vedder,   Maus  R .517 

Voorhees,    James    D 487 

Wackerhagen.  George  628 

Walser,   William   C • 594 

Ward.    Edwin    F 573 

Warner,   Levi   F 604 

Watts,  Robert   448 

Watts,   Robert,   Jr 449 

Weir,   Robert   F 430 

Wells,    Brooks    H 576 

Weston,  William  H 577 

White,   John   B 546 

Whitehouse,    Henry    H 609 

Williamson,   Edward   L .604 

Wippern,   Adolphus   G 637 

Wood,   John   W 598 

Woodward,  Julius   H 470 

Wynkoop,    Daniel    W 535 

Young,  John   Van   D 620 


A  History  of  The 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 


CHAPTER  I. 


EARLY    HISTORY    OF    MEDICINE    IN    NEW    YORK THE    FIRST    MEDICAL    COLLEGE 

AND    HOSPITAL. 

Before  entering  upon  our  theme  proper,  the  History  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  it  will  not  be  unprofitable  to  briefly  review  the 
conditions  existing  in  New  Amsterdam  in  the  time  of  the  Dutch  regime. 
The  annals  of  the  earlier  }-ears  following  the  coming  of  Peter  Minuit  as 
governor  afford  but  little  material  for  history  as  regards  the  exact  status 
during  that  time.  A  mere  trading  post  which,  in  1628,  four  years  after 
the  nominal  establishment  of  the  Dutch  authority,  numbered  only  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy  souls.  \\'alloons  and  slaves  included,  was,  of  necessity,  not 
rich  in  transactions  and  events.  The  old  world  was  reaching  out  with  its 
pioneers  and  hardy  men  of  all  classes  seeking  a  foothold.  With  nothing  to 
attract  from  their  far-distant  homes  any  save  those  who  were  intent  upon 
trade,  and  whose  ambition  it  was  lo  reap  a  fortune  and  assume  title  to  im- 
movable property,  a  shore  and  a  liaven  were  found  amid  copper-hued  clans 
with  more  symmetry  than  brawn  of  muscle.  Revenue,  immediate  and  pros- 
pective, was  the  consideration  with  the  colonists  of  that  day,  and  religion, 
education  and  science  must  needs  wait  for  a  more  convenient  time.  The 
picket  lines  of  diverse  great  civilizations  were  nearing  each  other,  trading 
commodities,  but  on  the  alert  for  war.  The  Teuton  with  his  equipments 
was  halting  the  Goth  with  his  extravagant  freedom,  while  the  Celt  was 
making  more  tolerable  his  existence  as  an  adjuster  of  surroundings.  The 
first  meetings  under  truce  f^ags  were  shocks,  and  the  last  arl^itraments  and 
wars  were  closed  by  the  destruction  of  evidence.  The  past  was  nursing 
reminiscences  and  the  future  was  dissolving  in  hopes.  Power  was  nearing 
its  focus  of  general  adaptability,  while  the  multitude  was  contributing  its 
quota  of  means.  Trade  growing  into  commerce  was  diminishing  the  fric- 
tion of  civilization,  for  newer  adaptations  were  coming  into  vogue,  and 
there  was  less  of  the  peace  of  desolation.  Society  may  have  been  coarse,  but 
it  had  the  tone  of  fair  dealing,  and  was  especially  efficient  when  duty  and 
inclination  ran  in  the  same  line.  As  on  shipboard,  there  was  much  whirling 
movement,  but  not  a  deal  of  velocity  or  force,  since  the  West  India  Company, 
although  endowed  with  ample  powers,  had  no  prerogatives  for  protecting 
their  own  interests  or  those  of  their  subordinates.     The  colonies  which  were 


2  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

planted  were  feeble,  and  their  tents  were  virtually  clusters  of  hermitages 
with  self-depending  inmates.  There  were  leaders,  but  without  an  adequate 
following — a  resourceless  community  without  coherence,  impoverished  b)^ 
the  feuds  of  Europe  and  thoroughly  won  by  the  logic  that  strategy  was 
better  than  force. 

These  conditions  were  gradually  changing.  The  pioneers  of  the  future 
city  with  its  snug  harbor  had  become  home-builders  rescuing  its  shores  from 
the  water,  and  primitive  architects  from  above  downwards,  and  too  loth 
to  spoil  trade  by  empty  quarrels.  They  exercised  a  broad  hospitality  in 
their  interior  life,  and  even  allowed  their  native  tongue  to  be  corrupted  into 
a  jargon  for  the  sake  of  peace  in  a  heterogeneous  population.  In  the  haze 
of  their  hearthstones,  larders,  scoured  floors  and  downy  beds,  the}'  could 
afford  to  abide  the  coming  of  any  stormy  doom.  Rugs,  silks  and  jewels 
from  the  orient  could  well  tone  down  the  anxious  watching  for  arrivals  of 
their  most  seaworthy  ships.  Rescued  marshes,  gravelled  pathways  and  min- 
iature lawns  had  contributed  to  their  prosperity  and  health.  What  need, 
then,  for  explanations  of  patriotism? 

In  1652,  when  the  population  of  New  Amsterdam  was  presumably 
about  1,000,  it  would  appear  that  the  people  not  altogether  depended  upon 
the  shipping  in  the  harbor,  but  that  some  surgeons  took  up  their  residence 
upon  the  island,  for,  in  February  of  that  year,  "on  the  petition  of  the  Cliirur- 
geons  of  New  Amsterdam,  none  but  they  be  allowed  to  shave,  the  Director- 
General  and  Council  understanding  that  shaving'  doth  not  appertain  ex- 
clusively to  Chirurgery,  but  is  an  appendix  thereunto:  that  no  man  can  be 
prevented  operating  on  himself,  nor  to  do  another  this  friendly  act,  provided 
it  be  through  courtesy  and  not  for  gain,  which  is  hereby  forbidden."  It 
was  furthermore  ordered  that  "Ship  Barbers  shall  not  be  allowed  to  dress 
any  wounds  nor  administer  any  potions  on  shore  without  the  previous  knowl- 
edge and  special  consent  of  the  Petitioners,  or  at  least  of  Dr.  Johannes  La 
Montagne." 

The  foregoing  somewhat  of  a  license  with  an  amusing  shading  is  taken 
from  a  compilation  made  some  years  ago  by  E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  LL.  D..  en- 
titled "Register  of  New  Netherlands,  1626-74."  This  curious  fragment 
saved  from  an  unimportant  oblivion  affords  no  information,  save  by  infer- 
ence, regarding  the  mere  professional  attainments,  but  does  show  the  Chirur- 
geon  in  one  of  his  evolutionary  Stages — that  of  a  hand-worker  with  edged 
tools.  Of  greater  interest,  however,  is  the  fact  that  in  the  petition  of  the 
practitioners  of  New  Amsterdam  is  to  be  found  the  germ  of  the  mutually 
protective  medical  association  of  the  present  day,  and  in  the  order  of  the 
Director-General  and  the  Council,  issued  in  conformit\"  with  the  praver  of 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  3 

this  embryotic  body,  we  have  the  first  legal  provision  affecting  the  practice 
of  medicine  in  what  is  now  the  City  and  State  of  New  York,  and,  probably, 
the  first  in  America.  The  old  war  between  supply  and  demand  as  exempli- 
fied between  wares  and  fees,  or,  as  the  journalist  might  express  it,  as  the 
skirmishes  between  the  storekeeper  and  the  push  cart  vendor  was  a  conten- 
tion begun. 

The  "Register"  to  which  reference  has  been  made  indicates  that  prior  to 
1638  Tryn  Jansen,  according  to  the  Holland  usage,  was  licensed  as  a  mid- 
wife. This  woman  was  the  mother  of  Annetje  Jans,  who  became  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Everardus  Bogardus.  The  marriage  in  question  .for  about  a 
century  and  a  half  occasioned  much  disquietude  among  numerous  descend- 
ants through  the  female  line  regarding  the  Trinity  Church  lands  and  other 
realty.  The  only  result  has  been  the  direct  revenue  of  legal  fees  and  the 
authoritative  statement  that  the  case  has  been  thrown  out  of  the  courts 
forever,  the  consolation  being  undisputed  possession  and  a  very  precise  gen- 
ealogy-. Midwives  were  duly  licensed  in  succeeding  years,  and  in  1716,  ac- 
cording to  Cowan's  "Western  Memorabilia,"  a  law  was  passed  for  their  reg- 
ulation. They  were  sworn  "to  be  faithful  in  their  service,  to  commit  no 
frauds  in  changing  children,  nor  to  be  accessory  to  pretended  deliveries,  nor 
to  assist  in  any  frauds  or  concealments  of  births,  and  above  all  never  to 
speak  of  the  secrets  of  their  office."  This  is  presumably  the  first  legislation 
in  New  York  upon  the  subject,  or,  in  brief,  the  genesis  of  an  ethical  code, 
succinct  but  comprehensive. 

Among  the  ship's  surgeons  or  chirurgeons  who  came  in  the  time  of 
Governor  Minuit  were  Harman  Myndertz  Van  den  Bogart  and  William 
Deeping,  both  of  whom  presumaljly  made  professional  shore  visits.  Dr.  Bo- 
gart was  surgeon  of  the  Dutch  ship  "Eendraght,"  which  arrived  May  24, 
1630,  and  he  remained  with  her  until  1633.  In  1638  he  sailed  for  the  West 
Indies,  and  the  last  report  of  him  was  to  the  effect  that  about  1647  h^  ^^^^ 
burned  by  the  Indians  in  the  Mohawk  Valley. 

In  1658,  ten  years  after  Peter  Stuyvesant  arrived  as  Director-General  of 
a  cluster  of  wooden  houses  fenced  in  by  a  stockade,  the  only  "surgeons"  in 
New  Amsterdam  were  Hans  Kierstede,  Jacob  Hendricksen  Verrevanger 
and  Jacob  L'Oragne,  and  these  were,  it  is  to  be  inferred,  the  parties  upon 
whose  petition  the  Directors  and  Council  made  their  order  against  "ship 
barbers." 

The  most  conspicuous  of  these  resident  practitioners  was  this  Dr.  Hans 
Kierstede,  a  native  of  Saxony,  born  in  Magdeburg,  who  came  to  New  Am- 
sterdam in  1638  with  Governor  William  Kieft,  otherwise  "William  the 
Testy,"   that  "brisk,  waspish  little  old  gentleman,"  dried  and  withered,  of 


4  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

whom  Washington  Irving  drew  a  vivid  picture  of  kaleidoscopic  force.  Hu- 
mor, however,  is  not  always  history,  and  the  proper  dignity  of  his  office  may 
not  have  been  respected.  In  1647  Governor  Kieft  was  superseded  by  Gov- 
ernor Peter  Stuyvesant,  but,  before  going  into  retirement,  he  made  to  his 
friend  and  protege,  Dr.  Kierstede.  a  grant  of  land  on  what  was  then  known 
as  "The  Strand,"  the  present  Pearl  street,  and  in  1653  ^"d  1656  Dr.  Kier- 
stede became  possessed  of  additional  lands  under  grants  made  by  the  suc- 
cessor of  his  patron.  In  1642,  four  years  after  his  coming  to  New  Amster- 
dam, Dr.  Kierstede  married  Sara  Roelofs,  a  daughter  of  Anneke  Jans.  Her 
father  had  been  of  great  service  to  the  Dutch  authorities  in  the  capacity  of 
interpreter  between  them  and  the  Indians  in  their  land  bartering  and  other 
transactions,  and,  out  of  this  consideration,  she  was  granted  a  tract  of  land 
on  what  is  now  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  between  Reade  and  Duane  streets, 
so  that  the  couple  began  their  married  life  as  extensive  land  owners.  Dr. 
Kierstede  died  in  1666.  He  was  the  father  of  ten  children,  from  whom  de- 
scended a  numerous  progeny,  among  them  many  who  entered  the  medical 
profession.  General  Henry  T.  Kierstede,  a  great-great-grandson  of  Dr. 
Hans  Kierstede,  became  a  druggist  on  Broadway,  in  New  York  City,  and 
was  famous  for  his  ''Kierstede  Ointment,"  prepared  from  a  recipe  handed 
down  by  his  remote  ancestor,  and  the  secret  of  which  has  been  jealously  pre- 
served in  the  family  to  the  present  day.  Christopher  Kierstede,  an  alumnus 
of  Albany  Medical  College,  1846,  also  a  descendant  of  Dr.  Hans  Kierstede, 
died  at  his  home  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  January  23,  1903,  aged  81  years, 
after  having  been  in  practice  in  New  York  and  vicinity  for  over  half  a  cen- 
tury. Thus  the  family  name  was  a  household  word  m  medicine  for  over 
three  hundred  years. 

Contemporary  with  Dr.  Hans  Kierstede,  and  coming  the  same  year, 
were  the  two  "surgeons,"  Gerritt  Schutt  and  Pieter  Van  der  Linde.  The 
latter  named  was  a  native  of  Flanders,  and  brought  with  him  his  wife,  Elsje. 
Van  der  Linde  gave  advice  to  applicants,  as  appears  from  a  claim  for  sur- 
geon's fees  which  is  preserved  in  the  State  archives  in  Albany.  But,  like 
the  all-around  men  of  his  day,  medicine  was  but  one,  and  perhaps  the  least, 
of  his  accomplishments,  for,  in  1648,  he  was  temporarily  teacher  of  the  first 
school  in  New  Amsterdam,  which  was  opened  in  1633,  and  of  which  the 
School  of  the  Collegiate  Reformed  Church  in  New  York  City,  at  West 
Seventy-seventh  street,  is  the  descendant  and  successor.  He  was  also  clerk 
of  the  church,  and  at  one  time  he  was  tobacco  inspector. 

Jacob  Hendricksen  Varrevanger,  second  on  the  list  of  resident  physi- 
cians in  New  Amsterdam,  according  to  O'Callaghan's  "Register,"  came  in 
1646,  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  with  which  he  re- 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  5 

mained  for  sixteen  years.  After  he  had  been  employed  for  eight  years,  he 
complained  that  he  had  imported  from  Holland  all  his  "medicaments"  and 
asked  for  compensation,  whereupon  he  was  at  once  credited  with  a  certain 
amount  and  his  salary  increased. 

Dr.  Varrevanger  is  besides  justly  deserving  of  fame  as  the  projector  of  the 
first  hospital  established  within  the  territory  of  what  is  now  the  United 
States.  It  had  been  the  custom  of  the  Dutch  authorities  to  billet  sick  "soul- 
diers,"  and  even  sick  negroes,  upon  the  inhabitants.  To  remedy  this  rapidly 
growing  encroachment  upon  domestic  rights,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  af- 
ford more  suitable  treatment  to  the  suffering.  Dr.  Verrevanger  asked  that 
suitable  buildings  be  bought  or  hired  for  hospital  purposes.  Regarding  the 
character  of  the  buildings  there  is  an  absolute  dearth  of  information,  but  it 
is  of  record  that  in  1680  "the  Old  Hospital  of  the  Five  Houses"  was  bought 
for  two  hundred  pounds,  in  order  that  more  ample  and  serviceable  accommo- 
dations might  be  provided.  It  is  also  deserving  of  notice  that,  in  the  first 
year  of  the  hospital,  Hilletje  Wilburch  was  appointed  to  the  position  of 
matron. 

As  a  by-path  in  local  history  it  may  be  mentioned  that  Dutch  surgeons 
also  were  to  be  found  at  various  trading  posts  outside  Manhattan.  In  1638 
Jan  Petersen,  surgeon  (barbier),  was  at  South  River,  with  a  monthly  stipend 
of  ten  florins.  Abraham  Staats  was  a  surgeon  who  came  to  Rensselaerwyck 
in  1642,  but  medicine  was  evidently  a  secondary  pursuit  \vith  liim,  for  he 
was  carrying  on  a  large  fur  trade  with  New  Amsterdam  and  sailed  a  sloop 
betwen  Fort  Orange  (Albany)  and  that  point.  By  his  marriage  with 
Katarina  Jochemsen  he  was  the  father  of  numerous  children,  among  whom 
were  Jacob  and  Samuel,  who  in  time  became  well-known  physicians.  In 
Connecticut,  also,  appears  evidence  of  one,  at  least,  who  practiced  the  heal- 
ing art,  for  in  1663  a  supply  of  drugs  was  sent  from  Holland  for  a  clerg>'- 
man  "versed  in  the  art  of  Physick  and  willing  to  serve  in  the  capacity  of 
Physician."  This  is  taken  to  refer  to  the  Rev.  William  Leverich,  who  figured 
conspicuously  in  the  colonization  of  Connecticut  and  Long  Island. 

As  we  have  seen,  Dr.  La  Montague  was  invested  with  a  more  ample 
authority  than  any  board  of  health  or  corps  of  medical  examiners  of  the 
present  day.  Of  an  ancient  and  noble  French  family,  he  was  a  Huguenot 
refugee  of  more  than  the  usual  attainments.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  famed 
University  of  Leyden  and  came  to  New  Amsterdam  in  1636,  and  at  once 
rose  to  a  position  of  leadership  among  his  fellows,  and  more  especially  in 
the  executive  councils  of  the  government.  Thus,  in  1643,  when,  through  his 
utter  want  of  tact  if  not  real  turpitude.  Governor  Kieft  became  involved  in 
war  with  the  Indians,  he  gladly  committed  to  La  Montague  the  command  of 


6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

his  little  army  of  defense — estimated  to  be  some  300  men — of  whom  only 
fifty  were  soldiers,  while  the  remainder  were  the  haphazard  volunteer  resi- 
dents of  the  town.  It  is  presumable  that  the  statement  that  Montagne  "was 
the  only  doctor  in  Manhattan  in  whom  the  settlers  had  any  confidence,"  was 
in  a  personal  rather  than  in  a  professional  sense,  since  his  immersion  in  pub- 
lic matters  allowed  but  little  attention  even  to  the  plainest  sanitary  require- 
ments. Otherwise  there  was  no  great  necessity,  for  even  at  that  early  period 
complaints  were  rife  of  surplusage  in  the  supply  of  medical  attendants  and 
the  population  had  not  as  yet  reached  fifteen  hundred. 

That  La  Montague  held  such  intimate  relations  to  the  Governor,  who 
was  of  a  different  nationality,  and,  withal,  exceedingly  self-willed,  conceited 
and  arrogant,  is  abundant  proof  of  ability,  sagacity  and  integrity.  His  po- 
sition certainly  afforded  him  a  large  influence,  but  his  indispensability  was 
as  largely  due  to  his  personality  as  to  the  power  of  which  he  was,  in  a  de- 
gree, more  than  the  representative.  It  would  appear,  too,  that  he  enjoyed 
alike  the  confidence  of  his  oflicial  superior  and  the  loyal  obedience  of  his 
fellow  townsmen.  Thus  it  is  to  be  conceded  that  La  Montague  served  as  a 
buffer  between  the  irascible  Governor  and  the  hysterical  people.  He  might 
even  have  been  a  varied  type  of  the  missionary  exchanging  moral  theories 
as  commodities  among  half-civilized  tribes.  Still  further  it  may  have  been 
the  fortune  of  the  colony  that  tlie  hour  may  have  met  the  man. 

In  1664  William  Xichols  established  the  English  supremacy,  and 
with  his  coming  was  inaugurated  a  new  system,  and  it  was  at  the  dawn  of 
a  new  era  in  speculative  science  as  well  as  in  both  colonization  and  commer- 
cialism. Medicine  was  then  attempting  its  divorcement  from  charlatanry 
and  necromancy,  for  general  laws  were  drifting  towards  the  study  of  prob- 
abilities. But  a  few  years  before,  if  the  lifetime  of  an  edition  be  counted, 
Robert  Burton  had  published  his  "Anatomy  of  Melancholy,"  a  quaint  pro- 
duction, dated  162 1,  which  epitomized  much  of  the  knowledge  of  the  day, 
and  which  has  been  described  as  a  heterogeneous  melange  susceptible  of  many 
interpretations.  This  contained  much  occult  lore  applicable  to  many  emer- 
gencies, a  rare  mixture  of  rambling  reflections  and  odd  quotations.  Scholar 
as  Burton  was,  he  was  among  the  credulous  who  could  suspect  a  symbolism 
in  every  form  or  sequence.  The  frontispiece  of  his  work  was  a  display  of 
the  zodiacal  signs,  along  with  a  self-made  calculation  of  his  own  nativity. 
In  this  he  drew  a  word  picture  of  the  healer  of  the  day : 

"About  him  pots  and  glasses  lies. 
Newly  bought  from  Apothecary, 
Borage  and  Hellebor  fill  two  scenes — 
Sovereign  plants  to  purge  the  veins 


■  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICIXE  IX  XEIV  YORK.  7 

Of  melancholy,  and  cheer  the  heart 
Of  those  black  fumes  which  make  it  smart ; 
To  clear  the  brain  of  mist}"  fogs 
Which  dull  our  senses  and  soul  clogs — 
The  best  medicine  that  e'er  God  made 
For  this  malady,  if  well  essay'd." 
According  to  the  delightful  old  pedant,  the  impulsive  cause  of  miseries 
in  man  was  the  sin  of  Adam,  the  first  parent,  and  the  instrumental  causes 
of  human  infirmities  were  the  stars,  the  heavens  and  the  elements.     With 
curious  disregard  of  logical  reasoning,  bodily  sickness  was  due  to  the  vices 
of  ancestry  "and  our  own  intemperance.''  and  yet  was  meant  for  the  soul's 
health.      "Pharmaceutice.   the  physic  which  apothecaries  make,  mingle  and 
sell  in  the  shops,  many  cavil  at.  and  hold  it  unnecessary,  because  those  coun- 
tries which  use  it  least  live  longest.     ]Many  are  overthrown  by  preposterous 
use  of  it,  and  some  think  physics  kill  as  many  as  they  save,  and  who  can 
tell?"     Some  ailments  Burton  pronounced  incurable,  such  as  apoplexy,  epi- 
lepsy, stone,  stranguary,  gout  and  agues.     Yet  he  declares  medicine  "a  di- 
vine science,"  and  says  that  to  its  purposes  it  brings  eight  hundred  simples, 
or  herbs,  among  them  tobacco,  "divine,  rare,  superexcellent,  which  goes  far 
beyond  all  the  panaceas,  a  sovereign  remedy  to  all  diseases — a  good  vomit, 
a  virtuous  herb,  if  opportunely  taken  and  medicinally  used,  but,  as  taken  by 
most  men,  a  plague,  or  michief,  hellish  and  damned,  the  ruin  and  overthrow 
of  body  and  soul."     Having  thus  paved  the  way  for  the  Thompsonian  prac- 
titioner of  a  far  later  day,  this  same  old  author  gives  license  for  the  use  of 
gold,  and  commends  mercury,  while  he  recognizes  "bleod  letting,  cupping 
glasses,  horse-leeches,  cauterization  by  means  of  a  hot  poker  and  blistering 
plasters." 

For  the  sake  of  a  fuller  appreciation  of  the  surroundings  it  may  be  re- 
lated that  Penelope  A'an  Princis,  who  became  the  wife  of  Richard  Stout,  a 
merchant  of  Xew  Amsterdam,  came  from  her  home  in  Holland  about  1620, 
when  she  was  eighteen  years  of  age.  At  the  foot  of  the  Xavesinks  of  New 
Jersey — the  "highlands  between  the  waters'" — her  vessel  was  thrown  help- 
less upon  the  coast.  A  few  survivors  who  reached  land  were  attacked  by  In- 
dians, who  perhaps  bitterly  remembered  Hudson's  visit  but  a  few  years  be- 
fore. All  the  shipwrecked  people  were  killed  save  Penelope,  who,  wounded 
and  mutilated,  crept  into  a  hollow  tree,  where  she  lived  for  several  days,  eat- 
ing the  fungi  which  grew  about  its  trunk.  She  was  found  by  a  party  of 
Indian  huntfirs.  An  old  Indian  prevented  them  from  killing  her,  and,  car- 
rying her  to  his  wigAvam,  he  healed  her  dangerous  wounds.  She  was  kindly 
treated  and  finally  taken  to  Xew  Amsterdam  and  restored  to  her  country- 
men as  an  "Indian  present.'' 


8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4XS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  Indian  medicine  man  who  healed  the  wound?  of  Penelope  Stout 
was  as  skillful  in  his  materia  medica  as  the  generality  of  his  contemporaries 
of  London  and  Paris,  and  he  was  not  more  superstitions,  and  far  less  dan- 
gerous. The  London  physician  juggled  with  words — Latin  and  Greek — and 
his  audience  in  their  ignorance  were  awed;  the  Lidian,  by  magical  tricks 
and  terror,  maintained  his  power  over  his  followers.  Both  depended  really 
upon  herbs,  and  both  added  to  them  hideous,  nauseating,  filthy,  useless  things. 
The  London  physician  used  crab's  eyes,  frog's  spawn,  filings  from  the  human 
skull,  powder  from  dog's  lice,  earthworms,  viper's  flesh,  etc.,  etc.  To  stop 
a  nose-bleed,  fumes  from  burnt  feathers,  hair,  old  hats,  liorns,  hoofs,  leather, 
old  woolen  clothes,  were  used,  or  human  blood  or  liver,  dried  toads  or  vipers, 
etc.,  "from  all  of  which  the  blood  precipitately  flies,  as  from  its  greatest 
enemy,"  The  foregoing,  and  much  more  of  like  nature,  is  taken  from  "The 
Practice  of  Physick ;  or  Dr.  Sydenham's  Processus  Integri,  Translated  out 
of  the  Latin  into  English,  with  large  Annotations,  Animadversions  and 
Practical  Observations  on  the  same,"  by  William  Salmon.  M.  D.  Charms 
were  prescribed,  such  as  eagle's  stones  ( a  variety  of  oxide  of  iron  found  in 
small  ovoid  masses),  worn  upon  the  arm,  for  inflammation  of  the  eves.  Such 
were  some  of  the  hideous  things  that  were  recommended  as  palliatives  and 
specifics  by  some  who  deemed  themselves  the  scientific  physicians  of  the  old 
world  in  the  seventeenth  centurv  to  our  forefathers. 

\\'hen  George  Fox  visited  Shrewsbury,  Xew  Jersey,  in  1670,  he  was 
accompanied  by  "John  Jay,  a  friend,  of  Barbadoes,  who  came  with  us  from 
Rhode  Island."  who  was  thrown  from  a  runaway  horse  and  his  neck  sup- 
posed to  have  been  broken.  Fox,  by  "pulling  his  friend's  hair  found  the 
neck  very  limber."  Then,  he  says,  "I  put  one  hand  under  his  chin  and  the 
other  behind  his  head  and  raised  his  head  two  or  three  times  with  all  my 
strength  and  brought  it  in.  I  soon  perceived  his  neck  began  to  grow  stiff 
again,  and  then  he  began  to  rattle  in  his  throat  and  quietly  after  to  breathe. 
The  people  were  amazed,  but  I  bade  them  to  have  a  good  heart,  be  of  good 
faith  and  carry  him  into  the  house."  In  a  few  days  he  recovered  and  trav- 
eled many  hundred  miles  with  Fox.  To  all  present  this  seemed  a  miracle, 
for  none  understood  the  real  traumatic  or  pathological  conditions  of  the 
case.  The  majority  of  those  calling  themselves  surgeons  would  have  known 
little  more  at  that  time.  Macaulay  unjustly  despised  George  Fox  for  pretend- 
ing to  perform  miracles,  and  painted  him  a  ruder  and  more  ignorant  man  than 
he  really  was. 

But  there  were  those  who  had  caught  a  gleam  of  the  great  light  which 
science  was  soon  to  shed  over  the  earth.  They  had  pursued  their  studies  in 
chemistry  and  physiology,  and  their  investigations  were  leading  them  into 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICIXE  IX  XEW  YORK.  g 

proper  paths.  In  these  forward  movements  America  was  destined  to  bear 
an  honorable  and  useful  part,  for  to  her  shores  came  men  of  ability  and 
laudable  ambition.  Prominent  among  them  was  Cadwallader  Colden,  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland,  who  was  one  of  the  earliest  authors  upon  certain  contagious 
diseases  and  sanitation,  and  who  would  have  undoubtedly  risen  to  high  emi- 
nence in  the  medical  profession  had  he  devoted  himself  altogether  to  it.  He 
was  the  son  of  an  eminent  Scotch  clergj^man,  the  Rev.  Alexander  Colden, 
and  was  educated  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  came  to  America  in 
1708.  when  twenty  years  of  age,  and  located  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  built 
up  a  large  practice.  In  1718  he  removed  to  New  York  City,  which  became 
the  scene  of  his  most  active  and  useful  effort.  In  1735  he  wrote  a  treatise 
on  "The  Sore  Throat  Distemper."  and.  in  later  years,  papers  on  "The  Virtues 
of  the  Great  \\'ater  Dock"  and  "Observations  on  the  Yellow  Fever  of  New- 
York.  1741-42."  In  that  last  mentioned  he  anticipated  much  of  what  has 
been  written  in  comparatively  recent  years  in  ascribing  epidemic  diseases,  in 
large  measure,  to  unsanitary  conditions.  His  worth  as  an  investigator  in 
scientific  channels  is  evidenced  by  his  correspondence  with  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, the  Swedish  naturalist  Linnaeus,  and  the  German  philologist  and  anti- 
quarian, Gronovius.  He  was  the  first  in  America  to  give  methodical  atten- 
tion to  native  botany,  and  he  collected  nearly  four  hundred  plant  specimens, 
which  were  catalogued  by  Linnaeus  in  his  "Acta  Upsaliensia."  What  with 
science  and  politics.  Dr.  Colden  had  little  time  to  devote  to  medical  prac- 
tice. He  was  the  first  surveyor-general  of  New  York,  and  from  1761  to  1775 
he  was  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  province.  ^lany  of  his  political  and 
philosophical  papers  are  preserved  by  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  and 
much  use  was  made  of  them  by  the  historian,  Bancroft. 

Dr.  John  NicoU  was  a  practitioner  in  New  York  for  about  fifty  years, 
and  was  also  an  apothecary.  He  also  was  addicted  to  public  affairs,  and 
suffered  the  displeasure  of  Governor  Leisler.  by  whom  he  was  imprisoned. 
But  time  brought  him  his  revenge,  for  he  became  the  presiding  judge  at 
the  trial  of  Leisler.  who  was  brought  to  death.  Dr.  Nicoll  died  about  1744. 
and  his  estate  was  administered  upon  by  a  fellow-practitioner.  Dr.  Isaac 
Dubois,  a  graduate  of  the  Le}"den  University,  and  who  succeeded  to  his 
apothecary  business  on  Hanover  Square.  Dr.  Dubois,  however,  died  less 
than  two  years  afterward,  November  9,  1745. 

About  1740  came  together  three  physicians — James  Magrath.  Thomas 
Rodman  and  John  Brett — none  of  whom  left  any  particular  impression 
save  him  first  named,  who  was  the  father  of  American  hydropathists. 
and  who,  for  more  than  forty  years,  with  peculiar  originality  and  forceful- 
ness,  advocated  the  use  of  cold  water  for  the  treatment  of  all  manner  of 
diseases. 


10  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Dr.  John  Bard  (1716-1799)  was  a  practitioner  whose  service  was 
pecuHarly  useful.  He  was  of  Huguenot  ancestry,  born  in  BurHngton,  New 
Jersey,  in  1716.  When  a  lad  he  became  an  apprentice  student  to  Dr.  Kear- 
seley,  of  Philadelphia,  with  whom  he  remained  for  three  years.  He  entered 
upon  practice  in  Philadelphia  in  1737,  having  just  attained  his  majority. 
In  1747  he  removed  to  New  York  and  established  the  first  quarantine 
station  there,  having  effected  the  purchase  of  Bedloe's  Island  for  that 
purpose.  He  magnified  his  office  and  was  somewhat  vain,  affecting  a  dress 
and  equipage  which  attracted  marked  attention ;  a  red  coat  and  a  cocked 
hat,  and  he  carried  a  gold-headed  cane  and  drove  about  in  a  stylish  phaeton. 
But  he  displayed  rare  skillfulness  in  his  profession,  and  was  deeply  con- 
scientious in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  In  1795,  when  the  majority  of 
the  physicians  fled  the  city  on  account  of  the  ravages  of  yellow  fever,  he 
labored  assiduously  to  relieve  the  disease-stricken  people.  He  busied  himself 
in  his  profession  until  he  was  upward  of  eighty  years  of  age.  He  was 
something  of  a  litterateur,  and  an  industrious  writer,  but  was  rather  averse 
to  publication.  In  1749  he  read  an  essay  before  a  society  in  New  York  on 
the  nature  of  the  malignant  pleiu'isy  then  prevailing  on  Long  Island.  He 
reported  a  case  of  extra-uterine  foetation  treated  by  section  in  1759,  which 
was  the  first  recorded  case  in  this  country,  and  which  appeared  in  the 
London  Medical  Observations  and  Inqniries.  He  likewise  contributed  sev- 
eral papers  on  yellow  fever  in  the  Medical  and  Philosophical  Register,  and 
in  1788  he  became  the  first  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  New  York. 

The  British  occupation  of  the  city  of  New  York  wrought  an  almost  instan- 
taneous change  in  conditions.  Feeling  had  been  gradually  intensifying,  and 
there  was  no  ground  for  the  neutralist.  One  must  be  either  rovalist  or  rebel, 
and  the  rebel  must  needs  go  elsewhere  to  escape  constant  persecution.  The 
condition  of  the  physician  was  peculiarly  awkward.  If  inclined  to  the'  patriot 
cause,  he  suft'ered  an  ostracism  which  practically  closed  his  vocation  to  him. 
On  the  other  hand,  except  in  a  very  few  favored  cases,  the  civilian  physician, 
no  matter  how  pronounced  in  his  loyalty  to  the  crown,  was  viewed  with  con- 
tempt by  the  British  army  and  navy  surgeons,  and,  in  some  instances,  he  was 
driven  over  to  the  side  which  he,  at  heart,  despised.  Yet  there  were  excep- 
tions, and  a  few  physicians  remained  in  practice  in  the  city,  and  were  profited 
by  their  contact  with  those  professional  brethren  who  were  in  military  service. 
Of  such,  however,  there  is  little  narrated. 

There  were  practitioners  of  the  Revolutionary  period,  or  immediately 
afterward,  who  were  well  worth  regarding  on  account  of  services  of  peculiar 
usefulness,  it  being  premised  that  omission  is  here  made  of  such  as  are  to 
be  hereinafter  considered  in  connection  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons. 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  ii 

Among  the  early  physicians  was  Dr.  John  Van  Beuren,  a  graduate  of 
the  University  of  Leyden,  who  was  appointed  to  the  surgeonship  of  a  Dutch 
fleet  whiich  sailed  to  Africa  and  thence  to  America.  Locating  in  New  York, 
he  was  appointed  physician  of  the  almshouse,  in  which  position  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  Dr.  Beekman  Van  Beuren.  The  junior  Van  Beuren 
served  until  the  British  occupation  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  and  he 
was  reappointed  when  peace  was  restored,  but  resigned  in  the  following  year. 
He  has  been  credited  with  the  introduction  of  inoculation  in  the  public 
institutions. 

A  striking  figure  of  his  day  was  Dr.  John  Charlton,  an  Englishman, 
who  had  seen  service  in  the  British  navy.  He  practiced  medicine  in  the  city 
in  1762,  and  during  the  Revolutionary  war  resided  on  Long  Island.  He 
returned  to  New  York  in  1781  and  acquired  a  remunerative  practice  in 
fashionable  circles.  Li  association  with  Dr.  Nicholas  Romayne,  he  was 
instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  the  incorporated  medical  societies  in 
the  State,  and  he  was  president  of  the  local  society  in  1795,  his  official 
colleagues  being  Thomas  Jones.  Samuel  Bard  and  Richard  Bayley.  Dr. 
Charlton  married  Mary  De  Peyster,  a  daughter  of  Abraham  and  Margaret 
(Cortlandt)  De  Peyster.  He  is  described  as  a  man  of  less  than  ordinary 
stature,  florid  complexion  and  self-important  manner.  He  is  particularly 
noticeable  as  having  introduced  to  the  profession  one  who  rose  to  distinction 
in  the  person  of  Dr.  Richard  Bayley. 

Contemporary  with  those  last  named  was  Dr.  Valentine  Seaman  (1770- 
1817),  a  man  of  great  industry,  whose  labors  were  vastly  advantageous  to 
his  profession.  He  was  a  nati'iie  of  Long  Island,  a  son  of  Willet  Seaman, 
a  New  York  merchant,  born  in  Queens  County,  of  Quaker  parentage,  and  a 
pupil  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia.  He  remained  steadfast  in  the 
faith  in  which  he  had  been  reared,  and  he  was  the  dependence  of  the  Friends 
then  residing  in  the  city.  Peace  lever  that  he  was,  he  refused  to  engage 
in  any  of  the  professional  differences  of  the  day.  He  was  the  first  surgeon 
(in  1801)  to  institute  clinical  lectures  in  the  New  Yoi"k  Hospital.  He  was 
the  first  to  make  a  chemical  analysis  of  the  Saratoga  and  Ballston  spring 
waters,  and  the  author  of  an  elaborate  treatise  upon  their  qualities  and  uses. 
He  it  was  who  introduced  in  New  York  the  discovery  of  Jenner,  and 
pathetic  interest  attaches  to  the  fact  that  he  lost  his  first  child  by  a  smallpox 
inoculation,  and  had  a  pardonable  pride  in  the  fact  that  the  first  white  child 
vaccinated  in  New  York  was  his  own  son.  Despite  bitter  opposition  by 
the  community,  practitioners  and  laity  alike,  Dr.  Seaman  was  an  early 
advocate  of  smallpox  prevention,  and  even  visited  Jenner  in  Europe,  the 
result  being  that   there  was  a   further  strengthening  of  his  belief  and  the 


1.2  ■      COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

establishment  of  a  life-long  friendship  between  both  of  these  widely  known 
celebrities. 

Dr.  Seaman  was  leader  in  another  and  scarcely  less  notable  field.  He  was 
the  first  to  form  a  school  of  midwifery  at  the  almshouse,  became  an  instruc- 
tor of  women  volunteers,  and  prepared  a  book  for  reference  in  the  conduct 
of  their  emergent  cases.  He  published  a  report  of  his  observations  during 
the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  1791-1800.  In  1810-11  he  was  associated 
with  others  in  the  formation  of  a  medical  society  in  connection  with  Queen's 
College,  at  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey.  His  engraved  portrait,  after  a 
painting  by  Rembrandt  Peale,  in  1816,  is  found  in  many  a  medical  society 
room,  and  graces  as  well  as  appearing  as  an  inherited  memento  in  some 
collections  in  offices  throughout  the  country.  A  philanthropist  and  humani- 
tarian, Dr.  Seaman  was  also  an  active  and  zealous  member  of  the  Manu- 
mission Society,  whose  purpose  was  the  liberation  of  slaves  and  pro\'ision 
for  their  future. 

The  first  medical  school  in  the  city  of  New  York  was  that  formed  in 
connection  with  King's  College.  The  college  was  chartered  by  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council  on  October  31,  1754.  In  1763  James  Jay,  "Doctor  of 
Physick,"  and  agent  for  the  Governors  of  the  College  of  the  Province  of 
New  York,  visited  England,  where  he  was  instrumental  in  procuring  sub- 
scriptions for  the  infant  institution.  In  the  same  year  he  proposed  to  the 
Governors  the  establishment  of  a  medical  school  in  connection  therewith. 
To  his  overtures  it  was  replied  that  his  "medical  scheme  would  be  produc- 
tive of  many  advantages,"  and  that  it  would  be  put  in  execution  as  soon  as 
their  funds  would  permit.  Nothing,  however,  came  of  his  proposition  until 
four  years  later,  when  a  school  of  medicine  was  actually  established  through 
the  efforts  of  the  following  doctors :  Samuel  Clossy,  Peter  Middleton, 
John  Jones,  James  Smith,  John  V.  B.  Tennent  and  Samuel  Bard.  ■  These 
individuals  represent  very  nearly,  if  not  quite,  the  best  talent  of  the  new 
world  in  their  varied  lines,  and  are  comparable  in  their  attainments  to  their 
compeers  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  world.  This,  at  least,  seems  to  represent 
their  traditional  reputations  on  the  cis-Atlantic  seaboard.  The  hope  is  that 
it  is  not  based  on  an  extravagant  prejudice.  Dr.  Bard  was,  however,  the 
acknowledged  leader  and  inspirer.  Inasmuch  as  his  subsequent  connection 
with  the  later  medical  school  out  of  which  grew  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  forms  so  important  a  part  of  the  history  of  that  institution, 
further  reference  to  his  name  is  deferred. 

Samuel  Clossy  was  an  Irishman,  and  he  possessed  some  of  the  most 
marked  traits  of  his  race.  Of  strong  character,  intense  enthusiasm,  quick- 
witted  and    somewhat   addicted   to   conviviality,   he   wa?    a   type   which   the 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK. 


13 


king's  college,  1770. 


14  COLLEGE  OE  FHVSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

novelist  Lever  would  take  delight  in  portra}'ing.  He  was  a  man  of  excel- 
lent attainments,  a  graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  was  known  as 
a  capable  and  progressive  physician  and  surgeon.  In  1763  he  published  in 
London  his  treatise,  "Observations  on  Some  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Human 
Body,  Chiefly  Taken  from  Dissection  of  Morbid  Bodies."  He  came  to 
America,  and  in  the  same  year  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Natural  Philosophy 
in  King's  College.  On  November  25,  1763,  he  began  the  delivery  of  lec- 
tures on  anatomy  before  the  collegians,  with  the  approval  of  the  authorities 
of  the  institution,  and  three  years  later  he  aided  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Medical  School,  and  was  the  first  named  of  its  professors  in  the  earliest 
printed  records.  As  the  Revolutionary  spirit  developed  he  grew  into  sym- 
pathy with  that  element  of  the  community  which  antagonized  the  British 
authority,  and  became  one  of  its  principal  expounders,  it  may  be,  out  of 
pure  contrariety.  His  sharp  tongue  provoked  the  ire  of  those  who  were 
the  targets  of  his  stinging  sarcasm  and  ridicule,  and  his  oddities  were 
unsparingly  mimicked  and  exaggerated  by  performers  at  the  old  John  Street 
Theatre,  to  the  great  pleasure  of  His  Majesty's  soldiers  and  loyal  subjects. 
However,  he  did  not  remain  to  cast  his  fortunes  with  the  people  whose  cause 
he  appeared  to  favor,  for  when  hostilities  became  imminent  he  returned  to 
his  native  heath  and  there  passed  his  remaining  days. 

Dr.  Peter  Middleton  was  a  native  of  Scotland.  With  Dr.  Bard,  he 
dissected  the  body  of  a  criminal  before  a  class  of  medical  students,  and  in 
1769  he  wrote  and  published  a  treatise  on  "The  Ancient  and  Present  State 
of  Medicine.""  An  ardent  Tory,  when  the  Revolutionary  war  broke  out 
he  removed  his  family  to  Long  Island  and  sought  refuge  for  himself  in  the 
British  island  of  Bermuda,  leaving  his  house  and  personal  effects  in  the 
custody  of  two  of  his  pupils — Charles  Mitchell  and  John  Varick,  Jr.  Dr. 
Middleton  subsequently  returned  to  New  York,  where  he  died  in  1781. 

Dr.  John  Jones  (i  729-1 791),  one  of  the  most  accomplished  surgeons 
of  his  day,  was  born  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  in  1729.  He  began  his 
medical  reading  under  Dr.  Thomas  Cadwallader,  of  Philadelphia,  and  fur- 
ther pursued  his  studies  under  Dr.  William  Hunter  and  Dr.  Percival  Pott, 
of  London,  England,  and  Petit,  Le  Cat  and  Le  Drau','^in  Paris,  France.  In 
1755  he  served  as  a  surgeon  during  the  operations  against  the  French.  He 
was  a  successful  lithotomist,  and  it  was  claimed  for  him  ("American  Med- 
ical Register,"  volume  III)  that  he  was  the  first  to  perform  a  lithontriptic 
operation,  in  1769.  But  this  is  evidently  claiming  too  much,  inasmuch  as  an 
operation  was  performed  by  Dr.  Sylvester  Gardner,  of  Boston,  before  the 
Medical  Society,  in  1741.  In  1775  Dr.  Jones  published  his  treatise,  "Plain, 
Precise,   Practical   Remarks  on  the  Treatment  of  Wounds  and  Fractures," 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  15 

and  this  is  noted  as  the  first  native  surgical  work  produced  in  the  American 
colonies,  although  a  medical  critic  styles  it  a  compilation  with  but  one  origi- 
nal case,  that  of  a  hernia  cerebri  after  trephining.  He  espoused  the  patriot 
cause,  and  under  the  authority  of  the  Provincial  Congress  established  hos- 
pitals in  the  American  camps. 

Under  the  stimulus  afforded  by  Dr.  Clossy  and  his  colleagues,  who 
proffered  their  services  as  lecturers,  it  was  the  distinction  of  the  Governors 
of  King's  College  to  make  it  the  first  in  America  to  establish  a  medical 
school  in  connection  with  an  institution  of  general  learning.  True,  Dr. 
Shippen,  in  Philadelphia,  had  (in  1762)  antedated  by  two  years  Dr.  Clossy 
in  the  delivery  of  lectures,  but  the  College  of  Philadelphia  did  not  afford 
recognition  to  the  medical  school  established  in  connection  with  it  until 
the  year  after  the  formal  opening  of  the  King's  College  Medical  School. 

At  this  point  the  writer  would  deplore  the  utter  absence  of  information 
concerning  the  personal  element  in  the  incipiency  of  the  school  enterprise. 
It  would  be  of  great  interest  to  know  of  the  discussions  and  consultations 
of  its  projectors.  It  is  reasonable  to  infer  that  they  experienced  rebuffs  and 
encountered  obstacles  while  advocating  what  was  doubtless  regarded  as  an 
idle  and  profitless  undertaking.  They  had  no  precedent  for  their  action. 
They  could  hold  out  no  inducements  to  the  capitalist  who  desired  to  make 
a  profitable  investment,  nor  to  the  humanitarian  who  would  exchange  a 
portion  of  his  wealth  for  an  assured  niche  in  a  temple  of  fame.  We  are 
to  conclude,  in  view  of  the  existing  conditions,  that  these  old-time  school 
builders  had  no  other  incentive  than  love  for  their  science  and  a  1  genuine 
regard  for  ailing  humanity  in  the  immediate  present  and  in  futurity.  But, 
in  absence  of  knowledge  under  this  head,  the  official  records  are  clear  as 
to  the  organization  of  the  institution  which  was  the  work  of  their  hands. 

Mr.  John  B.  Pine,  clerk  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, has  transcribed  from  the  ancient  records  the  following  extract  from 
the  minutes  of  a  meeting  of  the  Governors  of  the  College  of  the  Province  of 
New  York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in  America,  held  on  Friday,  the  14th 
day  of  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1767: 

"Two  letters  being  presented  to  this  board,  the  one  dated  the  4th 
instant,  from  Dr.  Samuel  Clossey,  Dr.  Peter  Middleton,  Dr.  John  Jones, 
Dr.  James  Smith  and  Dr.  Samuel  Bard ;  the  other  dated  the  5th  instant, 
from  Dr.  John  V.  B.  Tennent,  were  read,  their  purport  being  a  proposal  as 
well  for  the  honor  and  interest  of  this  seminary  as  Ihe  common  good  of 
mankind,  to  institute  a  medical  school  within  this  college,  for  instructing 
pupils  in  the  most  useful  and  necessary  branches  of  medicine,  and  also  an 
offer  generously  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  in  the  winter  season  in  each  of 
the  following  branches  of  that  science,  viz. :  Anatomv.  bv  Dr.  Samuel  Clos- 


i6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


sey ;  physiology  and  pathology,  by  Dr.  Peter  Middleton ;  the  theory  and 
practice  of  physic,  by  Dr.  Samuel  Bard ;  the  theory  of  chirurgery,  with  a 
course  of  operations  upon  the  human  body,  by  Dr.  John  Jones;  chemistry, 
by  Dr.  Samuel  Smith,  with  the  materia  medica  and  midwifery,  by  Dr.  John 
V.  Tennent. 

"The  board,  having  taken  the  said  letters  into  consideration,  are  of  opin- 
ion that  the  establishment  thereby  proposed  will  not  only  (by  promoting  the 
true  knowledge  of  medicine)  tend  to  the  honor  and  reputation  of  this  college 
in  particular,  but  be  also  a  public  benefit  to  society,  do,  therefore,  unani- 
mously resolve  that  the  said  medical  school  be.  and  the  same  is  hereby 
erected  in  the  said  college,  and  the  board,  having  the  highest  confidence 
in  the  merit,  learning  and  abilities  of  the  above  mentioned  gentlemen,  and 
being  impressed  with  a  due  sense  of  their  generous  and  disinterested  pro- 
posals above  mentioned,  do  unanimously  elect  and  chuse  the  said  Dr. 
Samuel  Clossey  Professor  of  Anatomy,  the  said  Dr.  Peter  Middleton  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology  and  Pathology,  the  said  Dr.  John  Jones,  Professor  of 
Surgery,  the  said  Dr.  James  Smith  Professor  of  Chemistry'  and  the  Materia 
Medica,  the  said  Dr.  Samuel  Bard  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Physic,  and  the  said  Dr.  John  V.  B.  Tennent  Professor  of  Midwifery  in 
this  College. 

"And  it  is  further  ordered  that  Mr.  Attorney  General,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Auchmuty  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cooper  be  a  committee  to  acquaint  them  with 
the  determination  of  this  Board,  and  also  to  regulate  (with  the  advice  of 
the  said  professors)  the  said  Medical  School." 

Announcement  of  the  opening  of  this  school  was  made  in  Weyman's 
Ne^u  York  Gazette  in  its  issue  of  Monday,  September  21,  1767,  as  follows: 

"King's  College,  New  York,  September  17,  1767. 

"As  the  Establishment  of  a  School  for  the  regular  instruction  of  Gen- 
tlemen in  the  different  Branches  of  Medicine  must  not  only  promote  the 
Honour  and  Utility  of  that  most  important  and  necessary  Science,  but  like- 
wise conduce  to  the  general  Advancement  of  LEARNING: — The  Gov- 
ernors of  this  COLLEGE,  in  Consequence  of  the  Powers  vested  in  them 
by  their  Charter,  and  being  desirous  of  rendering  the  Institution  over  which 
they  preside  as  publickly  useful  and  extensive  as  possible,  have  appointed 
the  following  Professors: 

"Samuel  Clossey.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy;  Peter  Middleton, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  of  Physic;  John  Jones,  M.  D.,  Professor  of 
Surgery;  James  Smith.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chymistry  and  Mat.  Med.; 
John  V.  B.  Tennent.  M.  D..  Professor  of  Midwifery;  Samuel  Bard,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic. 

"The  above  gentlemen  will  begin  their  Lectures  the  first  Monday  in 
November  next,  and  continue  them  regularly  till  the  Completion  of  the  sev- 
eral Courses,  which  it  is  supposed  will  be  some  Time  m  May;  and  Degrees 
in  Physic  will  be  conferred  upon  the  following  Terms : 

"i.  Each  Student  shall  be  matriculated  as  in  the  Universities  of  Eng- 
land. 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  17 

"2.  Such  students  as  have  not  taken  a  Degree  in  Arts,  shall  satisfy  the 
Examiners,  before  their  Admission  to  a  Degree  in  Physic,  that  they  have  a 
compleat  knowledge  of,  at  least,  the  Latin  Language  and  of  the  necessary 
Branches  of  Natural  Philosophy. 

"3.  No  Student  shall  be  admitted  to  his  Examination  for  a  Bachelors 
Degree,  in  less  than  three  years  after  his  matriculation,  and  having  attended 
at  least  one  compleat  Course  of  Lectures  under  each  PROFESSOR;  unless 
he  can  produce  proper  Certificates  of  his  having  served  an  Apprenticeship  of 
Three  Years,  to  some  reputable  Practitioner,  in  which  Case  he  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  his  Examination  in  Tiva  Years  from  his  Matriculation. 

"4.  In  one  Year  after  having  obtained  a  Bachelor's  Degree,  a  student 
may  be  admitted  to  his  Examination  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor,  provided  he 
shall  have  previously  attended  two  Courses  of  Lectures  under  each  Pro- 
fessor, be  of  Twenty-two  Years  of  Age,  and  have  Published,  and  publickly 
defended,  a  Treatise  upon  some  Medical  Subject. 

"5.  The  Mode  of  Examination,  both  publick  and  private,  shall  be  con- 
formable to  the  Practice  of  the  most  Celebrated  Universities  of  Europe. 

"6.  Students  from  any  reputable  University  may  be  admitted  ad  eiiii- 
detn,  producing"  proper  Certificates :  and  Graduates  will  be  entitled  to  the 
same  Priviledge,  on  producing  the  like  Certificates,  and  satisfying  the  Pro- 
fessors of  their  Medical  Abilities." 

In  the  New  York  Mercury  of  November  2,  following  the  publication  of 
the  foregoing,  appeared  the  following  announcement  of  Dr.  Clossy's  lec- 
tures, and  it  may  be  here  remarked  that  the  prelections  referred  to  in  the 
concluding  paragraph  contain  recognition  of  the  prior  lectures  delivered  by 
the  same  teacher : 

"King's  College,  October  26,  1767. 

"On  Monday,  November  the  second,  at  Four  o'Clock  in  the  Evening; 
The  FIRST  Part  of  Dr.  CLOSSY'S  Anatomical  Lectures  wiU  begin  with 
the  Usefulness  of  Anatomy;  and  will  proceed  to  the  Description  of  the  Dry 
Bones,  and  likewise  the  Fresh  Bones,  with  their  Cartilages,  Ligaments  and 
Membranes:  Internal  Structure,  Uses,  Motions  and  Affections;  and  will 
be  continued  on  every  Friday  and  Monday  evening. 

"After  the  FIRST  P'art,  the  System  of  Muscles  will  be  shown  in  the 
Adult  Subject. 

"Part  the  THIRD,  will  exhibit  the  Arteries,  Veins  and  Trunks  of  the 
Nerves,  in  a  Subject  prepared  with  Injections:  And  the  whole  will  be  con- 
cluded with 

"The  FOURTH  Part,  containing  the  Encephalon,  with  the  Viscera  of 
the  two  inferior  Cavities,  together  with  their  Uses,  Motions  and  Diseases, 
in  an  Adult  Subject. 

"Attendance  for  each  Course  to  the  Students  in  Physick,  Five  Pounds; 
and  free  after  two  Courses. 

"For  seeing  Dissections  and  Preparations,  Ten  Pounds,  and  free  after 
Two  Courses. 


i8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iXS  AXD  SURGEOXS. 


"To  Gentlemen  who  will  chuse  to  attend  for  the  Improvement  of  their 
Minds,  Three  Pounds  Four  Shillings. 

"X.  B.  As  these  Prelections  are  revived  under  the  Countenance  of 
the  President  and  Governors  of  the  College,  all  possible  care  will  be  taken 
to  render  it  useful,  not  only  to  those  whose  indispensable  Business  and  Duty 
it  is  to  be  acquainted  with  the  Human  Structure  and  Economy :  But  to 
Gentlemen  of  other  Professions,  who  ma}-  be  inclined  to  acquire  some  knowl- 
edge of  these  Subjects,  as  a  Part  of  Philosophy." 

The  opening  of  the  school,  of  which  the  foregoing  was  the  announce- 
ment, was  reported  in  the  journal  last  quoted,  and  the  adjectivial  ornaments 
with  which  the  report  was  bedecked  would  indicate  that  the  function  was 
regarded  as  of  great  importance  and  as  having  passed  off  in  a  manner 
entirely  pleasing  to  the  actors  therein : 

"At  the  Opening  of  the  Medical  School  in  King's  College  in  this  City: 
"On  the  Manday  Forenoon  last  Week,  the  Governors,  President,  Tutors 
and  Professors  of  the  College,  assembled  at  the  J'estry  Room  in  this  City, 
from  whence,  being  honoured  with  the  Company  of  his  Excellency  the  Gov- 
ernor, the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  their  Robes,  and  the  Gentlemen 
of  the  Law  in  their  Gowns,  they  walked  in  Procession  to  the  College  Hall, 
where  they  were  entertained  with  a  very  elegant  and  learned  Discourse,  by 
Doctor  ^Middleton,  Professor  of  the  Theory  of  Physic,  on  the  Antiquity, 
Progress  and  Usefulness  of  that  Science.  The  Satisfaction  of  the  learned 
and  splendid  Audience  on  this  Occasion  was  universal,  and  more  especially 
so,  when  they  considered  the  Performance  as  the  Beginning  of  an  Institu- 
tion, so  replete  with  Advantages  to  ^^lankind  in  General,  and  to  the  Inhab- 
itants of  this  Province  in  particular. 

"In  the  Evening  of  the  same  Day.  was  delivered  by  Dr.  Clossy.  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy,  an  introductory  Lecture  to  that  Important  Science,  which 
for  genuine  Learning  and  Precision,  was  justly  applauded. 

"The  Day  following.  Dr.  Smith.  Professor  of  Chymisfry.  gave  an  in- 
troductory Lecture  on  that  Branch,  which  for  Elegance  and  Sublimity,  met 
with  universal  Approbation. 

"On  AA'ednesday.  Dr.  Bard.  Junior.  Professor  of  the  Practi-ce  of  Physic, 
delivered  his  introductory  Discourse,  which  for  ^Masterly  Composition  and 
genteel  Delivery,  was  highly  pleasing  to  the  respectable  Audience.     And 

"On  this  bay.  at  five  o'Qock  in  the  Afternoon,  the  Introductory  Lec- 
ture on  Surgery  will  be  given  by  Dr.  Jones.  Professor  of  that  Science. 

"The  general  Approbation  which  this  Institution  hath  hitherto  met 
with,  on  Account  of  its  great  Utility  to  ^Mankind,  we  hope  will  sufficiently 
recommend  it  to  the  Attention  of  such  as  intend  the  Practice  of  Physic, 
especially  in  this  City  and  Colony.  By  a  constant  Application  to  Study  under 
the  Direction  of  the  above  Gentlemen  Professors  (if  regularly  prepared  to 
attend  them — voung  gentlemen  may  in  a  few  Years  be  entitled  to  and  obtain 
the  Honours  of  the  ^Medical  Profession,  and  thereby  be  qualified  to  enter 
legallv  upon  the  Practice  of  Physic :  with  singular  Advantage  to  the  respec- 
tive Communities  to  which  they  belong." 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  19 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Governors  of  King's  College,  held  on  November 
25th,  1767,  it  was 

"Ordered,  That  Mr.  Attorney  General,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Auchmuty  and 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Cooper  be  a  committee  to  communicate  to  the  several  Medical 
Professors,  the  high  opinion  this  corporation  entertains  of  the  learning  and 
abilities,  whereby  they  have  respectively  distinguished  themselves,  particu- 
larly in  their  introductory  lectures.  To  thank  them  for  their  zeal  they  have 
expressed  for  the  honor  of  this  Seminary,  and  the  pains  they  have  taken  to 
promote  its  interest,  and  to  signify  their  hopes,  that  the  said  professors,  by 
a  continuance  of  their  services  will  render  the  science  of  Physic,  much  more 
respectable  than  it  hath  hitherto  been  in  this  country  to  their  own  honor,  the 
reputation  of  the  College,  and  the  great  emolument  of  the  Public." 

Tlie  original  matriculation  book  of  King's  College  contains  the  follow- 
ing entry:  "This  year,  viz.,  1767,  ye  following  gentlemen  (August  ve 
14th)  were  elected  and  chosen  Professors  in  Medicine,"  and  then  follows 
the  names  as  set  forth  in  the  minutes  of  the  Governors  cf  August  14,  1767, 
In  tlie  same  book  the  list  of  admissions  "Anno  1767"  includes  the  names  of 
Robert  Tucker,  S.  M. ;  Samuel  Smith,  S.  M.,  and  Samuel  Kissam,  S.  M., 
the  initials  being  intended  to  designate  the  individuals  named  as  students 
of  medicine,  as  distinguished  from  the  students  in  arts,  whose  names  appear 
in  the  same  list. 

The  matriculation  book,  under  the  heading  of  "Graduations,  Anno  1769," 
contains  the  following  entry:  "The  Commencement  was  in  Trinity  Church, 
May  16,  and  the  following  gentlemen  were  graduated:"  Then  follows  the 
names  of  those  receiving  degrees,  including  "Robert  Tucker,  Med.  Bac. ; 
Samuel  Kissam,  Med.  Bac."  This  event  occurred  May  15,  1770,  and  was 
duly  reported  in  the  Nezi.'  York  Gazette,  which  noted  that  "immediately 
before  the  Time  of  conferring  the  Degrees  the  President  left  his  seat  and 
-was  succeeded  by  Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,  who  delivered  a  most  animated 
speech,  containing  Advice  to  the  Gentlemen  who  were  to  be  graduated  in 
Medicine." 

In  the  records  of  King's  College,  under  the  entry  of  "Graduations, 
Anno  1770,  May  15,"  appears  the  name  of  "Robert  Tucker,  M.  D.,"  and 
under  a  like  entry  for  1771  (May  21)  appears  the  name  of  "Samuel  Kis- 
sam, M.  D." 

For  many  years  the  priority  of  medical  degrees  has  been  a  vexed  ques- 
tion between  the  representatives  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  those 
of  Columbia  University,  and  the  discussion  has  been  revived  in  very  recent 
days.  It  is  claimed  for  the  College  of  Medicine  in  Philadelphia,  which  was 
the  source  of  the  present  medical  school  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
that  it  antedated  King's  College  in  conferring  the  medical  degree;  that  in 


20  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-JNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

June,  1771.  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Physic  was  conferred  upon  Benjamin 
Allison,  Jonathan  Easton,  John  Kulin,  Frederick  Kuhn,  Bodo  Otto,  Robert 
Pottinger  and  William  M.  Smith,  and  that  on  the  same  day  four  graduates 
(Jonathan  Potts,  James  Tilton,  Nicholas  \'Vay  and  Jonathan  Elmer),  who 
had  received  the  primary  degree  in  1768,  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine.  Each  of  the  four  graduates  named  presented  a  thesis,  and  that 
of  Potts  is  preserved  in  a  pamphlet  now  in  the  library  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  bearing  the  imprint,  "Philadelphije:  Typis  Jo- 
hannis  Dunlap,  MDCCLNXI."  It  has  also  been  asserted  by  advocates  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  claim  that  there  was  no  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  given  "in  course"'  by  King's  College  prior  to  the  Revolutionary 
period.  It  is  possible  that  these  claimants  have  based  their  assertions  upon 
the  inferences  drawn  from  the  general  catalogue  of  King's  College,  which 
shows  that  Tucker  and  Kissam  were  "Graduates  in  Medicine"  in  1769, 
without  indicating  the  degree,  and  without  showing  that  they  subsec^uently 
received  the  full  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  That  the  catalogue  is  de- 
fective in  these  particulars  is  amply  shown  by  the  transcriptions  from  the 
records  of  King's  College  by  Mr.  Pine,  and  which  it  is  believed  have  never 
before  appeared  in  print.  The  matriculation  book,  which  is  a  book  of  origi- 
nal entry  for  graduations  as  well  as  for  admissions,  shows  beyond  all  doubt 
that  Tucker  and  Kissam  took  their  doctorate  degrees  "in  course,"  and  not 
as  honorary  degrees,  and  it  is  not  to  be  questioned  that  they  had  fully  com- 
plied with  the  published  requirements  of  the  course  of  study.  The  records 
show  affirmatively  that  both  Tucker  and  Kissam  received  the  degree  of 
"B.  M."  in  course  at  the  end  of  two  years,  and  that  the  degrees  of  "M.  D." 
were  also  conferred  upon  them  in  course,  upon  the  former  at  the  end  of 
one  year  (May  15,  1770)  and  upon  the  latter  at  the  end  of  two  years  (May 
21,  1771).  The  records  also  indicate  that  these  degrees  were  given  in 
course,  for  in  other  cases  honorary  degrees  are  indicated  by  the  words  "ad 
eiindem"  or  "Hon.  causa,"  and  while  the  case  is  also  proven  negatively  by 
the  absence  of  the  names  of  Tucker  and  Kissam  from  all  the  lists  of  recip- 
ients of  honorary  degrees. 

With  this  view  of  the  case  it  is  evident  that,  assuming  the  accuracy 
of  the  dates  claimed  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  medical  degrees 
were  conferred  by  the  Philadelphia  Medical  College  nearly  a  year  (eleven 
months)  before  medical  degrees  were  conferred  by  King's  College.  In 
each  case,  however,  the  degree  was  that  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine,  and  King's 
College  claims  priority  as  to  the  doctorate,  which  it  conferred  upon  Tucker 
a  little  more  than  a  year  (thirteen  months)  before  the  same  degree  was  con- 
ferred  by   the   college   in   Philadelphia.      These  facts   would   seem   to  have 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  21 

been  apparent  to  Dr.  James  Thacher,  who,  in  referring  to  Tucker  and  Kis- 
sam,  in  his  "American  Biographies  and  History  of  Medical  Science  in  the 
United  States,"  says  these  were  "the  first  instances  of  m.edical  degrees  being 
conferred  in  America,  being  a  short  time  before  tliose  which  were  given  in 
Philadelphia,"  his  meaning  evidentl}'  being  in  recognition  of  the  full  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine  as  regularl)-  conferred  by  a  medical  school. 

The  facts  attending  the  first  commencement  of  the  Medical  School  of 
King's  College  were  recited  at  length  by  Dr.  David  Hosack,  in  his  inaugural 
address  delivered  at  the  opening  of  the  Rutgers  Medical  College,  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  on  Monday,  June  6th,  1826,  and  printed  in  pamphlet  form 
in  the  same  year  by  J.  Seymour,  on  John  street.  New  York.  Dr.  Hosack 
was  the  literar\-  authorit}-  of  the  college  in  his  day,  and  was  regarded  as  a 
man  of  exact  statements.  The  events  of  which  he  wrote  were  fresh  in 
his  mind,  and  it  is  entirely  probable  that  he  possessed  record  evidence  saved 
from  the  great  fire  of  1776,  From  the  address  of  Dr.  Hosack  we  take  the 
following : 

"The  first  attempt  for  the  purpose  of  imparting  medical  instruction  in 
this  country  by  the  dissection  of  the  human  body  was  made  in  the  city  of 
New  York  as  early  as  the  year  1750  by  two  eminent  medical  men.  Dr.  John 
Bard  and  Dr.  Peter  Middleton.  In  1756  the  first  course  of  lectures,  pro- 
fessedly so,  on  anatomy  and  surger}-  was  delivered  at  Rhode  Island  by  Dr. 
William  Hunter,  a  Scotch  physician,  who  had  been  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  the  father  of  the  distinguished  Senator  in  Con- 
gress from  that  State. 

"In  1768  a  medical  school  was  organized  under  the  direction  and  gov- 
ernment of  the  college  of  the  province  of  New  York,  then  called  King's 
College,  and  a  board  of  professors  appointed  to  teach  the  several  branches 
of  medical  science.  *  *  *  Lectures  were  regularly  given,  and  the  de- 
grees of  Bachelor  and  Doctor  of  Medicine  were  conferred  by  the  college. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Miller,  in  his  valuable  'Retrospect  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,' 
remarks  that  no  degrees  in  medicine  were  conferred  by  this  college  previous 
to  the  Revolutionary  war,  but  in  this  instance  an  error  is  committed  by  that 
eminent  and  usually  accurate  writer,  for  in  1769  the  degree  of  Bachelor  in 
Medicine  was  conferred  upon  Samuel  Kissam  and  Robert  Tucker.  In  1770 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  the  last  mentioned 
physician,  and  in  May  of  the  succeeding  year  the  same  degree  was  con- 
ferred upon  the  former. 

"Dr.  Sewall,  in  his  excellent  introductory  lecture,  delivered  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College,  District  of  Columbia,  is  also 
in  error  in  his  statement  relative  to  the  first  medical  degree  conferred  in  the 
colonies,  now  the  United  States.  In  the  discourse  referred  to  he  dates  the  first 
medical  degrees  as  conferred  at  the  commencement  held  in  Philadelphia  in 
June,  1 77 1,  whereas  the  doctorate  had  been  previously  conferred  in  the  month 
of  Ma}'  of  the  preceding  year  in  the  city  of  New  York." 


22  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

From  the  foregoing  it  would  appear  that  in  order  to  antedate  King's 
College  in  seeking  for  authority  in  any  practitioner  to  hear  the  title  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine,  the  "College  of  ]\'Iedicine  in  Philadelphia"  must  needs  be 
eliminated  from  the  contest,  and  recourse  must  be  had  to  a  yet  earlier  day. 
Thus,  in  1663  the  General  Court  of  Rhode  Island  licensed  Captain  John 
Cranston  to  "administer  physick  and  practice  chirurgerie,  and  is  by  this 
court  styled  doctor  of  physick  and  chirurgery  by  the  authority  of  this  the 
General  Assembly  of  this  Colony."  Again,  in  1720,  Yale  College  conferred 
upon  Daniel  Tucker  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  but  this  was  simply 
an  honorary  degree.  Tucker  had  been  a  liberal  donor  to  the  college,  and  the 
title  which  he  received  from  it  was  facetiously  interpreted  "Multiim  donavit." 

An  interesting  relic  of  Kissam,  the  second  full  medical  graduate  of 
King's  College,  is  contained  in  a  copy  of  his  graduating  thesis,  preserved  in 
the  library  of  the  Xew  York  Academy  of  [Medicine.  With  this  is  a  reproduc- 
tion of  the  title  page  : 

While  not  strictly  belonging  to  the  theme,  perhaps  a  sidelight  might  be 
thrown  upon  the  screen  for  the  sake  of  illustrating  and  justifying  the  repu- 
tations of  these  self-same  fathers  of  the  school.  At  the  first  commencement, 
hereinbefore  referred  to,  Dr.  Bard,  at  the  conclusion  of  his  address  to  the 
graduating  students,  "took  occasion  to  urge,  with  great  Pathos  and  Strength 
of  Argument,  the  necessity  of  establishing  a  regular  Hospital  for  the  Re- 
ception of  the  poor  Sick;  and  set  the  Advantages  resulting  from  such  an 
Institution  in  the  most  striking  Point  of  Light."  After  the  commencement 
exercises  were  ended  an  entertainment  was  given  in  the  College  Hall,  and 
an  incident  of  the  event  was  a  recurrence  to  the  subject  which  had  been 
previously  broached  by  Dr.  Bard — the  erection  of  a  public  hospital.  The 
Governor,  Sir  Henry  Moore,  expressed  his  particular  desire  that  the  plan 
should  be  entered  upon,  and  he  and  others  present  subscribed  an-  amount 
of  nearly  one  thousand  pounds.  The  corporation  of  the  city  of  New  York 
and  the  Provincial  Legislature  made  necessary  grants  and  a  royal  charter 
was  granted  by  George  III.  June  13,  1771.  Tlie  ground  set  ofif  for  hospital 
purposes  was  a  five-acre  tract,  a  portion  of  the  old  Rutgers  farm,  and  is 
better  identified  at  the  present  time  as  the  site  on  Broadway  between  Duane 
and  Worth  streets.  This  ground  was  occupied  until  J 870,  when  the  hos- 
pital was  closed  to  await  the  completion  of  a  larger  establishment  on  Six- 
teenth street,  whence  it  was  removed  in  1895  to  the  triangular  plot  lying 
within  Jay,  Hudson  and  Duane  streets. 

The  corner  stone  of  the  building  was  laid  by  Governor  Dunmore,  July 
27,  1 77 1.  When  the  edifice  was  nearing  completion  it  was  burned  down, 
February  28,    1775.     This  disaster  was   variously  ascribed  to  accident  and 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  23 


A    N 

INAUGURAL      ESSAY 

ON    T  H  I 

ANTHELMINTIC     Q^U  A  L  I  T  Y 

OF      THE 

Phafeolus  Zuratcnfis   Siliqua  hirfutaj 

O    R 

C  O  W  - 1  T  C  H. 

Submitted  to  the  EXAMINATION  of  the 

Rev.  MYLES  COOPER,  L.  L.  D.  President, 

The    GOVERNORS, 
And  MEDICAL     PROFESSORS 

O    F 

KING'S  COLLEGE,  in  NEW-YORK, 

For  the  DionEt  of  DOCTOR  in   PHYSIC,    at  the 
ANKUAL  COMME  NCEMENT,  May  21,    1771, 

Br    SAMUEL    K  I  S  S  A  M,    M.  B, 
Phtrlt  fanis,   titvus  ingriditur  tut  TimfIa  Stterdti, 

N    E    W-y    O    R    K: 
Printtd  by  S.  I  N  S  L  E  E,     and   A.  C  A  R,    at  the  NfiWV 

PrIKTINC-OfPICI,     on  BElKMAN't-Slir. 

M.DCCLXXlT      • 


■  -  *"       ----'i---^:;^^*'CTfaj^' 


24  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

to  the  vandalism  of  Hessian  soldiers.  New  buildings  were  erected  in  1783. 
During  the  earl)^  years  there  seems  to  have  been  no  systematic  conduct  of 
the  institution,  but  in  1798  the  governors  effected  a  reorganization,  and 
announced  that  the  classes  of  patients  for  whom  treatment  was  provided 
were,  in  order,  those  requiring  medical  attention,  those  recjuiring  the  services 
of  a  surgeon,  the  insane  and  women  in  confinement.  At  the  same  time  the 
sum  of  £200  was  provided  for  the  beginning  of  a  library,  which  was  the 
nucleus  of  the  present  excellent  book  collection. 

In  1 77 1  the  graduates  of  the  Medical  School  of  King's  College  were 
Benjamin  Onderdonk  and  Michael  Sebring.  In  1772  the  graduates  were 
John  Augustus  Graham,  Uzal  Johnson.  James  Muirson,  Richard  Udall  and 
William  Winterton.  In  1773  there  was  but  one  graduate,  Jabez  Doty.  In 
the  following  year,  1774.  there  were  two — Edward  Stevens  and  Samuel 
Nicoll.  In  1775  the  college  graduated  se\-en  students,  but  no  medical  de- 
grees were  conferred,  nor  was  a  public  commencement  held,  owing  to  the 
absence  of  President  Cooper. 

The  following  year  (1776)  signalized  the  opening  of  the  revolutionary 
struggle.  In  April  the  Committee  of  Safety  took  possession  of  the  college 
property  for  military  purposes,  the  library  and  apparatus  were  removed  to 
the  city  hall  and  the  students  dispersed. 

In  1784  the  college  was  reopened  under  the  name  of  Columbia  College, 
and  the  medical  school  was  revived,  with  the  following  faculty :  Dr.  Charles 
McKnight,  Anatomj'  and  Surgery ;  Dr.  Nicholas  Romayne,  Practice  and 
Physic;  Dr.  Benjamin  Kissam,  Institutes  of  Medicine;  Dr.  Samuel  Bard, 
Chemistry,  and  Dr.  Ebenezer  Crosby,  Midwifery.  The  re-establishment  of 
the  Medical  School,  howe\er,  was  little  more  than  nominal,  as  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  fact  that  the  medical  professors  received  no  salary.  In  ^1787" 
the  faculty  had  been  reduced,  by  resignation,  to  three  members — Dr.  Mc- 
Knight, Dr.  Crosby  and  Dr.  Kissam — and  the  school,  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses, ceased  to  exist. 

In  1 79 1  the  Medical  School  was  revived,  after  a  fashion,  through  the 
instrumentality  of  a  committee  appointed  by  the  trustees  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege. On  May  2d,  within  a  month  after  its  formation,  the  committee 
reported  that  it  Avould  be  proper  to  have  lectures  in  Chemistry,  Anatomy 
and  the  Practice  of  Physic  read  in  Columbia  College,  and  recommended  Dr. 
Nicholas  Romayne,  then  nearing  the  heyday  of  his  reputation  as  an  office 
preceptor  and  attractive  elocutionist.  He  whose  name  was  destined  to  be 
so  inseparably  connected  with  the  institution  was  accordinglv  appointed,  on 
May  5th. 

This  lectureship,  however,  did  not  fulfill  the  requirements  of  a  medical 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  25 

school,  and,  in  January,  1792,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York 
memorialized  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College  with  reference  to  the  estab- 
listment  of  a  complete  medical  department.  By  act  of  the  Legislature,  March 
24,  1 79 1,  the  regents  of  the  college  were  empowered  to  create  a  "college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons."  The  regents,  however,  concluded  not  to  exercise 
this  authority,  provided  the  trustees  would  appoint  such  a  medical  faculty 
as  would  be  satisfactory,  and  asked  that  nominations  to  the  various  pro- 
fessorships should  be  made.  The  faculty  proposed  (pi'esumably  on  the 
motion  of  the  Medical  Society)  was  as  follows :  Dr.  Samuel  Bard.  Dean ; 
Dr.  Richard  Bayley,  Anatomy;  Dr.  Samuel  Nicoll,  Chemistry;  Dr.  John  R. 
B.  Rogers,  Midwifery;  Dr.  William  P.  Smith.  Materia  Medica;  Dr.  Wright 
Post,  Surgery ;  Dr.  William  Hammersley,  Institutes  of  Medicine ;  Dr.  Rich- 
ard S.  Kissam^  Botany ;  Dr.  Nicholas  Romayne,  Practice  of  Physic. 

The  facult)'  as  thus  organized  was  approved  b}-  the  Governors  of  the 
College,  and  the  legislative  act  authorizing  the  establishment  of  a  medical 
college  was  suffered  to  lapse. 

The  members  of  the  faculty,  with  the  exception  of  Dr.  Romayne,  who 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  in  sympathy  with  the  enterprise,  and  who 
resigned,  presented  to  the  Governors  an  address  in  which  they  signified 
their  acceptance  of  these  "honorable  appointments,"  and  pledged  their  "most 
faithful  and  strenuous  exertions  to  render  the  important  branch  of  educa- 
tion committed  to  their  care  as  complete  and  extensive  as  possible,"  each 
one  conceiving  it  "his  indispensable  duty  assiduously  to  cultivate  that  part 
to  which  he  has  been  appointed,  hoping  by  their  united  endeavors  so  to 
conduct  the  whole  as  that  this  institution  shall  prove  the  happy  means  of 
rescuing  a  liberal  science  from  the  hands  of  ignorance  and  imposture,  of 
furnishing  useful  and  learned  men  in  one  of  the  most  important  of  all  pro- 
fessions, that  which  has  the  care  of  the  health  and  lives  of  the  people,  and 
of  increasing  the  fame  and  extending  the  usefulness  of  the  college." 

Several  of  the  faculty  members  are  to  be  written  of  later  in  this  nar- 
rative, and  only  one  need  be  particularized  here. 

Dr.  Richard  Ba3dey  (1745-1S01),  the  Professor  of  Anatomy,  began 
his  medical  studies  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Charlton,  whose  partner 
he  became  in  1772,  and  whose  sister  he  married.  In  J775  Dr.  Bayley  vis- 
ited England,  and  was  a  dissecting  room  student  under  the  celebrated  Hun- 
ter. In  1776  he  took  service  as  surgeon  in  the  British  army  under  Lord 
Howe,  but  he  resigned  in  the  following  year  and  resumed  practice  in  New 
York  City.  In  1781  he  published  an  able  letter  to  Dr.  Hunter  on  "Croup." 
In  1787  he  delivered  lectures  on  surgery.  Owing  to  tlie  careless  exposure 
of  portions  of  bodies   from   the   dissecting  room,   his    office  was   made  the 


26 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


object  of  attack  by  a  mob  (April  13.  1788),  which  destroyed  his  vahiable 
anatomical  cabinet.  For  three  or  four  days  infuriated  people  infested  the 
streets,  and  few  physicians'  offices  escaped  injury.     In  1792  Dr.  Bayley  was 

appointed  to  the  chair  of  anatom\'  in 
Columbia  College,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  called  to  that  of  surgery. 
He  was  an  accomplished  operator.  In 
1795  he  became  health  officer  of  the  port 
of  New  York.  He  made  careful  study 
of  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  that  time, 
and  incorporated  his  observations  and 
conclusions  in  his  unique  "  Essay  on 
Yellow  Fever,"  in  which  he  contended 
that  it  was  of  local  origin  and  non-con- 
tagious. He  was  the  author  of  the  Quar- 
antine Act  of  1799.  He  was  deeply 
conscientious  in  the  discharge  of  duty, 
and  came  to  his  death  through  his  de\-o- 
tion.  Boarding  an  Irish  immigrant  ship, 
fever  infected,  he  became  ill,  and  died 
seven  days  afterward. 
The  graduates  of  the  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College  may  here 
be  named : 

1793 — Samuel   Burrowe,  John   Bowne   Hicks,   AA'illett   Taylor,   Jr..   Jo- 
seph Youle. 

1794 — David  G.  Aljeel,  Peter  Irving.  Henry  Mead. 
1795 — William  ]Morey  Ross,  Timothy  Fletcher  Wetmore. 
1796 — Alexander  Anderson,  AA'inthrop  Saltonstall. 
1797 — William  Bay. 

1802 — Joseph  Bailey,  Richard  L.  Walker. 
1803 — Isaac  Foster,  Samuel  Schofield. 

1804 — William  Barrow,  Ezekiel  Ostrander,  Daniel  D.  Walters. 
1805 — Thomas   Cock,   Benjamin  Kissam. 
1806 — Valentine  Mott. 
1807 — Alire  R.  Delisle. 

The  school  had  been  conducted  in  the  face  of  considerable  discourage- 
ment, and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  had  little  more  than  maintained  an  existence. 
An  anniversary  orator  stated  that  when  he  studied,  in  1800,  his  anatom- 
ical class  consisted  of  twenty-five  students,  and  that  there  were  no  lectures 
on  "theory  and  practice"  until  two  years  afterward.     Such  was  the  dilapi- 


RICH.4RD    BAYLEV,  M.  D. 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE  IN  NEW  YORK.  27 

dated  condition  of  the  college  edifice  that  both  chemical  and  surgical  appa- 
ratus suffered  from  the  rain,  that  came  freely  through  the  decayed  roof. 
The  anatomical  museum  likewise  suffered  from  a  like  cause,  etc.  There 
were  no  graduates  during  the  five  years  between  1797  and  1802,  nor  were 
there  any  from  1807  until  1810,  when  one  candidate  (Robert  ]\Iorrell)  re- 
ceived his  diploma.  Yet  it  had  sent  out  a  number  of  students  who  became 
skillful  in  their  profession,  and  of  these  some  will  be  recognized  in  proper 
sequence.  Of  its  graduates,  however,  was  one  who  did  not  long  remain 
a  practitioner,  but  whose  name  is  honored  in  the  annals  of  his  day  and  is 
treasured  by  the  profession  which  he  abandoned  for  distinction  in  an  illu- 
minating field,  less  the  decorative  art. 

He  was  Alexander  Anderson,  the  father  of  wood  engraving  in  the 
United  States,  known  to  fame  as  "the  American  Bewick."  He  was  born  in 
New  York  City  April  21,  1775.  He  read  medicine  under  the  preceptorship 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Young,  and  was  graduated  in  1796.  In  his  diary,  still  one 
of  the  Curios  of  the  Columbia  College  Library,  he  notes  that  he  was  offered, 
by  Dr.  ^^'illiam  Pitt  Smith,  the  year  before  his  graduation,  the  charge  of 
the  hospital  at  "Bell-vue."  He  rendered  some  service  there  while  pursuing 
his  medical  studies,  and  says  that  he  found  six  patients,  sufferers  from 
yellow  fever,  whom  he  bled.  But  medicine  was  not  to  his  liking,  or,  rather, 
he  had  a  predisposition  for  a  different  pursuit.  When  only  twelve  years  old 
he  had  begun  to  make  engravings  upon  copper  coins,  which  he  rolled  out 
smooth,  and  which  he  worked  with  gravers  of  his  own  making,  and  he 
afterward  made  cuts  upon  type  metal.  He  soon  abandoned  metal  for  box- 
wood, and  copied  Thomas  Bewick's  "Quadrupeds."  and,  at  a  later  day, 
made  the  plates  for  Sir  Charles  Bell's  "Anatomy"  and  other  scientific  works. 
For  fifteen  vears  he  was  the  only  engraver  on  wood  in  the  United  States, 
and  maintained  that  distinction  until  1850,  his  work  being  characterized  as 
spirited  and  gracefully  correct.  His  love  for  his  work  was  so  ardent  that 
he  prosecuted  it  until  he  was  eighty-seven  years  old. 

In  1789  there  were  twenty-seven  physicians  in  the  city  directory  of  New 
York,  and  twenty-eight  were  recorded  as  members  of  the  IMedical  Society. 
In  that  year  Brissot  de  ^Varville  noted  that  the  healthfulness  of  the  city 
aft'orded  little  encouragement  to  medical  practitioners,  and  some  of  the  most 
capable  phvsicians  gave  a  portion  of  their  time  to  other  than  professional 
pursuits.     The  principal  ailments  were  bilious  fever  and  severe  colds. 


CHAPTER  II. 

FOUNDING   OF    THE    COLLEGE   OF    PHYSICIANS   AND   SURGEONS ITS    EARLY    HIS- 
TORY   AND    FIRST    GRADUATES. 

The  dawn  of  the  new  centur^'  fovmcl  medicine  in  America  weh  pro- 
gressed. American  practitioners  were  keeping  well  abreast  with  their  breth- 
ren in  Europe,  and,  with  the  alertness  of  a  new  people  with  a  less  restricted 
environment,  were  actually  leading  their  competitors  in  certain  fields.  There 
was  a  contention  both  for  general  scope  and  particular  detail.  Many  of 
the  pet  theories  of  practice  had  been  abandoned  by  the  more  progressive 
thinkers,  although  there  were  some  worshipers  of  the  old  belief  that  where 
there  was  life  there  was  yet  hope.  Sanitation  had  come  to  receive  atten- 
tion, the  causes  of  epidemics  were  better  understood,  blood-letting  and  blis- 
tering, to  say  the  least,  were  less  fashionable,  and  newer  truths  were  begin- 
ning revolutions  of  methods.  Anatomy  as  a  stable  science  had  long  had  its 
acceptable  teachers  in  America,  and  surgery  had  come  to  be  regarded  as  a 
mechanical  science  capable  of  critical  definition  and  clinical  exemplification. 
The  over-caution,  slowly  disappearing,  yielded  to  the  prowess  of  the  inves- 
tigator, who,  by  his  logic,  scored  many  victories.  In  brief,  the  day  of  the 
pretender  and  the  charlatan  was  waning  apace,  and  the  educated  practitioner 
was  entering  into  the  glory  of  his  mission.  As  has  been  seen,  beginnings 
had  already  been  made  in  establishing  schools  wherein  the  most  capable 
might  afford  instruction  to  the  crowd  pressing  onward  to  the  front.  Begin- 
nings only  were  they,  but  they  had  stimulated  interest,  and  the  time  was 
ripe  for  a  substantial  progress  in  an  enterprise  dear  both  to  the  patriot  and 
to  the  philanthropist. 

On  July  I,  1806,  was  held,  as  appears  from  the  printed  proceedings, 
"a  meetings  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  city  and  county  of 
New  York,"  and  the  event  is  worthy  of  commemoration,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  the  designation  of  this  ancient  organization  was  preserved  in  the 
title  of  the  college  which  grew  out  of  its  effort. 

In  the  following  year  (1807)  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of 
New  York  formulated  plans  for  what  had  been  the  purpose  of  many  of  its 
members  from  the  beginning.  The  membership  then  numbered  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-nine,  comprising  practically  all  the  legally  qualified  practi- 
tioners of  medicine  in  the  city  and  in  its  vicinage. 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  29 

At  a  meeting  of  the  society  held  on  Thursday,  February  19,  1807,  was 
read  a  memorial  addressed  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State  and  to  the  Re- 
gents of  the  University,  praying  for  incorporation  as  a  College  of  Medicine. 
In  the  paper  addressed  to  the  former  named  body  was  recited  the  organiza- 
tion and  authority  of  the  society,  followed  by  the  prayer  of  the  petitioners, 
as  follows : 

"That  considering  New  York  City,  from  its  population,  wealth  and 
commerce,  and  the  facility  of  communication  with  other  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  of  foreign  countries,  possessed  great  advantages  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  all  the  different  branches  of  medicine  and  of  all  the  dqjartments  ot 
science  which  are  related  to  the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery,  they  have 
appointed  different  committees  to  attend  to  the  various  branches  of  medi- 
cine and  of  the  sciences  connected  therewith ;  but  the  society  are  humbly  of 
opinion  their  usefulness  would  be  extended  in  promoting  the  public  good 
and  the  improvement  of  their  profession  were  they  incorporated  under 
the  direction,  inspection  and  patronage  of  the  Regents  of  the  State  as  a 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

"The  JNle'dical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  therefore  pray  that, 
retaining  their  present  rights  and  privileges  under  the  act  for  their  incorpo- 
ration and  their  connection  with  the  State  Society  and  their  medical  breth- 
ren of  the  County  Societies,  they  may  be  incorporated  as  a  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  under  the  direction,  inspection  and  patronage  of  the 
Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State,  as  the  wisdom  of  the  Honorable 
Legislature  may  think  proper  for  the  public  good  and  the  promotion  and 
improvement  of  the  medical  profession  and  sciences  connected  therewith." 

The  subscribers  to  this  paper  at  the  same  time  addressed  to  the  Regents 
of  the  University  a  memorial  advising  them  of  their  efforts  for  the  creation 
of  the  proposed  college,  and  urgently  asking  that  the  desires  of  the  society 
which  they  represented  should  be  approved  and  aided,  and  further  added 
that  they  "would  be  more  successful  in  their  purpose  if  the  regents  would 
afford  them  their  approval  and  patronage."' 

The  response  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  was  prompt,  as  well  as 
favorable,  and  within  a  month  (March  12,  1807)  a  charter  was  granted 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York.  By 
the  terms  of  the  instrument  (which  is  given  at  length  in  the  appendix  to 
this  volume)  the  members  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New 
York  became  members  of  the  college.  As  was  observed  by  President  John 
C.  Dalton,  writing  in  a  much  later  day  (1888),  this  granted  privilege 
constitutes  one  of  the  most  honorable  claims  to  distinction  enjoyed  by  the 
college.  Its  founding  and  organization  "represented  the  best  endeavors  of 
the  profession  for  the  diffusion  of  medical  knowledge  and  a  better  medical 
education.  It  embodied  their  hopes  for  the  immediate  needs  of  the  time, 
and  laid  the  foundation  for  further  improvement  in  the  future." 


30  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-INS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Under  the  charter  of  the  cohege,  its  members  were  empowered  to 
annually  elect  its  officers,  viz.,  a  President,  a  Vice-President,  a  Registrar, 
a  Treasurer  and  Censors,  and  to  frame  by-laws  and  regulations  relative  to 
its  management,  property  and  funds.  These  officers  were  responsible  only 
to  the  Regents  of  the  University,  and  in  the  Regents  alone  lay  the  power 
to  appoint  professors  and  to  confer  degrees. 

On  May  5th,  following  the  granting  of  the  charter,  the  incorpo- 
rators met  to  complete  the  college  organization.  For  some  reason  (or 
various  reasons,  as  is  most  likely)  there  was  a  marked  falling  off  in  attend- 
ance, for  of  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  who  were  named  in  the  charter 
less  than  one-half  (sixty-three)  were  now  present.  These,  however,  exer- 
cised all  the  powers  with  which  they  were  clothed  by  enacting  a  code  of 
by-laws  and  electing  officers,  as  follows : 

THE   FACULTY  IN   1807. 

Nicholas  Romayne,  M.  D.,  President  and  Lecturer  on  Anatomy. 

Samuel  Latham  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  Vice  President  and  Professor  of 
Chemistry. 

Edward  Miller,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic  and  Clin- 
ical Medicine. 

David  Hosack.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Botany  and 
Lecturer  on  Surgery  and  Midwifery. 

Archibald  Bruce,  M.  D.,  Registrar  and  Professor  of  ^Mineralogy. 

Benjamin  De  Witt,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  and 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry. 

John  Augustine  Smith,  Adjunct  Lecturer  on  Anatomy. 

"A  veritable  roll  of  honor  is  that  just  given,"  said  an  anniversary 
orator  many  years  after.  All  were  residents  of  the  city  of  New  York  and 
members  of  the  Medical  Society  of  New  York  County,  with  the  single 
exception  of  Dr.  Smith,  who  came  from  Virginia  to  accept  his  appointment 
in  the  college.  All  were  men  of  great  ability  and  experience  in  organization. 
They  were  honest,  zealous  and  had  the  best  wishes  of  a  most  friendly  host 
of  educators. 

The  introductory  address,  deli^'ered  by  Dr.  Romayne  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  lectures,  and  published  by  order  of  the  college,  was  in  greater 
part  a  scholarly  disc]uisition  concerning  the  history  of  education  in  Europe, 
Asia  and  America.  Coming  down  to  the  institution  over  which  he  was  to 
preside.  Dr.  Romayne  said  that  its  objects  of  instruction  will  be  extensive; 
that  its  patrons  will  be  unremitting  in  their  endeavors  to  make  it  equal  in 
usefulness  to  the  most   distinguished  universities   of   Europe,   and   the  pro- 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  31 

fessors  and  lecturers  "will  give  such  directions  as  may  be  most  interesting 
to  students  to  aid  them  in  the  prosecution  of  their  various  studies."  Dr. 
Romayne  also  declared  that  "the  trustees  have  not  thought  proper  to  make 
any  laws  for  the  government  of  its  students;  they  hope  none  will  ever  be 
necessary;  but  that  every  gentleman  attached  to  the  college  will  always  be 
directed  in  his  conduct  and  behaviour  by  the  principles  of  honour  and  good 
manners." 

While  a  teaching  faculty,  whose  members  were  presumably  busied  in 
caring  for  a  personal  practice  upon  which  their  chief  income  depended, 
these  men  bore  almost  the  entire  burden  of  the  infant  institution.  Three 
members  of  the  faculty — Romayne,  Mitchell  and  Bruce — were  also  officers, 
with  their  burdens  of  anxiety  and  fears  relieved  somewhat  by  the  hopes 
which  cheered,  but  scarcely  stimulated.  The  future  to  these  builders  was 
as   a  dream  without   a  prophet. 

In  June  of  the  first  year  the  college  membership  or  incorporators  con- 
stituted the  President,  Professors  and  Lecturers  a  Scnatus  Acadcuiicus,  or 
standing  committee,  which  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  promoting  the 
usefulness  of  the  college  by  ascertainment  of  "what  Ijranches  of  medical 
science  usually  taught  in  the  most  respectable  universities  were  as  yet  un- 
provided, of  nominating  capable  instructors  to  such  vacancies  as  miglit  exist, 
to  make  regulations  for  the  proper  conduct  of  the  instructional  departments 
and  (doubtless  to  stimulate  an  interest  in  the  college)  to  correspond  with 
the  various  medical  societies  throughout  the  State. 

The  last  named,  and,  for  the  emergency,  the  most  important  purpose, 
was  fully  elucidated  in  a  circular  addressed  to  the  officers  of  the  various 
county  medical  societies  throughout  the  State.  In  this  appeared  no  lack 
of  self-confidence,  for  it  was  declared  that  "under  the  direction  and  patron- 
age of  the  Regents  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  have  insti- 
tuted a  School  of  Physic,  which  it  will  be  their  unremitting  endeavor  to 
render  equal  in  extent,  comprehensiveness  and  accuracy  of  instruction,  to  the 
most  distinguished  universities  of  Europe."  Its  principal  object  is  declared 
to  be  "to  assist  in  the  progress  of  medical  science  in  every  part  of  the  State 
of  New  York,"  and  its  managers  consider  "the  cultivation  of  correspondence 
and  intimate  connection  with  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  and  the 
Medical  Societies  of  the  several  counties  as  one  of  the  most  important  du- 
ties." The  circular  concludes  with  the  announcement  that  a  commodious 
building  has  been  provided  wherein  apartments  would  be  fitted  up  for  the 
use  of  the  teachers  and  students,  and  that  the  first  course  of  lectures  was 
to  begin  on  Tuesday,  November  10,  1807. 

It  is  of  great  interest  to  note  here  that  coincident  with  the  founding 


32  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiXS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  the  college,  and  before  it  was  opened  to  students,  measures  were  taken 
to  provide  for  hospital  instruction.  The  committee  before  named  was  au- 
thorized to  confer  with  the  Governors  of  the  New  York  Hospital  "relative 
to  the  promotion  of  medical  education,"  and  about  the  time  the  college  was 
opened  announcement  was  made  that  "the  Governors  of  that  institution 
had,  with  great  liberality,"  made  arrangements  for  affording  to  students  the 
opportunity  of  attending  the  clinics  of  Dr.  Miller  at  said  hospital. 

Meantime  the  officers  and  friends  of  the  embryo  college  were  casting 
about  for  means  wherewith  to  obtain  a  home  and  equipment,  and  doubtless 
they  were  greatly  perplexed  before  they  achieved  success.  A  small  begin- 
ning was  made  by  the  college  faculty  and  certain  members  of  the  county  so- 
ciety, who  contributed  sums  of  money,  amounting  in  all  to  $230.  Dr. 
Romayne.  however,  came  to  the  rescue  with  his  promissory  note  for  $5,000, 
at  that  time  rated  as  a  munificent  sum.  This  served  as  a  basis  upon  which 
to  negotiate  a  loan  from  the  ^Manhattan  Bank.  Dr.  Miller  and  Dr.  Bruce, 
by  fortifying  Dr.  Romayne's  venture,  brought  up  the  aggregate  responsi- 
bility of  the  college  to  the  sum  of  more  than  $8,000.  In  1810,  the  year  in 
which  the  liabilities  reached  the  latter  figure,  these  truly  self-sacrificing 
benefactors  received  merely  the  first  installment  of  what  was  their  due, 
while  the  obligation  was  not  finally  canceled  until  three  years  later,  to  wit, 
in  December,  18 13.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  prior  to  this  the  State 
Legislature  made  the  college  a  beneficiary  in  the  "literature  fund  lotteries," 
which  had  their  beginning  in  legislation  enacted  for  the  benefit  of  Union 
College,  in  Schenectady.  The  share  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  was  fixed  at  $20,000,  to  be  paid  in  installments  of  $5,000  each, 
and  it  was  out  of  the  first  of  these  that  Dr.  Romayne  and  his  fellow-con- 
tributors received  the  first  payment  upon  their  loan. 

The  expenses  of  conducting  the  college  for  the  first  year  were  $2,650, 
of  which  amount  $800  was  for  rent,  $730  was  for  furnishing  the  building 
and  $1,120  was  for  anatomical  material,  chemical  apparatus,  fuel,  printing 
and  the  like. 

The  first  building  occupied  for  college  purposes  was  then  known  as 
No.  18,  on  the  south  side  of  Robinson  street,  a  short  street  extending  west 
from  Broadway  to  what  were  then  the  Columbia  College  grounds,  and 
forming  a  portion  of  what  is  now  Park  place,  as  it  has  been  designated 
since  1813.  According  to  the  first  college  announcement,  its  building  was 
located  "in  a  central  part  of  the  city,"  and  what  that  meant  is  well  discerned 
in  a  c[uotation  from  Dr.  Dalton's  historical  contribution : 

"At  that  time  the  population  of  New  York  was  but  little  more  than 
eighty  thousand.     i\Iost  of  the  city  was  below  Chambers  street.     The  wealth- 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


33 


ier  residences  were  at  the  lower  end  of  Broadway,  about  the  Battery  and 
Bowling  Green,  with  the  shops  in  the  uppper  part  of  the  same  street. 
Broadway  was  paved  only  to  the  neighborhood  of  Canal  street,  beyond  which 
it  continued  as  a  road.  Canal  street  itself  existed  only  on  paper,  and  was 
represented  by  a  swamp  and  a  sluggish  stream,  crossed  by  a  bridge  at 
the  intersection  of  Broadway.  The  New  York  Hospital  was  in  an  open 
space  on  the  west  side  of  liroadway,  between  the  present  Duane  and 
Worth  streets.  Its  approach  from  Broadway  was  bordered  with  elms,  and 
it  had  on  one  side  a  kitchen  garden,  to  supply  it  with  vegetables.  It  was 
three  stories  in  height,  and  the  cupola  on  its  roof  commanded  an  extensive 
view,  embracing  'the  entire  city,'  as  well  as  'the  harbour  and  country 
beyond,  to  a  great  distance.'  The  park,  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  city, 
occupied  the  triangular  space  between  Broadway  and  Park  Row,  now  cov- 
ered in  great  measure  by  the  postoffice  building  and  the  adjoining  thorough- 
fare. It  was  'planted  with  elms,  willows  and  catalpas.'  The  space  was 
enclosed  with  a  wooden  paling,  and  the  surrounding  footwalk  'encompassed 
by  rows  oif  poplars.'  The  water  supply  of  the  city  was  from  wells  and 
pumps,  usually  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  street,  the  water  being  distrib- 
uted thence  in  casks  by  wagons  to  the  house  doors.  There  was  a  stage 
route  from  V\3.\\  street  to  Greenwich  village,  about  two  miles  distant,  the 
present  vicinity  of  Christopher  street.  The  ferries  to  Brooklyn  and  the 
Jersey  shore  were  served  by  rowboats  and  small  sailing  craft.  There  were 
neither  Croton  waterworks  nor  gas  companies,  and  none  of  the  streets  were 
occupied  by  telegraph  lines  or  elevated  railroads. 

"But  notwithstanding  this  contrast  with  the  appearance  of  the  city 
at  present,  it  would  be  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  there  was  anything  that 
could  be  called  primitive  in  its  people  or  their  mode  of  life.  They  occupied 
a  smaller  area  and  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  century ;  but,  except  for  the 
difference  of  space  and  time,  they  were  as  busy,  enterprising,  luxurious  and 
progressive  then  as  now.  The  population  of  the  city  had  increased  over 
thirty  per  cent  since  1800:  and  in  certain  localities  the  land  was  said  to  have 
tripled  in  value  within  twenty  years.  ]\Ir.  John  Lambert,  an  English  writer, 
who  visited  this  country  in  1807,  found  every  indication  of  prosperity.  In 
the  business  part  of  the  town  'all  was  life,  bustle  and  activity.'  The  houses 
in  Broadway  were  'lofty  and  well  built.'  the  shops  'large  and  commo- 
dious, well  stocked  with  European  and  India  goods,  and  exhibiting  as  splen- 
did and  varied  a  show  in  their  windows  as  could  be  met  in  London.'  The 
manner  of  living,  among  the  wealthy  and  professional  classes,  seemed  'little 
inferior  to  that  of  Europeans,'  their  houses  being  'furnished  with  every- 
thing agreeable  or  ornamental,'  and  'fitted  up  in  the  tasteful  magnificence 
of  modern  stvle.'  There  were  seven  or  eight  daily  newspapers,  and  a  med- 
ical quarterly  edited  by  two  of  the  most  prominent  members  of  the  profes- 
sion." 

The  first  course  of  lectures,  beginning  November  10,  1807,  was  at- 
tended by  fifty-three  students,  and  what  of  information  has  come  to  us  from 
that  dav  would  lead  to  the  belief  that  the  managers  were  amply  encouraged. 


34  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  regents  of  the  university  commended  their  work,  and,  in  a  report  made 
to  the  Legislature,  eulogized  the  college  as  answering  "all  the  expecta- 
tions entertained  in  its  establishment,"  and  as  "an  institution  important  to 
the  welfare  of  the  people  of  the  State." 

At  the  same  time  the  college  authorities  had  gained  important  knowl- 
edge from  their  hriei  experience,  and  thej-  applied  to  the  regents  for  certain 
changes  in  the  charter  which  they  deemed  important  to  the  stability  and  use- 
fulness of  the  institution.  The  regents  fully  approved  of  their  designs,  and, 
accordingly,  an  amended  charter  was  passed  March  3,  1S08.  The  amend- 
ments were  of  vital  importance.  By  the  terms  of  the  original  instrument 
the  executive  officers  of  the  college  were  to  be  selected  annually  by  the  col- 
lege membership.  The  weakness  of  this  plan  lay  in  the  liability  to  make 
sweeping  changes  of  officers  in  positions  where  continuousness  of  service 
was  all-important.  This  disadvantage  was  remedied  by  a  charter  amendment 
which  committed  the  power  of  appointment  of  officers  to  the  regents,  who, 
it  was  reasonable  to  believe,  would  exercise  greater  care  in  selection,  and 
would  be  less  liable  to  influences  of  an  ephemeral  and  immaterial  nature. 
The  second  amendment  was  intended  to  assure  the  permanent  sympathy  and 
assistance  of  those  of  the  college  membership  who  were  heartil}'  devoted 
to  the  institution  and  its  purposes,  by  the  provision  that  all  members  or  trus- 
tees who  desired  to  participate  in  its  conduct  and  support  should  give  writ- 
ten acceptance  of  the  trust  reposed  in  them,  with  a  pledge  that  they  would 
"to  the  best  of  their  abilities,  endeavor  to  promote  the  usefulness  of  the  said 
college  and  faithfully  execute  the  several  duties  required  of  them." 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  amended  charter,  the  college  opened  for  the 
second  year  under  a  reorganized  and  permanent  faculty.  Dr.  Hosack  here 
leaves  his  place  on  the  list  for  a  time  at  least  and  a  new  professor  appears 
in  the  person  of  Dr.  William  J.  Macneven.  Otherwise  the  faculty  personnel 
remained  unchanged,  although  the  duties  of  the  various  professors  were 
differently  defined. 

THE   FACULTY  IN   1808. 

Nicholas  Romayne,  M.  D.,  President,  and  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of 
Medicine. 

Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  Vice-President,  and  Professor  of  Natural 
History  and  Botany. 

Edward  Miller,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic  and  Clinical 
Medicine. 

Archibald  Bruce,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Mineralogy  and  Materia  Medica. 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  35 

Benjamin  De  Witt,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

John  Augustine  Smith,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery. 

William  James  Macneven,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children. 

The  session  of  1808  opened  with  a  class  of  seventy-six  students,  an 
increase  of  twenty-three  over  the  first  year.  The  first  week  was  given  to 
dissertations  upon  preliminary  medical  topics,  President  Romayne  deliver- 
ing an  address  at  noon  on  the  opening  day,  and  the  professors,  in  turn,  each 
day  afterward  and  at  the  same  hour,  introducing  the  topic  of  his  special  line 
of  teaching.  After  this  opening  week,  a  regular  order  of  instruction  was 
conveniently  established.  Five  lectures  were  given  each  day  during  a  term 
of  four  months,  some  of  the  professors  lecturing  four  times  a  week,  and 
others  every  day.  Their  topics  have  been  already  sufficiently  indicated,  and 
it  is  only  necessar\^  to  add  that  the  department  of  Institutes  of  Medicine, 
committed  to  President  Romayne.  comprised  physiology  and  hygiene,  the 
general  doctrine  of  causes  and  symptoms  of  disease,  and  general  therapeutics. 
From  twelve  to  one  o'clock  the  students  attended  the  hospital  for  clinical 
instruction,  under  arrangements  previously  referred  to,  and  they  also  at- 
tended Dr.  Macneven  at  the  almshouse,  which  was  then  on  Chambers  street, 
on  ground  now  (1903)  occupied  by  the  court  house. 

In  1809,  the  third  year,  the  college  opened  with  eighty-two  students, 
an  increase  of  six  over  the  previous  j'^ear.  In  November,  for  the  first  time, 
it  occupied  a  home  of  its  own.  and  for  this  it  was  indebted  to  Dr.  Romayne, 
who  purchased  the  property  and  held  it  in  trust  until  the  college  was  able 
to  arrange  for  its  purchase  and  receive  title,  at  a  subsequent  time.  The 
property  was  situated  on  JMagazine  street,  which  extended  eastward  from 
Broadway,  opposite  the  hospital,  and  which  afterward  became  an  extension 
of  Pearl  street.  The  present  number  553  on  the  latter  named  street  is  be- 
lieved to  indicate  the  precise  locality.  The  lot  of  ground  was  twenty-five  feet 
in  frontage  by  one  hundred  feet  in  depth,  and  the  building  was  a  dwelling 
house  of  two  or  two  and  a  half  stories.  At  the  beginning  its  appurtenances 
were  a  few  benches  and  a  table  for  the  professors,  and  dissection  work  was 
performed  in  the  attic. 

The  close  of  the  fourth  year  was  a  red  letter  day  in  the  history  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  On  Wednesday,  May  15,  181 1,  was 
held  the  first  public  commencement,  when  the  first  class  was  graduated. 
The  candidates  had  previously  been  examined  in  the  presence  of  the  faculty, 
who,  on  being  satisfied  as  to  their  proficiency,  duly  vouched  for  them  by 
certificate  to  the  regents  of  the  university,  the  sole  authority  for  the  legality 
of  the  delivered  diploma.     Each  candidate  also  submitted  to  the  faculty  his 


36  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEON'S. 

graduating  thesis,  which  he  was  privileged  to  write  in  Enghsh,  French  or 
Latin,  and  wliich  it  was  presumingly  obhgatory  upon  him  to  defend  at  a 
pubhc  examination  in  proof  of  authorship. 

This  first  commencement  was  held  in  what  was  then  the  historic  old 
Brick  Presbyterian  Church,  standing  in  the  triangular  space  between  the 
east  side  of  the  City  Hall  Park  and  Nassau  and  Beekman  streets,  and  which 
was  built  in  1767  and  stood  until  1857,  the  date  of  its  demolition  for  busi- 
ness purposes.  The  exercises  were  arranged  by  a  committee  previously  ap- 
pointed, and  were  carried  out  with  punctilious  ceremony,  if  not  with  some- 
thing savoring  of  pomposity.  The  City  Hall  was  the  assembling  point,  and 
from  thence  marched,  at  half  past  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  a  procession 
which,  as  stated  by  annalists  of  the  day,  consisted  of  "the  students  of  medi- 
cine, candidates  for  graduation,  members  of  the  college,  and  professors,  pres- 
ident and  vice-president,  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College,  the  chancellor 
and  regents  of  the  university,  the  reverend  clergy  of  different  denomina- 
tions, physicians,  gentlemen  of  the  bar  and  strangers  of  distinction."  This 
dignified  array  was  led  by  the  college  janitor  to  the  church,  the  doors  of 
which  were  entered  "in  inverted  order,"  bringing  in  front  the  "strangers  of 
distinction,"  and,  lastly,  the  candidates  for  graduation  and  other  students  of 
the  college.  The  president  of  the  college  occupied  the  pulpit,  while  the 
regents  of  the  university  and  the  members  of  the  college  faculty  were  seated, 
respectively,  on  his  right  and  left,  upon  stages  erected  for  their  use. 
The  candidates  for  graduation  and  the  other  students  of  the  college  occu- 
pied the  central  front  pews.  A  prayer  was  offered,  "of  prescribed  form  and 
considerable  length,"  continues  the  annalist,  after  which  the  candidates  for 
graduation  then  passed  to  the  front  and  stood,  while  the  president  presented 
them  by  name  and  asked  the  assent  of  the  faculty  of  the  college  and  the 
regents  of  the  university  to  their  graduation,  and,  this  being  granted,'  he  ad- 
ministered to  them  in  a  bod}',  with  great  solemnity,  the  time-honored  and 
solemn  Hippocratic  oath.  Each  graduate  was  then,  in  turn,  brought  to  the 
stage  to  inscribe  his  name  in  the  college  album,  after  which  his  hands  were 
"embraced  by  those  of  the  president,"  who  meanwhile  repeated  in  Latin  the 
formula  making  him  a  doctor  of  medicine,  and  then  presented  him  with  his 
diploma.  These  ceremonies  ended,  the  vice-president  delivered  to  the  grad- 
uates a  charge  in  which  he  impressed  upon  them  the  sacred  nature  of  the 
profession  to  which  they  had  been  called,  and  a  clergyman  pronounced  a 
prayer  and  benediction. 

Following  after  this,  the  first  commencement,  the  regents,  in  their  annual 
report  to  the  legislature,  of  date  May  27,  1812,  observed  that  "the  organiza- 
tion of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  has  been  improved,  and  it 


FOUNDING   OF  THE   COLLEGE.  37 

now  presents  a  fair  prospect  of  speedily  rising  to  a  state  of  usefulness  and 
celebrity,  such  as  may  be  justly  expected  from  the  importance  of  the  com- 
munity in  which  it  is  situated,  and  the  government  under  whose  auspices 
it  has  been  erected,"  and,  in  September  following,  the  trustees  of  the  college, 
in  a  circular  address,  tendered  to  their  professional  brethren  their  congratu- 
lations upon  the  successful  establishment  of  the  institution  and  upon  the 
salutary  effects  \vliicli  had  resulted  from  its  re-organization. 

The  first  class  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
as  above  referred  to,  numbered  eight  members.  Among  them  was  Dr.  John 
Wakefield  Francis,  practitioner,  teacher  and  litterateur,  of  whom  more  fully 
further  on. 

Another,  famous  both  as  teacher  and  author,  was  Theodore  Romeyn 
Beck.  His  diploma,  one  of  the  first  issued  by  the  College,  is  reproduced  in 
connection  with  this  narrative.  He  was  born  in  Schenectady,  New  York, 
April  II,  1791,  and  he  died  in  Albany,  New  York,  November  19,  1S53, 
aged  sixty-four  years.  He  engaged  In  practice  in  the  city  last  named,  and 
became  identified  with  its  Medical  College  as  Professor  of  Medical  Juris- 
prudence, after  he  had  served  as  a  meml^er  of  the  short-lived  Rutgers  Med- 
ical College.  He  was  at  one  time  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  and 
President  of  the  now  extinct  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Western 
New  York,  at  Geneva,  and  was  also  President  of  the  New  York  State  Med- 
ical Society.  He  was  an  industrious  writer,  and  his  principal  work.  Beck's 
"Elements  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,''  first  printed  in  1823,  and  reprinted  in 
London  in  1842,  has  been  quoted  more  frecjuently  in  American  courts  of 
law  than  has  any  other  work  on  the  subject.  For  several  years  he  edited 
"The  American  Journal  of  Insanity."  His  "Statistics  on  Deaf-Mutes" 
strongly  influenced  legislation  favorable  to  these  unfortunates.  He  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from  Union  College  in  1842,  and 
from  Mercersburg   (Pennsyh-ania)    College  In   1849. 

The  other  members  of  the  initial  graduating  class  were  Gerardus  A. 
Cooper,  who  practiced  in  New  York,  and  died  August  8,  1832,  aged  forty- 
four  ;  Casper  Wistar  Eddy,  who  practiced  in  Bloomingdale,  New  York, 
where  he  died,  July  12,  1828,  aged  thirty-eight,  and  Samuel  Armstrong 
Walsh,  Thomas  Edward  Steele,  William  E.  Burrell  and  Henry  Ravenal, 
Jr.,  of  whom  little  of  import  is  recorded. 

The  first  faculty  of  the  college  may  be  here  referred  to  with  some  par- 
ticularity. 

Dr.  Nicholas  Romayne  was  admittedly  the  foremost  one  of  all  in  effecting 
the  organization  of  the  college.  He  was  a  man  of  much  force  of  character, 
great  determination,   restless  enterprise  and  a  financier  of  no  mean  ability. 


38  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 


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DIPLOMA    OF    DR.    THEODORE    RO.MEVN-    BECK. 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  39 

He  was  born  of  the  old  Dutch  stock  in  Hackensack,  New  Jersey,  in 
1756.  He  studied  medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Peter  Wilson, 
and  completed  his  medical  education  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1780,  and 
then  spent  two  years  in  Paris  and  a  brief  period  in  Leyden,  in  quest  of  fur- 
ther professional  knowledge.  After  returning  home,  not  long  after  the 
British  evacuation,  he  became  Professor  of  Medicine  and  Forensic  Medi- 
cine in  Queen's  (now  Rutgers)  College,  at  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 
He  subsequently  entered  upon  practice  in  New  York  City,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  the  Practice  of  Physic,  Anatomy  and  Chemistry  in  Columbia  Col- 
lege, when  it  was  reorganized  in  1784,  and  he  also  gave  private  lectures  in 
anatomy.  He  was  among  the  founders  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County 
of  New  York  in  1806,  of  which  he  was  the  first  president,  and  was  president 
of  the  State  Medical  Society  from  1806  to  18 10.  He  was  highly  instru- 
mental in  dignifying  his  profession  by  formulating  and  procuring  the  enact- 
ment of  various  state  and  local  laws  for  the  aid  and  encouragement  of  in- 
structional and  charitable  institutions,  and  of  such  repressive  measures  as 
would  protect  the  public  against  charlatans  and  pretenders.  He  was  about 
fifty  years  old  when  he  aided  in  the  founding  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  secured  its  charter,  and,  upon  his  personal  credit,  procured 
funds  for  providing  the  first  college  building  and  its  equipments.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  institution,  and  for  three  years  he  added  to  his  ex- 
ecutive duties  those  of  lecturer  on  the  Institutes  of  Medicine,  and  at  various 
times  he  gave  instruction  in  nearly  all  other  departments.  After  retiring 
from  the  college  he  gave  little  attention  to  his  profession. 

Dr.  Romayne  died  of  apoplexy,  July  20,  18 17,  in  New  York  City. 

Dr.  Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  in  the  "Medical  Repository"  (Volume  i.  No. 
I,  anno  1818)  said  of  Dr.  Romayne: 

"He  was  a  perfect  scholar  in  literature,  and  of  a  general  scientific  eru- 
dition, a  man  of  a  strong  mind,  of  sober  and  industrious  habits ;  raised  by 
experience  and  superior  judgment  to  the  first  and  undisputed  rank  of  profes- 
sional eminence  in  this  city.  Dr.  Romayne  could  once  and  alone  teach  a 
respectable  number  of  students  of  medicine,  and  daily  deliver  lectures  on  all 
the  branches  of  that  science.  A  succeeding  generation  of  our  brethren  have 
witnessed  and  gratefully  remember  his  zeal,  exertions  and  influence,  in  as- 
serting the  importance  and  privileges  of  the  faculty,  by  more  statute  laws  in 
the  state  than  it  has  yet  obtained  in  any  other  in  the  Union. 

"If,  in  the  providential  order  of  things,  much  is  expected  from  those 
who  are  blessed  with  natural  talents,  rare  gifts  of  the  mind  and  fortunate 
opportunities,  it  must  be  granted,  on  the  other  hand,  that  the  dangers  of 
errors,  passions  and  foibles  are  proportionately  increased.  Yet  we  may  say, 
as  a  small  tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  Nicholas  Romayne,  that  few 


40  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

men  have  passed  through  all  the  stages  of  rank,  honor  and  wealth  and  adver- 
sity, with  fewer  blemishes  of  a  philanthrooic  and  decorous  life." 

An  interesting  relic  of  Dr.  Romayne  is  preserved  by  Dr.  Ellsworth 
Eliot,  to  whose  hands  it  came  with  the  professional  effects  of  his  uncle.  Dr. 
Harvey  Eliot,  under  circumstances  related  elsewhere  in  this  work.  It  is  a 
pamphlet  of  forty-eight  pages,  printed  in  Edinburgh,  in  1780,  under  the 
title.  "Dissertatio  Inauguralis,  de  Puris  Generatione."  The  text  is  Latin 
in  its  entirety,  and  the  copy  in  question  contains  upon  the  reverse,  in  smooth- 
flowing  Latin  and  the  beautiful  penmanship  under  the  hand  of  the  author, 
the  following  inscription. 


i 


^y^^  t/^^^-i^, 


^^-Z-ii/T^ 


<;^z<r?^  /^^lii-'^?^  ^^ 


The  foregoing  dedication  to  the  father,  Jeremiah  Romayne,  may  be  thus 
freely  rendered :  "To  his  own  father,  always  to  be  respected,  always  to  be 
honored,  the  son  offers,  with  the  greatest  reverence  and  an  affectionate 
heart,  these  first  attempts  in  the  affairs  of  medicine." 

Dr.  Samuel  L.  Mitchell  was  a  man  of  commanding  talent  and  varied  ac- 
complishments.    His  biographer  has  spoken  of  him  as  the  "Nestor  of  Amer- 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  41 

ican  science,"  a  "human  dictionary,"  who  could  be  consuhed  with  profit  on 
any  question  of  science,  history  or  poHtics.  To  quote  Dr.  DaUon.  he  was 
"equally  distinguished  for  his  learning  and  originality,  and  could  discourse, 
ill  turn,  on  a  Babylonian  brick,  meteoric  stones,  the  theory  of  chemical  com- 
bination, the  construction  of  a  windmill,  the  fishes  of  North  America,  or  the 
geology  of  Niagara  Falls."  His  was  a  magnificent  physique,  and  his  coun- 
tenance was  Franklin-like  for  intelligence  and  benevolence. 

He  was  born  in  Hempstead,  Long  Island,  August  20,  1764,  and  he 
learned  his  love  of  Americanism  in  the  days  of  the  British  occupation  during 
the  Revolutionary  War,  when  he  was  but  a  lad.  He  studied  medicine  under 
the  preceptorship  of  a  maternal  uncle,  Dr.  Samuel  Latham,  and  Dr.  Samuel 
Bard,  of  New  Scotland,  under  whom  he  took  his  m.edical  degree  when 
twenty-two  years  of  age,  and  he  also  read  law.  When  twenty-eight  years 
old  (in  1792)  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Botany.  Natural  History,  Chem- 
istry and  Agriculture  in  Columbia  College;  after  three  years  he  laid  aside 
the  teaching  of  Botany,  but  continued  to  instruct  in  the  other  departments 
named  until  181 1.  When  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was 
founded,  in  1807,  he  was  tendered  the  chair  of  Chemistry,  which  he  ac- 
cepted, and  which  he  relinquished  in  1820  to  take  that  of  Botany  and  ]\Ia- 
teria  Medica.  In  1826,  with  the  remainder  of  the  faculty,  he  resigned  and 
became  vice-president  of  Rutgers  Medical  College,  a  position  which  he  occu- 
pied until  the  disruption  of  that  institution  in  1830.  As  an  instructor  he 
was  accurate  in  statement,  copious  in  detail  and  somewhat  austere  in  man- 
ner, but  conscientiously  aiming  to  fix  facts  upon  the  memory  by  parallels, 
anecdotes  and  references. 

For  a  period  of  twenty  years  Dr.  Mitchell  afforded  his  services  in  the 
New  York  Hospital.  He  was  president  of  the  County  Medical  Society  in 
1807,  and  he  was  surgeon-general  of  the  State  militia  in  1818.  He  was  the 
foremost  educator  of  his  day.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  first  editor 
of  the  "New  York  Medical  Repository',"  the  pioneer  medical  periodical  in 
the  United  States,  and  for  a  score  of  years  he  contributed  to  its  reputation 
and  success  with  his  pen  and  his  influence.  He  published  numerous  articles 
upon  scientific  topics  and  subjects  of  public  moment,  and  among  his  writ- 
ings was  a  notable  series,  "Addresses  to  the  Fredes  or  People  of  America," 
in  which  he  contended  for  Fredonia  as  the  style  of  their  then  infant  repub- 
lic. He  was  foremost  among  the  founders  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Agriculture,  Manufactures  and  the  Useful  Arts,  and  of  the  New  York 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  of  which  he  was  the  first  president.  He  was 
an  aider  of  De  Witt  Clinton  in  his  Erie  Canal  project,  and  was  the  orator 
of  the  day  when  that  waterway  was  completed;  and  he  was  a  friend  and 


42  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

encourager  of  Robert  Fulton,  whom  he  accompanied  on  the  first  steamboat 
trial  trip  to  Albany. 

His  public  life  was  brilliant  and  useful.  From  1788  to  1790  he  was  a 
member  of  the  governmental  commission  which  effected  the  purchase  of 
the  Iroquois  Indian  tract  in  Western  New  York ;  a  member  of  the  State 
Assembly,  1790-1792,  and,  again,  1797-1799;  a  Representative  in  Congress, 
1801-1803,  and,  again,  1810-1813,  and  a  United  States  Senator  1804-1810. 
His  abilities  and  public  services  found  recognition  by  Columbia  College, 
which  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1788,  and  by 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Laws  in  18 19.  His  death  occurred  September  7,  1831.  After  his 
funeral  the  sexton  replied  to  a  stranger,  "Sir,  a  New  York  doctor,  who 
knew  eveything  on  earth  or  under  it  or  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean!" 

Dr.  Edward  Aliller  was  born  in  Dover,  Delaware,  1760.  He  began 
his  professional  education  under  the  tutorship  of  Dr.  Charles  Ridgely,  in  his 
native  town.  He  served  in  the  army  and  navy  as  surgeon's  mate,  and  com- 
pleted his  professional  education  in  the  Medical  School  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1789.  He  was  a  skill- 
ful and  conscientious  practitioner,  and  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  his  profes- 
sional associates  and  the  general  public  in  an  unusual  degree.  He  was  lib- 
erally educated,  and  his  personal  attributes  were  feelingly  epitomized  by 
Dr.  Mitchell,  his  warm  personal  friend  and  ardent  admirer,  and  who  was 
his  associate  in  the  editorial  conduct  of  the  "Medical  Repository,"  who  said 
of  him  that  "his  head  was  a  treasury  of  information  and  his  heart  a  mine 
of  benevolence."  The  "Repository"  was  a  quarterly,  which  existed  until 
1824:  for  seven  years  it  had  the  medical  field  entirely  to  itself,  and  until  the 
Philadelphia  "Medical  Museum"  appeared,  in  1804,  edited  by  Dr.  J.  Redman 
Cox.  Dr.  Miller  afforded  most  valuable  aid  to  the  establishment  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  joining  with  Dr.  Romayne  in  extending 
his  credit  for  the  procurement  of  the  funds  needed.  Dr.  Miller  was  visit- 
ing physician  and  clinical  lecturer  in  the  New  York  Hospital.  His  useful 
life  came  to  a  close  all  too  early,  March  17,  18 12,  aged  fifty-one  years,  and 
in  the  fifth  year  of  his  connection  with  the  college  which  he  had  aided  in 
founding. 

Dr.  David  Hosack  was  one  of  the  most  notably  useful  and  interesting 
characters  of  his  day,  and  enjoyed  distinction  as  the  most  famous  of  his 
profession  in  New  York.  He  was  born  in  the  city  named,  z\ugust  31,  1769. 
son  of  Alexander  Hosack,  a  Scotch  officer  of  artillery,  who  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  capture  of  Louisburg.  His  preliminary  education  was  acquired 
in  his  native  city  and  in  Newark,   New  Jersey.     He  subsequently   entered 


FOUNDING   OF   THE    COLLEGE. 


43 


^   «-i^ 
W 


'^^" 


=1^ 


jifc-' 


SAMUEL    L.    MITCHELL,    M.    D. 


44  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Columbia  College,  and  afterwards  attended  Princeton  College,  from. which 
he  was  graduated  in  1789.  when  twenty  years  of  age.  Meantime  he  had 
begun  his  medical  studies  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Richard  Bayley, 
and  he  now  continued  them  under  Drs.  Romayne,  Post  and  Bard.  He  then 
completed  a  course  in  the  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia,  from  which  he 
received  his  diploma  in   1791. 

At  the  time  of  his  graduation,  it  was  believed  by  many  that  Alexandria, 
Virginia,  was  to  be  soon  made  the  national  capital,  and  he  located  there  and 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession.  After  a  year,  however,  the  pros- 
pects of  this  distinction  were  dissipated,  and  Dr.  Hosack  removed  his  fam- 
ily to  New  York  City  and  went  abroad  for  two  years,  devoting  his  time  to 
advanced  medical,  anatomical  and  general  studies  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh (from  which  he  received  a  medical  degree)  and  under  the  most  ac- 
complished English  specialists.  On  his  return  \'oyage  he  combated  an  epi- 
demic of  typhus  fever  aboard  the  ship  with  such  marked  success  that  not  a 
fatality  occurred,  and  from  this  he  derived  such  prestige  as  to  afford  him  a 
firm  professional  footing  in  New  York  City.  In  1795  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  Columbia  College.  In  the  follow-ing  year  he  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  Medical  School  of  the  same  institu- 
tion, to  succeed  Dr.  William  Pitt  Smith,  and  he  occupied  both  positions  until 
181 1,  when  he  resigned.  In  1S07  he  became  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  but  he  relinc|uished  his  chair  at  the 
close  of  the  year  to  identify  himself  with  the  rival  medical  school.  He  sub- 
secjuently  returned  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  he  was 
primarily  instrumental  in  leading  his  recent  professional  associates  into  the 
new  combined  faculty  organization,  in  which  he  took  the  chair  of  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Physic,  and,  at  a  later  date,  that  of  Obstetrics  and  of  Diseases 
of  Women  and  Children.  In  1826  he  retired,  and,  with  others,  organized 
the  Rutgers  Medical  School.  He  was  at  times  physician  to  the  New 
York  Hospital  and  to  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum  for  the  Insane.  From 
1810  to  1815  he  was  associated  w'ith  his  personal  friend  and  sometime  pupil, 
Dr.  John  W.  Francis,  in  the  work  of  editing  the  "Medical  and  Philosophical 
Monthly." 

Dr.  Hosack  was  highly  accomplished  in  his  profession,  and  was 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  progressive  in  its  ranks.  He  had  given  early 
evidence  of  his  professional  talent,  and  he  was  thoroughly  unselfish  in  im- 
parting his  knowledge  to  his  compeers  as  well  as  to  his  students,  and  placed 
much  of  the  fruit  of  his  investigation  and  observation  in  preservable  form. 
One  of  his  first  publications  (in  1807)  was  his  lecture  on  "Surgery  of  the 
Ancients,"  delivered  at  the  initial  session  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


45 


DAVID    HOSACK,    M.    D. 


46  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSlCL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Surgeons.  Others  of  his  pubUcations  were  "Essays  on  Various  Subjects 
of  Medical  Science,"  "A  System  of  Practical  Nosology,"  "Lectures  on  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,"  and  "The  Laws  of  Contagion."  He  was 
a  recognized  authority  upon  the  latter  topic,  with  special  reference  to  yellow 
fever,  and  his  work  received  signal  appreciation,  bemg  republished  by  the 
Royal  Society  of  London.  He  was  a  pioneer  in  a  well  nigh  untrodden  field, 
that  of  pathology,  antagonizing  nearly  all  the  generally  accepted  doctrines 
of  the  practitioners  of  the  time.  As  he  asserted  in  a  published  address, 
"Hofifman  gave  his  whole  attention  to  the  nervous  system,  as  also  Cullen, 
who  attempted  to  explain  all  the  phenomena  of  disease  by  the  same  cause; 
he  overlooked  the  fluids  entireh',  except  in  diabetes,  typhus  and  scorbutus. 
Before  the  time  of  Hoffman  all  was  humoral  pathology.  Darwin  resolved 
all  by  the  absorbent  and  nervous  systems;  Sydenham  and  Boerhave  by  the 
fluids.  I  attend  to  the  whole  circle — to  the  nerves,  fluids  and  solids ;  in  fine, 
to  every  part  of  the  system,  for  every  part  may  become  the  seat  of  disease." 
He  was  an  innovator  in  the  treatment  of  scarlatina,  tetanus,  croup  and 
fever,  and  he  was  among  the  first  in  America  to  make  use  of  the  stethoscope. 
He  was  rarely  skillful  in  surgery ;  he  preceded  all  American  surgeons  in 
the  successful  tying  of  the  femoral  artery  at  the  upper  third  of  the  thigh, 
originated  the  treatment  of  hydrocele  by  injection,  and  was  among  the  first 
to  check  hemorrhage  following  an  operation  by  exposure  of  the  wound  to 
the  air.  He  was  a  quick  follower  after  Jenner  in  the  adoption  of  vaccina- 
tion, and  his  practice  and  utterances  went  far  toward  establishing  the  rem- 
edy in  the  estimation  of  the  profession,  and,  eventually,  in  the  confidence 
of  the  people.  He  possessed  all  the  attributes  which  mark  the  attractive  and 
impressive  teacher.  The  annalists  of  his  time  relate  that  his  students  awaited 
the  lecture  hour  with  keen  anticipation,  and  that  "his  sonorous  voice  and 
earnest  manner,  and  the  changing  expression  of  his  face,  his  gestures  and 
utterance,"  held  the  attention  of  his  hearers,  affording  them  what  was  an 
instructive  entertainment  rather  than  a  didactic  lecture,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  no  iota  of  instruction  was  withheld  nor  any  feature  thereof  belittled 
by  improper  levity  or  want  of  dignity. 

Given  to  the  general  fields  of  science  and  literature.  Dr.  Hosack  was  a 
leader  among  the  advanced  thinkers  of  his  day.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers and  most  active  members  of  the  New  Yoi"k  Historical  Society,  of  which 
he  was  for  several  years  president,  and  he  was  also  prominently  identified 
with  the  Literary,  Philosophical  and  the  Horticultural  Societies.  His  in- 
terest in  botany  was  a  passion.  While  a  student  in  England,  he  had  for 
instructors  the  accomplished  botanists,  James  Dickson  and  William  Curtis, 
and  in  his  early  professional  life  he  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  time  to  class 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  47 

and  private  instruction  in  botanical  science.  His  love  for  this  pursuit  was 
constant  and  fervent,  as  witness  his  Botanical  Garden  enterprise,  to  which 
reference  has  been  made  elsewhere  in  these  pages.  But  he  performed  a  real 
service  for  American  science  when  (in  1794)  he  brought  with  him  from 
Europe  the  first  collection  of  minerals  introduced  into  the  country,  and  a 
duplicate  of  the  Linnaean  Herbarium,  which  is  yet  carefully  preserved  in 
the  Museum  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York.  He  was  a 
genuine  humanitarian,  and  he  pre-dated  Elbridge  T.  Gerry  and  Henry 
Bergh  in  his  reprobation  of  the  ill-treatment  of  children  and  animals,  and 
in  efforts  for  their  protection.  The  Royal  Society  of  London  and  Edin- 
burgh conferred  upon  him  a  Fellowship,  and  he  received  from  Union  Col- 
lege the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Dr.  Hosack  maintained  an  elegant  home,  and  held  weekly  receptions 
after  the  ideals  of  the  French  salon.  His  guests  were  the  most  cultivated 
and  fashionable  people  of  the  growing  metropolis,  comprising  the  men  of 
science  and  of  affairs,  the  most  accomplished  matrons  and  the  most  charm- 
ing belles.  Here  frequently  came  two  historic  characters  who  were  warmly 
attached  to  him,  Alexander  Hamilton  and  Aaron  Burr,  and  he  attended  him 
first  named  to  his  tragical  ending  on  the  duelling  ground  at  Weehawken, 
New  Jersey. 

Dr.  Hosack  was  twice  married ;  first  to  Elizabeth  Warner,  of  Princeton, 
New  Jersey,  and  second  to  the  widow  of  Henry  A.  Costar,  of  New  York. 
He  died  in  New  York  City,  December  22,  1835,  at  the  age  of  sixty-six 
years.  In  1897  a  writer  in  a  metropolitan  journal  proposed  the  erection  of 
a  statue  to  Dr.  Hosack,  to  be  erected  in  Bronx  Park,  on  the  tract  occupied 
by  the  Botanical  Societ}-,  but  the  well  projected  scheme  has  not  yet  been 
carried  into  effect.  Less  worthy  characters  have  been  perpetuated  in  bronze, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  some  day  the  figure  of  Dr.  Hosack  may  be  set  up 
to  awaken  inquiry  and  further  perpetuate  the  name  of  one  who  was  highly 
useful  in  his  day  and  generation. 

The  portrait  of  Dr.  Hosack  which  appears  in  this  work  is  reproduced 
from  an  old  steel  plate  after  a  painting  by  Thomas  Sully,  a  famous  painter 
of  his  day.  Among  his  best  known  works  were  a  full  length  portrait  of  Queen 
Victoria,  painted  from  life  while  he  was  visiting  in  England  in  1838;  the 
historic  painting,  "Washington  Crossing  the  Delaware,"  and  portraits  of 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Commodore  Decatur,  George  Frederick  Cooke,  Charles 
Kemble,  Frances  Anne  Ivemble,  Rembrandt  Peale,  Lafayette,  Charles  Car- 
roll, Andrew  Jackson  and  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush.  Thomas  Sully  was  a  na- 
tive of  England,  born  June  8,  1783.  When  nine  years  old  he  was  taken  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina.     His  first  instructor  in  art  was  his  brother-in- 


48  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

law,  M.  Belzons,  a  French  miniature  painter,  and  in  1799  he  joined  his 
brother  Lawrence,  a  miniature  painter  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  and  he  painted 
there  and  in  Norfolk  until  the  death  of  Lawrence,  in  1804.  In  1806  he 
moved  to  New  York,  where  he  lived  until  1808,  except  while  residing  in 
Boston,  where  he  was  under  the  instruction  of  Gilbert  Stuart.  Li  18 10  he 
settled  in  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Archibald  Bruce  was  one  of  the  youngest  Faculty  members.  He 
was  born  in  New  York  City,  in  1777,  son  of  William  Eruce.  who  was  Chief 
of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  British  Army  in  New  York,  was  gradu- 
ated from  Columbia  College,  and  received  his  medical  degree  in  Edinburgh 
in  1800.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  mineralogist,  and  he  spent  much  time  in 
Europe,  where  he  collected  a  fine  cabinet  of  specimens  which  he  brought 
with  him  to  New  York.  Soon  after  his  return  he  began  the  publication  of 
the  first  purely  scientific  journal  in  America,  the  "American  Journal  of  Min- 
eralogy," which  was  the  immediate  predecessor  of  Professor  Silliman's  bet- 
ter known  "American  Journal  of  Science,"  which,  after  his  death  (in  1818) 
paid  him  a  well  deserved  tribute,  testifying  to  him  as  one  whose  ruling  pas- 
sion was  love  of  science,  and  particularly  of  mineralogy,  upon  which  subject 
he  was  "a  focus  of  information."  He  was  not  less  devoted  to  his  profes- 
sion, and,  with  his  former  preceptor,  Dr.  Romayne,  he  was  active  in  the 
establishment  of  the  incorporated  medical  societies  in  the  Countv  and  State 
of  New  York. 

Dr.  Benjamin  De  AVitt  (1774-1819)  was  a  medical  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1797.  He  was  established  in  practice  in  New 
York  City  in  1807,  and  occupied  the  dwelling  in  Robinson  street  which 
was  brought  into  use  for  college  purposes.  In  addition  to  teaching  the  In- 
stitutes of  Medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he  also  de- 
livered lectures  on  Chemistry  (in  1807)  while  Dr.  Mitchell  was  absent  at 
Washington  City  as  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate.  In  1808  Dr. 
Mitchell  took  the  department  of  Natural  History,  and  Dr.  DeWitt  succeeded 
him  as  Professor  of  Chemistry.  Dr.  DeWitt  was  afterwards  Vice  Presi- 
dent of  the  College  and  one  of  the  Censors  of  the  State  Medical  Society. 
To  his  exertions  the  College  owed  in  part  the  grant  made  by  the  New  York 
legislature.  From  1809  to  181 1  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "Medical 
and  Philosophical  Journal  and  Review,"  to  which  he  also  contributed  valu- 
able papers  over  his  own  signature.  In  18 15  he  became  Health  Officer  of 
the  Port  of  New  York,  and  he  occupied  that  position  until  his  death,  Sep- 
tember II,  1819,  from  yellow  fever. 

Dr.  William  J.  Macneven,  the  first  addition  to  the  original  Faculty, 
was  an  Irishman  by  birth.     He  studied  medicine  in  the  L^niversity  of  Vienna, 


FOUXWING  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  49 

from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1783.  He  returned  lo  Ireland  and  entered 
upon  practice  in  Dublin.  He  became  a  leader  among  the  "United  Irish- 
men," a  society  inimical  to  the  British  government,  and  took  an  active  part 
in  the  famous  rebellion  of  1798.  For  this  he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned. 
In  1802  he  was  set  at  liberty,  and  he  went  to  France,  where  he  remained 
for  two  years.  He  came  to  America  in  1804,  with  his  friend  and  fellow 
rebel,  Thomas  Addis  Emmet.  He  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  New  York  City,  where  he  soon  won  his  way  ;o  the  highest  profes- 
sional and  literary  circles.  He  was  a  man  of  varied  accomplishments,  and 
made  various  notable  contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  day.  While  prac- 
ticing in  Dublin,  and  before  he  became  involved  in  the  political  disturbances, 
he  made  a  translation  from  the  German  on  "The  Use  and  Construction  of  the 
Mine  Auger,"  which  was  published  in  London,  in  1788.  After  coming  to 
the  United  States,  he  published  (New  York,  1819)  "Exposition  of  the 
Atomic  Theory,"  and  (New  York,  1821)  "Brande's  Manual  of  Chemistry, 
with  Notes  and  Emendations."  He  was  not  long  identified  with  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  became  associated  with  Dr.  Benjamin 
DeWitt,  and,  at  a  later  day,  with  Dr.  John  Augustine  Smith,  in  the  editorial 
conduct  of  the  "Medical  and  Philosophical  Journal  and  Review,"  and  con- 
tributed to  its  columns  many  of  the  most  important  and  finished  essays 
which  graced  its  columns. 

A  stately  shaft  in  St.  Paul's  churchyard  in  New  York  City  commemo- 
rates the  name,  attainments  and  services  of  Dr.  Macneven.  Upon  two  sides 
of  the  upper  base  are  inscribed  the  record  of  his  birth  and  death,  the  one  in 
Latin  and  the  other  in  Greek.     The  other  panels  are  inscribed  as  follows : 

ON    THE   EAST    PANEL: 

William  James  Macneven.  who  in  the  cause  of  his  native  land,  sacrificed 
the  bright  prospects  of  his  youth  and  passed  years  in  poverty  and  exile,  till 
in  America  he  found  a  country  which  he  loved  as  truly  as  he  did  the  land 
of  his  birth. 

To  the  service  of  this  country  which  had  received  him  as  a  son  he  de- 
voted his  high  scientific  acciuirements  with  eminent  ability. 

ON   THE   NORTH    PANEL: 

As  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Medical  Schools  of  the  city  he  was 
one  of  the  first  and  ablest  teachers  in  America  of  those  discoveries  and  doc- 
trines which  raised  Chemistry  into  a  Science  and  prepared  it  for  future  il- 
limitable extension. 


50  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

His  calm  deportment  and  habitual  prudence  inspired  the  warmest  and 
most  generous  affections,  shown  as  well  in  the  relations  of  private  life  and 
in  his  ardent  patriotism  alike  towards  the  country  of  his  birth  and  that  of 
his  adoption. 

Dr.  John  Augustine  Smith  was  destined  to  come  to  the  presidency  of 
the  College  and  is  to  be  written  of  at  greater  length  hereafter. 

The  following  publications  contain  ample  infomation  concerning  the 
events  treated  of  in  this  and  the  preceding  chapters,  and  the  principal  actors 
therein : 

"Minutes  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,"  1807, 
1809,  1819,  1820,  1825. 

"Minutes  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York," 
1 79 1,  et  seq. 

"Observations  on  the  Establishment  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,"  etc.     Hosack,  181 1. 

"Historical  Sketch  of  the  Origin,  Progress  and  Present  State  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York."     Hosack,   1813. 

"Obituary  Notice  of  Nicholas  Romayne,  M.  D."  In  "Medical  Reposi- 
tory," 18 18. 

"Reminiscences  of   Samuel   Latham   Mitchell,   M.   D."      Francis,    1859. 

"Account  of  the  Life  and  Character  of  Edward  Miller,  M.  D."  In 
"American  Medical  and  Philosophical  Register,"   1812. 

"Memoir  of  Archibald  Bruce,  M.  D."  In  "American  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence," 1818. 

"Obituary  Notice  of  Benjamin  DeWitt,  M.  D."  In  "Medical  Reposi- 
tory," 18 19. 

"Two  Hundred  Years  of  Medicine,"  John  Shrady,  M.  D.,  in  Wilson's 
"Memorial  History  of  New  York." 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE   SECOND    PERIOD   OF    THE    HISTORY   OF    THE    COLLEGE. 

In  the  year  1811,  the  same  which  is  memorable  for  the  graduation  of 
its  first  class,  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  entered  upon  a  new 
period  of  its  existence  under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Samuel  Bard,  who  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Romayne. 

In  1813  was  printed  the  first  history  of  the  College.  This  was  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Origin,  Progress  and  Pres- 
ent State  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York,"  and  was  from  the  press  of  C.  S.  Van  Winkle,  at 
No.  122  Water  street.  New  York.  No  author  was  named  on  title  page  or 
in  the  text,  but  the  presumption  is  that  the  little  volume  was  written  by  Dr. 
David  Hosack.  It  was  a  pamphlet  of  fifty-two  pages,  and  contained  a  nar- 
rative sketch  of  the  College  from  its  founding  down  to  the  date  of  the  pub- 
lication, a  Syllabus  of  the  several  courses  of  Lectures  delivered  in  the  Col- 
lege, and  the  amended  charter  of  the  College  as  granted  in  1812. 

According  to  the  author  of  this  work,  the  first  year  of  the  College  was 
successful  beyond  expectation.  "The  industry  with  which  the  teachers  of  the 
New  School  devoted  themselves  to  their  respective  collegiate  duties  was  un- 
remitted, and  the  ability  and  success  with  which  they  fulfilled  the  important 
stations  assigned  to  them  was  such  that  the  legislature,  at  their  next  ses- 
sion, in  November,  1808,  made  the  liberal  appropriation  of  twenty  thousand 
dollars  for  the  benefit  of  the  College.  The  whole  number  of  students  who 
resorted  to  the  institution  the  first  year  was  fifty-three."  The  same  un- 
known author  continues : 

"The  success  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  during  the 
three  years  of  their  establishment,  exceeded  the  most  sanguine  expectations, 
and  gave  the  fullest  evidence  of  the  numerous  advantages  which  the  City  of 
New  York  possesses  for  a  great  medical  school.  Certain  misunderstandings, 
however,  having  taken  place  between  the  president  and  the  professors,  the 
rapid  progress  of  the  College  in  its  importance  and  usefulness  received  a 
temporary  check,  and  its  brilliant  prospects  were  for  a  season  overcast.  From 
a  want  of  unanimity  among  the  professors,  lectures  on  only  some  of  the 
branches  of  medicine  were  delivered,  and  the  pupils  were  consequenth-  re- 
duced to  almost  one-third  the  former  number." 


52  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  this  dilemma,  the  Regents  of  University,  fearing  that  such  discus- 
sions would  materially  retard  the  advancement  of  the  institution,  "with  the 
same  laudable  zeal  for  the  promotion  of  medical  science  with  which  they 
had  originally  organized  the  establishment,  immediately  adopted  measures 
for  ascertaining  the  cause  of  the  mischief  and  for  the  removal  of  every  im- 
pediment to  its  prosperity." 

To  these  ends,  the  Regents  appointed  a  committee  consisting  of  Chief 
Justice  Kent,  Judge  Spencer  and  Judge  Smith,  to  inquire  into  the  nature  of 
the  controversy.  In  due  time  (on  April  i,  1811)  the  committee  made 
a  report  in  which  it  adverted  to  the  unfortunate  misunderstandings  which 
had  taken  place  between  several  of  the  professors  of  the  institution,  "which 
have  already  materially  impeded  its  operations,"  and  asserted  that  "unless 
something  effectual  be  done  by  the  Regents,  it  will  become  degraded  in  the 
estimation  of  the  public,  and  its  usefulness  will  be  inevitably  destroyed." 
The  committee  forbore  to  trace  and  bring  to  light  the  conduct  of  individ- 
uals, being  convinced  that  this  would  be  both  useless  and  invidious,  and  ad- 
dressed 'tself  to  the  consideration  of  propositions  for  remodeling  the  insti- 
tution, with  a  view  to  rendering  its  operation  more  simple,  and  of  introduc- 
ing into  it  several  of  the  Professors  of  the  Medical  School  in  Columbia 
College,  and  other  eminent  and  distinguished  men,  in  order  to  extinguish 
the  feuds  existing  among  the  Professors  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  to  eventually  accomplish  the  union  of  the  two  schools. 
The  latter  object  was  pronounced  to  be  of  the  first  importance,  as  assuring 
the  assembling  in  one  institution  of  "a  splendid  collection  of  medical  and 
surgical  talents"  which  could  not  fail  to  merit  and  receive  the  patronage 
and  encouragement  of  the  legislature.  The  committee  continued :  "It  is 
unnecessary  to  attempt  to  display  the  important  advantage  to  the  State  which 
a  well  organized  Medical  School  in  the  City  of  New  York  must  afford;  its 
hospitals,  and  the  subjects  furnished  by  the  State  Prison,  without  the  viola- 
tion of  law,  present  a  field  for  the  acquisition  of  medical  and  surgical  knowl- 
edge unrivalled  in  the  United  States,  and  it  is  only  requisite  to  establish 
an  institution,  under  the  fostering  care  of  the  legislature,  in  which  shall  be 
imited  the  best  talents,  and  to  secure  these  advantages  to  the  State." 

Under  these  convictions,  the  committee  reported  a  supplementary  charter 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  An  all-important  innovation 
was  the  vesting  the  government  of  the  College  in  a  Board  of  Trustees  to  be 
composed  of  twenty-five  members.  The  president,  vice-president,  treasurer 
and  professors  were  made  members  by  virtue  of  their  respective  offices,  and 
the  board  was  to  be  filled,  beyond  these,  by  such  persons  as  were  designated 
by  the  Regents.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  but  few  appointments  under  the  latter 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  53 

head  were  immediately  made,  and  the  Board  was  largely  composed  of  the 
officers  and  professors  of  the  institution.  The  Trustees  and  Members  of  the 
College  who  were  not  constituted  Trustees  by  the  supplementary  charter 
were  to  be  Fellows,  or  Members  of  the  College. 

Under  the  new  plan  of  organization,  the  management  of  the  College 
was  practically  committed  to  a  body  of  men  who  from  every  best  motive 
which  governs  human  action — sentiment,  pride  and  self-interest,  the  latter 
quality  in  its  highest  sense — were  beyond  all  question  its  most  earnest  and 
sagacious  friends.  They  were  at  once  the  teaching  body  and  the  governing 
power.  Except  in  rare  instances,  they  were  sufficiently  numerous  to  control 
the  body  of  which  they  formed  a  part,  and  of  which  they  were,  usually,  an 
ample  working  quorum.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  laymen  who  were 
their  official  colleagues  fully  appreciated  their  zeal  and  intelligence  in  lines 
where  they  themselves  were  novices,  and  that  the  action  of  the  professional 
members  found  sincere  acquiescence. 

On  the  same  day  upon  which  the  supplementary  charter  was  granted 
(April  I,  181 1 )  the  Regents  elected  the  following  Faculty  by  unanimous 
vote: 

Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,  President. 

Benjamin  De  Witt,  M.  D.,  Vice  President. 

John  Augustine  Smith,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy,  Surgery  and 
Physiology. 

David  Hosack,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
and  Clinical  Medicine. 

William  James  McNeven,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Natural  History. 

John  D.  Jaques,  Treasurer. 

John  W.  Francis,  Registrar. 

In  this  early  period,  also,  was  brought  about  the  union  of  the  medical 
teachers  in  Columbia  College  with  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  As  has  been  previously  seen,  the  Medical  School  of  the  for- 
mer named  institution  had  practically  lapsed.  From  1793  to  181 3  its  gradu- 
ates had  numbered  but  thirty-five,  including  only  two  from  1807  to  18 10, 
and  none  since  the  latter  year.  On  the  other  hand,  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  had  vindicated  its  right  to  existence  and  demonstrated  its  use- 
fulness. It  had  a  certain  prestige,  a  certain  aggressive  momentum,  and, 
when  the  union  of  the  faculties  of  the  two  colleges  was  broached,  the  project 
was  speedily  consummated  by  mutual  consent,  and  the  medical  lectures  in 
Columbia  College  were  discontinued,  with  the  understanding  that  the  Pro- 
fessors in  that  institution  should  be,  received  into  the  Faculty  of  the  absorb- 


54  COLLEGE  OF  PHYS1CL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ing  body.     In  1814  the  Regents  of  the  University  gave  tlieir  formal  approval 
to  the  plan  of  union,  and  the  following  was  announced  as 

THE    FACULTY    IN    1814. 

Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,  President. 

Benjamin  DeWitt,  j\I.  D.,  Vice-President  and  Piofessor  of  Natural 
Philosophy. 

William  J.  Macneven,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry, 

Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Natural  History  and  Botany. 

John    Augustine    Smith,    M.    D.,  ^  Joint  Professors  of  Anatomy,  Physi- 

Wright  Post,  M.  D.,  \  ology  and  Surgery. 

David  Hosack,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic. 

William  Hamij'fersley,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

John  C.  Osborn,  [M.  D..  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of 
\Vomen  and  Children. 

James  S.  Stringham,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Legal  Medicine. 

Valentine  Mott,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Surgery. 

John  W.  Francis,  M.  D.,  Registrar,  and  Professor  of  Materia  Medica. 

In  this  reorganization  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was 
represented  by  five  members — Drs.  De  Witt,  Macneven,  Mitchell,  and  Smith, 
of  the  old  Faculty,  and  Dr.  Francis,  who  was  one  of  its  graduates,  in  1811. 
Perhaps  to  this  number  should  be  added  another.  Dr.  Hosack,  who  had  been 
a  Faculty  member  in  1807,  but  who  had  declined  further  service  at  the  end 
of  that  year,  and  had  become  identified  with  the  Columbia  College  Medical 
School,  whose  Professors  were  brought  into  the  combined  Faculty  mainly 
through  his  instrumentality.  The  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College  had 
six  representatives — Drs.  Bard,  Post.  Hammersley,  Osborn,  Stringham  and 
Mott. 

The  new  members  thus  received  into  the  Faculty  were  at  once  appointed 
to  membership  in  the  Board  of  Trustees.  All  engaged  heartily  in  the  labor 
of  placing  the  College  upon  a  firmer  foundation  and  of  extending  its  field 
of  usefulness,  and  under  their  administration  the  first  suitable  home  and 
equipment  were  provided  for  the  institution. 

In  Janviary,  1813,  a  committee  of  the  College  officers  reported  to  the 
Regents  that  the  building  then  occupied  (on  Pearl  street,  formerly  Magazine 
street)  was  small,  insecure  and  "ineligibly  situated."  The  views  of  the  com- 
mittee were  concurred  in  by  the  Regents,  and  the  property  was  sold.  With 
the  funds  thus  procured,  purchase  was  made  of  the  lot  and  building  at  No. 
3  Barclay  street,  on  the  north  side,  near  Broadway.     The  lot  had  a  front- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY. 


55 


age  of  twenty-five  feet  and  a  depth  of  seventy-five  feet.  The  building,  which 
had  originally  been  a  warehouse,  was  of  brick,  twenty-five  feet  by  thirty- 
eight  feet.  This  was  carried  up  to  a  height  of  three  stories,  and  was  made 
imposingly  ornamental  for  its  day.  The  front  was  crowned  with  a  panel  and 
bracket  balustrade,  and  the  roof  supported  a  large  cupola  surmounted  by  a 
statue  of  Apollo.  The  interior  was  refitted  to  contain  two  lecture  rooms  and 
necessary  minor  apartments.  This  renovated  building  was  ready  for  occupa- 
tion at  the  beginning  of  the  seventh  collegiate  vear.  on  the  first  JMonday  in 
November,  1S13. 


THE    CITY    H.ALL    V.\KK    .AND    VICIMTV 

in  the  early  part  of  the  century  ;  from  an  engraved  Map  of  the  City  of  New  York,  by  Thos.  H-  Poppleton.  city 
surveyor,  1817.    In  the  Whitney  collection  of  engravings.  Columbia  College  Library. 

1.  City  Hall;  2.  Bridewell;  .S,  Old  Almshouse;  4.  Brick  Presbyterian  Church:  .5,  Park  Theatre;  B.  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 


Dr.  John  C.  Peters,  in  a  memorial  address,  said  of  Dr.  Aliddleton  Gold- 
smith that  when  he  (Dr.  Goldsmith)  first  sat  upon  a  bench  in  the  College, 
after  the  union  of  its  Faculty  with  that  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia 
College,  it  was  the  only  medical  school  in  New  York,  and  had  less  than 
seventy  students,  while  Philadelphia  had  four  medical  colleges,  and  more 
than  ten  times  as  many  matriculants. 

Four  years  later  (in  1817)  larger  accommodations  had  become  urgently 
necessary,  and  the  building  was  doubled  in  size  by  the  erection  of  a  western 
extension,  making  a  frontage  of  fifty  feet  on  Barclay  street.  In  the  work 
of  addition  and  renovation,  if  we  may  trust  an  engraving  made  in    1828, 


56 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


|Coixece1i7?kvsiciak5axd  ScacEoiis] 


6 

r 

h 

?l 

the  ornamental  features  (the  cupola  and  mythological  hero  of  old)  disap- 
peared, and  the  building  was  left  extremely  plain.  It  was,  however,  of  ample 
size  and  well  adapted  for  its  uses,  containing  a  chemical  lecture  room  on  the 
first  floor,  a  general  lecture  room  or  hall  on  the  second  floor,  and  an  anatomi- 
cal  amphitheatre  on  the  third  floor.     The  building,  in  this  form,  was  the 

abode  of  the  College  for  a  full  score  of 
years,  and  until  the  removal  to  Crosbv 
street,  in  1837. 

Shortly  after  obtaining  and  reno- 
vating the  Barclay  street  propert)',  the 
College  trustees  purchased  an  unex- 
pired lease-right  to  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
rear  of  their  premises,  and  extending 
through  to  Park  place.  Some  signifi- 
cant transactions  followed  soon  after- 
ward. In  the  year  in  which  the  College 
improvements  were  made  (October, 
1817)  the  Trustees  declared  in  resolu- 
tions that  it  was  "  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance to  the  safety  and  convenience 
of  this  school  to  possess  the  said  lot." 
The  purchase  was  accordingly  made, 
whereupon  it  was  decided  to  erect 
upon  the  lot  "a  building  to  answer  the 
purpose  of  a  stable,"  and  a  committee 
was  appointed  to  see  to  its  erection.  It 
would  be  entirely  presumable,  thinking 
onl)-  of  the  record  above  cited,  to 
conclude  that  the  stable  uses  looked  to 
the  procurement  of  material  for  the 
dissecting  table,  but,  should  any  doubt 
of  this  exist,  it  would  probably  dis- 
appear when  we  read  on  another  page 
of  the  records    that    the   purchase  was 

THE    COLLEGE   BUILDING,  NO.  3    BARCLAY  .  j    ,         t^       n 

STREET,  1813-1817.  made  with  funds  ad\^anced  by  Dr.  rost, 

From   an   engraving  in  tlie  American  Medical       who  waS    ProfesSOr    of  Anatomy  at   that 
and  Philosopliical  Register  1814.  ,  • 

tmie. 
The  College  was  now  provided  with  all  that  was  immediately  needed 
for  instructional  purposes,  but  its  managers  were  ambitious,  and  they  came 
into  the  guardianship  of  a  piece  of  public  property  which  proved  of  little  util- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY 


57 


ity,  and  involved  them  in  continual  embarrassments  and  subjected  them  to 
no  small  expense. 

Dr.  Hosack,  a  member  of  the  Faculty,  and  an  enthusiast  as  a  botanist, 
had  purchased  from  the  city  a  tract  of  some  twenty  acres,  about  three  miles 
distant,  and  the  location  may  now  be  described  as  bounded  by  Fifth  and  Sixth 
avenues,  and  by  Forty-seventh  and  Fifty-first  streets,  now  the  vastly  valu- 
able leasehold  property  of  Columbia  College.  This  tract  Dr.  Hosack  laid 
out  and  planted  as  a  great  botanical  garden,  naming'  it  the  Elgin  Botanic 
Garden,  after  the  place  of  residence  of  his  parents  in  Scotland.  This  was  a 
famous  spot  in  its  day,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  files  of  the  "American  Medi- 
cal and  Philosophical  Register"  (of  which  Dr.  Hosack  was  editor),  in  July, 
iSii,  in  which  it  was  elaborately  described,  with  an  accompanying  engraving 
showing  its  conservatories,  footpaths, 
etc.  The  property  soon  proved  to  be 
too  burdensome,  and  Dr.  Hosack 
sought  to  dispose  of  it  to  the  State 
of  New  York  to  be  used  for  purposes 
of  public  instruction  in  botany  and 
materia  medica.  The  County  Medi- 
cal Society  approved  of  his  plan, 
basing  its  reasons  upon  the  educa- 
tional advantages  held  out,  with  the 
result  that  the  Legislature  passed  an 
act  providing  for  purchase  and  ap- 
propriating the  sum  of  §74,000  for 
the  purpose.  This  tract  was  given 
into  the  custody  of  the  Regents 
of  the  Universit}',  who,  being  with- 
out funds  for  the  maintenance 
of  such  a  piece  of  property,  placed  it  in  the  guardianship  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  upon  which  they  imposed  an  obligation  that  it  "be 
by  them  kept  in  a  state  of  preservation  and  in  a  condition  fit  for  all  the  medi- 
cal purposes,  free  of  expense,  under  the  immediate  inspection  of  the  Regents 
resident  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  that  the  said  garden  be  at  all  times 
open  to  the  admission  of  such  medical  students  as  may  resort  thereto  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  botanical  science." 

The  College  authorities  were  highly  pleased  with  their  acquisition,  and 
made  its  exploiting  a  feature  of  their  circtdar  in  181 1,  announcing  that  "the 
Botanic  Garden  having  been  purchased  by  the  State  and  placed  under  the 
direction  of  the  College,  the  students  of  botany  will  have  an  opportunity  of 


COLLEGE      BUILDING     ON     B.^RCL.AY     STREET 
AFTER    ITS   ENLARGE.MENT,    1817-1837. 

From  a  Picture  of  New  York  and  Strjingers'  Guide,  1828. 


58  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

visiting  it  whenever  they  think  proper,  and  of  examining  the  many  rare  and 
vahiable  plants  which  it  contains."  But  their  gratulations  were  few  and 
short  Hved.  The  students  did  not  share  in  the  enthusiasm  of  Dr.  Hosack 
for  botanical  pursuits,  nor  did  they  deem  studies  in  that  line  as  particularly 
necessary  to  their  professional  education.  To  this  lack  of  appreciation  were 
added  disappointments  of  a  more  material  and  Aital  character.  The  College 
was  unable  to  defray  the  constant  expense  of  keeping  the  grounds  and  con- 
servatories in  repair,  and  of  supporting  a  custodian  and  his  laborers.  The 
incubus,  as  it  was.  was  finally  removed  from  the  College  (in  1816)  by  an 
Act  of  the  Legislature  providing  for  the  reversion  of  the  property  to  Colum- 
bia College.  The  view  of  the  Botanic  Garden  which  appears  in  this  work  is 
reproduced  from  the  "Hortus  Elginensis"  of  Dr.  David  Hosack,  second 
edition,  printed  in  181 1  and  bearing  the  imprint  of  "T.  and  J.  Swords, 
Printers  to  the  Faculty  of  Physic  of  Columbia  College." 

Beginning  with  the  occupation  of  the  renovated  College  building  on 
Barclay  street,  the  number  of  students  began  to  show  a  steady  increase.  The 
class  attending  the  eighth  session  (1814-15)  was  121;  in  1815-16  it  was 
148,  and  in  1816-17  it  was  192.  In  1820  the  Regents  reported  the  College 
"in  a  state  of  rapid  improvement."  Its  students  in  that  year  numbered  more 
than  two  hundred,  and  two  years  later  (in  1822)  the  Regents  announced 
with  much  satisfaction  that  it  had  "an  increased  number  of  students  from  the 
most  distant  parts  of  the  United  States." 

These  conditions  would  seem  to  afford  excellent  testimony  to  the  con- 
duct of  the  College  and  to  the  efficiency  of  its  instructors.  The  eminent  Dr. 
Samuel  Bard,  the  president,  enjoyed  fame  which  commended  respect  through- 
out the  country,  and  he  had  a  most  capable  corps  of  professors  at  his  side. 

But  there  were  dissentient  elements  even  at  that  time,  when  there  was 
necessity  for  the  utmost  harmony  and  singleness  of  purpose.  The  causes 
lay,  in  large  degree,  in  that  ver\-  feature  of  the  College  organization  which 
had  been  adopted  in  the  belief  that  it  would  be  most  conducive  to  the  pros- 
perity of  the  institution — the  large  powers  conferred  upon  the  officers  and 
professors,  who  were  the  governing  power  as  well  as  the  teachers.  The 
revolution  (for  such  it  was)  began  as  early  as  1819.  and  was  led  by  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York.  This  body  cherished  the  idea 
that  the  infant  College  was  the  fruit  of  its  loins,  that  the  word  which  it 
spake  made  that  flesh.  It  broadly  indicted  the  Faculty  for  professional  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors.  Acknowledging  the  ability  of  the  Faculty  mem- 
bers as  practitioners  and  teachers,  it  charged  that  body  with  conducting  Col- 
lege affairs  after  an  autocratic  manner.  "It  had  done  those  things  which  it 
ought  not  to  have  done  and  it  had  left  undone  those  things  it  ought  to  have 


THE  SECOXD  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  59 


BOTANIC    GARDEN. 


6o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4.NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

done,  and  there  was  no  health  in  it."  It  had  made  of  itself  a  "learned  aristoc; 
racy,"  in  entire  disregard  of  the  body  whence  it  had  sprung  and  of  the  in- 
terests of  the  profession  at  large.  It  had  "become  a  source  of  exclusive 
privileges  and  immunities,"  which  it  exercised  only  for  its  own  selfish  pur- 
poses and  for  the  advantage  of  its  chosen  beneficiaries  whom  it  clothed  with 
honors  and  emoluments,  while  those  who  did  not  enjoy  its  favor  were  left 
in  outer  darkness,  their  capabilities  unrecognized  and  their  achievements 
unrewarded.  The  professors  had  conducted  the  financial  affairs  of  the  Col- 
lege after  the  manner  of  him  who  claimed  the  world  as  his  oyster.  Under 
the  early  dispensation,  moderate  tuition  fees  had  been  exacted,  but  now  the 
lecture  fees  had  been  considerably  increased,  additional  fees  had  been  ex- 
acted, and,  in  some  instances,  one  Professor  occupied  two  and  even  three 
chairs,  and  obliged  students  in  one  branch  to  pay  for  tuition  in  all  the  branches 
which  he  taught.  Again,  to  the  disturbance  of  the  sense  of  importance  cher- 
ished by  the  County  Medical  Societies,  their  Presidents  had  been  deprived  of 
their  former  privilege  of  each  sending  to  the  College  one  student  for  gratui- 
tous instruction.  The  prosecutors  of  these  pleas  added  to  this  long  pre- 
sentation the  charge  that  the  professional  tone  of  the  College  had  been 
lowered.  There  had  been  a  culpable  laxity  in  the  examinations,  students 
had  been  graduated  before  attaining  their  majority;  in  some  cases,  diplomas 
had  been  granted  after  less  than  two  years"  study,  and,  in  others,  the  medical 
degree  had  been  conferred  where  the  subject  had  never  attended  lectures: 
announcement  had  been  inade  in  the  College  circulars  that  a  "satisfactory 
examination"  would  be  the  only  requisite  for  graduation.  As  a  result  of  all 
these  irregular  proceedings,  large  classes  had  been  drawn  to  the  College, 
whence  they  were  soon  sent  out  in  a  state  of  wretched  unpreparedness,  an 
imposition  upon  the  community  and  a  disgrace  to  the  profession  to  which 
they  assumed  to  belong. 

The  County  Medical  Society  prosecuted  these  complaints  with  vigor 
and  industry.  It  brought  the  matter  before  the  State  Medical  Society,  and 
a  committee  of  its  appointment  embodied  all  the  charges  epitomized  above 
in  a  report  which  was  laid  before  the  Regents  of  the  University.  This  re- 
port, in  seeking  a  remedy,  petitioned  the  Regents  to  effect  a  reorganization 
of  the  College  with  the  provisions  that  the  Professors  no  longer  be  permitted 
to  act  as  trustees;  that  a  new  Board  of  Trustees  be  formed,  to  be  composed 
of  resident  physicians,  with  the  President  of  the  College,  the  President  of 
the  County  Medical  Society  and  the  President  of  the  State  Medical  Society: 
and  that  vacancies  thereafter  occurring  should  be  filled  by  the  County  Medi- 
cal Society.  The  report  and  petition  of  the  County  Medical  Society  commit- 
tee was  presented  to  the  Regents  of  the  University  in  1820.     The  complain- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  6i 

ants  also  appeared  in  person,  witli  documentary  evidence  to  support  their 
charges,  and  they  presented  a  petition  of  many  city  practitioners  who  enter- 
tained hke  views  with  themselves. 

The  Professors,  liowever,  were  not  to  be  vanquished  without  a  struggle. 
They  appointed  a  delegation  from  their  own  membership,  and  were  also 
represented  by  Mr.  Emmet,  their  legal  adviser,  who  made  for  them  a  strong 
defense.  A  general  denial  of  all  the  above  charges  was  entered,  and  the 
complaints  against  the  Professors  were  ascribed  to  jealousy  and  envy.  In 
justification  of  the  College  management  it  was  urged  that  the  constantly 
increasing  number  of  students  was  ample  answer  to  the  charge  that  tuition 
fees  were  excessive,  and  that  to  reduce  the  fees  of  the  Professors  would 
lower  the  standard  of  teaching  ability.  Finally,  it  was  asserted,  the  teachers 
ir  the  various  departments  were  the  most  capable  judges  of  the  qualifications 
of  the  student,  and  that  "neither  time  of  study  nor  any  other  technical  re- 
quirement could  supply  a  criterion  equal  to  that  of  a  professional  examina- 
tion." 

The  Regents  displayed  considerable  sagacity  in  disposing  of  the  vexed 
questions  laid  before  them,  and  they  sought  to  mollify  the  feelings  of  both 
parties  to  the  quarrel,  by  soothing  and  diplomatic  language.  They  quietly 
passed  over  many  of  the  items  in  the  complainants'  bill  of  particulars,  and 
expressed  regret  that  feelings  of  hostility  toward  the  College  should  be  en- 
tertained. At  the  same  time  they  found  it  to  be  for  the  best  interests  of 
the  College  to  cure  certain  defects  in  its  organization,  the  chiefest  being  that 
which  was  the  subject  of  the  petition  of  the  County  Medical  Society  and  its 
aiders — the  existence  of  a  governing  and  teaching  body  comprising  the 
same  individuals.  And  so  it  was  decided  to  separate  these  functions  in 
order,  so  it  was  expressed,  "that  trustees  might  no  longer  be  liable,  merely 
from  their  situation  as  professors,  to  the  suspicion  of  personal  interest  in  the 
adoption  of  regulations."  The  Professors,  however,  were  not  immediately 
deprived  of  their  authority.  Those  who  were  then  members  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  were  retained  in  their  office,  but  it  was  provided  that,  upon 
the  death,  resignation  or  removal  from  office  of  any  Professor,  in  no  case 
should  his  successor  in  teaching  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  trustee.  It  was 
also  provided  that  the  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  College  should 
be,  during  their  occupancy  of  such  offices,  trustees  ex-oMciis,  thus  affording 
the  Professors  representation  upon  the  Board  of  Trustees,  but  without  con- 
trolling power.  The  Regents  also  appointed  to  vacancies  upon  the  Board  a 
number  of  resident  physicians,  the  majority  of  whom  were  members  of  the 
County  Medical  Society  or  were  in  sympathy  with  that  body  in  this  crusade. 
Another  vexed  question  was  also  disposed  of — the  Regents  prescribed  that 


62  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

a  candidate  for  the  medical  degree  sliould  have  studied  for  three  years  un- 
der a  respectable  practitioner,  and  have  attended  a  full  course  of  lectures 
at  not  less  than  two  winter  sessions. 

This  well  advised  disposition  of  a  vexatious  difference  did  not,  how- 
ever, produce  that  harmony  which  had  been  hoped  for.  The  Professors, 
now  reduced  to  a  minority  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  were  ill  at  ease  in 
presence  of  a  majoritv  which  had  efifected  their  hv.miliation,  while  the  latter 
were  convinced  that  the  reforms  which  they  sought  had,  in  large  degree, 
failed.  Differences  grew  into  large  proportions,  and,  liecoming  matters  of 
public  notoriety,  divided  the  friends  of  medical  education  into  two  hostile 
camps.  The  Regents  were  again  appealed  to,  and  made  every  effort  to 
adjust  the  existing  differences.  In  1825  a  committee  of  their  appointment 
visited  the  College  with  authorization  to  full_\-  investigate  the  matters  in 
controversy. 

"The  report  of  a  Committee  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  appointed 
to  visit  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York," 
is  the  title  of  a  time-faded  pamphlet  preserved  in  the  archives  of  Columbia 
University.  The  committee  consisted  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Tallmadge, 
Mr.  Van  Renssalaer  and  Mr.  Marcy,  and  they  were  instructed  to  visit  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,  "to  the 
end  that  the  matters  in  controversy  between  the  trustees  and  the  professors 
thereof,  and  the  affairs  of  said  College  severally,  may  be  more  fully  investi- 
gated, and  that  the  said  committee  report  thereon  to  the  Regents  with  all 
convenient  speed."  This  committee  was  appointed  April  25,  1825,  and  their 
report  was  made  on  January  12,  1826. 

The  committee  acted  with  a  degree  of  intelligence  and  fidelity  which 
merited  better  results.  They  met  both  trustees  and  professors,  devoting  a 
week  to  their  task,  and  embodying  their  findings  in  a  voluminous  report. 
They  ascribed  to  both  parties  to  the  difficulty  "an  openness  of  communica- 
tion and  an  integrity  of  manner  which  gave  assurance  of  the  fairness  of 
motives  of  each,  and  that  their  conclusions,  maintained  oftentimes  with 
vehement  warmth,  were  urged  from  a  conscientious  belief  in  their  correct- 
ness and  that  they  were  essential  to  the  welfare  and  advancement  of  the  col- 
lege." They  also  found  the  professors  innocent  of  any  serious  fault ;  that  there 
was  no  evidence  of  partiality  or  oppression  in  the  examinations  of  candi- 
dates for  graduation,  and  that  there  was  no  suspicion  of  misapplication  of 
college  funds.  They  concluded,  however,  that  the  differences  had  wrought 
destruction  of  that  union  of  sentiment  and  concert  of  action  which  should 
exist  between  the  professors  and  the  trustees,  ascribed  these  unfortunate 
conditions  to  the  existence  of  professional  rivalries,  and  recommended  that 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  63 

the  Board  of  Trustees  should  be  so  constituted  as  to  no  longer  wholly  con- 
sist of  medical  practitioners. 

The  regents  approved  the  recommendation,  and  enacted  that  all  present 
or  future  vacancies  in  the  Board  should  be  filled  by  persons  out  of  the  med- 
ical profession,  until  the  number  of  such  persons  should  constitute  at  least 
thirteen  of  the  Board.  This  provision  remaining  undisturbed  since  January, 
1826,  answered  every  intended  purpose.  It  appealed  to  the  professional  pride 
of  the  students  by  the  deference  paid  to  their  teachers  while  it  recognized  the 
unselfishness  of  the  laity  in  directing  their  efforts  at  arbitration  to  the  satis- 
faction of  all  contestants. 

These  salutary  provisions  were  not,  however,  immediately  fruitful.  At 
the  time  when  the  Regents  provided  for  the  reorganization  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  the  Faculty  had  been  reduced  by  death,  resignation  or  removal  to 
the  number  of  six.  They  were  by  no  means  in  sympathy  with  the  reorgani- 
zation methods  of  the  Regents,  having  been  overruled  in  their  insistence  that 
the  old  Board  of  Trustees  should  be  summarily  dismissed  and  their  places 
filled  with  non-medical  men.  Failing  to  convince  the  Regents,  they  endeav- 
ored to  accomplish  their  purpose  through  an  appeal  to  the  Legislature,  and, 
this  ending  in  their  failure,  they  resigned  in  a  body,  April  11,  1826.  The 
following  is  the  language  of  their  communication  to  the  Regents : 

"We.  the  undersigned  Professors  and  Officers  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  correspondence  with  the 
views  by  which  we  were  influenced  in  our  communication  of  yesterday, 
made  to  your  honorable  body,  and  reflecting  moreover  on  the  peculiar  gov- 
ernment of  the  college,  an  anomaly  in  medical  schools,  are  fully  persuaded 
that  we  best  consult  our  self-respect  by  withdrawing  altogether  from  the 
institution.  We,  therefore,  hereby  tender  our  resignations  of  the  professor- 
ships and  offices  we  respectively  hold  therein;  and  we  take  this  opportunity 
of  renewing  our  grateful  acknowledgments  for  the  various  and  distin- 
guished marks  of  confidence  the  Regents  have  seen  fit,  from  time  to  time, 
to  place  in  us." 

The  above  was  signed  by  David  Hosack,  ]M.  D.,  Vice-President,  and 
Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic  and  Clinical  Medicine;  Wni. 
James  Macneven,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry:  Samuel  L.  Mitchell, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Botany;  Valentine  Mott,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Surgery;  John  W.  Francis,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  the  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  and  Registrar  of  the  College. 
Dr.  Post,  it  is  to  be  said,  had  previously  withdrawn  from  the  faculty. 

On  April  17  the  Regents  accepted  the  resignation  of  the  Professors 
and  Officers  of  the  college,  and  in  their  resolution  to  that  effect  expressed 


64  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

their  thanks  to  the  said   Professors   "for  the   faithful   and   able  manner   in 
which  they  had  filled  their  respective  chairs  as  instructors  and  lecturers." 

Immediately  thereafter  a  number  of  the  resigning  Professors,  named 
above,  undertook  the  organization  of  a  medical  school  in  which  they  would 
have  opportunity  to  continue,  with  freedom  from  irksome  authority,  in  a 
calling  wherein  they  had  been  widely  useful  and  had  gained  splendid  repu- 
tation. Accordingly  they  made  overtures  to  Rutgers  College,  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, New  Jersey,  with  the  result  that  they  organized  what  was  known  as 
the  Rutgers  Medical  College,  which  they  established  in  a  building  on  Duane 
street,  New  York,  fitting  it  up  at  their  own  expense.  In  the  Faculty  of  this 
rival  institution  were  Dr.  Valentine  Mott,  who  was  President  and  Professor 
of  Surgery;  Dr.  David  Hosack,  Professor  of  the  Institutes  and  Practice  of 
Medicine;  Dr.  William  J.  Macneven,  Professor  of  Therapeutics  and  Ma- 
teria Medica ;  Dr.  John  VV.  Francis,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Forensic 
Medicine;  and  Dr.  John  D.  Goodman,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiol- 
ogy. According  to  the  description  contained  in  a  circular  issued  by  the 
Faculty  in  1826,  the  college  edifice  was  greatly  superior  in  all  its  appoint- 
ments to  its  rival.  It  was  situated  on  Duane  street,  near  Broadway,  and  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  New  York  Hospital.  It  was  erected  by  the 
Medical  Faculty  at  their  own  expense,  and  "is  allowed  by  all  unprejudiced 
examiners  that  this  building  combines  with  the  necessary  spaciousness  a 
degree  of  neatness,  convenience  and  comfort  very  rarely  found  in  similar 
establishments."  The  lecture  rooms  were  three  in  number.  The  chemical 
room  was  on  the  lower  floor,  and  the  seats  were  arranged  in  amphitheatre 
order.  The  hall  for  lectures  on  the  practice  of  medicine,  materia  medica 
and  obstetrics  was  on  the  second  floor,  and  the  surgical  and  anatomical  am- 
phitheatre was  on  the  third  floor.  The  saloon  of  practical  anatomy,  on  the 
fourth  floor,  "is  unrivalled  in  this  country  for  its  extent  and  the  entire  con- 
venience of  its  arrangement.  This  apartment  is  of  the  length  and  width  of 
the  whole  building,  and  is  during  the  day  lighted  by  a  fi'.e  skylight  and  four 
windows.  At  night  it  is  brilliantly  illuminated  by  ten  large  gas-burners, 
which  entirely  obviate  the  necessity  of  using  table  lamps.  The  cistern  of 
water  is  supplied  by  means  of  a  forcing  pump  in  the  basement ;  this  room  is 
also  furnished  with  every  convenience  necessary  to  cleanliness.  A  furnace 
of  appropriate  construction  is  employed  for  the  daily  removal  of  fragments 
usually  allowed  to  accumulate  in  and  about  anatomical  apartments.  The 
use  of  this  furnace  and  the  regular  attention  paid  to  the  tables  removes  from 
the  study  of  practical  anatomy  all  the  circumstances  usually  productive  of 
disgust."  The  first  session  of  the  institution  was  "honoured  by  the  attend- 
ance" of  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  gentlemen,  of  which  number  one  hun- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  65 

dred  and  thiity  were  medical  students,  twelve  were  doctors  in  medicine,  and 
eleven  were  members  of  the  high  school,  attending  chemical  lectures  only. 
The  class  of  practical  anatomy  numbered  iifty-two  persons,  who  were  sup- 
plied with  the  material  necessary  to  their  studies  "at  an  expense  scarcely 
worthy  of  remark,"  being  two  dollars  from  each  person  for  every  subject 
consumed  by  his  class.  The  fees  were  as  follows  :  Matriculation,  $3  ;  tickets, 
$15  each.;  practical  anatomy,  $10;  and  graduation,  $20. 

The  Rutgers  Medical  School  was  subsec|uently  closed,  owing  to  the 
manifest  illegality  of  its  charter,  granted  by  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  while 
its  Faculty  sat  in  New  York. 

The  history  of  this  period,  in  1827,  by  James  Hardie,  A.  M.,  and  pub- 
lished in  "The  Description  of  the  City  of  New  York,"  throws  a  vivid  light 
upon  this  disturbed  epoch.     The  writer  says : 

The  establishment  of  an  institution  (1807)  to  be  exclusively  devoted  to 
the  cultivation  and  diffusion  of  medical  science,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
Regents  of  the  University  and  its  sanction  by  the  Legislature,  were  circum- 
stances viewed  with  the  greatest  satisfaction,  and  afforded  just  cause  of 
congratulation  to  the  friends  of  science  throughout  the  state.  That  the  high 
expectations  which  were  entertained  of  the  benefits  that  could  flow  to  the 
community  from  its  establishment  were  well  founded,  the  history  of  the 
college  during  the  time  it  has  been  in  operation  presents  the  most  conclusive 
evidence.  In  November,  1807,  tlie  business  of  the  medical  college  com- 
menced, and  the  courses  of  instruction  were  delivered  on  all  the  branches  of 
medicine.  The  ability  and  success  with  which  the  teachers  filled  the  import- 
ant stations  assigned  them  was  such  that  the  Legislature,  at  their  next  ses- 
sion, made  the  appropriation  of  $20,000  for  the  benefit  of  the  college.  In 
1810  the  rapid  progress  of  the  college  in  its  importance  and  usefulness  re- 
ceived a  temporary  check,  and  its  brilliant  prospects  were  for  a  while  over- 
cast, owing  to  certain  misunderstandings  having  taken  place  between  the 
then  President  (Dr.  Romayne)  and  the  Professors.  The  then  Regents  of 
the  university,  upon  receiving  authentic  information  of  the  dissensions  which 
had  thus  been  created,  with  the  same  laudable  zeal  for  the  promotion  of 
medical  science  with  which  they  had  originally  been  induced  tO'  organize  the 
establishment,  immediately  adopted  measures  for  ascertaining  the  cause  of 
the  mischief  and  for  the  removal  of  every  obstacle  which  might  retard  its 
prosperity. 

After  narrating  the  history  of  the  reorganization  of  the  college,  in  181 1, 
and  briefly  describing  the  first  commencement  exercises,  in  that  year,  and  the 
consolidation  of  the  two  medical  schools,  the  college  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons and  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College,  the  author  of  the  volume 
quoted  continues : 


66  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


An  attempt  was  made  about  this  period  to  create  another  medical  school 
in  New  York,  but  this  effort  soon  and  deservedly  failed.  Nevertheless, 
from  the  year  1813  to  1820  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  went  on 
with  an  annual  increase  in  the  number  of  its  pupils  and  in  an  augmented 
career  of  utility  and  reputation.  In  the  means  of  instruction  as  to  chemical 
apparatus,  museums  of  anatomy  and  natural  history,  there  was  a  regular 
increase.  The  library  contained  a  valuable  collection  ot  the  most  important 
works  on  medicine  and  the  collateral  branches  of  science,  collected  chiefly  by 
Professor  Francis  during  his  residence  in  Europe,  and  was  still  further  in- 
creased by  donations  from  Drs.  Emmet,  Hosack,  Francis  and  others.  More- 
over, its  alumni  in  many  instances  rendered  the  institution  great  credit  by  the 
publication  of  their  inaugural  exercises  for  the  Doctorate,  though  at  no  time 
does  it  appear  that  such  publications  were  obligatory  on  the  students. 

It  is  not  deemed  necessary  here  to  recount  the  great  advantages  which 
the  city  of  New  York  holds  out  for  a  distinguished  school  of  practical  med- 
icine. The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  has  within 
the  short  period  of  its  existence  abundantly  proved  that  truth.  For  several 
years  past  it  has  enumerated  above  two  hundred  students  at  its  winter  ses- 
sions. But  truth  constrains  us  to  state  that  these  flattering  prospects  which 
gave  such  encouragement  to  its  able  professors  to  persevere  in  their  career 
of  usefulness  have  been  entirely  cut  off  by  circumstances  which  they  deemed 
beyond  their  control.  The  college  had  long  felt,  at  times,  the  inconvenience 
arising  from  a  defect  in  its  government,  which  tolerated  medical  men  at  its 
Board  of  Trustees.  These  inconveniences  proceeded  to  so  great  an  extent 
in  1825  as  to  call  for  the  aid  of  the  Regents.  That  enlightened  body  endeav- 
ored, but  in  vain,  to  remove  the  said  Trustees.  This  view  of  the  subject 
was  also  taken  by  Col.  Troup,  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Board  of 
Regents,  and  also  by  Mr.  Spencer,  of  the  Senate  of  the  State,  who  considered 
the  evils  arising  from  the  go^'ernment  of  the  college  in  the  hands  of  the 
Trustees  as  requiring  immediate  notice,  and  that  said  Trustees  should  be 
removed.  The  evils  under  which  the  college  groaned  were  by  Mr.  Spencer 
traced  to  have  their  existence  solely  in  this  anomaly  of  government.  But 
vested  rights  were  set  up,  and  a  measure  which  would  have  perpetuated  this 
school  of  science  as  one  of  the  ornaments  of  the  state  and  country  was  pre- 
vented from  being  carried  into  effect  by  the  assumption  of  technicalities 
and  precedents.  The  Professors,  consequently,  rather  than  be  involved  in 
the  disgrace  of  connexion  with  a  school  which  imposed  on  students  restric- 
tions wholly  unknown,  and  that  by  a  body  who  exercised  powers  exclusively 
belonging  to  another  body,  determined  to  resign  their  several  offices  and  pro- 
fessorships, and  the  public  papers  of  April  last  set  forth  the  circumstance. 
It  is,  moreover,  a  fact  that  so  long  as  the  Board  of  Governors  of  this  school 
was  unencumbered  by  trustees  who  were  medical  prescribers  solely,  the  es- 
tablishment went  on  by  a  regular  increase  in  the  number  of  students  and 
candidates  for  the  honours  of  the  doctorate ;  while,  on  the  contrary,  upon 
that  Board  being  filled  up  by  medical  men,  there  was  a  gradual  falling  off  of 
students  and  candidates,  so  that  last  session  the-  number  was  diminished 
more  than  one-fourth  of  that  of  the  preceding  year. 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  67 

But  notwithstanding  this  reorganization  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  the  former  professors,  who  filled  the  chairs  in  their  establish- 
ment for  so  many  years,  determined  to  create  a  new  school,  which  they  have 
placed  under  a  better  government.  Hence  it  appears  that  during  the  ensuing 
winter  we  shall  have  two  rival  medical  schools  in  this  city,  both  of  which 
will  be  engaged  in  teaching  the  same  branches  of  education.  But  it  is  de- 
voutly to  be  wished  that  these  unhappy  collisions  which  have  so  long  existed 
between  gentlemen  of  the  same  honourable  profession  may  speedily  subside, 
and  that  they  would  unite  in  forming  one  splendid  seminary  on  a  solid  foun- 
dation, which,  while  it  shall  reflect  honour  on  this  wealthy  and  extensive 
metropolis,  may  be  provided  with  the  adequate  means  of  instructing  our 
youth  in  the  most  important  of  all  sciences,  that  of  presennng  health  and 
curing  diseases. 

A  large  portion  of  the  matter  above  given  was  taken  by  the  author  of 
the  volume  cited  from  the  "Notes  and  illustrations  appended,  by  De  Witt 
Clinton.  LL.  D.,  to  an  "introductory  address  which  was  delivered  by  that 
eminent  man  on  May  4th,  1814,  before  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  So- 
ciety of  New  York,  of  which  he  was  the  President,  and  was  printed  in  a 
quarto  volume  from  the  press  of  Van  Winkle  and  \\''iley,  at  the  corner  of 
Wall  and  New  streets,  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

Bringing  this  digression  to  a  close,  and  recurring  to  the  proper  theme, 
it  is  to  be  said  that  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
during  the  period  under  review,  was  composed  of  men  of  great  capability, 
and  the  annals  of  their  lives  forms  an  important  part  of  the  institution  and 
of  medicine  in  America. 

Dr.  Samuel  Bard  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  born  April  i,  1742,  a  son 
of  Dr.  John  Bard.  He  obtained  his  literary  education  in  King's  College,  and 
studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  University,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1765.  He  visited  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  devoting  himself  to  the 
acquisition  of  further  professional  knowledge,  and  on  his  return  to  America 
in  1767  entered  upon  practice  in  association  with  his  father,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. He  became  the  family  physician  of  Washington,  when  that  great 
man  came  to  the  Presidency.  He  married  his  cousin,  Mary  Bard.  He  was 
the  principal  factor  in  the  founding  of  the  Medical  School  of  King's  College, 
in  which  he  became  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine  and  subsequently 
Dean  of  the  Faculty.  He  aided  in  the  building  of  a  hospital  in  1769.  In 
1798  he  relinquished  his  practice  and  retired  to  his  elegant  country  home  at 
Hyde  Park,  on  the  Hudson  River,  to  indulge  a  refined  ease,  and  devote  his 
leisure  to  the  care  of  his  estate  and  to  scientific  and  literary  pursuits.  It 
was  during  this  period  that  he  wrote  numerous  essays  upon  medical  and 
kindred  topics,  works  which  were  notable  additions  to  the  professional  lit- 


68  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

erature  of  his  day.  He,  however,  visited  New  York  City  and  afforded  his 
services  to  the  people  at  various  times  during  the  repeated  cholera  visita- 
tions between  1794  and  1805. 

Dr.  Bard  was  sixty-nine  years  of  age  when  he  was  called  to  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  did  not  assume  the 
active  duties  of  a  teacher,  and  his  labors  were  limited  to  the  delivery  of 
occasional  addresses  to  the  students  and  presiding  at  the  annual  commence- 
ment exercises.  His  name,  however,  afforded  high  prestige  to  the  institu- 
tion, and  he  bore  himself  with  such  dignity  and  sincerity  as  to  adorn  his 
position  and  exert  a  most  salutary  influence.  He  may  be  regarded,  for  his 
time,  as  a  busy  practitioner,  and  as  a  recognized  authority.  Even  to  the 
present  time,  his  is  a  much  respected  name  in  the  annals  of  the  college. 

Dr.  Bard  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from  Prince- 
ton College  in  181 5.  His  death  occurred  at  Hyde  Park,  from  pleurisy.  May 
24,  1 82 1. 

His  contemporaries,  who  accorded  to  him  the  undisputed  headship  of 
his  profession,  ascribed  his  great  success  not  to  any  marked  endowment  or 
special  gift,  but  to  the  general  excellence  of  his  mental  and  moral  faculties. 
He  was  equally  well  regarded  for  his  technical  skill,  his  urbanity  and  con- 
siderateness  in  consultation,  and  his  unaffected  conscientiousness  toward  his 
patients.  Practical  and  unimaginative  in  his  mental  processes,  he  was  sim- 
ple and  natural  in  presenting  a  subject  before  his  students,  and  his  meaning 
was  never  obscured  by  extraneous  matter  or  forced  effort  in  declamation. 
Of  great  amiability  of  character,  he  avoided  acrimonious  disputes  in  which 
many  of  his  associates  became  involved,  and  he  retained  to  the  last  the  warm 
regard  of  all,  including  some  whose  personal  views  and  interests  were  at 
variance  with  his  own. 

It  is  proper  to  here  quote  the  actions  of  the  Governors  of  the  New  York 
Hospital,  June  5,   1821,  with  reference  to  the  death  of  Dr.  Bard: 

"The  Governors  receive,  with  unfeigned  regret,  the  account  of  the  de- 
cease of  their  late  fellow-member  of  this  Corporation,  Dr.  Samuel  Bard. 

"It  is  due  to  the  memory  of  that  eminent  physician  and  philanthropist 
to  state  that,  by  means  of  his  benevolent  exertions,  in  the  year  1769,  setting 
forth  in  a  public  discourse  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  establishment 
of  an  hospital  in  the  city,  the  present  institution  was  originally  founded. 
That  for  a  number  of  years,  amidst  the  arduous  avocations  of  an  extensive 
private  practice,  he  performed,  with  unceasing  fidelity  and  punctuality,  the 
duties  of  a  physician  to  this  establishment,  and  was  the  means,  under  Provi- 
dence, of  extending  its  usefulness  and  of  elevating  its  character,  not  only  as 
an  asylum  for  the  sick  poor,  but  as  an  important  means  of  promoting  medi- 
cal education  in  that  citv.     The  signal  services  rendered  bv  Dr.  Bard  to  this 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  69 


SAMUEL    BARD,    M.  D.,  LL.  D. 


70 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 


communit-y  in  general,  and  to  this  institution  in  particular ;  the  virtuous  and 
religious  character  for  which  he  was  uniformly  distinguished ;  the  zealous 
devotion  to  the  interests  of  humanity  which  he  ever  manifested  as  a  citizen, 
as  well  as  in  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  profession ;  render  it,  in  a  peculiar 
manner,  becoming  this  Board  to  express  their  high  sense  of  his  great  worth, 
his  professional  merit  and  services,  and  the  benefits  he  has  conferred  upon 
his  native  city  and  country." 

Dr.  \Vright  Post,  who  succeeded  to  the  Presidency  in  1821,  was  then 
fiftv-six  years  of  age.  He  was  born  in  North  Hempstead,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  February  19,  1766,  and  was  educated  at  home  by  a  private  tutor. 

He  was  advanced  far  beyond  his  years,  and 
when  only  fifteen  years  old  began  a  course 
of  medical  reading  under  the  preceptorship 
of  Dr.  Richard  Bayley,  then  chief  of  staff 
of  the  New  York  Hospital.  After  four 
years'  diligent  study  he  went  to  London, 
England,  and  resided  with  Dr.  Sheldon,  a 
distinguished  surgeon  and  teacher  of  anat- 
omy, attending  lectures  and  assisting  in 
hospital  work.  In  1787  he  delivered  his 
first  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy,  in  a 
spare  room  in  the  New  York  Hospital,  but 
his  work  was  interrupted  by  a  mob  which 
made  a  furious  attack  on  \'arious  places 
where  dissection  was  performed.  In  1790  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  Bayley,  whose 
daughter  he  had  married.  In  1792  Dr.  Post 
was  appointed  to  the  newly  founded  chair 
of  Surgery  in  the  Medical  School  of  Columbia 
College.  He  had  meantime  again  revisited 
Europe,  and  studied  under  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Cruickshank  of  London.  On  his  return  he  brought  with  him  what  was 
for  a  half  century  the  largest  anatomical  cabinet  in  America.  In  1793  Dr. 
Post  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy,  which  he  occtipied  until 
1813,  when  he  became  identified  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons and  became  Joint  Professor  (with  Dr.  Smith)  of  Anatomy,  Physiol- 
ogy and  Surgery.  During  a  period  of  thirty-five  years  he  was  visiting  sur- 
geon to  the  New  York  Hospital.  He  was  an  active  officer  of  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Society,  a  charter  member  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society,  and  a  member  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society.  In  18 14  he 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  L^niversity  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 


WRIGHT    POST,  M.  D. 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  71 

Dr.  Valentine  ^Nlott  held  Dr.  Post  in  the  highest  estimation  as  an  original 
and  phenomenally  successful  operator.  He  said:  "Long  before  Sir  Astley 
Cooper  proved  the  safety  of  tying  the  carotid  artery  for  aneurism,  we  have 
heard  Dr.  Post  assert  in  his  lectures  that  not  only  might  one  be  tied  for 
aneurism,  but  that  both  might  be  interrupted  by  ligature,  and  the  patient  re- 
cover. He  operated  twice  on  Sir  Astley's  plan,  and  saved  both  patients." 
Dr.  Mott  also'  asserted  that  Dr.  Post  "was  entitled  to  credit  for  employing 
opiates  in  large  doses  in  inflammatory  disorders  long  before  Dr.  Armstrong 
published  his  treatise  on  fevers."  Dr.  Post  was  the  first  in  America  to  per- 
form the  operation  for  false  aneurism  of  the  femoral  artery,  and  performed 
the  second  recorded  operation  of  tying  the  external  iliac  artery  for  inguinal 
aneurism.  Dr.  Dorsey.  of  Philadelphia,  had  performed  the  first  of  the  last 
mentioned  operations,  but  that  by  Dr.  Post  was  by  far  the  most  successful. 
The  most  conspicuous  of  Dr.  Post's  operations  was  the  tying  of  the  sub- 
clavian artery  above  the  clavicle,  on  the  scapular  side,  of  the  scaleni  muscles, 
for  a  brachial  aneurism  situated  so  high  as  to  make  it  expedient  to  tie  this 
artery,  and  his  was  the  first  successful  attempt,  where  Cooper,  Abernethy 
and  Ramsden  had  failed. 

Dr.  John  Wakefield  Francis  was  highly  useful  in  his  twofold  position 
of  Registrar  and  Professor  of  Materia  Medica.  He  was  a  native  of  New 
York  City,  born  November  17,  1789,  the  son  of  German  parents  who  came 
to  the  United  States  soon  after  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  was  apprentice 
to  a  printer  for  a  time,  but,  inclining  to  a  professional  career,  he  pursued  a 
course  of  study  with  such  diligence  that  he  was  enabled  to  enter  the  junior 
class  of  Columbia  College  at  so  early  an  age  that  he  was  graduated  in  1809, 
when  twentv  years  old.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Dr.  Hosack,  and  subsequently  became  a  member  of  the 
first  class  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  at  the  first  commencement  in  181 1.  For  a  time  he  was  associ- 
ated in  practice  with  his  former  preceptor.  Dr.  Hosack,  with  whom  he  had 
contracted  a  warm  friendship,  and  for  four  years  the  two  were  co-editors  of 
the  "American  Medical  and  Philosophical  Register."  In  1813  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  18 16 
he  visited  Europe,  and  during  his  absence  studied  under  the  famous  Aber- 
nethy, and  made  the  acquaintance  of  many  eminent  practitioners  and  noted 
literateurs.  Upon  his  return  he  resumed  his  connection  with  the  college, 
and  shortly  afterward  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Medical  Jurisprudence, 
and,  still  later,  to  that  of  Obstetrics.  In  1826,  when  the  entire  Faculty  re- 
signed. Dr.  Francis  and  others  organized  the  Rutgers  Medical  School,  in 
which  he  occupied  tlie  chairs  of  Obstetrics  and  Forensic  Medicine  for  four 


72 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 


years,  and  until  the  institution  was  closed,  after  which  time  he  devoted  him- 
self to  personal  practice  and  to  literary  work.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
and  the  first  President  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  President 
of  the  Medical  Board  of  Bellevue  Hospital  from  its  organization,  and  he 
was  a  member  of  various  medical  and  scientific  associations  in  Europe,  as  well 
as  in  the  United  States.  He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from 
Trinity  College  in  1850,  and  from  Columbia  College  in  i860.     He  was  act- 


JOHN    \V.    FRANCIS,    M.    D. 

ively  interested  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  the  New  York  Lyceum 
of  Natural  History,  the  Woman's  Hospital,  the  State  Inebriate  Asylum  and 
the  Typographical  Society. 

Dr.  Francis  was  an  industrious  writer,  and  his  contributions  to  the 
medical  journal  with  which  he  was  connected  were  of  real  value.  Among 
his  published  works  were:  "The  Use  of  Mercury,"  "Cases  of  Morbid  Anat- 
omy,"  "Febrile  Contagion,"   "Notice  of  Thomas   Eddy,"   "Denman's   Prac- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  73 

tice  of  Midwifery,  with  Notes,"  "Letters  on  Cholera  Asphyxia  of  1832," 
"Observations  on  the  Mineral  Waters  of  Avon,"  and  "The  Anatomy  of 
Drunkenness."  His  penchant  for  general  literature,  it  has  been  observed, 
led  him  into  many  discursive  utterances  and  quaint  conceits.  A  notable  ex- 
ample is  found  in  his  "Old  New  York,  or  Reminiscenscs  of  the  Past  Sixty 
Years,"  a  volume  replete  with  interesting  description  of  persons  and  events. 
This  was  published  by  the  New  York  Historical  Society  in  1857,  was  ex- 
panded in  a  new  edition  in  the  following  year,  and  in  1865  was  reprinted, 
with  a  memoir  by  H.  T.  Tuckerman.     Dr.  Francis  died  February  8,  1861. 

Both  sons  of  Dr.  Francis,  Valentine  Mott  Francis  and  Samuel  Ward 
Francis,  became  physicians  of  acknowledged  ability. 

Dr.  Valentine  Mott  was  admittedly  the  most  distinguished  surgeon  of 
his  day.  He  was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  born  at  Glen  Cove, 
Long  Island,  August  20,  1785,  son  of  Dr.  Henry  Mott,  a  physician  of  New 
York.  He  was  of  English  ancestry  and  the  American  branch  of  his  family 
was  planted  on  Long  Island  in  1660  by  a  Mott  who  wa?  a  Quaker.  Valen- 
tine Mott  was  educated  in  a  seminary  at  Newtown,  Long  Island.  He  began 
his  medical  studies  under  Dr.  Valentine  Seaman,  a  relative,  and  he  after- 
wards attended  the  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1806,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  He  then  went  to  England 
and  studied  under  the  eminent  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  in  London,  and  had  oppor- 
tunity for  hospital  and  dissecting  room  observations  in  presence  of  others  of 
the  most  capable  practitioners  of  the  day.  These  advantages  were  supple- 
mented by  a  course  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

In  1809  Dr.  Mott  entered  upon  practice  in  New  York  City,  and  his 
great  abilities  were  soon  recognized  and  brought  him  high  fame.  Occupied 
with  a  large  personal  practice,  he  also  turned  his  attention  to  instructional 
work,  which  engaged  his  effort,  with  little  interruption,  throughout  his  life, 
and  for  many  years  he  was  the  most  sought  and  highly  regarded  of  all  sur- 
gical instructors  in  the  United  States.  In  18 10  he  formed  a  private  class 
in  surgery,  and  the  following  year  he  was  called  to  the  Professorship  of 
Surgery  in  the  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College.  In  18 13  he  relin- 
quished that  position,  and  with  some  of  his  Faculty  associates  became  identi- 
fied with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  that  institution  he 
was  then,  at  the  age  of  twenty-nine  years,  elected  to  the  chair  of  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Surgery.  In  183 1,  after  a  brief  season  in  which  he  was  dis- 
associated from  the  college,  he  returned  to  occupy  a  chair  created  for  him, 
that  of  Operative  Surgery  and  Surgical  and  Pathological  Anatomy,  and,  at 
the  solicitation  of  the  Faculty,  he  also  taught  clinical  surgery  in  the  New 
York  Hospital,  with  Dr.  Alexander  H.  Stevens.     Four  years  after  his  ap- 


74  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

pointment.  his  close  attention  to  his  profession  had  so  worn  upon  his  health 
that  he  went  abroad  for  rest.  His  return  was  long  dela3red,  and  in  1837  his 
chair  was  abolished.  On  his  return,  however,  he  was  appointed  Professor 
Emeritus,  in  recognition  of  his  great  worth  and  highly  useful  services. 

Besides  the  New  York  Hospital,  Dr.  Mott  was  connected  with  St.  Vin- 
cent's, St.  Luke's,  the  Women's,  the  Hebrew  and  Bellevue  hospitals.  He 
was  connected  with  numerous  professional  bodies.  Besides  serving  as  Pres- 
ident of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  and  holding  membership  in 
numerous  American  medical  bodies,  he  was  a  fellow  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  societies  of  London  and  Brussels,  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Medicine,  Paris,  and  the  Paris  Clinical  Society,  and  also  of  King's  and 
Queen's  College  of  Physicians  of  Ireland,  the  latter  being  a  singularly  ex- 
clusive institution,  having  elected  but  about  twenty  honorary  in  the  past 
two  centuries.  He  was  also  invested  with  the  Turkish  order  of  Medjidieh 
by  the  Sultan  Abdul  Medjid,  as  a  reward  for  having  removed  a  tumor 
from  the  head  of  that  monarch  while  on  a  visit  to  Constantinople.  The 
University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  and  that  of  Doctor  of  Laws  came  from  the  Regents  of  the 
University  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  185 1.  In  connection  with  his  other 
duties  he  was  for  many  years  President  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  of  the  New  York  Inebriate  Asylum. 

Dr.  Mott  possessed  the  highest  professional  qualifications — undisturb- 
able  coolness  and  self-reliance,  iron  nerves,  phenomenal  muscular  strength, 
and  wonderfully  keen  eyesight,  and  he  was  able  to  operate  equally  well  with 
either  hand.  He  was  the  pioneer  in  numerous  operations  of  extreme  diffi- 
culty which  had  hitherto  been  considered  impossible,  and  he  frequently  re- 
peated such  in  cases  where  the  after  treatment  was  as  important  (and  con- 
sidered as  dangerous)  as  the  operation.  His  ligature  of  the  arteria  innom- 
inata,  in  1818,  was  declared  to  have  made  "an  epoch  in  the  life  of  the  oper- 
ata,  and  an  era  in  the  history  of  surgery."  His  reputation  for  originality 
and  skill  was  further  enhanced  by  his  splendid  successes  in  the  ligature  of 
the  primitive  iliac,  the  removal  of  the  entire  clavicle,  and  the  resection  of  the 
inferior  maxilla.  During  his  professional  career  he  performed  a  prodigious 
amount  of  surgical  work,  his  cases  surpassing  in  number  and  gravity  those 
of  any  of  his  contemporaries,  and  his  biographer  declared  that  he  performed 
"a  greater  number  of  important  and  capital  operations  than  any  surgeon  who 
ever  lived,"  and  that  "for  more  than  half  a  century  his  reputation  was  un- 
equalled by  that  of  any  of  his  competitors  in  America,  and  scarcely  surpassed 
by  that  of  the  most  illustrious  surgeons  in  Europe."  His  cases  of  limb  am- 
putations aggregated  the  great  number  of  nearly   1,000;  he  performed  one 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  75 


VALENTINE    MOTT,    .M.    D. 


76  COLLEGE  OF  PHYS1CL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

hundred  and  sixtv-fi\e  operations  in  litliotomy  with  the  loss  of  but  one  pa- 
tient in  twenty-seven,  and  his  success  in  rhinoplastic  operations  was  unpar- 
alleled in  the  annals  of  American  surgery.  Until  he  was  nearly  eighty  years 
of  age,  he  retained  perfect  control  of  his  faculties  and  his  accustomed  skill 
in  the  performance  of  difficult  operations.  In  the  year  prior  to  his  death, 
which  occurred  April  26,  1865,  he  was  member  of  a  commission  of  medical 
experts  sent  to  Annapolis,  Maryland,  by  the  national  government,  to  exam- 
ine into  and  report  upon  the  condition  of  federal  soldiers  just  released  from 
confederate  prisons. 

He  was  a  teacher  of  rare  excellence  during  a  period  of  nearly  a  half 
century,  and  his  pupils,  in  various  medical  schools,  were  numbered  by  the 
thousand.  He  was  not  a  theoretician,  but  taught  facts,  and,  in  principal 
part,  those  of  his  own  ascertainment  or  demonstration.  His  manner  in  the 
class  room  was  Ciuiet  and  dignified,  and  his  voice  was  clear  and  distinct. 
His  regard  for  the  advancement  of  medical  knowledge  is  seen  in  his  insti- 
tution of  three  prize  medals  (in  1856)  for  the  best  dissections  and  clinical 
reports  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  He  made  by  far  the 
largest  museum  of  anatomical  specimens,  normal  and  morbid,  ever  gathered 
together  in  the  country,  representing  the  results  of  half  a  century  of  careful 
personal  work  and  collection,  and  of  which  a  comprehensive  illustrated  cata- 
logue was  made  in  1858.  It  is  pitiful  to  add  that  this  magnificent  museum 
was  destroyed  in  1866  by  the  burning  of  the  University  Medical  College. 

Unfortunately,  Dr.  Mott  left  little  well  digested  professional  memora- 
bilia. The  greater  portion  of  his  writings  are  contained  in  reports  of  cases 
scattered  through  the  periodical  press  of  his  day.  Much  of  this  matter  has 
presumably  disappeared,  and  what  remains  is  only  accessible  in  a  few  mam- 
moth libraries.  In  18 18  he,  with  Dr.  John  Watts  and  Dr.  Alexander  H. 
Stevens,  founded  the  "New  York  Medical  and  Surgical  Register,",  modeled 
somewhat  after  the  "Dublin  Hospital  Reports,"  but  this  meritorious  periodi- 
cal perished  at  the  end  of  its  first  year.  In  1842  he  published  his  "Travels 
in  Europe  and  the  East,"  a  volume  of  four  hundred  pages.  In  1842-44  he 
superintended  the  translation  by  Dr.  P.  S.  Townsend  of  Professor  Velpeau's 
"Treatise  on  Operative  Surgery,"  to  which  he  added  several  hundred  pages 
of  original  matter,  principally  his  own  previously  published  cases  and  re- 
ports. In  1856  a  second  edition  was  brought  out,  which  contained  notes  and 
annotations  by  Professor  George  C.  Blackman,  of  Cincinnati.  In  1862  he 
prepared  at  the  request  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  a  paper 
on  "The  Use  of  Anaesthetics,"  for  the  use  of  army  surgeons,  and  for  the 
same  body,  at  a  later  day,  "Instructions  for  First  Aid  to  Wounded  Soldiers 
on  the  Field  of  Battle."     Among  important  papers  was  one  on  "Pachyder- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  tj 

matocele"  (a  peculiar  form  of  congenital  tumor  of  the  skin),  contributed 
to  the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society  of  London,  and  his  addresses 
before  medical  associations  were  very  numerous.  He  had  contemplated 
the  writing  of  a  work  descriptive  of  capital  operations  and  new  surgical 
processes,  of  which  he  considered  himself  as  the  legitimate  originator,  but 
this  purpose  was  never  carried  into  effect.  An  abstract  of  his  later  clinical 
lectures  was  published  by  his  sometime  pupil,  Dr.  John  W.  Francis. 

Dr.  Mott,  on  November  7,  1850,  delivered  an  address  introductory  tO'  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  under  the 
title  "Reminiscences  of  Medical  Teaching  and  Teachers  in  New  York." 
This  was  published  by  the  class,  and  in  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  New 
York  City,  is  a  copy  containing  the  autobiographic  inscription,  "Presented  by 
V.  Mott,  M.  D."  The  little  pamphlet  affords  vivid  pictures  of  some  of  the 
eminent  men  of  his  time,  as  witness  his  descriptions  in  the  following  para- 
graph : 

Dr.  Wright  Post  was  a  man  of  about  forty  years  of  age,  tall,  handsome 
and  of  fashionable  exterior,  wearing  long  whiskers,  and  powdered  hair  turned 
back  and  tied  in  a  queue.  He  was  "unrivalled  as  an  anatomist,  a  most 
beautiful  dissector,"  and  a  most  luminous  and  perspicuous  teacher.  His 
manners  were  grave  and  dignified  and  he  seldom  smiled.  He  was  a  calm 
observer  and  eminently  practical,  and  for  strict  punctuality  and  courtesy  to- 
wards his  juniors  and  a  scrupulous  regard  for  truth  was  never  exceeded. 
Dr.  Hosack  was  always  plausible,  if  not  profound.  He  read  his  lectures, 
and  no  man  was  ever  more  emphatic,  impressive  and  instructive.  His  tall 
and  bulky  form,  his  piercing  black  eye,  his  sonorous  voice  and  the  dignity 
of  his  bearing,  stamped  him  as  a  remarkable  man.  He  was  impatient  of  in- 
terruption after  his  lecture  had  commenced,  and  no  one  ventured  to  enter 
his  room  five  minutes  after  the  appointed  hour  without  receiving  a  severe 
rebuke.  Fixing  his  fierce  eye  sternly  on  the  tardy  student,  he  would  invite 
him  down  lower  and  lower  towards  the  desk,  and  then,  after  an  awful  pause, 
advise  him  to  "get  his  buckwheat  cakes  a  little  earlier  in  the  morning." 
Dr.  Miller  was  of  middle  stature,  very  handsome,  wore  powder,  and  was 
singularly  neat  in  his  attire.  He  was  a  bachelor,  and  liis  manners  were  pe- 
culiarly bland,  and  he  was  exceedingly  affable  to  all.  He  was  a  perfect 
gentleman,  and  a  man  of  singularly  pure  morals.  Dr.  Samuel  Bard  was  small 
in  stature  and  hard  featured,  but  exemplary  as  a  man  and  a  Christian.  In 
manners  he  was  austere  and  dignified.  Dr.  Mitchell  was  kind  hearted  and 
eccentric.  As  a  lecturer  he  was  entertaining  and  instructive,  but  too  dis- 
cursive to  be  practical,  and  too  good  natured,  familiar  and  unconstrained 
and  even  grotesque  to  be  dignified.     His  knowledge  was  profound  and  his 


78  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

lectures  (when  he  adhered  to  his  text)  were  eminently  valuable.  He  died 
at  an  advanced  age,  "maintaining  to  the  last  his  scientific  oracularity."  Dr. 
Macneven  was  of  short  stature,  his  bearing  noble  and  prepossessing.  His 
costume,  to  an  x\merican  eye,  was  peculiar.  He  wore  knee-breeches  and 
top-boots,  the  dress  of  the  English  gentleman  at  that  period.  Dr.  Benjamin 
De  Witt  was  a  man  of  talent,  but  of  indolent  habits :  easy  in  his  circum- 
stances, and  devoted  rather  to  the  cultivation  of  the  medical  sciences  than 
of  that  of  medicine  in  particular.  Dr.  Romayne  was  a  man  of  much  elo- 
quence and  talent ;  wealthy,  and  indifferent  to  the  active  duties  of  the  pro- 
fession, but  eager  for  its  advancement  and  that  of  the  interests  of  medical 
science.  In  person  he  was  tall  and  handsome,  but  extremely  fleshy.  He 
lectured  extemporaneouslj',  with  fluency  and  effect. 

Dr.  Mott  died  April  26,  1865.  In  1866  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Public  Charities  and  Corrections  of  the  City  of  New  York  placed  a  tablet 
"in  grateful  remembrance  of  his  valuable  and  voluntary  services  during  a 
period  of  fifteen  years  as  Consulting  Surgeon  of  Bellevue  Hospital,"  in  the 
main  hall  of  that  institution,  directly  opposite  to  the  stone  upon  which  stood 
Washington  when  Chancellor  Livingston  administered  to  him  the  oath  of- 
office  as  President  of  the  United  States.  In  Greenwood  Cemetery,  Brooklyn, 
and  over  his  grave,  is  a  fine  marble  bust  of  the  distinguished  humanitarian 
and  scientist,  from  the  chisel  of  the  accomplished  sculptor.  Ward.  But  per- 
haps the  most  eloquent  and  worthy  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Mott  is  the 
"Mott  Memorial  Library"  founded  by  his  widow.  This  institution,  which 
was  formally  opened  October  11,  1866,  contains  the  medical  books  and  in- 
struments which  belonged  to  the  deceased,  his  desk,  library  chairs  and  clock, 
and  much  medical  literature  subsequently  contributed  by  those  who  had 
known  him  in  life. 

Dr.  Mott,  in  his  early  life,  clung  to  the  garb  of  his  ancestors,  and  was 
known  as  "the  Quaker  Doctor."  His  biographer  (Dr.  Gross)  speaks  of 
him  as  eminently  prepossessing  in  personal  appearance.  He  was  fully  six 
feet  in  height,  entirely  erect,  with  broad  shoulders  and  a  fine  muscular  de- 
velopment. His  countenance  was  frank  and  open,  his  forehead  high  and 
prominent,  his  nose  aquiline,  his  chin  round  and  dimpled,  his  eyes  large  and 
of  hazel  hue,  and  his  hair  nearly  black,  with  a  slight  inclination  to  brown. 

His  wife  was  Louisa  Dunsmore  Mums,  a  lady  of  English  descent,  to 
whom  he  was  married  in  18 19.  She  was  of  fine  personal  appearance,  ele- 
gant manners  and  rare  intellectual  endowments.  Of  their  nine  children,  two 
sons  embraced  the  profession  of  the  father.  Valentine,  after  having  served 
as  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the  Sicilian  army,  died  of  yellow  fever  in  1852. 
Another  son.  Dr.  Alexander  Brown  Mott,  who  died  in  1889,  had  a  distin- 


THE  SECOND  PERIOD  OF  ITS  HISTORY.  79 

guished  career,  both  in  military  and  ci\'il  life.  The  archives  of  the  New 
York  Commander}",  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  have  honored  him 
with  an  exhausti\-e  memoir.  Valentine  Mott,  his  grandson  and  only  child 
of  Dr.  Alexander  B.  Mott,  is  a  lineal  surviving  descendant. 

The  period  co\'ered  in  the  foregoing"  narrative  has  been  w"ritLen  of  under 
the  following"  titles,  which  have  been  the  main  authorities  for  these  pages : 

''Historical  Sketch  of  the  State  of  Medicine  in  the  American  Colonies," 
John  B.  Beck,   18 18. 

"History  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  Dalton,   1888. 

"Life  of  Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,"  MacVicker,   1822. 

"Eulogium  on  the  late  \\'rig"ht  Post,  M.  D.,"  J-  A.  Smith,  in  "New 
York  Medical  and  Philosophical  Journal,"  1828. 

"Reminiscences  of  Medical  Teachers  and  Teaching  in  New  York," 
Mott,  1850. 

"Old  New  York,  or  Reminiscences  of  the  Past  Sixtv  Years,"  Francis, 
1858. 

"Eulogy  on  the  Late  John  W.  Francis,  M.  D.,"  Mott,  1861. 

"Eulogy  on  the  Late  Valentine  Mott,  M.  D.,"  Post,  1865. 

"Early 'Medicine  in  New  York,"  Wyckoff. 

"Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  1876. 


CHAPTER  I  V. 

THE    REORGANIZATION    OF    THE    COLLEGE. REMOVAL    TO    CROSBY    STREET. 

Doubtless  the  Faculty  which  seceded  from  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  1826  to  form  the  Rutgers  Medical  College,  were  convinced 
that  the  institution  which  they  left  was  by  that  act  left  in  articulo  mortis,  and 
would  soon  go  out  of  existence  entirely.  If  such  was  their  thought,  they 
were  speedily  undeceived.  In  July  following  their  withdrawal  (April  11) 
the  Regents  of  the  University  met  in  special  session  and  appointed  the  fol- 
lowing : 

FACULTY   IN    1826. 

John  Watts,  M.  D.,  President. 

John  Augustine  Smith.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

James  F.  Dana,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

John  B.   Beck,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Materia  Medica. 

Alexander  H,  Stevens,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Surgery. 

Edward  Delatield,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Children. 

Joseph  M.  Smith,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic 
and  Clinical  Medicine. 

Dr.  John  Watts,  the  President,  was  peculiarly  well  fitted  for  his  station. 
He  was  in  the  prime  of  life  (but  forty  years  of  age)  and  was  an  accom- 
plished practitioner  who  had  been  actively  identified  with  the  College  from 
1820,  when  he  was  placed  upon  the  Board  of  Trustees  as  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  County  Medical  Society.  He  was  familiar  with  every  de- 
tail of  the  affairs  of  the  college,  and  had  witnessed  or  taken  part  in  all 
the  troubled  affairs  of  the  institution  during  its  formative  period.  This 
knowledge,  coupled  with  his  sagacity  and  even-mindedness,  enabled  him  to 
afford  material  aid  in  bridging  over  what  at  first  appeared  to  be  an  endless 
interregnum,  and  in  placing  the  college  upon  a  firm  foundation.  His  services 
ended  only  with  his  death  in  183 1. 

Dr.  Watts  was  a  native  of  New  York  City,  born  m  1785.  His  father, 
Robert  Watts,  was  a  man  of  deep  piety  and  great  excellence  of  character  and 
life.     His  mother  was  Lady  Mary  Alexander,  daughter  of  William,  Earl  of 


REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  8i 

Sterling,  known  as  major-general  in  the  continental  army  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary war. 

John  Watts  was  graduated  from  Columbia  College  in  1804,  and  studied 
medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Post,  also  attending  the  lectures 
given  by  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College.  In  1807  he  studied  in 
Edinburgh,  and  in  1808-9  h^  served  as  clinical  clerk  in  the  infirmary.  In  the 
fall  of  1809  he  was  graduated,  and  then  publicly  defended  his  thesis,  "De 
Morbo  Coxario."  The  following  year  he  returned  to  New  York  City  and 
entered  upon  practice.  In  181 1  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  In- 
stitutes of  Medicine,  and  later,  with  others,  formed  a  medical  school  known 
as  the  New  York  Medical  Institution,  with  which  he  maintained  his  connec- 
tion for  five  successive  winters.  In  1812,  at  the  opening  of  the  war  with 
Great  Britain,  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  in  the  army  and  was  stationed 
at  Sackett's  Harbor. 

Early  in  his  professional  career  he  became  a  physician  to  the  New  York 
Hospital,  and  he  occupied  the  position  until  within  about  a  year  of  his  death. 
He  was  also  consulting  physician  to  the  L}ing-in  Asylum  and  to  the  City 
Dispensary.  In  1820  he  became  a  trustee  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  in  1826,  when  a  reorganization  was  effected,  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Board,  a  position  in  which  he  served  until  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  February  4,  1831,  at  the  age  of  a  little  more  than 
forty-five  years. 

His  reputation  as  a  practitioner  stood  deservedly  high,  and  he  enjoyed 
in  high  degree  the  confidence  of  his  professional  brethren,  by  whom  he  was 
frequently  sought  in  ccinsultation.  He  was  scrupulously  conscientious  in 
examining  into  every  circumstance  of  a  case  committed  to  him,  and  was 
remarkable  for  his  humanity  and  benevolence. 

President  Watts  was  particularly  fortunate  in  his  Faculty,  which  was 
one  of  the  most  noteworthy  in  all  the  College  history.  All  were  men  of 
acknowledged  standing  in  their  profession,  and  some  of  the  number  were  of 
commanding  ability.  Three  of  the  six  (Dr.  John  Augustine  Smith,  Dr. 
Alexander  H.  Stevens  and  Dr.  Edward  Delafidd)  subsequently  became 
Presidents  of  the  College.  All  entered  upon  their  duties  under  the  inspira- 
tion of  a  high  sense  of  pride  and  a  deep  appreciation  of  the  responsibilities 
which  they  had  assumed.  Three,  Dr,  Smith,  Dr.  Beck  and  Dr.  Stevens,  as 
graduates  of  the  College,  were  particularly  impressed  with  like  sentiments. 
All  held  their  places  during  a  long  and  important  period,  in  course  of  which 
the  prestige  of  the  College  was  greatly  enhanced  and  its  material  conditions 
were  correspondingly  improved,  in  spite  of  the  difficulties  which  confronted 
them  at  their  incoming  and  at  various  times  afterward. 


82  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

These  Facultv  members  of  whom  hriei  mention  has  been  made,  and  who 
became  Presidents  of  the  College,  are  to  be  written  of  at  greater  length  on 
after  pages  of  this  work.  Of  another  who  arrived  at  the  same  distinction, 
Dr.  Smith,  it  need  only  be  mentioned  here  that  he  came  from  the  presidency 
of  William  and  Mary  College  to  again  identify  himself  with  the  institution 
which  he  had  aided  in  founding  and  in  which  he  was  a  medical  instructor 
during  its  first  seven  years,  and  to  whose  interests  he  now  applied  himself 
with  fresh  enthusiasm  and  zeal. 

Dr.  James  F.  Dana  was  one  of  the  most  capable  chemists  of  the  day. 
Born  in  Amherst,  New  Hampshire,  September  23,  1793,  he  was  educated  at 
Harvard.  While  a  student  he  twice  won  the  Boylston  prize,  first  for  an 
essay  on  "Tests  for  Arsenic,"  and  for  another  on  "The  Composition  of 
Oxymuriatic  Acid."  After  his  graduation  in  1813  he  studied  medicine  and 
chemistry  under  Dr.  John  Gorham.  Developing  marked  ability  in  the  latter 
science,  he  was  entrusted  with  an  important  mission  from  the  College  from 
which  he  had  so  recently  graduated,  in  being  sent  abroad  to  purchase  ap- 
paratus for  its  chemical  laboratory,  and  during  his  absence  he  worked  for 
six  months  under  the  accomplished  chemist  Friedrich  Accum,  in  London. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  181 7,  and  for  two 
years  afterward  was  engaged  in  practice  in  Cambridge.  From  18 19  to 
182 1  he  was  Assistant  in  Chemistry  at  Harvard.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  the  first  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  in  Dartmouth 
College,  and  held  this  position  until  1825,  when  he  accepted  the  appointment 
of  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  Dur- 
ing the  years  of  his  service  as  a  teacher  of  chemistry,  he  contributed  to 
"Silliman's  Journal"  and  other  scientific  periodicals  numerous  papers  upon 
physical  science,  and,  in  collaboration  with  his  brother,  Samuel  Luther  Dana, 
he  published  "Outlines  of  Mineralog}'  and  Geology  of  Boston  and  Vicinity," 
and  "An  Epitome  of  Chemical  Philosophy." 

Dr.  Dana  died  April  14,  1827,  the  year  following  his  appointment  to 
the  chair  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  he  was  succeeded 
by  Dr.  John  Torrey,  a  scientist  of  consummate  abilitj'. 

Dr.  Torrey  was  born  in  New  York  City,  August  15,  1796,  son  of  WiU- 
iam  Torrev,  who  was  a  captain  in  the  revolutionary  army.  He  received 
the  usual  education  in  the  public  schools,  and  was  about  to  engage 
in  mechanical  pursuits  when  Amos  Eaton  directed  his  attention  to  botany, 
mineralogy  and  chemistry,  and  gave  him  instruction  in  these  branches.  In 
181 5  he  began  reading  medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Wright  Post, 
and  was  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  He 
entered  upon  practice,  and    in   1824  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  in 


REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  83 

the  United  States  Army.  He  had  httle  Hking  for  his  profession,  however, 
and  his  love  for  and  accompHshments  in  science  found  recognition  in  his 
appointment  to  an  acting  professorship  of  Chemistry.  Mineralogy  and  Botany 
in  the  West  Point  Military  Academy.  In  1827  his  assignment  terminated, 
and  he  became  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Botany  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  a  position  which  he  occupied  until  1855,  when  he 
was  made  Professor  Emeritus.  Meanwhile  and  subsequently  he  oc- 
cupied many  positions  where  his  peculiar  talents  were  most  usefully 
employed.  He  was  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Princeton,  1830-34, 
and  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and  Botany  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York,  1832-33.  He  was  appointed 
United  States  Assayer  in  New  York,  at  the  opening  of  the  office 
in  1853,  and  he  occupied  the  position  until  his  death.  In  1856  he  was 
made  a  trustee  of  Columbia  College.  He  was  President  of  various  scientific 
societies — the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  and  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History 
(now  the  Academy  of  Sciences)  of  which  he  was  the  last  surviving  charter 
member,  and  he  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Science,  to  which  he  was  nominated  under  an  Act  of  Congress.  As  Botanist 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  of  New  York,  he  made  a  report  which 
was  then  the  most  elaborate  of  its  kind  issued  in  the  United  States.  He  also 
made  voluminous  reports  upon  plant  specimens  collected  by  governmental 
and  private  expeditions,  and  he  contributetd  to  the  scientific  press  many 
articles  upon  the  sciences  which  interested  him  so  deeply.  In  1823  Yale 
College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  and  in  1845  he 
received  from  Yale  College  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  He  died  March 
10,  1873,  and  his  pupil  and  collaborator.  Professor  Asa  Gray,  made  him 
the  subject  of  a  biographical  memoir  which  was  published  in  the  papers  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Science. 

The  name  of  Professor  Torrey  is  still  held  in  grateful  remembrance  by 
all  students  of  Columbia  L^niversity  through  the  splendid  botanical  library 
and  herbarium  which  he  presented  to  the  institution  in  i860,  when  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  In  his  letter  of  presentation  he 
said : 

"The  Library  contains  six  hundred  volumes,  among  which  are  many 
rare  and  costly  works,  which  can  now  be  obtained  only  with  great  diffi- 
culty :  and  not  a  few  are  scarcely  to  be  purchased,  except  at  long  intervals 
on  the  breaking  up  of  private  botanical  libraries. 

"The  Herbarium  embraces  the  original  specimens  of  the  plants  de- 
scribed in  the  Flora  of  North  America  bv  Dr.  Grav  and  mvself.     It  contains 


84  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

nearly  all  the  botanical  collections  made  by  order  of  the  United  States  and 
by  the  Legislatures  of  the  difTerent  States,  since  the  year  1818,  including 
those  made  in  Long's,  Fremont's,  Litgreave's,  Emory's,  and  all  the  Pacific 
Rail  Road  explorations;  as  well  as  the  very  large  collections  made  during 
the  five  years  occupied  in  the  ]\Iexican  Boundary  Survey.  On  nearly  all 
these  plants.  I  have  made  full  reports  which  have  been  published  by  the 
United  States  with  several  hundred  engravings.  The  Herbarium  is  en- 
riched also  with  the  collections  made  by  the  United  States  expeditions  sent 
to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  a  full  set  of  the  plants  found  by  Professor 
Holton,  in  his  Botanical  travels  in  Xew  Granada. 

"The  contributions  made  to  my  Herbarium  by  private  botanists  through- 
out the  United  States,  and  the  collections  made  by  myself  for  the  last  forty 
years,  amount  to  many  thousand  specimens.  I  have  also  most  of  the  plants 
collected  in  British  America  from  the  first  voyage  of  Parry,  the  voyages  of 
Ross  and  Sabine,  and  the  two  journeys  of  Franklin,  kindly  presented  by 
Sir  William  Hooker,  Director  of  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew.  who,  by  per- 
mission of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  distributed  the  duplicates  obtained 
by  those  eminent  explorers.  Sir  William  has  also  supplied  me  with  numer- 
ous plants  from  his  own  unrivalled  Herbarium.  Through  the  East  India 
Company,  I  have  received  a  large  number  of  specimens  collected  by  their 
botanists  in  India.  Most  of  the  eminent  botanists  in  England,  Scotland, 
and  the  Continent  of  Europe  have  made  contributions  to  my  Herbarium,  and 
it  has  also  received  very  many  plants  from  the  Museum  of  Natural  History 
at  Paris,  the  Imperial  Academy  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  the  Imperial  Society 
at  Moscow. 

"The  Herbarium  that  I  have  been  so  many  years  m  bringing  together, 
must  necessarily  be  consulted  by  all  future  writers  on  the  Botany  of  this 
country,  because  the  Flora  of  North  America,  on  which,  in  connection  with 
my  friend.  Dr.  Gray,  I  have  worked  for  twenty-five  years,  is  the  only  work 
that  includes  the  plants  of  all  our  States  and  Territories,  as  well  as  of  the 
British  possession  to  the  north  of  us." 

Dr.  John  Brodhead  Beck,  Professor  of  Botany  and  [Materia  iMedica, 
was  a  man  of  great  ability,  and  the  best  portion  of  his  life,  covering  a  period 
of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  was  given  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. He  was  born  in  Schenectady,  New  York,  September  14,  1794,  a 
son  of  Caleb  Beck.  His  early  education  was  superintended  by  his  uncle, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  John  B.  Romeyn,  a  ripe  scholar.  He  completed  his  literary 
training  at  Columbia  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1813.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  18 17  and 
entered  upon  practice  in  New  York  City.  In  1826  he  became  Professor 
of  Materia  Medica  and  Botany  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  he  subsequently  changed  the  latter  chair  for  that  of  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence. His  connection  with  the  College  only  terminated  with  his  death, 
April  9,   185 1,  although  for  three  years  previous  he  liad  been  incapacitated 


REORGAXIZATIOX  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  85 

for  duty  during  a  large  portion  of  the  time,  the  result  of  a  deepseated  ailment. 
From  1838  until  the  latter  date  he  was  also  a  trustee  of  Columbia  College. 

His  biographer.  Dr.  Chandler  R.  Oilman,  referring  to  him  in  his  own 
departments,  pronounced  him  "impregnable."  and  his  teaching  powers  were 
characterized  as  phenomenal.  He  was  during  a  trying  period  one  of  the  most 
unswerving  friends  of  the  College.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  character,  and 
his  hatred  of  fraud,  duplicity  and  false  pretense  was  uncompromising. 

Dr.  Beck  was  a  discriminating  and  vigorous  writer,  and  he  produced 
various  works  which  exerted  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  medical  practice 
of  his  day.  His  first  essay,  on  "Infanticide,"  which  he  read  at  his  gradua- 
tion from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  which  was  published 
the  same  year,  was  regarded  as  particularly  meritorious.  His  exhaustive 
and  logical  treatment  of  his  subject  was  afterwards  recalled  as  foreshadow- 
ing his  early  tendency  toward  medical  jurisprudence,  in  which  department 
his  riper  knowledge  was  shown  in  its  fruition  in  his  collaboration  with  his 
brother,  Dr.  Theodore  Romeyn  Beck,  in  that  monumental  work,  "Elements 
of  Medical  Jurisprudence."  In  1822  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Gerardus 
A.  Dyckman  and  Dr.  John  W.  Francis  in  the  founding  of  the  "Medical  and 
Philosophical  Journal,"  and  he  was  for  several  years  the  principal  editor 
and  contributed  much  valuable  matter  to  its  columns.  Various  of  his  note- 
worthy addresses  were  puMished  subsequent  to  their  delivery,  these  includ- 
ing "Higher  Departments  of  Education,"  "Analysis  of  the  Study  of  Medi- 
cine," and  "JMeans  of  Professional  Eminence,"  all  delivered  before  the  Col- 
lege students  between  1829  and  1839,  and  "A  Hstory  of  American  Medicine 
before  the  Revolution,"  being  his  address  before  the  New  York  State  Med- 
ical Society  on  taking  his  seat  as  president,  in  1842.  In  1849  '''^  published 
his  best  known  and  most  important  work,  "Essays  on  infant  Therapeutics," 
which  was  republished  in  1855.  In  185 1,  the  year  of  his  death,  his  lectures 
on  "Alateria  Medica  and  Therapeutics"  were  edited  by  Dr.  Oilman,  and  the 
first  edition  was  followed  by  two  others. 

Dr.  Joseph  M.  Smith  had  already  attracted  attention  as  a  writer  and 
reviewer  of  medical  and  kindred  topics.  In  1855  he  was  transferred  to  the 
chair  of   Materia  Medica  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

It  was  during  this  period  (1826-31)  that  the  College  passed  through 
the  most  e\-il  days  of  its  existence.  The  withdrawal  of  the  old  Facult}'- 
and  the  opening  of  the  Rutgers  Medical  College  by  the  seceders  was  dis- 
astrous for  a  time.  At  the  first  session  under  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Watts  the  number  of  students  was  about  ninety,  not  much  more  than 
one-third  the  number  in  the  year  preceding,  and  it  was  several  years  before 
the  former  standard  was  again  attained. 


86  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

At  the  same  time,  the  College  became  involved  m  financial  difficulties 
which  continued  for  some  years  and  which  taxed  the  abilities  and  patience 
of  the  directing  officers  to  the  utmost.  Fortunately  for  President  Watts 
and  his  professional  colleagues,  and  for  the  future  of  the  institution  to 
whose  interests  they  were  committed,  the  Board  of  Trustees  was  in  large 
part  composed  of  some  of  the  most  sagacious  and  public-spirited  men  of 
their  times.  A  leading  spirit  in  this  devoted  band  was  John  D.  Jacques, 
who  from  1811  to  1838,  and  without  compensation,  devoted  himself  un- 
tiringly to  his  duties  as  Treasurer,  besides  affording  to  his  fellows  his  every 
aid  through  personal  effort  and  influence.  Others  were  Dr.  Nicoll  H.  Der- 
ing,  the  Registrar,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1817;  Dr.  John  Kearney 
Rodgers,  a  distinguished  surgeon  and  anatomist,  who  was  visiting  surgeon 
to  the  Xew  York  Hospital  and  the  Xew  York  Eye  Infirmary;  and  Dr. 
Samuel  Borrowe  and  Dr.  John  C.  Cheesman,  surgeons,  and  Dr.  William 
Hammersley  and  Dr.  Francis  U.  Johnston,  physicians,  to  the  New  York 
Hospital.  With  these  distinguished  professional  men  were  associated 
some  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  and  prominent  business  men  of  the  city 
— the  Hon.  Stephen  Allen,  who  was  mayor  of  the  city,  1821-23;  the  Hon. 
Elisha  W.  King,  the  Hon.  George  W.  Bruen,  the  Hon.  James  Campbell, 
James  A.  Hamilton  (a  son  of  Alexander  Hamilton),  Samuel  Boyd  and 
Charles  G.  Troup.  It  may  be  justly  said  of  these  men — President,  Faculty 
and  Trustees — that  they  saved  the  College  from  disaster  which  more  than 
once  threatened  its  absolute  extinction.  It  was  theirs  not  only  to  face  a 
bitter  rivalry  which  assumed  a  strong  phase  of  personal  animosity,  but  to 
also  so  conduct  financial  affairs  as  to  save  the  property  of  the  institution 
from  sale  to  satisfy  creditors. 

In  1826  the  College  was  practically  without  means.  Its  ground  and 
building  on  Barclay  street  were  its  principal  possessions.  It  could  but 
nominally  be  regarded  as  the  owner,  for  its  indebtedness  (principally  to  the 
former  professors)  nearly  equalled  the  estimated  value  of  the  property.  It 
was  estimated  that  if  all  the  college  property  were  sold  at  advantageous 
market  prices,  and  its  debts  were  liquidated,  the  assets  of  the  College  would 
not  exceed  $4,500,  and  that  this  salvage  would  be  lost  in  the  event  of  a 
forced  sale.  Besides,  as  was  reported  by  a  committee,  the  property  was  in 
a  condition  of  deplorable  dilapidation,  and  its  furnishings  and  equipment 
had  been  so  scattered  and  damaged  that  "the  College  generally  presented 
the  appearance  of  a  city  sacked  and  deserted  by  a  ruthless  enemy." 

The  Facuhy  and  Trustees,  during  the  earlier  years  of  President  Watts' 
administration,  resorted  to  heroic  measures  to  rescue  what  of  property 
was  remaining  and  to  restore  that  which  was  lost.     The  library  was   re- 


REORGANIZATIOX  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  87 

plenished  out  of  the  personal  bookcases  of  Dr.  Stevens  and  Dr.  Delafield 
with  other  friends  of  the  College.  Still  another  friend,  who  had  purchased  the 
valuable  anatomical  collection  which  had  been  used  in  the  College  restored  it 
to  its  former  place  under  restrictions  which  were  satisfactory-  alike  to  the 
owner  and  to  the  Professors.  The  Faculty  bore  its  full  share  in  the  labors 
of  rehabilitation,  assuming  tasks  outside  their  assigned  field,  as  in  the  case 
of  Dr.  Delafield.  the  teacher  of  Obstetrics,  who  also  gave  a  special  course 
of  lectures  on  diseases  of  the  eye.  The  Professors  also  consented  to  re- 
linquishment of  the  graduation  fees,  which  they  had  formerly  divided  among 
themselves,  and  covered  the  gross  amount  into  the  general  College  fund. 
For  two  years,  also,  each  of  the  Professors  allowed  ten  per  centum  of  his 
lecture  fees  to  be  applied  to  the  reduction  of  the  College  indebtedness.  The 
President.  Registrar,  Treasurer  and  Librarian  relinquished  their  fees  and 
perquisites ;  subscriptions  to  periodicals  were  withdrawn ;  no  purchases  of 
books  were  made,  and  to  the  savings  thus  made  was  added  a  small  sum  de- 
rived from  the  sale  of  the  unexpired  lease  upon  the  lot  in  the  rear  of  the 
College  grounds.  Through  such  close  economy  the  debts  were  placed  in 
course  of  extinguishment,  and  were  finally  settled  in  1830,  the  year  before 
the  death  of  President  Watts. 

Dr.  John  Augustine  Smith,  who  succeeded  Dr.  Watts  in  the  presidency, 
was  a  native  of  Virginia,  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,  August 
29,  1782.  He  graduated  from  ^^'illiam  and  ^lary  College  in  1800.  He 
completed  his  medical  studies  in  London,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons.  After  aiding  in  the  founding  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  that  institution  conferred  upon  him  the  honoran,- 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  presumably  the  first  of  its  conferring.  His 
after  career  was  conspicuously  useful  and  brilliant.  At  the  organization 
of  the  College  he  was  made  Adjunct  Lecturer  on  Anatomy;  in  1808  he  be- 
came Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery;  in  1814  he  was  Joint  Professor 
(with  Dr.  Wright  Post)  of  his  former  branches  and  also  of  Physiology. 
In  1814  he  resigned  to  become  the  President  of  William  and  Mary  College, 
his  alma  muter.  He  returned  to  Xew  York  to  aid  in  the  reorganization 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  was  given  his  former  chair 
of  Anatomy  and  Physiologv".  When  (in  1831)  he  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency, he  also  lectured  ■  on  Anatomy  and  Physiolog}-  until  these  depart- 
ments were  separated,  in  1834,  but  continued  to  teach  Physiolog)'  until 
1843,  when  he  resigned.     He  died  February  9.  1865. 

Dr.  Smith  was  one  of  the  most  scholarly  men  of  his  day,  at  once  an 
interesting  and  instructive  lecturer  as  well  as  a  polished  writer,  but  somewhat 
given  to  abstruse  theorization.     He  was  well  aware  of  the  criticisms  which 


88  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICUNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

his  mental  processes  brought  upon  himself.  On  one  occasion,  in  a  lecture 
delivered  in  1827.  having  anathematized  "medical  theorists.  "  and  being 
charged  with  inconsistency,  he  goodnaturedly  retorted  that  his  friends  had 
suggested  that  he  himself,  from  his  propensity  to  generalize,  had,  rendered 
himself  liable  to  censure.  He  added:  "If  such  be  the  fact,  it  only  adds 
one  to  the  long  list  of  those  whose  precepts  are  better  than  their  example." 
and  he  "sincerely  hopes  that  his  brethren  will  profit  by  what  is  right,  while, 
more  fortunate  than  himself,  they  may  eschew  what  is  v\'rong."  Among  his 
published  writings  were  an  "Introductory  Discourse."  read  before  the  New 
York  Medical  College,  in  1837;  "Functions  of  the  Nervous  Sj'stem,"  1840; 
"The  Mutations  of  the  Earth,"    1846;  and   "Moral  and  Physical  Science," 

1853- 

His  conduct  as   Professor  and  President  was  dignified  and  sagacious. 

He  could  not  avoid,  however,  becoming  involved  in  some  trials  and  diffi- 
culties attending  the  infant  institution  with  which  he  was  connected.  He 
left  the  College  shortly  after  he  was  made  Joint  Professor  with  Dr.  Wright 
Post,  whom  he  succeeded  when  he  returned  at  the  time  of  reorganization 
in  1826.  Notwithstanding  the  sharp  rivalry  between  the  two,  Dr.  Smith 
was  made  the  biographer  of  Dr.  Post  by  the  County  INIedical  Society,  in 
1828,  and  he  paid  to  his  deceased  associate  a  most  feeling  tribute.  With 
reference   to  their  personal  relations  he  said : 

"A  good  understanding  always  existed  between  Dr.  Post  and  myself. 
At  first  in  opposition,  then  joint  professors,  and  lastly  independent  friends; 
no  hostile  feeling  was  at  any  time  manifested  with  regard  to  each  other, 
nor  did  any,  I  am  persuaded,  ever  exist.  And  now  it  has  fallen  to  my  lot 
to  hold  up,  however  feebly,  to  the  just  admiration  of  his  fellow  citizens  the 
only  man  with  whom,  in  the  whole  course  of  my  life,  I  have  come  into  any 
sort  of  collision,  whose  talents  and  station  could  for  a  moment  induce  me 
to  consider  him  as  a  rival." 

B3-  1834,  the  College  attendance  had  so  increased,  and  there  had  been 
so  considerable  a  movement  of  population  to  the  upper  part  of  the  city, 
that  a  removal  of  the  institution  to  a  more  favorable  location  became  im- 
perative. In  the  3^ear  noted  the  Board  of  Trustees  discussed  a  change,  and 
in  the  following  year  a  committee  was  appointed  to  report  as  to  a  favorable 
College  site  and  to  procure  plans  and  estimates  for  a  new  building.  In 
May  of  the  next  year  (1835)  a  purchase  was  made  from  the  New  York 
High  School  Society  of  certain  property  on  the  east  side  of  Crosby  street, 
No.  67.  The  lots  had  a  frontage  of  seventy-two  feet  and  a  depth  of  one 
hundred  feet,  and  upon  them  was  a  brick  three-story  building  sixty-five  feet 
in  width  and  seventy-five  feet  in  depth.  However,  on  account  of  an  unex- 
pired lease,  title  could  not  pass  until  1835. 


REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


89 


I 

M  M  B 

^ 

]^ 

r 

' — ' 

K 

?1     ^fA     ^ 

The  old  building  was  thoroughly  renovated,  and  was  so  superior  to 
the  former  College  that  it  was  pronounced  to  be  "imposing  in  appearance, 
ample  in  dimensions  and  commodious  in  its  arrangements."  As  if  this 
were  not  sufficient,  it  was  declared  to  be  "unsurpassed  by  any 
similar  establishment  in  the  Union."  The  ground  floor  contained 
the  chemical  lecture  room  with  a  seating  capacity  of  three  hundred,  and 
laboratory  and  apparatus  rooms.  On  the  second  floor  was  \\-hat  was  known 
as  "The  College  Hall,"  used  for  general  lectures,  commencement  exercises 
and  other  large  gatherings,  a  Materia  Medica  cabinet,  and  rooms  for  officers 
and  professors.  The  third  floor  was  used  as  a  general  dissecting  room, 
and  upon  it  were  also  the  museum  ajid  private  rooms.  Notable  advantages 
over  those  afforded  in  the  old  building  were  gas  and  water.     The  large  rooms 

were  heated  by  stoves,  and  the  smaller 
apartments  contained  fireplaces.  The 
building  was  first  brought  into  use  at 
the  beginning  of  the  thirty-first  ses- 
sion. November  6,  1837.  Ten  years 
later  the  rear  portion  of  the  building 
was  carried  up  to  the  same  height  as 
the  front,  increasing  the  space  for  the 
dissecting  room  and  for  other  purposes. 
The  story  told  above  is  simple 
enough,  but  it  would  be  incomplete 
wi  thou  t  some  statement  of  the  great  dififi- 
culties  which  were  met  and  overcome 
during  these  years.  The  price  of  the 
property  was  §18,500.  Following  soon 
after  the  purchase  occurred  the  great 
fire  in  the  winter  of  1835-6,  which  swept 
away  the  most  important  business  portion  of  the  city,  an  area  of  about  thirteen 
acres.  The  financial  loss  was  tremendous,  for  the  disaster  worked  the  ruin 
of  nearly  all  the  local  insurance  companies,  leaving  many  of  the  fire  victims 
entirely  without  indemnity.  Then  came,  in  the  following  year,  the  memor- 
able financial  panic  of  1837,  when  every  banking  house  in  the  country  sus- 
pended payment  for  about  a  year,  causing  a  general  paralyzation  of  business 
and  annihilation  of  property  values. 

It  was  during  these  unfortunate  times  that  the  College  found  itself  ob- 
ligated for  $18,500  purchase  money  for  its  new  property,  and  for  $14,370 
expended  in  its  renovation  and  furnishing,  a  total  of  $32,870.  Besides,  a 
serious  loss  was  sustained  in  the  sale  of  the  Barclay  street  property,  which 
was  disposed  of  with  difficulty,  and  produced  only  $31,000,  of  which  nearly 


rojir 


THE    COLLEGE     BUILDING    OX   CROSBY 
STREET,    1837-1856. 

From  the  College  Circular  for  1837. 


90  COLLEGE  OF  PHYS1CL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

one-half  was  owing  under  a  mortgage  given  to  meet  a  prior  indebtedness. 
There  had  been,  also,  a  considerable  diminution  of  income  consequent  upon 
the  disordered  financial  condition  of  the  country.  In  the  final  auditing  of 
the  building  and  property  accounts  was  found  a  deficit  of  $4,450.  which  was 
met  by  President  Smith  and  the  individual  Professors,  the  former  named 
assuming  the  larger  share  of  the  onerous  burden. 

In  the  same  year  in  which  Dr.  Smith  came  to  the  presidency  was  es- 
tablished a  special  chair  for  Dr.  Valentine  ^lott,  whose  connection  with  the 
College  is  more  minutely  related  on  another  page.  In  1834  the  depart- 
ments of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  were  divided.  Dr.  Smith  retaining  the 
latter,  and  Dr.  John  R.  Rhinelander  being  assigned  to  the  former.  Dr. 
Rhinelander  was  a  graduate  of  the  College,  class  of  1824,  and  he  had  for 
five  years  served  in  the  anatomical  department  as  demonstrator.  Upon  his 
appointment  to  the  professorship  he  made  to  the  College  a  valuable  contri- 
bution of  anatomical  specimens  of  his  own  preparation.  He  resigned  in 
1839,  ^"d  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Robert  Watts. 

Dr.  Stevens,  after  having  filled  the  chair  of  Surgery  with  great  ability 
for  a  period  of  eleven  years,  resigned  in  1837,  and  in.struction  was  given  in 
this  department  for  the  two  ensuing  sessions  by  Dr.  Alban  G.  Smith,  who 
came  from  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  where  he  had  served  as  Professor 
of  Surgery.  In  1840  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  called  to  this 
Professorship  Dr.  Willard  Parker. 

Dr.  Parker  entered  upon  his  new  duties  with  enthusiasm,  and  his  con- 
nection with  the  College  continued  until  his  death  in  1884,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  eighty-four  years,  his  service  covering  the  remarkable  period  of 
forty-five  years.  No  more  capable  or  conscientious  instructor  was  ever 
associated  with  the  institution.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  University, 
from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  ^Master  of  Arts  in  1829,  and  that  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1830,  his  literary  education  having  been  completed 
in  1826.  In  1827  he  was  appointed  House  Physician  in  the  United  States 
Marine  Hospital  at  Chelsea,  Massachusetts.  In  1832  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Professorship  of  Surgery  in  Berkshire  Medical  College,  and  in  1836  he 
was  called  to  the  same  position  in  the  Cincinnati  Aledical  College.  Having 
come  to  the  chair  of  Surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he 
gave  every  effort  to  advance  the  interests  of  the  institution.  To  him  the 
students  were  obligated  for  the  clinical  advantages  afforded  by  Bellevue 
Hospital,  where  he  was  attending  surgeon.  He  was  an  earnest  advocate  of 
the  removal  of  the  College  to  Twenty-third  street,  and  he  was  mainly  in- 
strumental in  accomplishing  that  result,  in  face  of  what  were  apparently 
insuperable  difficulties.  He  not  only  stimulated  his  associates  to  persistent 
and  long  continued  effort  to  this  end,  but  he  also  assumed  in  larger  degree 


REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  91 

the  financial  obligations  necessary  to  the  success  of  the  undertaking.  In 
1870  he  resigned  the  chair  which  he  had  adorned  for  the  long  period  of  thirty 
years,  but  accepted  the  Professorship  of  Clinical  Surgery,  which  he  occupied 
for  a  further  term  of  ten  years,  during  which,  notwithstanding  his  advanced 
age,  he  continued  to  perform  a  considerable  amount  of  labor  as  a  teacher. 
In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and,  later,  to  the  Vice- 
Presidency  of  the  College,  and  in  1881  he  became  Professor  Emeritus.  From 
1868  until  his  death  he  was  Consulting  Surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital. 

Dr.  Parker  possessed  in  perfection  every  physical  and  mental  qualifi- 
cation for  the  important  positions  of  instructor,  advisor  and  executive  officer. 
His  splendid  physique,  benevolent  countenance,  self-poise,  cheerfulness,  hope- 
fulness and  sympathy  commanded  the  respect  and  confidence  of  all  about 
him,  whether  professional  associates  or  students.  His  biographer  has  said 
of  him  that  he  was  not  given  to  elaborate  research  nor  versed  in  the  minutiae 
of  medical  literature.  But  he  was  eminently  practical,  his  judgment  was 
clear,  his  resolution  was  indomitable,  and  he  was  supremely  self-reliant.  As 
a  lecturer,  he  addressed  himself  to  the  comprehension  01  his  hearers,  dealing 
in  plain  and  unmistakable  language,  and  given  to  emphasizing  his  meaning 
by  homely  and  apt  illustrations.  His  virtues  and  excellencies  found  ample 
appreciation  by  the  hundreds  of  students  to  whom  he  afforded  instruction, 
and  are  treasured  as  a  yet  living  force  in  the  traditions  of  the  institution  to 
which  he  had  devoted  himself  so  earnestly. 

In  1 84 1  Dr.  Delafield  was  succeeded  in  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  by  Dr. 
Chandler  R.  Oilman,  who  had  delivered  lectures  in  this  department  in  the 
preceding  year. 

Under  the  administration  of  President  Smith  some  important  innova- 
tions were  made,  and  these  included  a  material  broadening  of  the  curriculum 
and  a  more  minute  apportionment  of  the  duties  of  instructors. 

Among  the  changes  inaugurated  was  a  system  of  selection  in  the  choice 
of  teachers  which  was  marked  by  the  most  satisfactory  results.  In  earlier 
years  the  Trustees  had  at  various  times  assigned  to  such  departments  as 
were  without  a  Professor  a  lecturer  to  serve  until  the  chair  was  filled  under 
appointment  by  the  Regents  of  the  University.  In  1837  this  plan  was  ampli- 
fied into  a  provision  that  a  Faculty  vacancy  should  be  temporarily  filled  by  the 
appointment  of  a  lecturer  who  should  serve  for  one  session  to  the  satisfaction 
of  his  colleagues  before  he  could  be  appointed  to  the  Professorship.  This 
system,  which  was  certain  to  expose  incompetency  and  to  bring  capability 
to  light,  commended  itself  from  the  outset,  and,  under  the  administration 
of  a  succeeding  President,  (Dr.  Alexander  H.  Stevens),  it  became  an  import- 
ant feature  in  the  College  policy,  and  has  been  made  a  rule  of  action  unin- 
terruptedly down  to  the  present  time. 


92  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

During  the  same  period,  the  scope  of  instruction  and  the  opportunities 
for  observing  clinical  work  were  greatly  broadened.  In  1841  a  Spring 
Course  of  Lectures  was  inaugurated,  and,  later,  an  Autumn  course  was 
added.  This  was  a  revival  of  a  practice  which  had  obtained  in  the  early 
days  of  the  College,  but  was  of  brief  continuance.  The  supplementary  in- 
struction thus  provided  was,  at  the  outset,  restricted  to  Chemistry,  Botany, 
Zoology  and  Mineralogy,  but  now  comprehended  other  and  more  necessary 
branches. 

The  instructors  in  the  Spring  Course  of  1841  were  Dr.  Willard  Parker 
on  Operative  Surgery,  Dr.  Robert  Watts  in  Surgical  Anatomy,  Dr.  Chandler 
R.  Oilman  in  Pathology  of  the  Uterus,  Dr.  James  Ouackenboss  on  the  Nerv- 
ous System,  Dr.  George  R.  Wilkes  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark 
on  Pathology  of  the  Thorax.  Dr.  William  Detmold  on  Club  Feet  and  Kin- 
dred Deformities,  and  Dr.  William  C.  Roberts  on  Patholog}-  of  the  Kidneys. 
Of  those  named.  Dr.  Parker.  Dr.  Watts  and  Dr.  Oilman  were  members  of 
the  College  Faculty.  The  course  comprised  two  to  three  lectures  a  day, 
during  the  months  of  March  and  April. 

In  the  Autumn  of  the  same  year  a  preliminary  course  of  lectures  was 
given  during  the  month  of  October  and  until  the  beginning  of  the  regular 
term  in  November.  Tlie  instructors,  members  of  the  Faculty,  were:  Dr. 
John  Torrey  on  Medical  Botany.  Dr.  Robert  Watts  on  Comparative  Osteol- 
ogy-, Dr.  W^illard  Parker  on  Pathology  of  the  Ear.  and  Dr.  Chandler  R.  Gil- 
man  on  Monstrosities. 

This  instruction  proved  to  be  of  great  value,  and  was  readily  utilized 
by  the  students,  although  attendance  was  not  made  obligatory  as  a  requisite 
for  graduation.  The  results  were  so  eminently  satisfactory  that  the  Faculty 
was  encouraged  to  make  special  courses  a  permanent  feature  of  collegiate 
instruction,  and  their  scope  was  gradually  extended. 

In  1840  private  pupils  had  been  afforded  opportunity  for  witnessing 
the  methods  of  treatment  prevailing  in  the  Northern  Dispensary.  On  com- 
ing to  the  chair  of  Surgery,  in  1841,  Dr.  Willard  Parker  established  the 
College  Clinic,  and  outdoor  patients  were  brought  from  the  Dispensary  and 
various  Hospitals  to  the  College  for  examination  and  treatment  under  the 
observation  of  the  students.  This  marked  the  beginnnig  of  the  entire  col- 
lege clinical  system  which  was  soon  to  be  brought  to  a  state  of  high  per- 
fection. About  the  same  time,  in  association  with  Dr.  Watts,  Dr.  Parker 
effected  the  purchase  from  a  former  professor  of  a  fine  anatomical  collec- 
tion which  proved  a  most  valuable  addition  to  the  museum,  the  foundations 
of  which  were  laid  in  1837. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    COLLEGE    UNDER    PRESIDENT    STEVENS. 

The  collegiate  year  of  1843,  the  first  under  the  administration  of  Pres- 
ident Alexander  Hodgdon  Stevens,  March  30,  1869,  opened  with  the  fol- 
lowing Faculty : 

Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.  D.  (1789-1866),  Professor  of  the  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

John  Brodhead  Beck,  M.  D.  (1794-1851),  Professor  of  Materia  Med- 
ica  and  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

John  Torrey,  M.  D.   (1798-1873).  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Botany. 

Robert  Watts,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

Willard  Parker,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Surgery. 

Chandler  Robbins  Oilman,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children. 

Dr.  Alexander  H.  Stevens  brought  to  the  duties  of  his  position  talents 
of  commanding  excellence.  He  had  been  identified  with  the  college  from  its 
beginning,  in  1807,  a  student  when  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  as  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  Edward  Miller,  who  was  then  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic  and 
Clinical  Medicine.  He  was  an  austere  devotee  to  his  allotted  task,  an  ob- 
serving, careful  note-taker,  and  adding  to  his  acquisitions  by  the  aid  of  the 
few  medical  classics  within  reach  and  ever  philosophizing  upon  causes  and 
effects.  He  completed  his  medical  education  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  181 1,  when  his  thesis  on  "The  Prox- 
imate Cause  of  Inflammation"  won  for  him  the  particular  commendation  of 
Dr.  Rush  and  other  leading  practitioners  and  teachers.  He  then  went  to 
England,  where  he  studied  for  a  year  under  Dr.  John  Abernethy  and  Sir 
Astley  Cooper,  and  then  prosecuted  further  studies  in  Paris  under  Baron 
Lanney  and  Boyer.  On  his  voyage  homeward,  the  vessel  in  which  he  sailed 
was  captured  by  a  British  man-of-war,  and  he  was  taken  to  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, and  experienced  considerable  delay  before  being  permitted  to  again 
sail  for  home.  Having  reached  New  York,  he  was  commissioned  surgeon 
in  the  army,  in  which  capacity  he  served  for  a  brief  period,  then  entering 
upon  private  practice.  In  1814  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Surgery  in 
the  New  York  Hospital. 


94  COLLEGE  OE  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  1820  he  became  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York.  When  he  was  chosen  as  Professor 
of  Surgery  at  the  College  reorganization  in  1826,  he  had  then  already  served 
for  nearly  ten  years  as  visiting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital,  where 
he  won  a  reputation  as  a  clinical  lecturer  of  singular  lucidity,  teaching 
after  the  European  method  of  clinical  instruction  and  demonstration,  before 
then  unpracticed  in  America.  During  the  same  period  he  had  a  consider- 
able number  of  office  pupils,  who  more  than  honored  him  by  their  respectful 
attention  and  interest.  In  1S37  he  resigned  his  professorship  in  the  college 
after  having  served  for  eleven  years.  In  1843,  after  what  certain  friends 
termed  "a  busy  rest,"  he  was  called  to  the  presidency  to  succeed  Dr.  John 
Augustine  Smith,  and  continued  his  duties  until  November,  1855,  when  he 
resigned,  much  to  the  regret  of  his  associates. 

His  one  service  as  visiting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital  covered 
the  then  unusual  period  of  twenty-two  years,  while  the  added  tribute  of  both 
ability  and  zeal  is  to  be  considered  that  it  was  the  only  institution  of  its  kind  in 
the  growing  metropolis.  He  was  subsequently  Consulting  Surgeon  to  that 
and  also  to  Bellevue  hospital.  During  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1832,  which 
markedly  demoralized  the  community,  he  was  called  by  the  Board  of  Health 
to  the  presidency  of  a  special  medical  commission,  to  which  was  committed 
the  supervision  of  sanitary  affairs,  and  of  this  body  it  is  needless  to  say  that 
he  was  the  master  spirit.  He  presided  at  the  daily  sessions  during  the 
months  of  July  and  August,  directed  its  work,  suggested  its  plans  and  either 
wrote  or  edited  its  reports.  Among  the  organizers  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine  in  1847,  i^s  president  in  185 1,  and  as  the  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1848,  there  was  not  much  danger  of  a 
lapsing  fame.  In  1849  ^^  '^^^s  elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  his  inaugural  address  he. made  a 
powerful  "Plea  of  Humanity  in  Behalf  of  Medical  Education."  In  this  he 
reviewed  at  length  the  benefits  conferred  upon  society  by  an  educated  medical 
class,  and  urged  the  efficacy  of  inoculation  and  vaccination,  the  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  of  hospitals,  the  application  of  remedial  and  hygienic 
means  for  the  saving  of  human  life,  the  humane  as  well  as  the  scientific 
treatment  of  the  insane,  and  the  painstaking  education  of  the  blind  and  the 
deaf  and  dumb.  In  the  following  year  he  was  re-elected  to  the  presidency, 
and  read  a  comprehensive  paper  on  "Public  Health,"  in  which  he  advocated 
a  sanitary  survey  of  the  state  in  order  to  arrive  at  the  nature  and  extent  of 
existent  sources  of  preventible  diseases,  and  urged  the  establishment  of  a 
State  Medical  Board  to  consider  and  urge  such  legislation  as  \vould  tend  to 
protect  the  public  interests.     His  suggestions,   eminently  practical,   won  the 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  STEVENS.  95 

grateful  support  of  the  needy,  while  they  also  directed  the  selective  char- 
ities of  the  rich.  In  due  course  of  time,  little  by  little,  his  recommendations 
found  a  well-deserved  recognition,  equally  alike  in  the  laws  of  the  state  and 
in  the  more  practical  local  ordinances.  Later  on  he  might  have  been  hailed  as 
a  pioneer  in  the  field  of  preventive  medicine. 

Dr.  Stevens  also  made  valuable  contributions  to  the  literature  of  his 
profession.  In  18 15  he  published  a  translation  of  Boyer's  "Treatise  on  Sur- 
gical Diseases."  Between  18 18  and  1841  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  "Medical  Repository',"  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  Register,"  the  "Medi- 
cal and  Philosophical  Journal"  and  the  "Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery," 
dealing  principally  with  surgery,  surgical  anatomy  and  midwifery.  In  1822 
he  edited  an  edition  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper's  "First  Lines  of  Surgery."  In 
1837  he  published  a  clinical  lecture  on  the  "Primary  Treatment  of  Injuries" 
and  "Lectures  on  Lithotomy,"  the  latter  named  series  having  been  deliv- 
ered in  the  New  York  Hospital.  In  1847  he  delivered  the  valedictory  ad- 
dress before  the  graduating  class  of  the  college,  which,  as  was  declared  by  a 
contemporary,  as  being  "full  of  sound  practical  advice.'"  In  1849  ^^e  Re- 
gents of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Dr.  John  Glover  Adams,  as  his  biographer,  in  glowing  terms  speaks  of 
his  abilities  as  an  instructor.  "None  who  heard  him"  (Dr.  Stevens)  says  he 
"could  fail  to  be  impressed  with  his  peculiar  aptitude  for  this  department, 
the  kindness  of  his  manner  toward  the  suffering,  his  avoidance  of  unneces- 
sary manipulations,  his  accuracy  of  diagnosis  and  felicity  of  illustration. 
As  an  operator  he  was  cautious,  deliberate  and  resourceful.  His  judgment 
and  skill  were  eminently  practical,  and  could  always  be  relied  upon  in  times 
of  difficulty  or  danger.  His  noble  features,  with  their  sedate  but  kindly 
expression,  and  the  childlike  simplicity  of  his  disposition,  marked  him  as  the 
possessor  of  superior  qualities  and  won  from  his  associates  the  general  tribute 
of  their  esteem." 

When  Dr.  Stevens  retired  from  the  Presidency,  the  Board  of  Trustees 
expressed  their  deep  regret,  and  paid  him  the  following  tribute: 

"Resolved,  That  the  interest  he  has  uniformly  shown  in  the  welfare  of 
the  college,  his  incessant  vigilance  in  watching  over  its  affairs,  and  the  earn- 
est zeal  with  which  he  has  either  originated  or  forwarded  every  improve- 
ment in  its  organization,  have  secured  to  him  the  respect  and  good  will  of  the 
Board  over  which  he  has  so  long  presided;  also, 

"Resolved,  That,  cherishing  these  sentiments  toward  their  late  presi- 
dent, the  Board  is  unwilling  to  part  with  him  without  expressing  their  con- 
tinued interest  in  his  welfare,  and  the  hope  that  he  may  realize,  in  retiring 
from  public  life,  the  peace  and  happiness  which  he  has  so  richly  earned  in  a 


96 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL^NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


long  life  of  professional  eminence  and  active  exertion  for  the  good  of  his 
profession  and  the  public  at  large." 

Dr.  Stevens  maintained  a  deep  interest  in  the  College  from  the  time  of 
his  retirement  from  the  presidency  until  his  death.  He  made  frequent  visits 
during  lecture  seasons,  and  he  was  a  familiar  and  honored  figure  on  every 
inaugural   and  commencement  occasion. 

Dr.  Stevens  was  born  in  Xew  York  City,  September  4.  1789,  of  splen- 
did American  stock.  His  father,  Ebenezer  Stevens,  a  native  of  Boston,  was 
one  of  the  party  which  threw  the  taxed  tea  overboard,  served  as  an  artillery 
officer  in  the  continental  army   during  the  revolutionary  war.  participating 

in  the  operations  against  Quebec  and 
Fort  Ticonderoga,  and  commanding  the 
artillery  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  The 
mother  of  Dr.  Stevens  was  a  daughter 
of  Colonel  William  Ledyard  (a  cousin 
of  Ledyard,  the  celebrated  traveler), 
who  commanded  the  American  forces 
in  the  battle  of  Groton,  Connecticut, 
where  he  was  foull\-  murdered  after 
ha\ing  surrendered  himself  as  a  prisoner. 
Dr.  Stevens  died  in  New  York  City, 
March  30,   i86g. 

During  the  latter  portion  of  Presi- 
dent Stevens'  administration  the  chair 
of  Materia  Medica  and  Medical  Juris- 
prudence was  occupied  by  Dr.  Elisha 
Bartlett,  who  succeeded  Dr.  John  B. 
Beck. 
Dr.  Bartlett  was  a  graduate  of  Brown  University,  Rhode  Island.  He 
was  a  practitioner  in  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  and  was  prominent  in  public 
afifairs.  He  was  at  one  time  mayor  of  the  city,  subsequently  for  several 
terms  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature,  in  which  body  he  made  a  brilliant 
record  as  a  forceful  speaker.  He  was  an  acceptable  lecturer  in  various  med- 
ical schools,  prior  to  185 1,  the  date-year  of  his  trial  professorship  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  and  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  college,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  installed  with  full  honors  and  privileges.  He  was  already,  how- 
ever, suffering  from  a  serious  ailment  of  ever  increasing  severity,  and  in 
May,  1855,  only  two  months  prior  to  his  death,  he  resigned. 

Dr.  Bartlett  was  a  graceful  writer  upon  philosophical  as  well  as  profes- 
sional topics.     He  published  in   1841.  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  a  lecture  on 


.ALEXANDER    H.    STEVhXS,    .\I.    D. 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  STEVENS.  97 

"Objects  and  Nature  of  Medical  Science";  in  1844,  in  Philadelphia,  an 
"Essajf  on  the  Philosophy  of  Medical  Science,"  and,  in  1848,  also  in  Phila- 
delphia, "An  Inquiry  into  the  Degree  of  Certainty  in  Medicine."  His  most 
noted  work  was  "The  History,  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  Typhoid  and 
Typhus  Fever,"  which  was  published  in  1847,  and  was  brought  out  in  an 
elaborate  form  in  1852  under  the  title  of  "History;  Diagnosis  and  Treat- 
ment of  the  Fevers  of  the  United  States."  His  introductory  lecture  (in 
1852)  on  taking  his  seat  with  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  which  was  published  by  his  class,  was  on  "The  Times,  Char- 
acter and  writings  of  Hippocrates."  In  this  the  rare  personality  of  the  man 
was  revealed  in  his  researchful  learning,  his  quaint  philosophy,  his  descrip- 
tive powers  and  fanciful  imagery  mellowed  by  poetic  environments.  Said 
his  colleague,  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark:  "He  died  too  soon  for  the  profession  he 
adorned.  His  professional  influence,  at  least,  his  opinions,  his  method,  his 
pru'dence,  his  mind  live  in  thousands  who  have  listened  to  his  finished  teach- 
ings or  have  read  his  thoughtful  pages." 

In  1854  Dr.  John  Torrey  resigned  the  chair  of  Chemistry,  and  his  du- 
ties were  devolved  upon  Dr.  John  Le  Conte,  who  withdrew  in  1856.  Both 
of  these  professors  were  men  of  many  acquirements  and  well  known  at  least 
throughout  the  United  States.  Dr.  Samuel  St.  John,  their  successor,  came 
from  the  Medical  College  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  had  taught  in  the 
same  department. 

The  most  important  events  of  the  administration  of  President  Stevens 
were  the  amplification  of  clinical  instruction  and  the  more  precise  defini- 
tion of  the  duties  of  the  instructors  in  the  various  departments  of  Pathol- 
ogy. These  salutary  innovations  were  made  primarily  through  the  indefati- 
gable effort  of  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  Dr.  Robert  Watts  and  Dr.  Chandler  R. 
Oilman,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  record  that  in  all  their  efforts  they  were  heartily 
seconded  by  the  entire  Faculty  and  Board  of  Trustees.  From  this  cordial 
concert  of  action  may  be  dated  the  beginning  of  a  new  era  of  rare  useful- 
ness, not  alone  to  the  advancement  of  professional  education,  but  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  suffering  humanity  through  the  firmer  establishment  of  remedial 
and  charitable  institutions  as  well  as  the  promotion  of  their  greater  efficiency 
through  more  capable  medical  attendance,  together  with  perfect  equipment 
and  furnishing. 

As  stated  in  the  College  announcement  for  1844,  the  Faculty  were  con- 
vinced that  the  instructional  period  of  four  months,  required  by  law,  was  too 
brief  for  even  the  regular  course,  and  much  too  short  to  admit  of  entering 
into  specialties.  To  meet  this  need,  the  Spring  Course  of  Lectures,  which 
had  been  sketched  out  three  vears  before,  was  made  more  comprehensive 


98  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

by  the  assignment  of  all  the  professors  to  lecture  duties,  thus  virtually  af- 
fording a  collegiate  term  of  five  months'  duration.  This  was  followed, 
three  years  later  (1847)  by  the  extension  of  the  regular  course  to  a  period 
of  four  and  a  half  months,  beginning  in  the  middle  of  October,  while  the 
preliminary  lectures  began  in  September.  The  Spring  Course  of  Lectures 
was  also  materially  amplified,  and  capable  authorities  upon  special  topics 
(outside  the  Faculty  of  the  College)  were  secured  as  lecturers.  The  topics 
thus  covered,  beyond  those  originally  provided  for,  included  Comparative 
Anatomy,  Pathology  of  the  Intestines,  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  Uterine  Hem- 
orrhages, Pathology  of  Generation,  Dislocations  and  Fractures  and  Infan- 
tile Diseases.  With  such  amplification  of  the  curriculum  and  under  as  ca- 
pable instructors  as  those  assigned,  these  lectures  were  not  only  beneficial 
to  students  proper,  but  were  also  justly  appreciated  by  many  alumni  in 
busy  practice.  In  brief,  these  lecture  courses  might  have  constituted  the 
post-graduate  school  of  a  period  antedating  similar  institutions,  only  with 
perhaps  a  more  elaborate  schedule.  These  advantages  were  also  soon  to  be 
supplemented  by  extensive  and  valuable  additions  to  the  museum — the  col- 
lection of  Dr.  J.  Kearney  Rodgers,  and  that  of  Dr.  John  B.  Beck,  prepared 
with  care  and  properly  labeled. 

During  the  same  years  the  Clinics,  which  had  been  held  only  weekly 
and  during  the  scholastic  session,  were  made  to  be  more  frequent  and  to  be 
continuous  with  the  usual  holidays  omitted  throughout  the  academic  year. 
In  1843-4  the  advantages  of  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  Clinique"  were  em- 
phasized in  the  College  announcement,  to  the  effect  that  "the  cases  presented 
to  the  class  embrace  almost  every  variety  of  minor  surgery,  and  many  of 
them  require  operations  which  are  performed  before  the  class."  and  that 
"the  Professor  of  Obstetrics  had  made  arrangements  for  a  clinique  to  be 
held  every  Thursday,  and  to  embrace  the  diseases  bi  women  and  children." 
In  the  same  year  it  was  likewise  published  that  "the  great  number  of  medical 
men  in  New  York,  many  of  them  connected  with  public  institutions  and  de- 
sirous of  promoting  the  interest  of  the  College,  might  acceptably  furnish 
the  Clinique  with  an  abundant  supply  of  useful  and  interesting  cases,  embrac- 
ing Medical  and  Surgical  diseases ;  also  those  of  Children.  These  cases 
were  to  be  examined  and  prescribed  for  before  the  class,  in  order  that  each 
student  might  follow  out  in  detail  the  causes,  symptoms,  diagnosis,  prog- 
nosis and  treatment  of  every  case."  In  1850  it  was  proclaimed  that  the 
Clinic  "had  assumed  a  degree  of  importance  that  could  hardly  have  been 
anticipated  at  its  origin,"  and,  soon  afterwards,  there  were  held  in  the  Col- 
lege three  clinics  each  week  during  the  regular,  the  spring  and  the  autumn 
terms. 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  STEVENS.  99 

The  instruction  afforded  to  the  students  had  also  become  more  exact 
and  comprehensive  through  this  form  of  Faculty  organization,  and  a 
more  accurate  definition  of  the  duties  devolved  upon  the  instructors.  Dur- 
ing the  first  forty  years  of  the  College,  there  was  no  adequate  instruction  in 
Physiology  or  Pathology.  Tlie  latter  subject,  now  developed  into  a  science 
in  itself,  received  no  attention  whatsoever  except  in  an  incidental  way,  at 
the  hands  of  some  one  of  the  Professors  while  lecturing"  upon  his  own  proper 
topics.  Physiology  was  treated  somewhat  as  a  stage  "aside"  to  the  general 
disquisitions  upon  Anatomy.  It  had  occurred,  however,  to  some  members 
of  the  Faculty  that  the  interests  of  the  College  would  be  conserved  and  that 
the  usefulness  of  the  instructor  would  be  promoted  by  accurate  specializa- 
tion. Representations  to  this  effect  were  made  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  who 
gladly  addressed  the  Regents  of  the  University  a  memorial  as  follows : 

"The  subject  of  physiology  is  now  confided  to  the  Professor  of  Anat- 
omy. It  has  been  found,  however,  that  anatomy  is  required  to  be  taught 
so  minutely,  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  students,  that  it  is  impossible  for  the 
same  professor  to  do  justice  to  the  other  branch.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
recent  application  of  improved  microscopes  to  healthy  and  diseased  struc- 
tures, together  with  the  great  advances  in  the  department  of  animal  chemis- 
try, and  the  light  it  has  shed  on  the  constitution  of  our  bodies  in  health  and 
disease,  and  upon  healthy  and  disordered  functions,  leave  an  hiatus  in  these 
departments  so  great  that,  in  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  Board,  a  new 
professorship  is  required." 

Accordingly,  in  1847,  ^'^^  Regents  created  the  chair  of  Physiology  and 
Pathology,  and  elected  as  Lecturer  upon  these  subjects  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  the  College  in  the  class  of  1835.  He  had  rendered 
capable  service  as  assistant  in  the  department  of  chemistry,  prior  to  his  grad- 
uation, and,  afterwards,  he  had  given  most  conscientious  attention  to  path- 
ological investigations,  supplemented  by  microscopic  observations  of  both 
healthy  and  morbid  tissues.  He  had  also  lectured  upon  pathological  topics 
during  the  spring  course  in  1841,  and  he  had  been  Professor  of  Pathology 
in  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institute  at  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  and  in  the 
Woodstock  (Vermont)  Medical  College.  His  high  capabilities  as  an  in- 
structor were  fully  recognized,  but,  under  the  existing  rules  guarding  the 
filling  of  professorships,  he  could  not  be  appointed  to  the  chair  until   1848. 

The  institution  of  the  new  chair  and  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Clark  was 
regarded  as  the  most  important  change  which  had  been  made  since  the 
founding  of  the  College.  Every  expectation  which  had  been  raised  was 
fully  met,  and  in  1852  the  new  department  was  thus  properly  referred  to  in 
the  College  catalogue : 


100  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"The  course  on  Physiology  and  Pathology  has  been  a  very  important 
addition  to  the  regular  course  of  instruction,  and  is  the  only  course  of  the 
kind  given  in  this  country.  The  Lectures  on  Physiology  embrace  the  minute 
anatomy  of  the  Tissues,  and  are  amply  illustrated  by  magnified  drawings, 
and  by  frequent  demonstrations  under  the  microscope.  The  course  on 
Pathology  is  equally  full,  and  is  constantly  enriched  by  the  exliibition  and 
demonstration  of  recent  specimens  illustrating  the  various  changes  produced 
in  tissues  and  organs  by  disease." 

In  1853-4,  during  the  illness  of  Dr.  Bartlett,  Dr.  Clark  delivered  a  por- 
tion of  the  lectures  on  Theory  and  Practice,  and  became  Professor  of  Pathol- 
ogy and  Practical  Medicine  in  1855,  and  served  in  that  position  until  he  was 
called  to  the  presidency.  At  this  time,  also,  another  who  became  president, 
Dr.  John  C.  Dalton,  who  had  previously  served  as  a  lecturer,  was  appointed 
to  a  new  professorship,  that  of  Physiology  and  Microscopic  Anatomy.  Dr. 
Joseph  M.  Smith  became  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

To  the  enlarged  clinical  and  instructional  advantages  afforded  to  the 
students  during  this  period  were  added  those  derived  under  the  operations 
of  "An  Act  to  Promote  Medical  Science,"  passed  in  the  Legislature  on  April 
I,  1854.  Prior  to  that  time,  medical  institutions  could  not  lawfully  obtain, 
for  purposes  of  dissection,  any  material  save  the  few  bodies  of  deceased  con- 
victs in  the  penitentiaries  at  Auburn  and  Sing  Sing  which  were  unclaimed 
by  friends,  and  teachers  of  anatomy  were  obliged  to  resort  to  methods  which 
were  at  once  uncertain,  illegal  and  attended  with  great  personal  danger,  as 
certified  by  the  following  excerpts  from  a  frequently  quoted  address  by  Dr. 
Valentine  Mott : 

"Material  for  dissection  was  scarce,  and  could  only  be  obtained  by  in- 
dividual enterprise,  and  in  many  such,  now  happily,  by  the  existing  state  of 
things,  rendered  unnecessary  to  your  advancement  in  knowledge,  have  I 
been  engaged.  I  well  remember,  on  one  occasion,  driving  in  disguise,  a  cart 
containing  eleven  subjects  from  the  old  Potter's  Field  burying  ground,  sit- 
ting on  the  subjects,  and  proud  enough  of  my  trophies.  But  we  were  not 
always  so  fortunate,  being  on  many  occasions  discovered  and  pursued  and 
obliged  to  leave  our  spoils  behind  us,  with  only  our  hard  labor  for  our  pains. 
One  little  incident  of  the  times  occurs  to  me.  A  German  who  had  been  hung 
had  been  given  to  the  College  for  dissection,  and,  with  the  colored  porter,  I 
went  in  a  carriage  in  the  evening  to  get  the  body.  My  other  associate  was 
a  Dr.  Buchanan,  a  Scotchman,  and  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  residing  in  the 
city. 

"On  calling  at  his  rooms  to  take  him  up,  I  found  him  arranging  his  pis- 
tols and  complaining  of  feeling  very  aguish,  and  with  difficulty  persuaded 
him  to  proceed.  The  night  was  cold,  and,  on  arriving  on  the  ground,  the 
doctor's  ague  increased  so  rapidly  and  his  valor  oozed,  like  Bob  Acres',  in 
"The  Rivals,"  so  freely  from  the  tips  of  his  fingers,  that  he  decided  to  re- 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  STEVENS.  loi 

turn  home,  begging  strongly  for  the  use  of  the  carriage,  which  I  peremp- 
torily refused  him.  With  great  difficulty  we  exhumed  the  body,  but  then 
my  colored  associate  also  deserted  me,  declaiming  that  he  could  not  touch  the 
subject  on  account  of  his  having  been  hung.  I  had,  therefore,  to  lug  the 
body,  attired  in  its  white  robes,  by  my  own  strength,  to  the  carriage — for  I 
had  great  strength  in  those  days — and  partly  by  force  and  partly  menaces, 
compelled  the  man  to  assist  me  in  getting  the  body  in  the  carriage,  and,  what 
was  still  more  difficult,  to  get  in  along  with  it,  so  thoroughly  was  he  terrified. 
On  arriving  at  the  College  I  found  my  valorous  associate  slowly  recovering 
from  his  ague  fit  by  the  aid  of  a  strong  glass  of  brandy  toddy,  and  deeply 
lamenting  his  inability  to  assist  me  on  the  occasion. 

"At  this  time  I  was  demonstrator  of  Anatomy  to  Dr.  Post,  a  fact 
which  may  account  for  some  of  my  zeal  in  these  resurrection  adventures." 

Various  attempts  have  been  made  to  secure  legislation  affording  to 
medical  colleges  all  unclaimed  bodies  from  the  penal  and  public  charitable 
institutions  throughout  the  State.  A  bill  covering  the  requirements  was 
introduced  at  the  legislative  session  of  1843-4,  and  was  urged  by  the  med- 
ical societies  of  Erie  and  Onondaga  counties.  The  co-operation  oi  the  State 
Medical  Society  was  also  asked,  but  public  sentiment  so  decidedly  antag- 
onized the  petitioners  (presumably  on  account  of  certain  resurrectionary  pro- 
cedures, actual  or  only  alleged)  that  it  was  declined,  and  thus  the  proposed 
measures  came  to  naught.  In  1853  another  effort  was  made,  and  among 
the  most  earnest  and  influential  advocates  of  the  measure  was  Dr.  Alonzo 
Clark,  then  President  of  the  State  Medical  Society,  who,  in  his  annual  ad- 
dress, delivered  before  the  Society  and  the  members  of  the  Legislature, 
made  a  forceful  argument  and  plea  for  the  passage  of  a  law  which  would  at 
once  further  the  interests  of  medical  science  and  afiford  protection  to  ceme- 
teries and  burial  grounds  throughout  the  State.  The  bill  was  passed  in  the 
lower  house  of  the  Legislature,  but  was  defeated  in  the  Senate. 

A  similar  bill  was  drawn  and  was  introduced  in  the  legislative  session 
in  the  following  year  (1854),  this  time  by  Hon.  Frederick  A.  Conkling, 
who  advocated  its  passage  with  great  earnestness  and  vigor.  Efficient  aid 
also  was  afforded  by  individual  appeals  to  representatives  by  men  of  unim- 
peachable standing  in  the  profession  and  laity.  That  Dr.  VVillard  Parker, 
of  the  College,  remained  in  Albany  during  the  entire  time  that  the  bill  was 
under  discussion  is  an  absolutely  true  statement. 

President  Jenks  S.  Sprague,  of  the  State  Medical  Society,  was  an  in- 
dustrious ally.  The  Queens  County  Medical  Society  also  was  a  good  second 
with  its  terse,  clear-cut  resolutions  promptly  indorsed  by  the  State  Society. 
The  triumph  may  be  appreciated  when  the  fact  is  considered  that  such  a  law 
existed  only  in  Massachusetts  and  received  only  a  lukewarm  support  from 


102  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

family  physicians,  who  necessarily  could  not  avail  themselves  of  practical 
anatomy  privileges. 

The  advantages  derived  from  the  enactment  of  this  so  named  "Ana- 
tomical Bill"  were  immediately  apparent.  In  the  College  catalogue  of  1855 
it  was  announced  that  the  preceding  session  had  been  "distinguished  by  a 
new  element  of  success ;  that,  thanks  to  the  enlightened  liberality  of  the  Leg- 
islature, the  supply  of  subjects  has  not  only  been  ample,  but  it  has  been  ob- 
tained without  the  difficulties  and  dangers  of  former  years." 

To  the  clinical  and  other  inducements  thus  offered  the  students  were 
added  those  arising  from  the  treatment  of  hospital  cases,  and  particularly  in 
Bellevue  Hospital.  This  institution,  which  had  been  known  as  the  City 
Almshouse,  was,  in  its  early  days,  without  a  hospital  organization,  and  the 
inmates  were  dependent  upon  the  stated  visits  of  an  attending  physician  who 
gave  to  them  such  attention  as  he  could  spare  from  his  more  urgent,  perhaps 
more  profitable,  duties  elsewhere.  In  18 16  the  institution  was  removed  to  a 
location  on  the  East  River,  formerly  the  county  seat  of  Lindley  Murray,  the 
famous  grammarian,  and  known  as  Bellevue.  In  1848  the  almshouse  de- 
partment was  removed  to  Blackwell's  Island,  and  the  Bellevue  property  was 
given  over  entirely  to  hospital  purposes.  In  1849,  under  intelligent  legisla- 
tion, the  usefulness  of  the  institution  was  vastly  broadened,  not  only  on  hu- 
manitarian but  on  professional  lines.  It  came  under  the  control  of  a  Board 
of  Governors,  who  were  well  pleased  to  avail  themselves  of  the  services  of 
the  medical  profession,  not  only  by  the  appointment  of  capable  practitioners 
to  positions  as  attending  physicians  and  surgeons,  but  by  deriving  from  them 
suggestions  and  enlisting  their  co-operation  in  the  entire  conduct  of  the  insti- 
tution. 

The  influence  of  the  profession  was  plainly  discernible  in  the  opening 
of  the  hospital  for  clinical  teaching,  and  in  the  rules  governing  the  admis- 
sion of  students,  as  promulgated  in  the  "Rules  .and  Regulations  of  the  Board 
of  Governors,"  in  1851.     One  of  these  rules  was  as  follows: 

"In  order  to  render  the  hospital,  as  far  as  it  may  be  consistent  with  the 
welfare  of  the  patients,  conducive  to  the  advancement  of  medical  science, 
the  physicians  and  surgeons  may  provide  among  themselves  adequate  and 
regular  practical  instruction,  by  observations  accompanying  operations,  by 
clinical  lectures  or  otherwise,  to  the  students  admitted  to  see  the  practice  of 
the  house,  during  the  ordinary  periods  of  lectures  at  the  medical  institutions 
of  the  city,  and  longer  if  deemed  expedient." 

At  this  time  the  hospital  contained  as  many  as  three  thousand  patients, 
and  it  was  attended  by  Dr.  Willard  Parker  as  Attending  Surgeon,  and  by 
Dr.  Chandler  R.  Gilman  and  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark  as  .\ttending  Physicians,  all 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDEXT  STEVENS.  103 

members  of  the  College  Faculty.  Under  these  regulations,  and  with  the 
practitioners  named,  the  instruction  was  broader  and  more  thorough  than 
at  any  previous  time.  In  the  annual  report  of  the  Ho.'^.pital  INIedical  Board 
of  1S51,  the  first  year  for  the  accorded  admission  of  students,  it  was  pro- 
mulgated that  clinical  lectures  had  been  given  regadarly  during  the  fall  and 
winter  months,  and  that  numerous  surgical  operations  had  been  performed, 
which  had  been  attended  by  classes  of  students  numbering  from  fifty  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty.  The  operations  performed  before  tliese  classes  were  of 
the  gravest  nature,  and  similar  cases  were  to  be  observed  in  the  New  York 
Hospital,  where  Dr.  Joseph  AI.  Smith,  also  of  the  College  Faculty,  was  the 
attending  physician.  In  the  College  clinics,  as  a  rule,  injury  or  disease 
could  onl}-  be  observed  in  their  earlier  or  milder  stages. 

This  epoch  was  also  distinguished  for  the  creation  of  the  Pathological 
Society  and  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  in  the  establishment  of  both  which 
bodies  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  took  a  conspicuous  part. 

The  Pathological  Society  was  organized  in  1844,  ^1"^  among  its  twenty- 
three  founding  members  were  several  of  the  College  Professors  and  Lectur- 
ers. During  the  first  year,  meetings  were  held  in  the  offices  of  the  members, 
but  in  1845  the  anatomical  theatre  of  the  College  was  used  for  the  society 
sessions.  From  the  beginning  of  its  second  year,  when  the  original  member- 
ship had  been  more  than  doubled,  the  society  had  steadily  increased  in  use- 
fulness and  in  a  sense  profited  by  the  stenographic  notes  prepared  for  publi- 
cation in  the  medical  journals.  To  anticipate  its  later  history  it  may  be 
stated  that  in  1886  it  was  enabled  to  provide  for  stated  lectures  upon  patho- 
logical and  kindred  topics  through  the  generosity  of  Dr.  Middleton  Gold- 
smith, of  Rutland,  Vermont,  an  original  member  of  the  society  and  an 
alumnus  of  the  class  of  1840.  who  made  a  donation  of  five  thousand  dollars 
as  an  endowment  fund.  Dr.  [Middleton  Goldsmith  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Alban 
G.  Smith  to  whom  reference  has  been  made,  before  the  latter's  name  was 
legally  changed. 

Among  the  founders  of  the  Academy  of  ^Medicine  were  also  several 
other  representatives  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  Among 
them  was  the  first  President  of  the  Academy,  Dr.  John  Stearns,  a  graduate 
and  likewise  a  former  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  Others  were  Dr. 
Robert  Watts,  w^ho  was  treasurer  of  the  Academy,  and  Dr.  Alexander  H, 
Stevens,  Dr.  Edward  Delafield,  Dr.  John  B.  Beck,  Dr.  Willard  Parker  and 
Dr.  Joseph  ^I.  Smith,  who  were  members  of  the  leading  committees.  Con- 
junctively they  contributed  their  time,  influence  and  labor  without  stint  or 
expectation  of  personal  aggrandizemicnt. 


104  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Taken  in  all,  the  period  of  President  Stevens'  administration  (1843- 
55)  exceeded  its  predecessors  in  events  and  procedures,  for  the  college  had 
at  least  attained  a  position  of  commanding  influence  without  the  menace  of 
disaster  in  the  near  future.  The  labors  of  its  supporters  had  found  fruition 
in  a  better  equipment,  which,  in  the  words  of  an  admirer,  drew  to  its  service 
"instructors  who  were  not  only  the  peers  of  any  of  their  calling  in  America, 
but  were,  as  well,  men  whose  zealous  devotion  to  suffering  humanity  and  en- 
thusiastic love  for  science  made  them  willing"  servitors  in  a  most  glorious 
cause." 


CHAPTER  VI. 

REMOVAL    OF    THE    COLLEGE    AND    ITS    UNION    WITH    COLUMBIA    COLLEGE. 

Shortly  after  the  resignation  of  President  Stevens,  Dr.  Thomas  Cock 
was  appointed  to  the  vacanc}-. 

Dr.  Cock  was  born  in  Matinecock,  Long  Island,  New  York,  January 
12,  1782,  and  died  in  New  York  City  June  14,  1869.  He  graduated  from 
the  early  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College  in  1805.  He  had  long  been 
a  zealous  and  unselfish  supporter  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  had  been  its  Vice  President  for  nearly 
thirty  years  preceding  his  ele\'ation  to  the 
presidenc_v. 

From  1819  to  1834  Dr.  Cock  was  visit- 
ing physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital, 
president  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in 
1852,  and  he  was  known  for  his  deep 
interest  in  various  scientific  and  philan- 
thropic institutions.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished diagnostician,  noted  for  painstaking 
investigations  and  inperturbable  calmness  of 
demeanor;  in  fact  he  belonged  to  the 
Society  of  Friends  until  his  death.  Con- 
scientiously devoted  to  his  professional  ,. ; , 
duties,  he  could  not  be  otherwise  than  well 
trusted,  but  being  seventy-three  years  of  age 
when    called    to    assume     the    presidential 

office,  rather  by  solicitation  than  by  his  own  thomas  cock,  m.  d. 

desire,  and  a  sufferer  from  gout,  he  resigned 

his  honors  in  1858,  much  to  the  regret  of  his  co-laborers  in  the  various  depart- 
ments. As  it  was,  but  three  years  remained  of  his  life,  tortured  with  pain, 
borne  with  exemplary  fortitude. 

Dr.  Edward  Delafield,  who  succeeded  President  Cock,  was  one  of  the 
most  useful  men  of  his  day,  and  contributed  in  marked  degree  not  only  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  College  with  which  he  was  so  long  and  so  intimately 
connected,  but  to  the  advancement  of  medical  science  in  general,  and  his 
administration  was  marked  b)-  some  of  the  most  beneficial  innovations  re- 
corded in  the  annals  of  the  institution. 


io6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  1856  was  consummated  the  removal  of  the  Cohege  from  Crosby 
street  to  a  new  location  at  the  corner  of  Twentj^-third  street  and  Fourth 
avenue,  which  it  was  destined  to  occupy  for  a  period  of  thirty-one  years. 

Prior  to  this  it  had  become  manifest  that  a  removal  must  soon  be  made, 
owing,  primarily,  to  the  constant  encroachment  of  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial establishments  which  were  disturbing  to  the  quietude  necessary  in 
an  educational  institution,  and,  secondly,  to  the  fact  that  the  homes  and 
apartment  houses  which  accommodated  students  were  far  distant  from  the 
College.  The  matter  came  up  officially  through  the  medium  of  a  recom- 
mendation addressed  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  to  the  Faculty,  who  com- 
mitted it  to  a  special  committee  for  examination  and  leport.  The  project 
was  fraught  with  difficulties  which  to  some  appeared  to  be  insuperable.  The 
College  had  not  a  deal  of  equity  in  the  old  property,  which,  during  its  forma- 
tive period,  had  been  mortgaged  to  such  an  extent  tliat  a  sale  at  ruling 
prices  would  leave  a  remainder  of  little  consequence  for  building  purposes 
over  the  liabilities  so  incurred.  In  this  emergency.  Dr.  Willard  Parker  and 
his  associates  proffered  their  private  means,  and  early  in  1855  the  desired 
realty  was  purchased  at  an  outlay  of  $35,000,  by  authorization  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees,  who  also  directed  the  sale  of  the  old  Crosby  Street  holdings  and 
the  application  of  the  remaining  surplus  to  the  building  of  a  new  edifice. 

The  new  property  now  in  question  comprised  several  lots  facing  seventy- 
five  feet  on  Twenty-third  street  and  one  hundred  feet  on  Fourth  avenue. 
The  building  and  its  furnishings  cost  $55,930,  making  a  total  cost  of  up- 
wards of  $90,000.  This  large  outlay  was  principally  met  by  Dr.  Parker  and 
the  professors,  the  former  named  advancing  $60,723,  for  which  he  was  se- 
cured by  bond  and  mortgage,  and  the  latter  contributing  $21,000  in  the  form 
of  a  non-interest-bearing  loan.  The  sum  remaining  from  the  sale  of  the 
old  College  property  was  little  more  than  $9,000.  Thus  was  readily  solved 
what  threatened  to  be  a  vexatious  dilemma. 

The  new  building,  which  was  opened  on  January  22,  1856,  was  of 
brick  and  brown  stone,  and  was  four  stories  in  height,  extending  sixty  feet 
on  Fourth  avenue.  The  ground  floor  was  fitted  up  and  rented  for  mercan- 
tile purposes.  The  first  College  floor,  which  was  reached  by  stone  steps 
fronting  on  Twenty-third  street,  contained  a  lecture  room  forty-five  by  fifty 
feet,  the  chemical  laboratory,  offices  and  private  rooms.  Upon  the  third 
floor  was  the  anatomical  amphitheatre,  forty-five  by  fifty  feet,  with  a  seating 
capacity  of  something  more  than  three  hundred,  the  anatomical  museum, 
forty  by  eighteen  feet,  the  anatomical  and  physiological  preparation  rooms, 
waiting  and  examination  rooms  for  clinical  patients,  and  private  offices  and 
rooms.     The  fourth  story,  which  had  skylights  only,  was  fitted  up  as  a  gen- 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


107 


eral  dissecting  room  and  contained  twenty-iive  tables.  I'he  halls  and  lecture 
rooms  were  heated  by  hot-air  furnaces  and  the  offices  and  private  rooms  by 
stoves.  The  rooms  were  lighted  by  gas  with  the  best  devices  of  the  day  in- 
geniously and  economically  applied.  The  building  as  erected  was  somewhat 
imposing,  surrounded  as  it  was  by  here  and  there  vacant  lots,  with  wooden 
and  low  brick  houses. 

Thus  occupying  a  more  commodious  building,  and  with  a  more  ample 
equipment,  the  classes  increased  apace  and  the  clinics  developed  into  far 
greater  importance  in  the  esteem  of  both  patients  and  students.  To  the 
three  clinics  each  week  which  were  held  in  1856  was  added  a  fourth,  a  sur- 
gical clinic,  introduced  and  conducted  bv  Dr.   W'illiam  Detmold,  a  German 


THE    COLLEGE    BUILDING   ON    THE    NORTHEAST   CORNER    OF    FOURTH  (NOW  PARK) 
AVENUE    AND    TWENTY-THIRD    STREET,    1856-1887. 

From  the  .'\nnual  Catalogue  for  1863. 

practitioner  of  high  capability  and  the  somewhat  brusque  ways  of  an  army 
surgeon,  which  won  the  confidence  of  his  countrymen  living  in  small  colo- 
nies about  the  city.  He  disposed  of  his  patients  in  relays  and  terse  com- 
ments which  edified  as  well  as  amused  his  hearers.  In  1876  ten  separate 
clinics  were  held  each  week  in  the  building,  these  including  one  for  nervous 
ailments,  one  for  diseases  of  the  throat,  one  for  the  eve  and  ear,  one  for  the 
skin,  one  for  venereal  diseases  and  one  for  children.  This  broad  expansion 
of  the  original  plans  necessitated  largely  increased  accommodations,  and 
every  available  space  was  utilized  for  clinical  purposes.  Accordingly,  two 
rooms  on  the  third  floor  which  had  been  intended  for  hospital  wards  for  the 
care   of  patients   immediately   prior  to   or  after  a  surgical   operation,    were 


io8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

given  to  College  purposes  proper,  while,  at  a  later  day,  the  laboratory 
was  removed  to  a  room  on  the  ground  floor  which  had  been  used  as  a  store. 
In  1885  the  Directors  reported  that  the  laboratory  was  sadly  overcrowded, 
and,  to  provide  for  students  who  could  not  find  accommodations,  additional 
classes  were  formed  in  May  and  June,  after  the  close  of  the  regular  session. 
From  time  to  time  plans  were  suggested  for  erecting  an  additional  story  to 
the  College  building,  or  even  of  procuring  an  adjacent  dwelling  house.  All 
these  inchoate  methods,  however,  proved  objectionable,  either  as  inadequate 
or  too  expensive,  and  it  was  finally  decided  to  endure  existent  discomforts 
until  an  entirely  new  home  could  be  procured.  Realty  was  soaring  in  space 
and  the  city  was  commerce  crazed. 

In  one  way,  the  most  important  happenings  in  the  history  of  the  College 
during  the  presidency  of  President  Delafield  was  the  escape  from  the  vague 
assumptions  of  authority  by  the  Regents  of  the  University  and  the  consequent 
reconstruction  of  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College. 

The  government  by  the  Regents  had  long  been  cumbersome,  and  even 
detrimental  to  the  interests  of  the  College.  The  institutions  which  had 
grown  up  under  their  rule  had  far  outgrown  their  capacity  for  reconciling 
conflicting  interests.  The  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  had  been 
organized  so  long  ago  as  in  1784,  under  an  act  of  the  State  Legislature,  and 
was  intended  to  include  under  its  patronage  all  the  higher  educational  insti- 
tutions within  the  bounds  of  the  state.  In  1791,  by  a  further  legislative  en- 
actment, the  Regents  of  the  University  were  empowered  to  institute  a  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  this  was  accordingly  effected,  as  pre- 
viously stated.  By  way  of  review,  it  may  be  here  remaiked  that  the  trustees 
of  the  College  were  clothed  with  all  powers  essential  to  its  immediate  govern- 
ment and  direction.  To  them  was  wisely  committed  the  preparation  of 
courses  of  instruction,  the  examination  of  candidates  for  graduation  and  the 
order  of  commencement  exercises.  But  all  beyond  was  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Regents.  Even  the  by-laws  necessary  for  the  government  of  the  College 
must  receive  the  approval  of  the  Regents.  The  College  Trustees  were  to 
select  proper  persons  to  serve  as  Professors,  Lecturers  and  Trustees,  but 
these  selfsame  selections  were  merely  nominations  made  to  the  Regents, 
who  constituted  a  court  of  last  resort.  Each  year,  after  the  Faculty  of  the 
College  had  duly  examined  the  candidates  for  graduation,  they  had  no  power 
to  grant  diplomas,  but  might  transmit  a  list  of  the  successful  candidates  to 
the  Regents,  who  had  the  sole  power  of  endowing  the  youthful  aspirant  with 
authority  to  enter  upon  the  vocation  for  which  he  had  been  found  already 
qualified.  The  objections  to  these  methods  were  various  and  self-evident. 
The  Board  of  Regents  might  be  in  a  larger  part,  or  e\'en  altogether,  com- 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  109 

posed  of  laymen,  and  in  them  alone  resided  the  power  to  pass  upon  the  most 
vital  questions  affecting  a  learned  profession  of  which  they  might  know  little 
or  nothing.  Again,  the  College  was  located  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and 
the  Regents  governed  at  a  distance  in  the  State  capital.  This  involved  fre- 
quent delay  in  the  transmission  of  necessary  papers,  and,  at  times,  such  doc- 
uments were  inopportunely  mislaid  or  irretrievably  lost.  Upon  occasion,  in 
order  to  provide  against  such  annoying  (and,  in  some  cases,  disastrous) 
contingencies,  examinations  were  begun  several  weeks  before  the  close  of 
the  collegiate  term,  thus  working  a  positive  injury  to  the  graduating  class 
particularly,  in  the  abridgment  of  their  term  of  stud}',  and  in  the  interrup- 
tion of  lectures  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  non-graduates.  Thus  there  might 
be  an  honest  precision,  but  it  was  not  infrequently  baffled  by  irksome  delays. 

These  confusing  disadvantages  became,  after  a  time,  as  apparent  to  the 
Regents  as  to  the  managers  of  the  College.  Their  powers  to  oversee  and 
direct  all  the  higher  educational  institutions  in  the  State  were  curtailed  by 
successive  legislative  enactments  which  created  other  medical  colleges  en- 
dowed without  demur  with  the  powers  of  self-governm.ent,  and  even  priv- 
ileged to  confer  degrees,  in  entire  independency  of  the  Regents.  These  as 
quoted  seriatim  were  the  Medical  Institution  of  Geneva  College,  1835;  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  1837 ;  the 
Albany  IMedical  College,  1839;  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
of  Buffalo,  1846;  the  New  York  ]\Iedical  College,  1850,  and  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital,   1858. 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  had  made  early  endeavor  for 
its  own  more  complete  establishment  within  and  by  itself.  As  early  as  in 
1825  the  trustees  had  addressed  a  memorial  to  the  Regents  asking  that  they 
be  given  authority  to  make  their  own  by-laws.  This  petition,  simple  as 
it  was.  the  Regents  referred  to  a  special  committee,  who  reported  that  it 
would  be  inexpedient  to  abolish  or  release  the  right  reserved  to  the  Regents 
in  the  matters  as  stated.  At  a  later  day.  when  other  and  independent  medi- 
cal colleges  had  been  chartered  by  the  State,  as  above  related,  the  Regents 
had  come  to  a  different  opinion  and  were  prepared  to  acquiesce  in  whatever 
plan  would  conduce  to  the  advantage  of  the  College  and  relieve  them  from 
embarrassment.  Accordingly,  in  1859,  the  Faculty  of  the  College  appointed 
a  committee  to  investigate  existing  conditions  and  formulate  a  plan  to  rem- 
edy in  part  or  reconstruct  altogether.  Earl}',  therefore,  in  the  following  year 
( i860)  the  committee  presented  their  well-considered  report,  embodying  the 
facts  to  which  reference  has  been  made.  This  was  considered  by  the  com- 
mittee, which  met  in  conference  with  a  committee  of  the  trustees,  and,  as  a 
result,  a  memorial  was  addressed  to  the  Regents  of  the  University  in  which 


no  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  entire  subject  was  cogently  presented,  and  relief  was  asked  by  such 
amendment  of  the  College  charter  as  would  confer  upon  its  Board  of  Trus- 
tees the  power  of  final  decision  in  the  appointment  of  Professors  and  OtTi- 
cers,  the  granting'  diplomas  to  graduates,  and  the  making  of  all  necessary 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  institution. 

The  Regents  interposed  no  objection  to  the  plans  proposed,  but  ex- 
pressed doubt  as  to  their  own  authority  of  compliance  with  the  requirements 
in  question.  To  obviate  this  difficulty,  and  with  the  full  concurrence  of  the. 
Regents,  relief  was  sought  of  the  Legislature,  which  (March  24,  i860), 
amended  the  charter  of  the  College  by  an  enactment  which  vested  in  the 
Trustees  thereof  certain  rights  which  had  been  preyiously  reserved  to  the 
Regents  of  the  University,  viz. :  The  right  of  conferring  degrees  and  ap- 
pointing the  Professors  or  teachers  in  the  several  branches  of  medical  science, 
of  filling  all  occurring  vacancies  among  the  Trustees  or  members  of  the  Col- 
lege, and  of  making  by-laws  which  should  be  valid  and  effectual  without 
being  confirmed  or  approved  by  the  Regents.  Tims  the  purely  technical  ob- 
jections which  somehow  awakened  the  suspicions  of  the  Regents  that  they 
might  be  disguised  subterfuges  were  disposed  of  satisfactorily  to  all  con- 
cerned. Constitutions  and  by-laws  were  defined,  state  laws  and  city  ordi- 
nances reconciled. 

In  the  same  year  in  which  these  salutary  reforms  were  effected  was  ac- 
complished the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with  Co- 
lumbia College.  Thus  these  two  institutions  practically  returned  to  the 
affiliations  of  their  earlier  years  amid  hearty  and  mutual  congratulations. 
In  1813  medical  lectures  were  suspended  in  Columbia  College,  but  this  was 
only  to  enable  the  medical  professors  to. give  instruction  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  there  they  constituted  the  Faculty  for  a  period 
of  more  than  ten  years. 

The  plan  of  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with 
Columbia  College  was  conceived  when  legislation  was  sought  to  free  the 
former  from  the  rule  of  the  Regents.  Under  its  charter,  Columbia  College 
was  endowed  with  the  power  of  establishing  a  Mfedical  Department,  and 
(June  6,  1859)  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  made  overtures 
looking  to  a  union,  with  the  proviso  that  the  two  bodies  should  remain  prac- 
tically independent  of  each  other,  but  might  unite  in  conferring  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  A  conference  committee  from  both  bodies  was  ap- 
pointed, which  reported  favorably  upon  the  proposition,  and  said  that  "a 
School  of  Jurisprudence  has  already  been  established  and  is  in  active  and 
successful  operation,  and,  that,  by  the  establishment  of  a  School  of  Medicine, 
facilities  will  be  afforded  bv  the  eminent  abilities  of  several  of  the  Faculty  of 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  iii 

the  Medical  College  for  forwarding  the  establishment  of  a  practical  School 
of  Science." 

On  June  4,  i860,  the  legislature  so  amended  the  charter  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  as  to  make  legal  its  union  with  Columbia  Col- 
lege, and,  on  the  same  day,  this  was  given  its  full  effect  by  action  of  the 
trustees  of  the  latter  named  institution,  which  formally  adopted  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  as  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege. Two  days  later  (June  6)  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of°  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  adopted  resolutions  which  provided  that  the  diplomas  of 
medical  graduates  should  be  signed  by  the  Presidents  of  the  respective  Col- 
leges and  by  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and 
should  be  publicly  conferred  by  the  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  sitting  with  the  President  of  Columbia  College.  On  June  18 
official  promulgation  was  made  of  said  alliance. 

President  Delafield's  administration  covered  the  entire  civil  war  period, 
and  there  is  an  interesting  reminiscence  of  that  epoch  in  a  paragraph  which 
appears  in  the  catalogue  of  the  College  for  1862-3: 

"This  subject  (Military  Surgery)  having  acciuired  an  unusual  import- 
ance during  the  last  two  years,  and  its  study  having  become  indispensable  to 
the  student  who  wishes  to  fit  himself  for  the  military  duties  of  his  profes- 
sion, Dr.  William, Detmold  has  been  appointed  Professor  of  Military  Sur- 
gery and  Hygiene,  and  will  continue  his  Course  of  Lectures  on  these  subjects 
throughout  the  term.  Professor  Detmold  has  already,  during  the  present 
and  preceding  sessions,  given  a  series  of  Lectures  on  Military  Surgery, 
which  have  been  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  numerous  students  and  gradu- 
ates of  the  College  who  have  entered  the  military  service  of  the  United  States. 
These  lectures  will  be  more  essential  in  future,  since  candidates  for  admis- 
sion into  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Army  will  hereafter,  according  to  the 
circular  issued  from  the  Surgeon-General's  office,  dated  December  22d,  1862, 
be  required  to  have  attended  lectures  on  Military  Surgery  and  Hygiene  as 
part  of  their  preparatory  education. 

"The  well-known  experience  and  qualifications  of  Professor  Detmold 
are  such  as  to  guarantee  the  high  character  of  the  instruction  which  he  will 
give  in  this  department." 

The  foregoing  announcement  was  reprinted  in  the  two  following  years, 
1864  and  1865,  and  then  disappeared.  It  would  be  interesting  could  we 
but  identify  the  short-term  students  who,  under  the  necessarily  somewhat  lax 
governmental  requirements,  entered  the  army  and  navy,  as  surgeons,  but 
this  is  impossible.  It  is  known  of  a  certainty  that  many  who  could  by  no 
means  obtain  a  medical  degree  now,  did  then  obtain  positions  as  "contract 
surgeons,"  and  many  of  them  acquitted  themselves  most  creditably,   while 


& 


112  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

some  attained  real  distinction,  or  were,  through  their  experience  afield  and 
on  board  ship,  enabled  to  afterwards  occupy  an  honorable  and  useful  place 
in  civil  practice. 

Another  reminiscence  of  the  war  period  appears  in  the  fact  that,  in 
1862-3,  when  the  great  conflict  had  enlisted  the  attention  of  the  entire  peo- 
ple, the  catalogue  contained  the  names  of  only  two  hundred  and  forty-five 
students.  At  the  fall  collegiate  session  of  1866,  when  peace  had  been  re- 
stored and  a  large  mass  of  the  army  had  returned  to  their  accustomed  pur- 
suits, the  number  of  students  had  increased  to  four  hundred  and  sixty-five, 
and  among  these  were  not  a  few  who  had  borne  arms  in  the  ranks  during 
the  entire  struggle,  and  others  who  had  seen  service  as  "contract  surgeons" 
in  army  hospitals,  and  medical  cadets  who  came  to  the  College  to  complete  a 
regular  course  and  receive  a  full  medical  degree. 

During  the  Presidency  of  Dr.  Delafield  was  organized  the  Association 
of  the  Alumni,  a  body  whose  rare  usefulness  and  generous  benefactions  have 
been  ever  conspicuous,  not  to  say  indispensable.  Its  records  abound  in  his- 
torical and  individual  data  whose  value  increases  with  the  years. 

With  President  Delafield  was  inducted  to  office  the  following  Faculty : 

Joseph  Alather  Smith,  AI.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Clin- 
ical Medicine. 

Robert  Watts,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Willard  Parker,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Surgery. 

Chandler  Robbins  Oilman,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children. 

Alonzo  Clark,  M.  D.,   Professor  of  Pathology  and  Practical  Medicine. 

John  Call  Dalton,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Microscopic 
Anatomy. 

Samuel  St.  John,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

This  Faculty,  excepting  the  President,  remained  intact  for  a  period  of 
seven  years,  and  it  was  twenty-five  years  before  its  last  member  had  disap- 
peared from  the  official  rolls. 

The  changes  under  President  Delafield  began  with  the  death  of  Dr. 
Chandler  Robbins  Oilman,  who  was  born  in  Marietta,  Ohio,  September  6, 
1802.  His  service  with  the  College  had  been  continued  during  the  long 
period  of  twenty-five  years.  In  1840  he  lectured  on  Obstetrics,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  appointed  Professor  in  that  department,  and  projected 
the  clinic  for  diseases  of  women  and  children  in  the  same  year.  He  was  a 
masterly  practitioner  and  teacher,  and  his  manner  in  the  lecture  room  was 
peculiarly    impressive.      His    strong   individuality,    contagious    vivacity   and 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


113 


keen  sense  of  humor,  combined  with  a  quoting  knowledge  of  French,  Ger- 
man and  EngHsh  Hterature,  ever  kept  him  on  the  best  of  terms  with  his 
pupils  without  compromising  his  dignity  or  authority.  An  enemy  of  over- 
statements and  wary  of  "grand  discoveries,"  he  constantly  advised  looking 
before  leaping.  A  conservative  of  the  best  school,  some  thought  him  pessim- 
istic, but  later  on  admired  his  refuting  prophecies  and  imitated  his  Baconian 
methods.  His  lectures  were  racy  and  abounding  in  cases  rehearsed  with 
the  view  of  fortifying  the  memory.  In  1863  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  he 
retired  from  practice  and  took  up  his  abode  at  his  country  home  in  Middle- 


CH.ANDLIiR    R.    GILM.AX,    M.    D. 


town,  Connecticut,  where  he  died  of  obstructive  cardiac  disease,  September 
26,  1865,  while  his  friend.  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  his  rival  in  repartee,  was  a 
visitor  and  guest  for  the  night. 

Dr.  Oilman  was  an  industrious  writer,  and  various  of  his  published 
works  are  of  enduring  value.  His  titles  include  "Hints  to  the  People  on 
the  Prevention  and  Early  Treatment  of  Spasmodic  Cholera,"  New  York, 
1832;  "Introductory  Address  to  the  Students  in  Medicine  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  New  York,  1840;  Maunsell's  (Dublin)  "Prac- 
tice of  Mid-unfei-y,"   edited,   with   Notes  and   Additions,   New  York,    1845; 


114  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"Periodic  Maturation  and  Discharge  of  Ot'a,  in  the  Mammalia  and  the  Hu- 
man Female,"  translated  from  the  German  of  Th.  L.  G.  Bischoff,  by  C.  R. 
Gilman,  M.  D.,  and  Theodore  Tellkampf,  M.  D.,  New  York,  1847;  "Sketch 
of  the  Life  and  Character  of  John  B.  Beck,  M.  D.,"  New  York,  1851 ;  Beck's 
"Lectures  on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,"  prepared  for  the  press  and 
dedicated  to  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  by 
C.  R.  Gilman,  M.  D.,  New  York,  185 1 ;  "The  Relations  of  the  Medical  to  the 
Legal  Profession,"  and  introductory  address  delivered  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  New  York.  1856;  "'A  Medico-Legal  Examination  of 
the  Case  of  Ch-arles  B.  Huntington,  with  Remarks  on  Moral  Insanity  and 
on  the  Legal  Test  of  Sanity,"  New  York,  1857:  Beck"s  "Elements  of  Medi- 
cal Jjirisprudemce,"  eleventh  edition,  revised  and  edited  by  C.  R.  Gilman, 
M.  D.,  Philadelphia,  i860. 

Dr.  Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  who  succeeded  Dr.  Gilman,  was  a  native 
of  South  Carolina  and  a  graduate  of  the  Charleston  ^Medical  College  in  1852. 
He  soon  afterwards  settled  in  New  York  City  and  devoted  himself  to  obstetrics 
and  the  diseases  of  women  and  children.  For  five  years  he  lectured  on  Ob- 
stetrics in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  also  gave  instruction  to  private  pupils.  In  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  as  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  he  achieved  high  reputation 
as  a  teacher,  but  subsecjuently  devoted  his  attention  more  particularly  to 
gynecology,  while  his  weekly  clinic  for  diseases  of  women  and  children  was 
a  notable  feature  of  the  college  course.  In  1872  he  became  Professor  of 
G3'necolog^',  relinquishing  obstetrical  instruction,  which  was  committed  to 
Dr.  James  W.  McLane.  In  1882  Dr.  Thomas  declined  further  lecturing, 
and  was  appointed  Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecology,  without  abandoning 
charge  of  his  weekly  clinic.  On  December  29,  1887,  on  occasion  of  the 
opening  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  and  the  Vanderl)i]t  Clinic,  he  de- 
livered the  inaugural  address  in  the  College  lecture  room.  In  1889  he  was 
appointed  Emeritus  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology.  He  died  in 
Thomasville,  Georgia,  a  summer  home  for  the  past  few  years,  February  28, 
1903. 

On  April  22,  1866,  occurred  the  death  of  Dr.  Joseph  Mather  Smith, 
part  of  whose  life  represented  that  of  a  half-century  contributor  to  medical 
literature,  as  well  as  a  period  of  more  than  forty  }'ear5  as  a  teacher  in  the 
oldest  medical  college  in  the  state.  Happily,  indeed,  did  an  intimate  friend 
refer  to  his  "unfeigned  loyalty  to  truth  and  to  his  sound  philosophy  in  all 
things,  well  rooted  in  a  richly  endowed  moral  and  intellectual  nature." 

His  connection  with  the  College  began  in  1826,  as  Professor  of  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic  and  Clinical  Medicine,  and  in   1843  h^  ^"^'^.s 


ROBERT    WATTS. 


REMOJ'AL  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


115 


transferred  to  the  chair  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  CHn- 
ical  Medicine.  In  this  department  of  study  he  had  an  abiding  interest,  par- 
ticularly as  regarded  its  botanical  associations.  But  herb-gathering  and 
apothecaries'  infusions  were  in  course  of  disappearance  and  wholesale  deal- 
ers were  beginning  to  take  their  places  with  their  first-hand  dealings.  He 
thought  much  of  Hippocrates,  Galen,  Sydenham  and  Alves,  but  disliked 
Paracelsus  and  Mercury.  He  talked  of  sanitation  and  the  healing  powers  of 
Nature,  of  air,  diet,  exercise  and  incidentally  of  faith.  His  writings  in  print 
are  too  numerous  for  cataloguing,  but  these,  along  with  notes  of  cases  in 
practice,  manuscript  lectures  and  several  monographs,  are  among  the  choice 
treasures  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  Library. 

After  Dr.  Smith's  death  Dr.  Freeman 
Josiah  Bumstead  was,  in  1867,  appointed 
Clinical  Lecturer  on  Venereal   Diseases,  and 

by  request  temporarily  added  to  his  duties  -..^ 

by  accepting  the  responsibility  of  continuing  ^'  \ 

the  lectures.  In  1867-8  Dr.  James  W. 
McLane  followed  Dr.  Bumstead  as  lecturer 
on  Materia  Medica,  and  was  named  for  the 
professorship  in  the  latter  year.  In  1872 
Dr.  McLane  resigned  this  position  to  devote 
his  attention  to  instruction  in  obstetrics,  and 
Dr.  Edward  Curtis  became  lecturer  on 
Materia  Medica  and  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor in  that  department  in  1873. 

Dr.  Robert  Watts,  Professor  of  Anatomy, 
was  a  man  of  great  capability,  and  his 
services  with  the  college  covered  a  period 
of  twentj'-eight  years,  only  terminating  with 
his  death.  The  story  of  his  life  was  told  in 
the  "Medical  Register  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  Vicinity,"  volume  VL 

Robert  Watts,  grandson  of  Robert  Watts  and  son  of  Robert  and  Ma- 
tilda Watts,  was  born  August  31st,  1812,  upon  what  is  now  the  site  of  St. 
John's  College,  Fordham,  W'estchester  County,  New  York.  His  early  edu- 
cational training  was  mainly  conducted  by  Mr.  Coggswell,  of  Round  Hill, 
Northampton,  Massachusetts.  Having  graduated  from  Columbia  College, 
New  York,  in  183 1,  he  began  his  medical  studies  in  the  office  of  Professor 
Willard  Parker,  and  at  the  same  time  attended  the  schools  in  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts,  and  W^oodstock,  Vermont.  Subsequently,  however,  he  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Professor  Alexander  H.  Stevens,  New  York,  and  in   1835 


JOSEPH    .MATHER    SMITH,    iM.    D. 


Ii6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

he  received  his  diploma  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  as 
well  as  the  compliment  of  an  Honorary  Degree  from  the  Berkshire  Aledical 
College  two  years  afterwards. 

Dr.  Watts  early  evinced  a  preference  for  anatomical  investigations,  and 
the  proficiency,  which  was  the  natural  result  of  his  zeal,  well  qualified  him 
while  yet  a  student  for  the  duties  of  Assistant  to  his  first  Preceptor,  then  a 
Professor  at  the  Woodstock  College.  He  recapitulated,  or  rather  epito- 
mized, before  his  class  the  lecture  of  the  previous  day,  and  in  the  absence  of 
Professor  Parker  continued  the  regular  series.  The  intimate  relations  be- 
tween the  two  colleagues,  thus  early  formed,  continued  throughout  life,  as 
public  teachers,  and  for  some  years  as  partners  in  practice. 

Having  been  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  schools  at  Pitts- 
field  and  Woodstock  immediately  after  his  graduation,  he  so  continued  until 
1839,  when,  having  accepted  a  similar  chair  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  he  took  up  his  residence  in  New  York  City.  A  resignation  of  his 
first  position,  in  1841,  enabled  the  subject  of  our  memoir  to  devote  himself 
more  closely  to  the  institution  of  whose  Faculty  he  was,  at  the  time  of  his 
decease,  the  oldest  active  member. 

In  1844  Dr.  Watts,  together  with  several  other  prominent  physicians, 
participated  in  the  foundation  of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society,  and 
in  1856  he  sustained  towards  it  the  relation  of  President.  He  was,  besides, 
a  Fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  a  member  of  the  New 
York  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  as  well  as  of  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of 
Widows  and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men,  and  the  New  York  Medical  Journal 
Association. 

Professor  Watts,  as  a  teacher,  was  clear  and  concise  in  the  statement  of 
his  facts,  analytical  in  method  and  remarkably  rapid  in  delivery.  His  lec- 
tures upon  "Hernia,"  which  were  models  of  simplicity  in  treatment,  seldom 
failed  to  attract  large  audiences  of  both  students  and  practitioners.  This 
last  subject,  in  which  he  was  an  acknowledged  expert,  suggested  the  theme 
of  his  inaugural  thesis,  and,  indeed,  from  a  very  early  period  of  his  student 
life,  seems  to  have  furnished  material  for  research.  A  very  fair  idea  of  his 
method  may  be  gathered  from  his  annotations  in  the  American  edition  of 
the  "Dublin  Dissector,"  first  published  in  1840,  and  which,  without  the  aid 
of  wood  cuts  or  superior  typography,  soon  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  stereo- 
type. The  editor,  however,  with  a  charming  self-abnegation,  claims  in  his 
preface  that  the  additions  were  "merely  compilations." 

Many  of  the  Alumni  of  "the  old  college"  will  recall  the  cordial  rela- 
tions which  existed  between  the  lecturer  and  the  student,  and  which  in 
after  years  were  never  referred  to  without  pleasure.     Many,  too,  even  now 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  117 

repeat  with  zest  those  quaint.  "EHa-like"  flashes  of  wit  with  which  his 
discourse  abounded,  and  wiiich  were  invariably  announced  by  a  pecuHar 
peer  over  his  spectacles,  and  a  scarcely  perceptible  inclination  of  his  some- 
what attenuated  frame. 

As  a  physician.  Dr.  \\'atts  was  distinguished  for  the  keenness  of  his 
observations,  the  patience  of  his  investigations,  and  the  general  accuracy 
of  his  judgment.  Our  Professor,  partly  from  an  innate  modesty,  and 
partly  from  a  fixed  principle  never  to  undertake  more  than  he  could  thor- 
oughly accomplish,  sought  no  public  positions — the  only  exception  of  im- 
portance being  that  of  a  Visiting  Physician  to  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hos- 
pital, and  even  this  he  soon  resigned,  somewhat  appalled  by  a  sense  of  the 
responsibility  assumed  in  the  face  of  an  extensive  private  practice. 

The  health  of  Dr.  Watts,  which  as  a  rule  was  rather  delicate,  at  length 
became  so  much  impaired  at  the  close  of  the  collegiate  session  of  1866-7 
that,  in  accordance  with  the  advice  of  an  intimate  professional  friend  who 
had  detected  tuberculous  disease  of  the  lungs,  he  concluded  to  test  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  sea  voyage.  Accordingly,  during  the  latter  part  of  May, 
1867,  with  certain  sad  misgivings  as  to  the  final  issue,  he  set  sail  for 
England  in  company  with  his  wife.  Finding  the  climate  but  ill  adapted  to 
his  needs,  he  sought  the  more  genial  weather  of  the  continent,  but  again 
without  any  mitigation  of  that  which  was  so  unmistakably  proclaiming 
the  close  of  his  earthly  labors.  As  he  could  take  exercise  in  the  open  air, 
he  still  looked  forward  to  the  time  when  he  might  rejoin  the  family  circle, 
and,  at  the  worst,  lay  down  his  burdens  beneath  his  own  roof,  but  with 
the  conviction  that  the  pneumo-thorax,  which  suddenly  occurred  on  August 
30th,  could  not  be  anything  but  a  dangerous  complication,  he  calmly  re- 
signed himself  to  his  fate.  His  mind  was  clear,  but  h.is  strength  now  ut- 
terly abandoned  him,  and  a  cable  telegram  brought  the  unwelcome  though 
scarcely  unexpected  news  to  his  children,  that  their  father  had  just  ex- 
pired in  Paris,  on  the  morning  of  September  8,  1867. 

He  died  not  rich,  but  to  his  "troop  of  friends"  he  bequeathed  the 
memory  of  a  pure  and  gentle  life,  a  joyous  spirit  in  a  suffering  frame, 
a  task  well  finished,  and  an  example  of  the  triumph  of  a  determined  will 
over   physical   infirmity. 

The  funeral  services  over  the  remains  were  held  at  the  Prostestant 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  Ascension.  October  i8th.  after  which  they  were 
deposited  in  the  vault  of  St.  ]\Iark"s  Prostestant  Episcopal  Church,  and 
many  of  his  professional  brethren  turned  from  their  last  resting  place  "with 
mournful  steps  and  slow." 


Ii8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  students  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  at  a  meet- 
ing called  for  the  purpose  of  testifying  to  their  affection  for  their  de- 
ceased preceptor,  appointed  Frank  W.  Rockwell,  John  Prendergast  and 
Willard  Parker,  Jr.,  as  a  committee  to  draft  suitable  resolutions.  The 
committee   presented    the   following,   which    were   adopted : 

Whereas,  We,  the  students  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
have  heard  with  sincere  regret  of  the  death  of  the  late  Professor  of  Anat- 
omy, Dr.  Robert  Watts ;  and 

Whereas,  We  ever  found  him  an  able  and  efficient  instructor,  and  a 
true  and  sympathetic  friend,  therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  while  we  would  ever  recognize  the  will  of  an  allwise 
Providence,  we  deplore  the  death  of  one  so  eminently  qualified  by  rare  men- 
tal attainments  and  by  the  naturally  pleasant  traits  of  his  character,  for 
the  position  the  duties  of  which  he  so  long  and  faithfully  performed. 

Resolved,  That  we  tender  our  heartfelt  sympathy  to  the  family  of  the 
deceased,  and  would  comfort  them  with  the  assurance  that  he  has  left  be- 
hind him  many   enduring  fruits  of  a  useful  and   well  spent  life. 

Resolved,  That  as  a  tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  our  late  pro- 
fessor, we  as  a  class  attend  his  funeral,  and  wear  a  badge  of  mourning  for 
thirty  days. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  sent  to  the  family,  and 
also  that  they  be  published  in  two  New  York  daily  papers,  and  in  two  of 
the   leading  medical   journals   of  the   United    States. 

The  widow  of  Professor  Watts,  Charlotte,  daughter  of  William  Allen 
and  Anne  Izard  Deas,  of  South  Carolina,  and  a  grand-daughter  of  William 
Izard,  of  the  same  state,  to  whom  he  was  married  in  1836,  did'  not  long 
survive  him,  her  death  occurring  in  New  York  City  January  13  of  the 
succeeding  year. 

Dr.  Watts  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Henry  B.  Sands,  whose  connection  with 
the  College  is  to  be  referred  to  hereafter.  In  1870  Dr.  Willard  Parker 
resigned,  and  his  duties  were  taken  up  by  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Markoe,  the  Ad- 
junct Professor. 

Finally,  on  February  18,  1875,  occurred  the  death  of  Dr.  Edward  Dela- 
field.  President  of  the  College.  He  was  born  in  New  York  City  May  17, 
1794,  a  son  of  John  Delafield,  who  was  a  graduate  of  Columbia  College  in 
1802,  and  a  banker  in  New  York  and  London.  The  family  early  acquired 
prominence,  especially  among  the  old-time  residents — he  himself  being  one 
of  eleven  children — seven  sons  and  four  daughters,  all  of  whom  attained 
more  than  average  distinction  in  professional  or  social  life. 

Edward  Delafield  was  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  i8i2,  when 
eighteen  years  of  age.     He  had   already   begun  a  course  of  medical   read- 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  119 

ing  under  Dr.  Samuel  Burrowe,  and  had  made  such  progress  that  he  se- 
cured a  position  in  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  United  States  Army  during 
the  war  with  Great  Britain.  After  the  restoration  of  peace  he  completed 
his  medical  education  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from 
wliich  he  was  graduated  in  18 15.  He  then  entered  upon  a  term  of  service 
in  the  Xew  York  Hospital,  after  which  he  went  to  England,  where  he  pur- 
sued advanced  studies  under  Sir  Astley  Cooper  and  Dr.  Abernethy.  In 
1820  he  began  practice  in  New  York  City  in  association  with  his  former 
preceptor,  Dr  Burrowe,  but  this  relationship  was  not  long  maintained. 

From  the  beginning  of  his  active  career,  he  manifested  a  deep  interest 
in  educational  and  charitable  institutions  allied  with  the  medical  profes- 
sion. In  the  iirst  year  of  his  entering  upon  practice  he  was  associated  with 
Dr.  John  Kearney  Rodgers  in  the  founding  of  the  New  Y'ork  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  and  he  labored  with  great  enthusiasm  in  the  upbuilding  of  that 
splendid  establishment.  He  was  its  Attending  Surgeon  until  1850,  when  he 
became  Consulting  Surgeon,  and  to  his  duties  as  such  were  added  those  of 
the  Vice  Presidency.  His  active  and  official  relationship  covered  a  period 
of  fifty-iive  years,  and  only  terminated  with  his  death. 

In  1834  Dr.  Delafield  was  appointed  Attending  Physician  to  the  New 
York  Hospital,  and  in  the  year  following  he  became  Professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons.  As  an  obstetrician  he  manifested  peculiar  skill  and  aptitude, 
and  he  held  to  an  ideal  conception  of  the  delicate  and  responsible  position 
of  the  accoucheur.  This  was  well  exemplified  on  November  7,  1837,  when 
he  delivered  before  his  class  an  introductory  address  in  which  he  set  forth 
in  beautiful  language  and  with  great  delicacy,  yet  much  forcefulness,  the 
moral  as  well  as  the  professional  responsibilities  of  him  who  would  become 
a  practitioner  in  the  departments  which  he  taught.  After  dwelling  upon 
the  necessity  for  the  suitable  preparation  of  the  student  in  the  elements  of 
a  polite  education  and  the  accjuisition  of  knowledge  in  fields  akin  and  lead- 
ing to  medicine,  he  epitomized  the  necessary  professional  studies.  Re- 
ferring to  Anatomy,  he  said :  "Before  you  understand  the  structure  of  the 
human  body,  you  cannot  possibly  comprehend  its  diseases;  and  you  cannot 
too  minutely  investigate  and  learn  every  part  of  this  beautiful  and  compli- 
cated machine."  After  referring  to  Physiolog}-.  Chemistry,  Surgery, 
Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy  and  Therapeutics,  he  approached  his  own  proper 
theme  with  a  spirit  of  real  reverence  as  well  as  of  professional  sagacity. 
Dr.  Delafield's  admirable  address  was  asked  for  publication,  the  class  stat- 
ing in  their  request  that  "it  points  out  a  course  of  study  which,  if  diligently 
pursued,  will  not  only  guide  the  student  to  eminence  in  his  profession,  but 
will  also  tend  to  elevate  and  add  dignity  to  that  profession  to  which  we  in- 


120  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

tend  to  de\'ote  our  lives,  and  at  the  head  of  which  your  talents  and  assiduity 
have  deservedly  placed  you." 

In   1838  Dr.   Delafield  had  become  burdened  with  so  extensive  a  per- 
sonal practice  that  he  was  obliged  to  resign  his  position  in  the  College  and 
Hospital.     He  maintained  his  interest  in  both,  however,  and  in  1839  he  ac- 
cepted  an   election  as   a   trustee  in  the  College,   and  he  gave   faithful  dis- 
charge to  his  duties  as  such  until  his  election  to  the  presidency  of  the  in- 
stitution.    His   service  in  that  last  named  position   extended  over  the   un- 
usual period  of  seventeen  years,  and  was  characterized  by  entire  devotion 
to  the  interests  of  the  College.     To  his  effort  was  primarily  due  the  with- 
drawal of  the    institution  from    the    imme- 
diate authority  of  the  Regents  of  the  Univer- 
sity and  its  union    with    Columbia  College. 
He  was  among  the  most  active  in  forming 
^fc^-  the  Alumni  Associdtion,  and  he  contributed 

.^^  \  from  his  private  means  toward  the  establish- 

L       ...urn.  ment  or  its  prize  luncl. 

•    ■"  -.     y  r^h  Dr.  Delafield's   activities  were  extended 

Igt;'  ^-~-'  to    numerous    humanitarian    and    charitable 

^^  "      "  institutions  to  whose  support  he  contributed 

^^^^l^_.  ^^^  his    effort    unstintingly    and    zealously.       In 

1^^Bj^»i       ,^(BIP  ^^4^  '^^  founded  the  Society  for  the  Relief 

^Ib  MkW^  °^  Widows    and    Orphans  of   Medical   Men. 

^^  W'''  and  he  was  the  first   President.      In    1854  he 

aided  in  establishing  the  Nursery  and  Child's 

Hospital,  and   he  served  as   President  of  its 

Medical   Board   from    the    organization    and 

EDw,A.RD  DEL.AFiELD,  M.  D.  during  the  remainder  of  h is  1  if e.     He  became 

a  member  of  the  Board  of  Governors  of 
Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  was  President  of  that  body,  and  he  was  also  chair- 
man of  the  building  committee.  In  1858  he  became  Senior  Consulting  Phy- 
sician of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  he  occupied  that  position  until  his  death. 
In  1865  he  aided  in  founding  the  New  York  Ophthalmological  Society,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  President,  and  he  became  Senior  Consulting  Physi- 
cian of  the  Woman's  Hospital  in  1872,  the  year  of  its  establishment,  and 
was  also  President  of  its  Medical  Board.  He  was  ever  the  wise  counsellor, 
the  enthusiastic  patron  of  merit,  and  especially  the  public  spirited  citizen, 
hardly  up  to  the  measure  of  his  proper  rewards.  /Vs  a  teacher,  he  is 
eulogized  as  being  quiet,  clear  and  methodical,  and  en.phatic  in  his  views, 
as  well  as  terse,  elegant  and  distinct  in  his  mode  of  expressing  them.  In 
very  truth  no  annals  of  the  College  can  be  complete  without  his  record. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

THE    COLLEGE    UNDER    PRESIDENT    ALONZO    CLARK. 

Dr.  Alonzo  Clark  became  the  ninth  President  of  the  College,  and  its 
Dean,  to  which  positions  he  was  called  in  1875  from  the  chair  of  Pathology 
and  Practical  Medicine.  He  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  institution  with 
zeal  and  intelligence  during  a  period  of  nine  years  and  until  1884,  when  he 
was  compelled  to  resign  by  reason  of  his  physical  condition. 

The  Faculty  of  Medicine  at  the  opening  of  the  collegiate  year  of  1876, 
under  President  Clark,  was  as  follows : 

Alonzo  Clark,  'SI.  D.,  President  and  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Prac- 
tical Medicine. 

Willard  Parker,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery. 

John  C.  Dalton,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 

Samuel  St.  John,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Medical  Juris- 
prudence. 

Thomas  M.  Markoe,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surger\^ 

T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Children. 

John  T.  Metcalfe,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Henry  B.  Sands,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

James  W.  McLane,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children. 

Thomas  T.  Sabine.  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Charles  F.  Chandler,  Ph.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Med- 
ical Jurisprudence. 

Edward  Curtis.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics. 

Francis  Delafield,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Lecturer  on  Pathology  and  Practical 
Medicine. 

John  G.  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Lecturer  on  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 

William  Detmold,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  and  Military 
Surgery. 

William  H.  Draper,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin. 

Cornelius  R.  Agnew,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye 
and  Ear. 

Abraham  Jacobi.  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

Fessenden  N.  Otis,  M.  D..  Clinical  Professor  of  Venereal  Diseases. 

Edward  C.  Seguin,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind 
and  Nervous  System. 


122  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

George  M.  Lefferts,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Laryngoscopy  and  Dis- 
eases of  the  Throat. 

Charles  JMcBurney,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 
Charles  Kelsey,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

In  addition,  was  a  large  corps  of  Clinical  Assistants,  all  medical  gradu- 
ates— James  L.  Little,  John  T.  Kennedy,  Henry  F.  Walker,  Charles  S. 
Ward,  W.  De  Forest  Day,  Oren  D.  Pomeroy,  A.  Brayton  Ball,  Albert  H. 
Buck,  Thos.  E.  Satterthwaite,  Thomas  A.  McBride,  Frank  P.  Kinnicutt, 
Isaac  Adler,  Samuel  B.  St.  John,  David  Webster.  George  G.  Wheelock,  S. 
Beach  Jones,  N.  B.  Emerson,  L.  Bolton  Bangs,  Urban  G.  Hitchcock,  Frank 
L.  Ives,  David  Magie,  Frank  P.  Foster,  Robert  Abbe. 

Robert  Abbe  was  Curator  of  the  College  Aluseum  and  Mr.  Edward 
T.  Boag  was  clerk.     The  number  of  students  was  413. 

A  relic  of  this  period  is  preserved  in  a  pencil  drawing  of  which  the 
plate  appearing  in  connection  with  this  narrative  is  a  reproduction.  If  it 
should  be  objected  that  the  portraits  are  something  after  the  fashion  of 
caricatures,  and  that  the  accompanying  text  is  somewhat  wanting  in  rev- 
erence, it  may  be  assumed  that  the  humor  in  both  cases  is  intended  to  recall 
the  attempts  of  Cruickshank  and  Thackeray,  although  on  somewhat  different 
lines. 

The  original  drawing  was  made  by  Dr.  Charles  F.  Stillman,  while  a 
student  in  the  session  of  1874-1875,  in  the  old  college  building  on  Twenty- 
third  street.  For  many  years  it  has  been  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  J.  J. 
Oscroft  Tansley,  who  was  a  fellow-student  of  the  physician-artist,  and 
photographic  copies  have  been  distributed  in  large  numbers  by  the  owner. 
In  1898  it  was  reproduced  in  the  "Journal  of  Medicine  and  Science,"  with 
the  following  descriptive   letter   from  Dr.   Tansley : 

"Dear  Mr.  Holt : — I  send  you  herewith  a  photograph  of  the  picture 
which  has  been  hanging  in  my  office  so  many  years,  and  which  has  been  seen 
so  much,  and  so  often  admired  by  you  and  other  graduates  who  have  the 
honor  of  having  had    'The  23rd  Street  Sc|uad'    as  teachers. 

"The  original  pencil  drawing  was  made  by  my  friend.  Dr.  Charles 
F.  Stillman,  in  the  winter  of  1874-75,  while  he  and  I  were  attending  lec- 
tures at  the  old  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  then  located  at  Twenty- 
third  street  and  Fourth  avenue.  New  York  City. 

"The  idea  of  the  artist  was  to  catch  and  portray  the  expressions  and 
mannerisms  of  the  professors  as  the}-  appear  before  us  students,  and  I 
think  that  all  who  have  heard  these  various  doctors  lecture  will  bear  me  out 
in  saying  that  he — the  artist — has  done  remarkably  well.  The  portraits 
were  all  made  during  lecture  hours,  and  not  one  of  the  professors  were 
aware  of  their  being  done  until  they  were  finished,  and  it  is  needless  to  add 
that  none  sat  for  their  portraits. 


THE  COLLEGE  UXDER  PRESIDENT  CLARK. 


';«fe^V- 


124  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"Beginning  upon  the  picture's  right,  we  see  Thomas  with  the  omni- 
present uterine  sound — enlarged  somewhat,  I  admit — and  standing  in  his 
usual  posture.  Next  is  St.  John  about  whom,  in  our  eyes,  the  most  strik- 
ing thing  was  the  diamond  pin  in  his  shirt  front.  Next  is,  Markoe,  who, 
when  lecturing,  invariably  carried  a  pair  of  eye-glasses  in  his  fingers,  swing- 
ing them  back  and  forth  as  he  talked.  Next  comes  Parker,  who  was  con- 
tinually praising  milk  as  a  diet,  and  who,  by  the  way,  did  not  insist  upon 
its  being  sterilized. 

Next  comes  the  Grand  Old  Captain  of  them  all.  President  Clark,  who 
carries  in  his  hand  the  rolled  up  diploma,  which  would  mark  him,  in  our 
regard,  if  nothing  else,  for  to  all  of  us  it  is  our  diploma  which  he  carries. 

"Then  comes  Delafield  with  the  microscope,  symbolical  of  the  'patho- 
logical tendency  of  his  mind.'  Next  is  Edward  Curtis,  who  is  made  to  carry 
a  bottle  of  squill,  to  show,  as  we  boys  used  to  say,  that  'He  makes  me  sick.' 
Then  comes  Sabine,  who  at  that  time  was  too  young  to  have  had  any  very 
maiked  peculiarities,  except  that  he  was  always  on  the  alert  and  was  gen- 
erally considered  a  bureau  of  information  for  the  boys.  Next  comes  Sands, 
whose  almost  invariable  attitude  when  speaking,  was  to  gesticulate  with 
the  right  hand,  two  fingers  extended,  while  the  left  hand  was  in  his  pants 
pocket. 

"Next  is  Dalton  with  his  dog  and  knife,  symbolic  of  the  interesting 
experiments  he  would  make  before  us  upon  the  dog,  illustrating  his  sub- 
ject.  Physiology. 

"Next  is  McLane,  with  his  dummy  under  his  arm,  with  which  he  illus- 
trated  midwifery. 

"Lastly  is — J.  G.  Curtis,  with  the  human  heart  in  his  hand. 

"Only  six  of  these  professors  are  now  living,  namely,  Thomas,  Markoe, 
Delafield,  Edward  Curtis,  McLane  and  J-  G.  Curtis.  The  rest  have  passed 
to  their  reward. 

"We  named  the  picture  'the  Twenty-third  Street  Squad'  and  trust  that 
you  will  so  perpetuate  it.  Sincerely  yours, 

"J.  OscROFT  Tansley,  M.  D. 

"No.  28  West  43rd  Street,  New  York  City.     April  13,  1898."  ' 

In  1876  occurred  the  death  of  Dr.  Samuel  St.  John,  the  Professor  of 
Chemistry.  He  was  born  in  New  Canaan.  Connecticut,  March  29th,  18 13, 
the  son  of  Samuel  and  Hannah  St.  John.  His  grandfather  settled  there  in 
1744,  a  descendant  from  Matthias  St.  John,  who  located  at  Norwalk,  Con- 
necticut, about  1654.  The  name  is  written  Sention  m  the  town  records 
till  1706,  when  it  appears  as  now  written.  His  father  was  Clerk  and 
Treasurer  of  New  Canaan  from  1801  to  1825,  and  representative  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  Connecticut  from  18 10  to  18 16. 

Dr.  St.  John  was  'Valedictorian  of  the  Yale  College  class  of  1834,  and 
received  the  degree  of  Medical  Doctor  from  Vermont  Medical  College  in 
1839,  also  from  the  Western  Reserve  College  in   185 1,  and  from  the  Col- 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  CLARK.  125 

lege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1857.  He  was  honored 
with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from  Georgetown  College,  Kentuck}-, 
at  a  not  much  later  date  further  on.  He  studied  law  for  two  years  and  was 
then  appointed  Tutor  of  Latin,  a  position  which  he  held  for  one  year.  A 
serious  haemoptysis  compelled  him  to  relinquish  his  present  intentions  and 
seek  health  in  foreign  travel. 

He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Geology  and  Mineralogy 
in  the  Western  Reserve  College  at  Hudson,  Ohio,  in  1838 ;  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Medical  College  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  in  185 1,  and  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1857,  which  last  position  he  held  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  St.  John  was  never  a  practicing  physician,  but  had  a  bias  for  the 
natural  sciences.  His  observatory  near  his  home  contained  a  large 
equatorial  telescope  and  a  transit  instrument,  with  an  additional  room  for 
his  astronomical  library  and  solar  microscope.  "A  kind  of  intellectual  in- 
tegrity, which  guided  all  his  mental  operations,"  said  his  colleague.  Dr. 
Dalton,  "seemed  to  keep  him  within  the  domain  of  positive  knowledge  and 
prevented  him  from  misleading  others  by  any  incomplete  or  doubtful  state- 
ments. In  his  mind  there  was  never  an  unconscious  rising  up  of  what  he 
knew  or  what  he  thought,  and  he  never  threw  upon  his  hearers  the  trouble- 
some task  of  separating  them  from  each  other.  *  *  *  A  man  whom  no 
breath  of  suspicion  ever  touched,  and  whose  integrity  was  a  natural  and 
essential  part  of  his  organization ;  a  man  unselfish  and  unassuming,  who 
never  demanded  anything  for  himself  and  who  was  ever  ready  to  accord 
to  others  the  full  measure  of  their  due:  a  man  of  most  uniform  and  reason- 
able disposition  with  whom  it  would  be  impossible  to  quarrel  without  at- 
tempting an  injustice,  and  who  was  never  influenced  by  personal  consider- 
ations except  on  the  side  of  generosity  or  conciliation ;  a  man  of  clear  head, 
of  warm  heart  and  of  unwavering  principle.  He  died  after  an  illness  of 
three  weeks  on  September  9,  1876,  in  the  house  in  which  he  was  born, 
loved  as  a  citizen  and  neighbor,  leaving  a  son,  a  practicing  physician  of 
New  York,  and  a  daughter. 

Dr.  Charles  F.  Chandler,  a  man  of  many  honors  and  acquirements, 
and  one  who  had  been  Adjunct  Professor  during  the  previous  four  years, 
succeeded  to  the  official  honors  of  his   predecessor. 

Dr.  Francis  Delafield  was  added  to  the  Faculty  as  Director  of  the 
Pathological  Laboratory  in  1879.  In  1880  the  additions  to  the  Faculty  were 
Dr.  William  T.  Bull  and  Dr.  William  S.  Halsted,  First  and  Second  Demon- 
strators of  Anatomy,  respectively,  as  well  as  Dr.  George  H.   Fox.  Clinical 


126  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin.  Dr.  Theophile  M.  Prudden  was  ap- 
pointed Director  of  the  Physiological  and  Pathological  Laboratory  of  the 
Alumni  Association.  In  1882,  Dr.  William  T.  Bull  became  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy,  and  Dr.  Francis  H.  Markoe  was  appointed  Second  Assistant 
Demonstrator.  In  1883  Dr.  George  M.  Tuttle  became  Assistant  to  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Obstetrics. 

In  1878  the  College  catalogue  contained  minute  mformation  as  to  the 
didactic  instruction,  the  scheme  of  exercises  in  the  college  building,  the 
names  of  the  lecturers  giving  personal  instruction  in  the  manipulative 
branches,  the  lists  of  prizes  offered  and  those  awarded  in  the  preceding 
year,  and  the  rules  governing  examinations.  The  following  announcement 
was  also  made : 

The  diploma  of  this  College  is  recognized  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
as  evidence  of  three  years'  medical  study,  by  all  bodies  which  confer  the 
Degrees  of  Bachelor  in  Medicine  ( M.  B.),  Master  in  Surgery  (C.  M.),  and 
Doctor  in  Medicine  (M.  D.). 

Graduates  of  this  College  who  are  Masters  in  Arts  of  certain  American 
Academic  Colleges,  among  which  are  Harvard,  Yale,  Princeton,  Columbia, 
and  Amherst,  are  not  required  to  pass  examinations  in  Arts  and  Science 
before  proceeding  to  the  degrees  of  M.  B.,  C.  M.,  and  M.  D.,  in  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Graduates  of  this  College  may  become  Licentiates  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  of  London,  Edinburgh,  or  Dublin,  by  passing  a  satisfactory 
examination,  without  previous  residence  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Graduates  of  this  College  may  become  Licentiates  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  London,  Edinburgh,  or  Dublin,  by  becoming  Licentiates  of 
one  of  the  Royal  Colleges  of  Phvsicians  above  mentioned,  and  passing  a 
satisfactory   examination,    without   previous   residence. 

The  above  conditions  under  which  graduates  of  this  College  are  ad- 
mitted to  Degrees  and  Licences  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  apply  equally 
to  its  graduates  and  to  those  of  all  other  recognized  medical  colleges  in  the 
United  States. 

In  1880  announcement  was  made  that,  instead  of  a  Spring  Session 
and  a  succeeding  \\'inter  Session  of  five  months  in  length,  which  hitherto 
had  made  up  the  Collegiate  Year,  would  be  held  a  single  Session,  of  some- 
what over  seven  months  in  length,  to  commence  upon  the  ist  of  October, 
and  end  during  the  first  part  of  May. 

This  change  did  not  consist  simplj'  in  the  discontinuance  of  the  Spring 
Session  and  the  addition  of  two  months  to  the  Winter  Session.  On  the 
contrary,  in  planning  a  longer  Session,  the  Trustees  and  Eaculty  acted  upon 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  CLARK.  127 

the  principle  that  it  would  be  for  the  advantage  of  the  students  to  attend 
fewer  didactic  lectures  a  day,  thus  gaining  time  to  devote  to  clinical  stud)', 
laboratory  work  and  recitations.  Moreover,  the  omission  from  the  scheme 
of  exercise  of  several  didactic  lectures  a  week  would  enable  the  recitations 
conducted  by  the  Corps  of  Examiners  to  be  held  almost  altogether  during 
the  day  time. 

In  1882,  by  a  resolution  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and 
Correction,  the  College  was  authorized  to  nominate,  for  appointment  by 
the  Commissioners,  after  competitive  examination  in  the  College,  its  pro- 
portion of  members  of  the  House  Staff  of  Bellevue  Hospital ;  such  members 
to  be  attached  to  that  division  of  the  said  hospital  which  had  lieen  assigned 
to  the  care  of  the  College. 

Accordingly,  in  the  College  catalogue  for  the  year  named,  it  was  an- 
nounced that  the  College  would,  twice  in  each  year,  nominate  for  appoint- 
ment one  Medical  and  one  Surgical  Junior  Assistant  to  Bellevue  Hospital, 
after  competitive  examination.  These  assistants  were  to  serve  the  hospital 
for  six  months  in  each  of  the  three  grades  of  Junior  Assistant,  Senior  As- 
sistant, and  House  Physician  or  House  Surgeon;  thus  each  one  was  given 
a  total  of  eighteen  months'  experience  on  the  House  Staff  with  the  advan- 
tages of  careful  clinical  note-taking  and  daily  records  of  the  disease  phases. 

Similar  positions  were  also  arranged  to  be  filled  twice  in  each  year, 
invariably  by  public  competitive  examination,  the  same  to  be  open  to  Grad- 
uates of  this  College,  in  the  following  institutions :  The  New  York  Hos- 
pital;  the  Roosevelt  Hospital;  St.  Luke's  Hospital;  the  Charity  Hospital; 
St.  Vincent's  Hospital;  St.  Francis'  Hospital;  the  German  Hospital;  the 
Mount  Sinai  Hospital;  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  the  Woman's  Hos- 
pital. All  of  these  provisions  were  credited  as  having  been  heartily  en- 
dorsed bv  the  profession  at  large  as  elevating  both  the  educational  and  the 
ethical  standards. 

Dr.  Alonzo  Clark  died  in  1887,  three  years  after  his  retirement  from 
the  Presidency  of  the  College.  His  many  and  valuable  services  in  behalf 
of  the  institution  over  which  he  presided,  and  of  the  profession  at  large, 
are  noted  on  various  pages  of  this  work,  and,  the  story  of  his  life  is 
succinctly  told  in  the  official  records  of  the  College  and  constitutes  one  of 
the  many  tributes  to  the  memory  of  this  remarkable  personage. 

On  February  3rd,  1885,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew,  on  behalf  of  a  committee 
previously  appointed,  consisting  of  himself  and  Dr.  John  J.  Crane  and  Dr. 
Sullivan  H.  Weston,  presented  a  series  of  resolutions  expressive  of  the  high 
regard  in  which  Dr.  Clark  had  been  held  by  the  Trustees  for  his  long  con- 


128  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

tinned   and   faithful   services   in  behalf  of  the   College,   and  the   same  were 
unanimously  adopted.     This  tribute  in  part  was  as  follows : 

"Alonzo  Clark  was  5orn  March  i,  1807,  in  the  country  village  of  Ches- 
ter, among  the  hills  of  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts.  His  father, 
Spencer  Clark,  founded  the  village  and  there  carried  on  the  manufacture  of 
leather.  It  is  an  incident  worthy  of  being  mentioned  as  illustrating  the 
changes  in  the  distribution  of  the  industries  of  our  country,  that  Mr.  Clark 
and  an  associate  manufacturer  of  leather  in  Hampshire  County,  controlled 
at  one  time  the  market  for  that  product  in  New  York.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  great  energy  of  character  and  public  spirit,  and  no  man  was 
more  respected  in  his  county  than  he. 

"Alonzo  Clark  went  to  the  village  school  at  Worthington,  Massachu- 
setts, till  his  twelfth  year,  shortly  afterwards  to  the  Westfield  Academy, 
and  then  to  the  Hopkins  Academy  at  Hadley.  He  finally  passed  under  the 
training  of  Parson  Moses  Hallock,  of  Plainfield,  Massachusetts,  a  famous 
teacher  of  his  day.  and  was  there  prepared  for  Williams  College,  which  he 
could  have  entered  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years  had  not  an  attack  of  typhoid 
fever  prevented  his  doing  so. 

"At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  Freshman  class  of  Williams,  and, 
completing  the  curriculum,  took  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  While  he 
was  still  in  the  Sophomore  class  his  father  was  compelled  to  close  his  busi- 
ness to  avoid  pecuniary  disaster.  An  incident  occurring  at  this  juncture 
is  worthy  of  being  given,  as  it  throws  light  upon  the  character  of  both 
father  and  son.  Mr.  Clark  took  his  son  out  into  the  garden  one  day  and 
said,  'the  tanners  of  Greene  County,  New  York,  are  nearer  a  market  than 
my  tan  yards,  and  the  supply  of  bark  is  better,  and  I  must  quickly  retire 
from  business  or  be  financially  ruined.  I  have  determined  to  close  my 
business  immediately.  I  have  saved  a  thousand  dollars  for  you  after  paying 
all  my  debts,  and  I  want  you  to  expend  it  in  finishing  your  education.' 
Alonzo  Clark  did  not  hesitate  as  to  the  line  of  duty  to  be  pursued.  He  de- 
clined the  kind  offer  of  his  father,  and  'from  that  time  the  only  help  that 
he  accepted  from  him  was  a  moderate  supply  of  shirts.' 

"Before  the  completion  of  his  college  course  he  went  for  a  period  of  six 
months  to  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  to  aid  the  Master  in  charge  of  a 
select  school  for  boys.  After  graduating,  he  lived  a  year  and  a  half  in 
Northampton,  where  a  new  school  had  been  gathered  for  him.  He  then 
went  to  Williamstown,  Massachusetts,  and  established  a  school  for  boys 
near  the  college  from  which  he  had  graduated.  After  teaching  in  this 
school  for  nearly  two  years  with  marked  ability  and  success,  he  relinquished 
it  to  go  to  New  York  to  prepare  himself  for  a  Professorship  of  Chemisty. 
For  this  long  cherished  purpose  he  entered  the  laboratory  of  John  Torrey, 
M.  D.,  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  then  occupied  a 
building  on  Barclay  Street.  Under  the  advice  of  Dr.  Torrey  he  entered  his 
name  as  a  student  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  John  Augustine  Smith,  M.  D., 
with  no  expectation,  however,  of  practicing  the  art  of  healing.  While  pre- 
paring for  his   expected   career   as    a  Professor    of    Chemistry,  he  supported 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  CLARK.  129 


ALOXZO    CLARK,    M.    D. 


130  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


himself  b_y  teaching  Behes  Lettres  and  kindred  subjects.  After  two  full 
courses  of  instruction  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he  became 
a  candidate  for  the  chair  of  Chemistry  in  Williams  College.  It  happened 
that  subscriptions  which  had  been  begun  to  furnish  the  chair  of  Chemistry 
in  that  College  came  in  slowly  and  were  insufficient.  At  this  critical  moment 
the  college  authorities  applied  to  Mrs.  AMiitman,  of  \A'illiamstown,  for  a 
contribution  to  the  object.  To  their  surprise  and  gratification  she  proposed 
to  subscribe  the  entire  amount  needed,  upon  the  condition  that  she  should 
be  allowed  to  nominate  the  first  incumbent  of  the  chair  thus  provided.  Her 
condition  was  accepted,  the  chair  was  founded:  Mr.  Lassell,  who  had  been 
the  valedictorian  in  Alonzo  Clark's  class,  \vas  selected  to  fill  it,  and,  as  the 
subject  of  our  brief  narrati\'e  has  humorously  said,  the  chair  was  taken  from 
under  him. 

"This  occurrence,  which  in  common  phrase,  might  be  called  by  some  a 
misfortune,  was  really  the  immediate  cause  of  his  pursuing  the  career  of 
a  teacher  and  practitioner  of  medicine.  He  did  not,  however,  make  the  lat- 
ter choice  hastily,  but  scanned  the  fields  of  the  various  vocations,  and  finally 
chose  the  profession  of  medicine,  guided  in  his  selection  by  two  considera- 
tions, namely,  that  the  profession  afforded  ample  scope  for  scientific  investi- 
gation, and  that  its  followers  were  in  their  practical  duties  brought  into 
pleasant  relations  with  their  patients  and  their  families.  The  latter  consid- 
eration had  a  peculiar  force  in  determining  his  choice,  as  the  function  of  a 
'famih'  doctor'  seemed  to  him  to  be  especially  agreeable  and  attractive.  Un- 
der the  influence  of  such  incentives  he  finished  his  medical  course  and  took 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  ^Medicine,  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
in  1835. 

"Urged  by  the  pressure  of  pecuniar}-  necessity,  and  to  make  his  medi- 
cal career  as  brief  as  was  consistent  with  thoroughness,  and  compelled  to 
support  himself  by  work  outside  of  the  duties  of  the  Medical  College,  his 
habit  was  to  study  fifteen  or  sixteen  hours  a  day.  His  method  in  work  at 
the  College  was  to  listen  to  the  lectures  and  demonstrations  through  the 
day,  and  at  night  to  write  out  full  notes  of  them  from  memory.  Under  this 
excessive  work  he  became  ill  and  broken  down  by  acute  dyspepsia,  arid  dur- 
ing the  last  year  at  the  College  course  he  entered  as  junior  walker  on  the 
medical  staff  of  the  New  York  Hospital.  An  important  part  of  the  daily 
duty  of  that  officer  was  to  visit  at  their  homes  applicants  for  admission  to  the 
wards,  to  examine  their  cases  and  determine  whether  they  were  suitable  sub- 
jects for  hospital  treatment.  In  making  this  circuit  a  five  or  ten  miles  walk 
was  daily  necessary.  In  two  weeks  his  dyspepsia  was  cured.  He  remained 
on  the  House  Staff  of  the  hospital  for  two  years,  three  months  of  the  time 
being  spent  in  the  surgical  wards.  In  June,  1836.  a  year  after  leaving  the  hos- 
pital, he  went  abroad,  accompanying  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  landed  at  South- 
ampton, England.  He  went  immediately  to  London  and  resumed  there  his 
professional  studies.  Of  the  teachers  in  the  London  hospitals.  Liston  seems 
to  have  impressed  him  most  by  his  remarkable  aptness  in  teaching.  After 
a  few  months  he  crossed  to  Paris,  and  there  walked  the  hospitals,  enjov- 
ing  the  benefits  conferred  upon  students  by  the  ministrations  of  such  eminent 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDEXT  CLARK.  131 

medical  scholars  and  instructors  as  Chomel,  Andral,  Louis,  Roux,  Volpeau, 
Lisfranc,  Cruveilhier,  Ricord  and  Magendie.  Of  all  those  men  so  justly 
famous  in  the  annals  of  medicine,  Louis  seems  to  have  inspired  him  most. 

"In  those  daj's  there  were  very  few  instruments  of  precision  used  in  the 
study  of  disease.  The  Stethoscope  was  the  only  one  attracting  much  atten- 
tion in  the  French  school.  The  microscope  was  little  used  then  in  France, 
and  in  Germany  its  use  was  almost  entirely  confined  to  vegetable  physiolog}''. 
The  doctor  industriously  studied  the  former  and  observed  carefully  its  ap- 
plications in  the  hospital  services.  He  became  deeply  interested  in  the  study 
of  Patholog}',  and  had  peculiar  facilities  given  for  such  researches  in  the 
Paris  hospitals.  Barth,  an  interne  of  Louis,  met  him  and  his  associate  stu- 
dent, George  B.  Shattuck,  two  or  three  times  a  week,  bringing  before  them 
for  demonstration  the  peculiar  pathological  specimens  gathered  from  autop- 
sies of  the  various  hospitals. 

'Tn  1837  he  returned  to  America,  and  as  medical  attendant  accom- 
panied Mr.  Arthur  Baring,  son  of  Lord  Ashburton,  to  Madeira,  where  he 
remained  five  months  and  until  the  death  by  consumptic'n  of  his  patient. 

"From  Madeira  he  went  to  London,  and  received  marked  consideration 
from  Lord  Ashburton  in  acknowledgment  of  the  faithfulness  with  which  he 
had  ministered  to  his  son  during  his  sickness.  After  studying  in  London 
and  Paris  some  months,  he  returned  to  America,  and  in  1839  he  again  went 
to  Europe,  and  now  as  companion  of  his  friend  and  benefactor,  the  late  Mr. 
James  Boorman.  He  made  an  extended  tour  and  returned  home  in  1840  and 
settled  in  New  York.  He  did  not.  however,  endeavor  to  obtain  practice, 
but  took  a  very  modest  apartment  in  the  New  York  University  Building, 
and  began  his  work  with  the  microscope,  and  at  the  autopsies  of  the  New 
York  and  Bellevue  Hospitals.  He  soon  came  to  have  substantially  the 
charge  of  the  pathological  work  at  Bellevue,  in  which  he  was  associated 
with  the  late  James  R.  Wood,  M.  D.  This  work  he  pursued  most  indus- 
triously for  three  or  four  years. 

"In  1840  he  began  to  lecture  in  chemistry  in  the  Medical  School  at 
Woodstock,  Vermont,  giving  the  courses  for  two  months  in  the  spring  and 
lecturing  twice  a  day.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  he  substituted  Pathology 
for  Chemistry,  and  lectured  upon  it  there  for  thirteen  years.  About  the 
same  time  he  began  to  lecture  on  Pathology  in  the  Medical  School  at  Pitts- 
field,  iMassachusetts,  giving  his  courses  in  the  autumn.  He  had  decided 
to  lecture  in  the  latter  school  on  Chemistry,  as  he  was  determined  to  devote 
himself  more  and  more  to  work  in  Pathology.  So  far  as  known  this  was 
the  first  systematic  work  done  in  Patholog}-  in  any  JMedical  School  in 
America  by  the  occupant  of  a  special  chair  designated  for  the  purpose.  The 
remainder  of  each  year  was  spent  by  him  in  New  York  in  the  round  of 
work  at  the  autopsies  of  the  New  York  Hospital  and  Bellevue.  He  contin- 
ued to  be  Professor  in  the  same  department  at  Pittsfield  for  thirteen  years. 

"In  1841  his  interest  in  the  treatment  of  peritonitis  was  excited  by  the 
work  of  Armstrong,  the  English  observer.  The  method  of  the  latter  con- 
sisted essentially  in  the  use  of  blood  letting,  followed  by  a  full  dose  of  opium. 
Dr.  Clark  tried  this  method,  but.  after  a  few  cases,  became  convinced  that 


132  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  remedy  of  essential  value  was  the  opium.  He  accordingly  discarded 
the  blood  letting  and  pushed  the  use  of  opium  to  full  physiological  effects, 
and  with  such  happy  results  that  he  soon  obtained  the  almost  unanimous 
acquiescence  of  the  medical  profession  and  the  general  adoption  of  the 
method. 

"It  would  be  impossible  in  so  brief  a  narrative  as  this  to  give  a  history 
of  his  investigations  as  Attending  Physician  at  Bellevue,  to  which  position 
he  was  appointed  in  1847.  One  or  two  illustrations  must  suffice,  and  may 
serve  without  exaggeration  to  indicate  their  scientific  and  beneficent  char- 
acter. At  the  beginning  of  his  service,  typhus  fever  cases  were  in  great 
numbers  in  the  hospital.  At  one  period  he  had  two  hundred  and  fifty  cases 
constantly  in  his  care,  and  there  were  as  many  more  in  the  hands  of  his 
colleagues.  He  had  observed  that  the  mortality  was  very  great.  Precau- 
tions had  been  taken  to  guard  the  cases  from  draughts  of  air  on  account 
of  the  apprehended  danger  from  pneumonia.  He  would  not  participate  in 
this  dread,  but  ordered  that  there  should  be  the  freest  ventilation,  with  scrupu- 
lous cleanliness,  and  to  accomplish  his  purpose  he  took  out  the  windows  and 
sashes,  although  it  was  winter,  and  had  stoves  placed  before  the  open  win- 
dows to  raise  the  temperature  of  the  incoming  air.  He  increased  the  quan- 
tity of  clothing  on  the  beds,  gave  stimulants  very  moderately,  and  almost 
no  medicine.  The  immediate  effect  was  a  rapid  reduction  in  the  mortality, 
and  in  a  total  number  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  cases  not  a  death  occurred 
in  a  period  of  a  fortnight.  One  group  of  peculiarly  liad  cases  was  seen  by 
the  late  Professor  Oilman,  one  of  his  colleagues,  who  expressed  in  regard  to 
them  all  a  most  favorable  prognosis.  In  two  weeks  they  were  all  con- 
valescent, and  elsewhere  in  the  same  hospital  where  other  methods  were  em- 
ployed the  extreme    of  high  mortality  continued. 

"It  was  in  1840  that  Dr.  George  P.  Cammam,  of  New  York,  communi- 
cated to  him  his  views  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the  Stethoscope  in  ausculta- 
tory percussion,  and  then  began  a  series  of  experiments  under  their  joint 
guidance,  which  developed  a  most  interesting  and  useful  addition  to  the 
means  of  physical  examinations  of  the  diseases  of  the  thoracic  and  abdom- 
inal cavities. 

"In  1875,  on  the  death  of  Edward  Delafield,  M.  D..  he  was  made 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, a  position  which  he  held  until  he  resigned  it  at  the  stated  meeting 
in  February,  1884.  In  1882  he  resigned  his  position  as  Professor  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

"Dr.  Clark  wrote  less  than  might  have  been  expected;  his  statement  of 
cases  and  his  remarks  upon  original  subjects  before  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  Pathological  Society  and  the  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society  were  given  orally.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  his  courses  of 
lectures  on  Pathology  and  on  the  Practice  of  Medicine  were  not  published 
at  the  time  of  their  delivery,  as  they  fully  represented  the  state  of  the  science 
and  art  of  medicine  of  the  period,  and  were  models  of  conscientious  research 
and  honest  statements.  His  veracity  as  a  lecturer  was  so  obvious  that  he 
carried    the   listeners    along    with    him    in    most    willing   acquiescence.     He 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  CLARK.  133 

stated  the  facts  as  the)-  appeared  to  him  with  such  judicial  fairness,  that  even 
those  who  could  not  at  once  accept  his  deductions  felt  the  great  force  of 
his  reasoning,  and  were  led  to  reconsider  their  decisions.  His  style  was 
notable,  and  very  many  of  his  lectures,  considered  merely  as  literary  pro- 
ductions, were  almost  faultless.  The  following  is  an  incomplete  list  of 
some  of  his  papers,  with  the  dates  of  their  publication : 

"Graduation  Thesis,   'Abstinence  from  Food  and  Drink,'   1835. 

"Joint  Paper  on  'A  New  Mode  of  Ascertaining  the  Dimensions,  Form 
and  Condition  of  Internal  Organs  bv  Percussion,'  by  C.  P.  Camman,  M.  D., 
and  A.  Clark,  M.  D.,  1840. 

"Address  as  President  of  the  State  Medical  Society  'On  the  Claims  of 
the  Medical  Profession,'   1853. 

"  'On  the  Treatment  of  Puerperal  Peritonitis  by  Large  Doses  of 
Opium,'    1855. 

"  'Remarks    on    Puerperal    Fever,'    New    York    Academv    of   ^ledicine, 

1857. 

"Paper  on  "Supposed  Case  of  Murder,'  Bulletin  of  the  New  \'ork  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine  and  'American  Medical  Times.'  1861. 

"  'Lectures  on  Diphtheria.'   1861. 

"  'Lectures  on  Cholera,'  'Medical  Record,'   1866-67. 

"  'Lectures  on  Relapsing  Fever,'   1870. 

"  'Paper  on  Salicylate  of  Soda  in  Rheumatism.'   1876. 

"  'Lectures   on  Typhoid  Fever,'    1878. 

"  'Clinical  Lecture  on  Localized   Peritonitis,'    1878. 

"  'Lectures  on  Eruptive  Fevers,'  1880. 

"  'Lectures  on  Diseases  of  the  Heart,'  delivered  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and   Surgeons,    1884. 

"Besides  these  lectures  and  papers,  he  edited  an  edition  of  'Bartlett  on 
the  Fevers  of  the  United  States.'  His  many  cases  related  to  the  Pathologi- 
cal and  other  societies  were  usually  published  in  the  proceedings  of  those 
societies,  and  as  found  in  the  medical  periodicals  of  New  York  of  the  past 
thirty  years. 

"The  committee  would  submit  the  foregoing  as  a  report  of  a  minute  to 
be  made  in  the  records  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  as  a 
tribute  to  Alonzo  Clark,  M.  D..  on  the  occasion  of  his  retiring  from  the 
office  of  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College.  They  do  not  at- 
tempt to  expound  the  many  lessons  suggested  by  the  career  and  services  of 
the  illustrious  subject  of  this  brief  record.  Under  other  circumstances  such 
an  honorable  privilege  will  not  pass  unused." 

Bv  wav  of  amplification  on  the  topics  thus  significantly  furnished  by 
the  record  quoted  above,  it  may  be  here  further  stated  that  Dr.  Clark  was 
ranked  among  the  experts  in  auscultation  and  only  lost  his  confidence  in 
methods  when  his  sense  of  hearing  became  impaired  during  the  lapse  of 
years. 

The  year  1847  to  him  was  a  memorable  one,  since  besides  having  been 
appointed   Attending   Physician   of  Bellevue  Hospital   he   also '  received   the 


134  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

equal  honor  of  being  Lecturer  on  Physiology  and  Pathology  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  was  afterwards  promoted  to  a  full  pro- 
fessorship. To  these  branches  of  study  he  devoted  nearly  his  entire  time. 
One  of  his  admiring  hearers  said  of  him  that  he  was  "instant  in  season  and 
out  of  season,"  that  he  was  "always  introspective,  evolving  his  own  problems 
and  struggling  to  explain  away  the  animosities  between  the  organic  and  the 
inorganic." 

His  colleagues  in  similar  vein  said  he  was  absorbed  in  his  studies  and 
explained  his  initial  failures  as  due  to  the  fact  that  his  knowledge  was  flut- 
tei'ing  against  the  bars  of  his  vocabulary.  His  pupils,  whom  me  pro- 
nounced his  ablest  critics,  regarded  him  as  statuesquely  cold — an  exquisite 
form  developed  from  the  finest  marble.  In  fact,  he  was  a  product  of  what 
might  be  termed  the  Elizabethan  age  of  medical  science.  He  classified  and 
revised  to  the  very  last,  working  along  the  lines  of  the  Greek  ideals — smooth- 
ing and  chiselling  to  the  very  last.  What  lessons  his  interlineations  in  his 
primers  might  have  taught  had  he  seen  fit  to  preserve  them  from  destruction 
by  his  own  hands !  In  very  truth  he  had  learned  from  his  microscope  the 
art  of  focusing  the  rays  of  his  attainments.  Not  much  of  a  colorist,  he  was 
certainly  an  artist  in  black  and  white,  expounding  by  curves  and  perpendicu- 
lars— a  strategist  with  his  war  maps  near  at  hand. 

The  honor  in  which  President  Clark  was  held  is  attested  by  the  fact 
that  his  portrait  was  made  the  frontispiece  of  the  published  volume  con- 
taining the  transactions  of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Association  for  the 
year  1887.  In  the  same  volume  was  contained  a  lengthy  memoir  of  the 
distinguished  deceased  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot,  who  paid  him 
high  tribute,  saying  of  him  that  "no  one  in  our  day  has  served  the  College 
with  greater  acceptance,  or  done  more  to  advance  its  scientific  standard." 
Continuing,  Dr.  Eliot  said : 

"As  a  rule.  Dr.  Clark  declined  all  positions  of  honor  in  all  medical  so- 
cieties, having  a  dread,  alm.ost  morbid,  of  holding  conspicuous  positions. 
As  a  teacher,  his  merits  have  already  been  incidentally  mentioned.  With  a 
scrap  of  paper  containing  a  few  notes  or  statistics,  but  generally  without  any 
manuscript,  he  stood  before  the  class  and  taught  as  few  have  or  can.  His 
commanding  and  graceful  presence,  his  pleasant  manners,  his  mastery  of 
the  English  language,  his  distinct  and  elegant  enunciation,  the  kowledge  of 
his  subject,  apparently  inexhaustible,  and  his  scholarly  methods,  commanded 
instant  and  persistent  attention.  Always  avoiding  everything  that  was 
sensational,  in  the  most  unassuming  manner  he  conveyed  tO'  the  mmds  of  his 
hearers  what  he  thought  they  should  know,  and  thousands  are  ready  to  tes- 
tify to  his  unsurpassed  success.  At  the  period  which  I  have  in  mind,  it  was 
generally  understood  that  he  neither  had  nor  wanted  private  practice.     His 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  PRESIDENT  CLARK.  135 

whole  time  was  devoted  to  his  studies,  his  service  in  Behevue  Hospital  as 
Visiting  Physician,  and  to  his  lectures.  It  was  evident  that  he  enjoyed 
talking  to  medical  students  as  his  chief  delight,  and  their  enjoyment  in 
hearing  him  made  his  lecture  room  more  attractive  than  that  of  any  other 
Professor.  *  *  *  Dr.  Clark  closed  his  address  before  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1853  with  the  following  words: 

"  'Medicine  demands  of  us  that  we  be  men  of  integrity  and  honor, 
men  of  character,  that  she  may  be  respected  in  us;  men  of  charity,  that  she 
may  be  loved;  men  of  learning,  that  she  may  exercise  her  rightful  author- 
ity ;  men  of  research  and  labor,  that  she  may  claim  from  each  something  to 
be.  added  to  the  general  stock  of  knowledge.  Let  us  remember  that  our 
corporate  character  is  the  aggregate  of  our  individual  characters;  that  im- 
provement must  be  personal ;  and  let  our  maxim  be,  'Seek  Truth,  and  Pur- 
sue It.' 

"How  truly  his  life  conformed  to  this  high  standard,  those  who  know 
him  best  will  give  the  strongest  affirmative  testimony." 

The  same  volume  of  "Transactions"  contained  tributes  to  President 
Clark  by  Dr.  J.  W.  S.  Gouley  and  Dr.  John  Shrady,  both  of  whom  spoke  of 
him  out  of  intimate  personal  knowledge  of  his  useful  life  and  its  excellent 
accomplishments. 

The  Alonzo  Clark  Scholarship  and  Prize  were  provided  for  by  the 
will  of  the  donor,  of  which  Dr.  Francis  Delafield  was  the  executor. 

Under  the  terms  of  this  instrument  Dr.  Clark  devised  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  the  house  and  lot  known  as  No.  ^iH  West  Thirty- 
first  Street,  in  New  York  City,  in  trust,  for  the  following  purposes :  A 
certain  portion  of  the  income  of  the  said  property,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Faculty  of  the  College,  to  be  devoted  to  the  maintenance  of  a  Scholarship 
for  the  support  of  a  person  who  would  devote  himself  to  study  under  their 
guidance,  with  the  special  purpose  of  discovering  new  facts  in  medical 
science.  The  period  of  the  Scholarship  was  fixed  at  three  years,  and  the 
incumbent  might  be  reappointed. 

Another  portion  of  the  income  of  the  property  is  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Faculty,  to  be  paid  to  that  person  among  the  graduates  of  the  College  who 
shall  present  to  the  Faculty  the  best  essay  upon  any  medical  subject.  The 
interval  between  the  awards  is  to  be  at  the  discretion  of  the  Faculty. 

The  remainder  of  the  income  of  the  property  was  to  be  devoted  to  spe- 
cial lectures  upon  advanced  medical  subjects  given  under  the  direction  of 
the  Faculty  by  a  person  selected  by  them,  and  the  number  or  frequency  of 
these  lectures  to  depend  upon  the  judgment  of  the  Faculty. 

In  case  the  income  should  at  any  time  be  insufficient  to  properly  carry 
out  all  three  of  the  objects  designated,  the  Faculty  was  empowered  to  select 
any  one  or  more  of  them  to  which  the  income  shall  be  devoted. 


136  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

By  another  provision  in  tlie  will  of  Dr.  Clark  he  devised  to  the  Trustees 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  the  house  and  lot  known  as  No. 
375  West  Thirty-second  Street,  in  New  York  City,  in  trust,  for  the  pay- 
ment to  certain  relatives  named  of  the  income  for  fifteen  years,  and,  after 
the  expiration  of  that  period,  in  trust  for  the  purpose  named  in  reference 
to  the  other  property  of  the  devisor. 

In  1887,  when  the  will  of  Dr.  Clark  was  probated,  Dr.  Francis  Dela- 
field,  the  executor,  reported  that  the  first  mentioned  piece  of  property  was 
purchased  at  a  cost  of  $13,000,  and  then  brought  an  annual  rental  of  $1,000. 
The  second  piece  of  property  was  purchased  at  a  cost  of  $10,500,  and  the 
annual  rental  was  $1,050.  The  first  of  the  bequests  was  accepted  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  College.  As  to  the  second  bequest,  the  Trustees  of  the  Col- 
lege objected:  i.  That  the  charter  of  the  College  did  not  authorize  the 
Trustees  to  accept  and  execute  trusts  for  the  benefit  of  individuals;  and  sec- 
ond that  acceptance  would  be  unwise,  and  would  involve  a  duty  and  obliga- 
tion to  maintain  the  validity  of  the  bequest  should  it  be  attacked. 

Accordingly,  the  second  of  Dr.  Clark's  bequests  was  declined,  and  the 
Clark  Fellowship  alone  was  accepted. 

In  1880  a  committee  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  (in  connection  with  the  Faculty)  undertook  the  labor 
of  compiling  a  catalogue  of  the  College.  This  committee  consisted  of  Dr. 
Ellsworth  Eliot,  Dr.  John  Shrady  and  Dr.  A.  E.  M.  Purdy,  the  latter  named 
of  whom  performed  the  work  of  compilation,  with  the  aid  of  his  colleagues. 
This  enterprise,  one  of  much  magnitude,  and  attended  with  no  little  ex- 
pense, found  an  efficient  ally  in  Dr.  A.  Norton  Brockway,  who  was  inde- 
fatigable in  his  researches.  The  work  necessarily  extended  over  a  consid- 
erable period,  owing  to  the  wide  dispersion  of  the  alumni  and  the  apathy 
of  many  of  their  number.  The  volume  contained  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven  pages,  and  included  all  available  information  with  reference  to  the  lo- 
cation and  professional  attainments  and  standing  of  the  graduates  of  the 
College,  together  with  a  brief  historical  review  of  the  College  and  explana- 
tory notes  under  various  heads.  The  work  was  monumental  for  its  day, 
and  it  was  also  of  peculiar  value  in  serving  as  a  stimulus  to  the  industry 
which  has  since  characterized  the  keepers  of  the  official  records,  whose  re- 
cent catalogues  have  been  prepared  with  great  care  and  placed  in  such  form 
as  to  be  preservable  and  readily  accessible. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

ADMINISTRATION    OF   PRESIDENT  JOHN    C.    DALTON. 

Dr.  John  Call  Dalton,  tenth  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  entered  upon  his  duties  in  1884,  and  he  ser^^ed  in  that  posi- 
tion until  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1889. 

During  this  brief  period  the  College  entered  upon  a  new  and  larger 
field  of  usefulness.  Within  these  years  were  erected  and  occupied  the  mas- 
sive and  elegant  edifices  provided  for  through  the  princely  bounty  of  Mr. 
William  H.  Vanderbilt  and  his  children.  Dr.  Dalton  had  served  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  College  only  three  years  when  the  tasks  of  the  builders  were 
completed,  and  he  was  privileged  to  assemble  his  students  within  the  new 
walls  reared  for  the  purpose  which  lay  nearest  his  heart — that  of  leading  a 
younger  generation  into  those  fields  in  which  he  himself  had  toiled  indus- 
triously and  with  keen  delight.  Two  years  later  his  labors  ended,  and  his 
taking  ofif  may  almost  be  regarded  as  one  of  life's  tragedies.  From  his 
earliest  student  days  he  had  been  an  indefatigable  worker  and  original  inves- 
tigator. He  had  made  many  notable  contributions  to  the  sum  of  profes- 
sional knowledge,  and  had  written  his  own  name  high  on  the  rolls  of  the 
world's  scientists.  All  his  masterly  work  had  been  accomplished  with 
crude  and  imperfect  means  as  compared  with  the  magnificent  equipment 
which  had  now  come  to  his  hands  in  the  laboratories  and  museums  of  the 
great  institution  over  which  he  now  presided.  With  such  means  he  might 
well  have  expected  to  reach  out  yet  farther  in  the  discovery  of  new  truths, 
to  the  advancement  of  science,  the  greater  service  to  his  fellow-men,  and  his 
own  higher  honor. 

The  history  of  the  buildings  and  their  equipment,  and  of  the  part  taken 
by  Dr.  Dalton  at  the  opening  of  the  new  College,  is  reserved  for  other  pages. 
It  is  sufScient  here  to  note  that  the  greater  advantages  afforded  in  the  new 
class  rooms,  clinics  and  laboratories,  adding  greatly  to  the  prestige  of  the 
institution,  brought  to  it  a  largely  increased  number  of  students  and  soon 
made  necessary  the  reinforcement  of  the  Faculty  by  additional  Professors 
and  Lecturers.  In  the  first  year  of  Dr.  Dalton's  presidency,  the  number  of 
students  was  505,  and  the  graduating  class  numbered  105.  In  his  last 
year's  service,  the  number  of  students  had  increased  to  809,  a  gain  of  about 
sixty  per  cent. 


138  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  organization  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1884 
was  as  follows : 

FACULTY    OF    MEDICINE. 

John  Call  Dalton,  M.  D.,  President  and  Emeritus  Professor  of  Physiol- 
ogy and  Hygiene. 

Alonzo  Clark,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Pathology  and 
Practical  Medicine. 

Thomas  Masters  Markoe,  AI.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery. 

William  Detmold,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  and  Military 
Surgery. 

Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecology. 

John  Thomas  Metcalfe,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Henry  Berton  Sands,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Surgery. 

James  Woods  McLane,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  of  Gynecology, 
and  of  the  Diseases  of  Children. 

Thomas  Taunton  Sabine,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Charles  Frederic  Chandler,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence. 

Edward  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics. 

Francis  Delafield.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Practical  Medi- 
cine. 

John  Green  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene;  Sec- 
retary of  the  Faculty. 

William  Henry  Draper,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye 
and  Ear. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children. 

Fessenden  Nott  Otis,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Venereal  Diseases. 

Edward  Constant  Seguin,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Mind  and  Nervous  System. 

George  Morewood  Lefferts,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Laryngoscopy 
and  Diseases  of  the  Throat. 

George  Henry  Fox,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the 
Skin. 

Theophile  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.,  Director  of  the  Physiological  and 
Pathological  Laboratory  of  the  Alumni  Association. 

Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery. 

William  Stewart  Halsted,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  x\natomy. 

Francis  Hartman  Markoe,  M.  D.,  First  Assistant  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy. 

George  Montgomery  Tuttle,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Chair  of  Obstetrics. 

Richard  John  Hall,  M.  D.,  Second  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

George  Livingston  Peabody,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Medicine. 

Alonzo  Brayton  Ball,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Medicine. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  DALTON.  139 


CLINICAL    ASSISTANTS. 

John  Thomas  Kennedy,  M.  D.  Waher  Buckley  Johnson,  M.  D. 

Oren  Day  Pomeroy,  M.  D.  George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.  D. 

David  Webster,  M.  D.  William  Randall  Birdsall,  M.  D. 

George  Gill  Wheelock,  M.  D.  Alonzo  Blauvelt,  M.  D. 

Lemuel  Bolton  Bangs,  M.  D.  Richard  John  Hall,  M.  D. 

Urban  Gillespie  Hitchcock,  M.  D.  Charles  Samuel  Ward,  M.  D. 

David  Magie,  M.  D.  Alexander  Sanford  Clarke,  M.  D. 

Robert  Abbe,  M.  D.  James  Bradbridge  Hunter,  M.  D, 

Stuyvesant  Fish  Morris,  M.  D.  John  Frederick  Golding,  M.  D. 

David  Bryson  Delavan,  M.  D.  Francis  Huber,  M.  D. 

William  Oliver  Moore,  M.  D.  Nelson  Herrick  Henry,  M.  D. 

Richard  George  Wiener,  M.  D.  Frank  Watson  Jackson,  M.  D. 

John  Higgins  Swasey,  M.  D.  John  Blake,  White,  M.  D. 

Charles  Augustus  Kinch,  M.  D.  Henry  Woolfe  Berg,  M.  D. 
Henry  Newton  Heineman,  M.  D. 

Theophile  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.,  Curator  of  the  Museum. 

Edward  Thomas  Boag,  Clerk. 

In  this  the  first  year  of  the  occupancy  of  the  new  College  building 
(1887),  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College,  held  on 
May  10,  a  resolution  was  adopted  requesting  President  Dalton  to  prepare 
a  history  of  the  institution.  The  manuscript  was  completed  in  November, 
1888,  and  met  the  warm  approval  of  the  Trustees,  who  ordered  that  an  edi- 
tion of  fifteen  hundred  copies  be  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  College. 

This  volume  was  of  a  verity  a  labor  of  love  on  the  part  of  its  distin- 
guished author.  As  well,  may  it  be  said,  was  it  his  last  work  in  behalf  of 
the  institution  which  lay  so  close  to  his  heart  and  which  he  had  served  with 
such  rare  fidelity  and  ability.  The  work  came  from  the  press  in  the  autumn 
of  1888,  and  Dr.  Dalton  died  in  February  following.  His  was  the  first 
attempt  to  place  in  a  permanent  and  accessible  form  the  record  of  the  founda- 
tion and  growth  of  the  College,  and  his  narrative  ended  with  the  year  in 
which  it  was  published,  the  second  year  of  the  establishment  of  the  institu- 
tion in  its  new^  home.  In  his  nearly  two  hundred  pages  the  author  traced 
the  annals  of  the  College  in  such  fashion  as  to  make  it  invaluable  as  a  work 
of  ready  reference  with  regard  to  the  period  of  which  he  wrote.  A  passage 
in  the  first  chapter  might  with  propriety  have  been  expected  on  the  last  page, 
for  it  is  not  only  a  record  of  the  past,  but  it  might,  with  change  of  tense, 
be  taken  as  a  prophecy  for  the  future : 

The  present  condition  of  the  College  is  by  no  means  wholly  due  to 
events  or  influences  of  our  own  day.  Its  destiny  has  been  shaped  by  many 
dififerent  causes  following  each  other  in  long  succession,  the  more  recent 
always    connected    in   some   measure   with   those    which   have   gone  before. 


140  COLLEGE  OF  PHVSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Every  improvement  in  its  organization  or  operation  has  been  accomplished 
by  repeated  and  persevering  endeavor,  by  gradual  enlargement  rather  than 
by  sudden  or  forcible  expansion.  It  has  had  its  trials  and  vicissitudes,  its 
failures  as  well  as  its  successes;  and  we  may  surely  learn  something  from 
experience,  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  past  mistakes.  A  difficulty  once  re- 
moved, by  means  which  have  proved  effectual,  need  not  again  be  encoun- 
tered if  the  institution  adhere  to  its  policy  of  a  discriminating  and  judicious 
conservatism.  On  the  other  hand,  it  has  ever  been  ready  to  alter  its  cus- 
toms and  regulations  when  they  have  become  useless  or  inappropriate,  and 
no  longer  fulfill  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  designed.  Its  methods 
have  varied  to  meet  the  necessity  of  the  times;  its  aims  and  objelcts  have 
always  been  the  same. 

In  1887  the  Faculty  was  considerably  enlarged,  and  its  organization 
was  as  follows : 

FACULTY    OF    MEDICINE. 

John  Call  Dalton,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  President  and  Emeritus  Professor  of 
Physiology  and  Hygiene. 

Alonzo  Clark,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Patholog}'  and 
Practical  Medicine. 

Thomas  Masters  Markoe,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Sur- 
gery. 

William  Detmold,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  and  Military 
Surgery. 

Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecology. 

John  Thomas  Metcalfe,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Medi- 
cine. 

Henry  Berton  Sands,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Surgery. 

James  Woods  McLane,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  of  the  Dis- 
eases of  Children. 

Thomas  Taunton  Sabine,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Charles  Frederic  Chandler,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Medi- 
cal Jurisprudence. 

Edward  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics. 

Francis  Delafield,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Practical  Medi- 
cine. 

John  Green  Curtis.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene.  Sec- 
retary of  the  Faculty. 

George  Montgomery  Tuttle,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

George  Livingston  Peabody,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics. 

William  Tillinghast  Bull,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  the  Practice  of 
Surgery. 

Richard  John  Hall,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Sur- 
gery. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  DALTON.  141 

William  Henry  Draper,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Eye. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children. 

Fessenden  Nott  Otis,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Dis- 
eases. 

Edward  Constant  Seguin,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Mind  and  Nervous  System. 

George  Morewood  Lefiferts,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Laryngoscopy 
and  Diseases  of  the  Throat. 

George  Henry  Fox,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the 
Skin. 

Theophile  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.,  Director  of  the  Laboratory  of  the 
Alumni  Association,  and  Curator  of  the  Museum. 

Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Charles  McBurney,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Surgery,  and  In- 
structor in  Operative  Surgery. 

Alonzo  Brayton  Ball,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Medicine. 

Frank  Hartley,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  and  Clinical  Lecturer 
upon  Surgery. 

George  Sumner  Huntington,  M.  D.,  First  Assistant  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy. 

James  ^^'est  Roosevelt,   I\L  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Medicine. 

Arthur  Henry  Elliott,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant  in  Chemistry. 

Albert  Henry  Buck,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Diseases  of  the  Ear. 

Francis  Hartman  Markoe,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Surgery. 

Charles  Ernest  Pellew,  E.  M.,  Assistant  in  Chemistry. 

Bern  Budd  Gallaudet,  M.  D.,  Second  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anat- 
omy. 

ASSIST.^NTS   IN    CLINICAL   INSTRUCTION   AT  THE  VANDERBILT    CLINIC. 

CHIEFS    OF    CLINIC. 

Lemuel  Bolton  Bangs,  M.  D.  Frank  Watson  Jackson,  M.  D. 

William  Randall  Birdsall,  M.  D.  George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.  D. 

David  Bryson  Delavan,  M.  D.  Huntington  Richards,  M.  D. 

Francis  Huber.  M.  D.  Charles  Ware,  M.  D. 

George  Sumner  Huntington,  M.  D.  David  Webster,  M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Gorham  Bacon,  M.  D.  Frank  Ebenezer  Miller,  M.  D. 

Henry  Woolfe  Berg,  M.  D.  William  Oliver  Moore,  M.  D. 

Abrarn  Brothers,  M.  D.  William  K.  Otis,  M.  D. 

Albert  Ferdinand  Brugman,  M.  D.  William  Augustus  Pierrepont,  M.  D. 

Frank  Benton  Carpenter.  M.  D.  Alexander  Barnett  Pope,  M.  D. 

John  Herbert  Claiborne,  Jr.,  M.  D.  Francis  Joseph  Ouinlan,  M.  D. 

Urban  Gillespie  Hitchcock,  M.  D.  Frank  Whitman^Ring,  M.  D. 


142  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 

James  Bradbridge  Hunter,  M.  D.  Barney  Sachs,  M.  D. 

Walter  Belknap  James,  M.  D.  Charles  Davies  Scudder,  M.  D. 

Walter  Buckley  Johnson,  M.  D.  William  Kelly  Simpson,  M.  D. 

Charles  Augustus  Kinch,  M.  D.  John  Higgins  Swasey,  M.  D. 

Charles  Huntoon  Knight,  M.  D.  William  Jonathan  Swift.  M.  D. 

George  Roe  Lockwood,  Jr.,  M.  D.  Samuel  Oakley  Vander  Poel,  M.  D. 
Ami  Jacques  Magnin,  M.  D. 

Clerk  of  the  College.  Edward  Thomas  Boag. 

November  i6,  1887,  occurred  the  first  change  in  the  Faculty  of  that 
year.  Dr.  E.  C.  Seguin  resigned  the  chair  of  Clinical  Diseases  of  the  Mind 
and  Nervous  System,  and  Dr.  Moses  Allen  Starr,  a  graduate  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  class  of  1880,  was  appointed  as  Clinical  Lec- 
turer to  succeed  him. 

Shortly  afterward  (April  18,  1888)  occurred  a  vacancy  in  the  chair 
of  Clinical  Medicine,  through  the  death  of  Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew.  An- 
nouncement of  the  event  was  made  to  the  Trustees  by  President  Dalton, 
who  presented  the  following  fine  tribute,  which  was  ordered  to  be  spread 
upon  the  records  of  the  Board : 

Since  the  last  meeting  of  this  Board  of  Trustees,  one  of  its  controlling 
spirits  and  one  of  the  staunchest  friends  and  most  distinguished  teachers  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  has  suddenly  and  in  the  full  tide  of 
his  usefulness  departed  this  life. 

The  death  of  Dr.  Agnew  creates  what  seems  like  a  hopeless  void  in  our 
councils  and  casts  a  deep  shadow  across  the  path  of  brilliant  promise  upon 
which  the  College  has  just  entered.  Since  his  graduation  from  this  insti- 
tution in  1852  Dr.  Agnew  has  fostered  and  advanced  its  interests  as  a  faith- 
ful Alumnus;  has  enlarged  its  fame  as  one  of  its  most  popular  and  eminent 
instructors,  and  for  more  than  ten  years  has  served  to  direct  its  manage- 
ment as  a  diligent  and  wise  trustee. 

In  all  his  labors  for  the  welfare  and  distinction  of  his  Alma  Mater,  he 
displayed  a  lofty  purpose  and  a  generous  devotion  of  his  time  and  energy. 
He  has  been  identified  with  every  measure  in  the  management  of  this  Col- 
lege which  was  directed  towards  improving  its  methods  of  instruction  or  ele- 
vating the  standard  of  its  requirements.  He  combined  in  a  rare  degree  the 
attributes  of  a  scientific  teacher,  a  wise  philanthropist  and  a  man  of  afifairs. 
He  had  an  exalted  sense  of  the  public  as  well  as  the  private  responsibilities 
of  medical  men,  and  he  was  not  less  distinguished  as  a  citizen  and  a  sani- 
tarian than  as  a  physician.  In  the  many  and  varied  relations  of  his  busy  and 
useful  life  he  will  long  be  remembered  for  the  dignity  of  his  character,  and 
his  unselfish  devotion  to  the  highest  interests  of  his  fellow  men. 

Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew  was  born  in  New  York  City,  August  8th, 
1830.  His  paternal  ancestors  left  France  at  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes,  and  settled  in  the  northern  part  of  Ireland,  near  Belfast,  where  they 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  D ALTON.  143 


D 


became  prominent  members  of  the  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church.  In  1786 
his  grandfather.  John  Agnew,  came  to  America  and  first  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Philadelphia ;  subsequently  he  removed  to  New  York  City,  where 
he  permanently  settled,  and  became  engaged  in  the  tobacco,  commission  and 
shipping  business.  In  this  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William,  father  of 
Dr.  Agnew,  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  who  had  been  associated  with  his 
father  several  years.  William  Agnew  remained  in  business  about  sixty 
years,  and  became  a  leading  merchant  of  the  city.  He  married  Elizabeth 
Thomson,  whose  father  was  a  surveyor  by  profession,  and  surveyed  the  na- 
tional turnpike  that  was  built  from  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  to  Balti- 
more, Maryland. 

Dr.  Agnew's  early  education  was  received  in  private  schools,  and  he 
was  prepared  for  college  by  William  Forrest,  of  New  York.  x\t  the  age  of 
fifteen  years  he  entered  Columbia  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1849.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  J.  Kearney  Rodg- 
ers,  at  that  time  a  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  City.  W'hile  pursuing  his  studies,  he  entered  the 
New  York  Hospital  as  Junior  Walker,  receiving  shortly  afterwards  an  ap- 
pointment as  Senior  Walker.  In  1852  he  graduated,  and  passed  the  follow- 
ing year  as  house  surgeon  in  the  New  York  Hospital.  At  the  expiration  of 
his  term  of  service,  having  determined  to  make  a  specialty  of  the  diseases 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  he  received  the  appomtment  of  surgeon  to  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  a  proviso  being  made  that  before  entering  upon  the 
duties  allotted  to  him  he  should  visit  Europe  and  make  himself  familiar  with 
the  most  recent  advances  in  his  department  of  medical  science.  In  Dublin 
he  became  a  resident  pupil  of  the  Lying-in-Hospital,  and  also  attended  the 
clinics  given  by  William  Wilde,  afterwards  Sir  William  Wilde,  at  St.  Mark's 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  of  Dublin.  Subsequently  he  studied  in  London  and 
Paris,  after  which  he  returned  home  and  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  occupied  the  position  of  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary  until  April,  1864.  when  his  duties  on  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  probably  the  most 
active  member,  compelled  him  to  resign  rather  than  to  impose  additional 
labor  upon  his  colleagues  in  that  body.  During  the  term  of  office  of  Gov- 
ernor E.  D.  Morgan,  he  was  Surgeon  General  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
and  at  the  commencement  of  the  civil  war  he  was  appointed  Medical  Director 
of  the  State  Volunteer  Hospital,  New  York,  in  which  position  he  performed 
most  efficient  service.  For  a  long  time  he  had  charge  of  the  important  trust 
of  obtaining  for  the  regiments  passing  through  New  York  to  the  seat  of- 
war  their  medical  supplies,  being  the  representative  in  this  work  of  the  Sur- 
geon General  of  the  State  of  New  York. 


144  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  1864  Dr.  Agnew  was  chosen  one  of  the  associate  trustees  to  organize 
a  School  of  Mines  in  Columbia  College,  and  (February  2nd,  1874)  he  was 
made  one  of  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College.  In  1866  he  established  in 
the  College  of  Phj^sicians  and  Surgeons  an  Ophthalmic  Clinic,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Faculty,  and  in  1869  he  was  elected  Clinical  Professor  of  Dis- 
eases of  the  Eye  and  Ear.  In  1868  he  originated  the  Brooklyn  Eye  and  Ear 
Hospital,  and  the  following  year  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  New 
York.  In  1865  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  managers  of  the  New  York 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Poughkeepsie,  was  twice  reappointed,  and 
held  from  the  inception  of  the  undertaking  the  secretaryship  of  its  executive 
committee.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York  Patho- 
logical Society,  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society  of  New  York  City,  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society,  of  which  he  was  for  several  years  Pres- 
ident, the  American  Otological  Society,  the  New  York  Ophthalmo- 
logical Society,  which  he  aided  in  founding,  the  International 
Ophthalmological  Society,  the  International  Otological  Society, 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  and  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine.  He  attended  the  International  Medical  Congress  at  the 
Centennial  meeting  at  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  also  a  director 
of  the  New  York  Tract  Society ;  a  director  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association;  an  elder  in  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  and  trustee 
of  one  of  its  Mission  Churches,  and  a  trustee  and  chairman  of  the  board  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the  Palisades.  He  was  also  one  of  the  four  gen- 
tlemen who  founded  the  Union  League  Club  in  New  York  City,  an  organiza- 
tion from  which  the  government  derived  most  material  assistance  during 
the  civil  war.  He  contributed  many  valuable  articles  to  current  medical  lit- 
erature, among  them  the  following : 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Surgery  of  Divergent  Squint" — Ophthalmic 
Notes :     I.     Trephining  the  Cornea  to  Remove  a  Foreign  Body. 

"A  Case  of  Double,  Extremely  Minute,  and  Apparently  Congenital 
Lachrymal  Fistula." 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Statistics  of  Cataract  Extraction  of  One  Hun- 
dred and  Eighteen  Recent  Cases" — New  York,   1874. 

"Canthoplasty  as  a  Remedy  in  Certain  Diseases  of  the  Eye" — New 
York,  1875. 

"Clinical  Contributions  to  Ophthalmology" — Reprmted  from  Archives 
of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology,  Volume  IV.,  Nos.  3  and  4. 

"A  Series  of  American  Clinical  Lectures" — Edited  by  E.  C.  Seguin, 
M.  D.,  New  York,  1875. 

In    1856  Dr.   Agnew  married  Mary  Nash,  daughter  of  Lora   Nash,   a 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  D ALTON.  145 

prominent  merchant  of  New  York  City.  She  was  a  woman  in  every  attri- 
bute of  mind  and  character  pecuharly  suited  to  him,  and  who  ably  seconded 
him  in  every  effort  of  his  noble  career.  Dr.  Agnew  was  survived  by  his 
widow,  seven  daughters  and  a  son.  His  remains  were  interred  in  Green- 
wood Cemetery,  with  the  ceremonies  of  the  Presbyterian  Churcli.  A  Me- 
morial Address  was  read  before  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  by  ap- 
pointment of  the  Council,  June  7th,  1888,  by  Dr.  T.  Gailhird  Thomas,  in 
which  he  referred  in  touching  terms  to  the  character,  goodness,  kindness 
and  benevolence  of  Dr.  Agnew.  After  citing  many  incidents  showing  his 
gentleness,  amiabilit}-,  and  true  Christian  spirit,  he  concluded  by  saying: 
"In  his  mortal  life  Dr.  Agnew's  influence  was  great;  now  that  he  has  put 
on  immortality,  it  will  be  an  hundred-fold  greater.  Though  his  mortal  part 
has  become  dust,  the  shadow  of  his  spirit  will  rest  upon  us,  stimulating  us  to 
reflection,  and  inspiring  us  to  action.  Though  his  tongue  be  still  in  death, 
memory  will  put  a  voice  into  every  gentle,  loving  act  of  his,  which  will 
call  upon  us  to  imitate  his  efforts  and  to  emulate  his  example." 

In  1888  the  title  of  the  chair  occupied  by  Dr.  James  W.  McLane  was 
changed  from  that  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Children  to  that  of  Obstet- 
rics, and  the  chair  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene,  occupied  by  Dr.  John  G. 
Curtis  was  changed  to  that  of  Physiology.  Dr.  Albert  H.  Buck,  class  of 
1867,  was  appointed  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Ear.  Dr.  Richard 
J.  Hall,  class  of  1878,  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Anatomy,  with 
the  title  of  Adjunct  Professor,  and  Dr.  Charles  McBurney,  of  the  class  of 
.1870,  was  appointed  as  Lecturer  Adjunct  upon  the  Principles  of  Surgery. 
iA.t  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Trustees  Dr.  Herman  Knapp  was  appointed 
to  deliver  a  course  of  didactic  lectures  on  Ophthalmology,  and  Dr.  Allan  Mc- 
Lane Hamilton  was  engaged  to  give  a  course  of  ten  didactic  lectures  on 
Medical  Jurisprudence.  The  latter  course  was  to  be  without  expense  to  the 
students,  and  attendance  thereon  optional.  Other  appointments  were 
Dr.  Warren  P.  Lombard,  Assistant  in  Physiology:  Dr.  George  C.  Free- 
born, Instructor  in  Normal  Histology,  and  Dr.  Ira  T.  Van  Gieson,  Assist- 
ant in  Normal  Histology.  Hygiene  was  made  a  part  of  the  Department  of 
Materia  Medica.  In  this  same  j^ear  a  large  corps  of  instructors  and  assist- 
ants were  appointed  for  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  these  are  named  in  their 
proper  connection  with  that  institution. 

The  school  year  ending  on  May  loth,  1888,  closed  a  new  and  brilliant 
epoch  in  the  history  of  the  College.  There  was  ample  justification  for  the 
gratulatory  phrases  of  Dr.  John  G.  Curtis,  Secretary  of  the  Faculty,  who 
said,  in  his  annual  report,  that  "the  three  buildings — the  College  building 
pr(3per,  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  and  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic — have  fully 


146  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

realized  the  high  expectations  formed  of  their  usefidness.  and  have  turned 
out  to  be  admirable  seats  of  educational  work,  both  as  regards  the  funda- 
mental matters  of  light,  heating  and  ventilation,  solidity  and  spaciousness, 
and  as  regards  the  details."  And  the  more  complete  summing  up  by  Pro- 
fessor F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  the  President  of  Columbia  College,  is  well  worth 
quoting  at  length : 

Nothing  in  American  educational  history  is  more  remarkable  than  the 
evidences  of  public  favor  with  which  the  recent  improvements  in  the  School 
of  Medicine  have  been  received.  The  necessity  of  a  change  of  location  has 
for  many  years  been  obvious,  in  consec|uence  of  the  continually  increasing 
numbers  annually  thronging  the  halls  of  the  school;  but  it  would  appear  as 
if  the  difficulty  had  hardly  been  obviated  by  the  immense  enlargement  of  the 
accommodations  for  lecture  halls  and  collections  furnished  by  the  new  build- 
ings. The  growth  in  numbers  has  corresponded  very  nearly  with  the  en- 
largement of  space,  and  it  .seems  probable  that  it  will  become  necessary  to 
impose  a  limit  to  the  number  of  matriculates  admitted. 

The  fact  that  this  increased  attendance  has  occurred  in  spite  of  a  simul- 
taneous increase  in  the  rigor  of  the  conditions  imposed  on  candidates  for 
admission  and  graduation,  is  a  circumstance  equally  gratifying.  It  has  been 
a  reproach  to  the  medical  schools  of  the  country  that  they  are  injudiciously 
lax  in  their  requisitions  in  regard  to  proficiency ;  and  that  many  graduates 
are  found  who  are  incapable  of  understanding  their  own  prescriptions,  and 
even,  in  some  instances,  of  correctly  writing  the  English  language.  This 
reproach  will  not  hold  good  hereafter  of  our  medical  school.  The  final  ex- 
aminations of  this  year  have  been  very  thoroughly  searching,  and  arrange- 
ments have  been  made  for  enforcing  entrance  examinations  equally  rigor- 
ous hereafter.  If  these  measures  shall  have  the  efi^ect  to  repress  the  great 
affluence  of  numljers  which  have  been  received  during  the  past  year,  the  fact 
will  be  no  cause  of  regret,  since  what  in  this  way  may  be  lost  will  greatly 
more  than  be  compensated  in  the  character  and  respectability  of  the  profes- 
sion. The  undersigned  feels  that  he  can  safely  reaffirm  the  conviction  that 
the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College  is  destined  to  become  in  the 
future  the  leading  medical  school  in  the  United  States. 

The  College  year  had,  indeed,  been  gratifyingly  successful.  The  num- 
ber of  matriculates  for  the  calendar  year  1887  was  eight  hundred  and  nine, 
an  increase  of  two  hundred  and  three  over  the  preceding  year,  and  of  three 
hundred  and  seven  over  1885.  Of  the  eight  hundred  and  nine  students  en- 
rolled in  1887,  two  hundred  and  twenty-six,  or  twenty-seven  and  nine-tenths 
per  cent,  already  held  degrees,  viz. :  In  medicine,  fifty-seven,  and  in  arts, 
physiology,  science,  etc.,  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine. 

In  all  the  preliminaries  to  the  Commencement,  and  in  the  conduct  of 
the  exercises  upon  that  occasion,  there  was  unassailable  evidence  of  the  lofty 
conscientiousness  of  the  Trustees,  the  Faculty  and  the  Alumni.     In  Septem- 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  D ALTON.  147 

ber,  1887,  eighteen  candidates  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  were 
examined,  and  nine  of  these,  or  one-half  the  number,  were  rejected.  In  April 
and  May,  1888,  of  one  hundred  and  thirt3'-nine  presenting  themselves  as 
candidates  for  the  medical  degree,  thirty-three,  or  twenty-three  and  seven- 
tenths  per  cent,  failed  to  pass.  In  one  instance,  the  application  of  the  rules 
worked  a  temporary  hardship.  This  was  the  case  of  a  young  man  who  had 
completed  the  full  prescribed  course  and  was  proficient  in  all  his  studies, 
but  whose  diploma  was  withheld  to  await  his  attaining  legal  age,  but  a  few 
months  later. 

On  the  evening  of  May  loth,  1888,  was  held  the  eighty-first  Annual 
Commencement  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  the  occasion 
was  memorable  for  the  graduation  of  the  first  class  within  the  walls  of  the 
new  College  edifice.  The  exercises  were  held  in  the  lecture  hall  of  the  Col- 
lege building,  and  were  characterized  by  the  utmost  dignity  and  decorum. 
The  religious  services  were  conducted  by  an  eminent  clergyman,  the  Right 
Rev.  Henry  C.  Potter,  S.  T.  D.,  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and 
the  Chaplain  of  the  College. 

President  John  C.  Dalton  presided,  and  conferred  the  medical  degrees 
upon  a  class  of  one  hundred  and  six  successful  candidates,  and  delivered  a 
Commencement  Address.  His  remarks  were  necessarily  reminiscent  in  some 
degree,  but  only  to  such  extent  as  to  properly  link  the  past  to  the  present, 
and  to  impress  the  graduates  with  a  deep  sense  of  the  great  privileges  it  had 
been  their  fortune  to  enjoy,  and  the  weighty  responsibilities  which  they  were 
about  to  assume.  The  Hippocratic  Oath  was  administered  by  Professor 
Drisler,  who  represented  President  Barnard,  of  Columbia  College. 

If  the  Faculty,  through  a  deep  regard  for  the  standing  of  the  College 
and  for  their  own  reputation  as  instructors,  had  been  exacting  in  their  exam- 
inations, fearful  lest  some  one  unworthy  should  go  from  them  bearing  cre- 
dentials of  their  bestowal,  the  Alumni  Association  was  equally  jealous  of  its 
integrity.  This  was  evident  from  its  withholding  the  Association  Prize,  for 
the  reason,  as  was  announced  by  Dr.  Charles  McBurney,  President  of  the 
Association,  that,  although  meritorious  essays  had  been  presented,  all  were 
wanting  in  such  original  investigation  as  was  required  by  the  terms  under 
which  the  Prize  was  instituted. 

In  the  same  year,  in  their  report  to  the  Regents  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  the  Trustees  of  the  College  transmitted  the  follow- 
ing financial  statement  for  the  fiscal  year : 

Estimated  value  of  College  land $200,000.00 

Estimated  value  of  building  and  furniture.  .  .    370,000.00 — $570,000 

Value  of  anatomical  preparations    10,000.00 


148  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Value  of  Materia  Medica   1,000.00 —  $11,000 

United  States  and  State  stocks   2,748.75 

Corporate  bonds  and  stocks 4,000.00 

Bonds  and  mortgages   79,835.00 

Real  estate  other  than  College  buildings  and 

grounds   12,000.00 

Other  property   38,017.71 

The  foregoing  exhibit  made  tlie  total  value  of  the  College  property 
$717,601.46.  In  this  amount  was  included  the  net  proceeds  from  sale  of 
the  old  College  property  on  Twenty-third  street.  The  sale  had  been  made 
January  29,  1887,  for  the  sum  of  $160,000,  of  which  amount  $80,000  had 
been  paid  in  cash,  the  remainder  of  the  indebtedness  being  represented  by  a 
purchase-money  mortgage  for  $80,000  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  five 
per  cent  and  payable  after  five  years. 

The  revenue  for  the  same  year  aggregated  $71,203.33,  of  which  amount 
$56,770  was  from  tuition.  The  disbursements  were  $70,341.06,  of  which 
the  largest  items  were  $46,512.54  paid  to  the  instructors,  and  $21,530.33 
expended  for  fuel  "and  incidental  expenses,  leaving  a  balance  of  $862.27. 

The  eminent  scientist  and  distinguished  teacher.  Dr.  John  C.  Dalton, 
who  had  graced  the  presidency  of  the  College  during"  its  most  splendid 
epoch,  died  on  February  12,  1889,  and  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  on  February  26th  following,  drafted  and  adopted  the 
following  resolutions  of  respect : 

The  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  desire  to  ex- 
press their  deep  sense  of  the  loss  sustained  by  the  College  in  the  death  of  its 
President,  Dr.  John  Call  Dalton. 

During  the  thirty-four  years  of  his  connection  with  the  College,  first 
as  Professor  of  Physiology  and  afterwards  as  President,  Dr.  Dalton  took 
a  warm  interest  in  all  that  concerned  the  welfare  of  the  institution.  The 
College  was  in  a  special  and  peculiar  sense  his  real  home.  A  large  portion 
of  his  daily  life  was  spent  within  its  walls,  and  here  was  accomplished  most 
of  the  work  which  rightly  placed  him  in  the  front  rank  of  American  physi- 
ologists. Although  a  man  of  broad  sympathies  which  carried  him  into 
other  departments  of  science  and  into  questions  of  public  affairs,  his  life 
was  centered  here,  and  nothing  lay  so  near  his  heart  as  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  its  best  interests  and  its  advancement  to  a  higher 
plane  of  professional  education. 

As  a  teacher  Dr.  Dalton  possessed  qualities  of  the  highest  order.  He 
was  always  master  of  his  subject,  while,  by  a  seeming  paradox,  his  subject 
mastered  him.     There  was,  for  this  reason,  a  certain  contagiousness  in  his 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  DALTON.  149 

absorbing  interest  in  his  theme.  Even  the  dullest  facts,  under  his  treatment 
of  them,  acquired  a  new  freshness,  either  by  some  original  illustration,  some 
presentation  from  an  unusual  standpoint,  or  by  a  quaintness  of  expression 
that  gave  them-  an  air  of  novelty.  But  nothing  displayed  so  well  his  rare 
genius  in  imparting  knowledge  as  the  skill  with  which  he  simplified  the  most 
difficult  subject  by  his  orderly  arrangement  of  its  principles  and  the  trans- 
parent clearness  of  his  language.  To  this  directness  and  simplicity  of  speech, 
which  was  typical  of  the  whole  character  of  the  man,  was  joined  a  peculiar 
charm  of  manner  that  fascinated  every  one  who  came  in  contact  with  him. 
With  children  he  was  a  great  favorite.  From  him  an  explanation  of  the 
mechanism  of  some  familiar  object,  or  a  story  of  natural  history  told  in  his 
inimitable  way,  brought  greater  delight  to  the  child  at  his  knee  than  the 
most  exciting  fairy  tale  from  an}'  one  else.  And  so  in  the  lecture  room,  al- 
though Dr.  Dalton  had  none  of  the  conspicuous  but  more  commonplace 
gifts  of  oratory,  there  was  a  certain  personal  magnetism  about  him,  a  rare 
subtle  quality  of  vital  power,  that  at  once  placed  him  in  sympathy  with  his 
audience  and  gave  him  absolute  control  over  it. 

To  the  office  of  President,  Dr.  Dalton  brought  a  practical  knowledge 
of  men  and  affairs,  a  love  of  work  and  thoroughness  in  it,  and  a  shrewd 
common  sense,  that  qualified  him  for  the  position  to  a  degree  that  now 
seems  almost  providential.  During  his  busy  administration,  the  College  was 
removed  to  its  present  situation,  its  new  buildings  were  erected,  and  its 
curriculum  was  enlarged.  Out  of  these  changes  grew  a  host  of  difficulties, 
many  of  them  of  an  extremely  novel  character,  which  could  be  solved  only 
by  the  exercise  of  the  soundest  judgment  and  the  most  laborious  attention 
to  details. 

Dr.  Dalton  approached  his  task  in  a  conscientious  spirit,  determined 
that  the  trust  imposed  by  the  generous  benefactors  of  the  College  should  be 
carried  out  faithfully.  With  health  already  impaired  by  the  disease  of 
which  he  died,  his  labors  were  indefatigable.  He  seem  to  feel  that  the  time 
was  short,  but  when  the  end  came  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that 
his  work  had  not  been  in  vain.  The  ambition  of  his  later  years  was  realized. 
He  had  lived  to  see  the  College  he  loved  with  a  more  than  filial  affection 
entering  with  bright  prospects  upon  a  new  era  of  prosperity.  Could  he  have 
known,  also,  with  what  a  fullness  of  gratitude  his  unselfish  labors  were  re- 
garded by  all  of  the  alumni  and  officers  of  the  College,  who  can  doubt  that 
even  his  well  merited  scientific  honors  would  have  had  less  value  to  him  in 
his  dying  hour  than  such  a  tribute  to  his  personal  character. 

Dr.  Dalton  was  born  in  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts,  February  2,  1823. 
He  received  his  literarv  education  at  Harvard  Universitv.  from  which  he 


ISO 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


was  graduated  when  nineteen  years  of  age,  and  two  years  later  received 
his  degree  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  Medical  School  of  the  same  in- 
stitution. His  attention  was,  from  the  earliest  days  of  his  professional 
career,  principally  devoted  to  the  study  of  physiology,  and  he  began  from 
the  first  to  attain  distinction  in  that  science.  In  1851  his  essay  on  "The 
Corpus  Luteum"  was  awarded  the  annual  competitive  prize  by  the  American 
Medical  Association,  and  attracted  profound  attention  throughout  the  coun- 
try by  reason  of  its  lucidity  and  originality. 

In  1852  Dr.  Dalton  was  appointed  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Med- 
ical Department  of  the  University  of  Buffalo,  where  he  became  the  first  in 
America  to  adopt  vivisection  in  the  teaching  of  his  department.  He  re- 
signed his  chair  in  1854  to  accept  a 
similar  position  in  the  Vermont  Medical 
College  at  Burlington.  He  relinquished 
the  latter  position  in  1859  to  become 
Professor  of  Physiolog}'  in  the  Long 
Island  College  Hospital  in  Brooklyn. 
In  the  winter  of  1854-5  he  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  physiology 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  the  Professorship  in 
the  last  of  these  years.  As  Surgeon  of 
the  Seventh  New  York  Regiment,  he 
accompanied  that  command  to  Wash- 
ington City  in  the  first  month  of  the 
civil  war,  April,  1861.  He  was  subse- 
quently assigned  to  important  posi- 
tions in  the  Medical  Corps,  U.  S.  A., 
as  Brigade  Surgeon  and  Medical  Di- 
rector. He  resigned  in  1864,  and  resumed  his  position  with  the  Faculty  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  he  occupied  until  1883,  when 
he  was  elected  to  the  Presidency. 

In  1866  Dr.  Dalton  delivered  before  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine an  address  on  "Vivisection :  What  it  is  and  what  it  has  accomplished." 
This  was  an  elaborate  answer  to  the  objections  raised  against  said  experi- 
mentalism,  viz. :  Its  cruelty,  its  liability  to  uncertainty  and  deception,  and 
its  failure  to  lead  to  valuable  results.  These  propositions  he  combated  most 
successfullv,  while  he  did  not  omit  to  vindicate  the  methods  adopted  or  even 


JOHN    C.   DALTON,    M.    D. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  D ALTON. 


151 


suggested  in  masterly  fashion  as  necessarily  contributing  to  the  acquisition 
of  such  knowledge  as  safeguards  for  the  protection  of  human  beings  against 
disease  and  death. 

Somehow,  the  personality  of  Dr.  Dalton  had  a  peculiar  fascination  for 
the  embryo  artists  of  his  class  who.  it  is  just  to  them  to  say,  have  in  no 
instance  attained  eminence  with  either  pencil  or  brush.  The  accompanying 
illustrations,  which  will  afford  some  idea  of  Dr.  Dalton's  methods  as  a 
teacher,  are  from  pencil  sketches  incorporated  in  the  written  text  of 
a  note-book,  but  emphasized  by  pen  and  India  ink.  The  figures 
were     intended     to     be     portraits,       and     at      least      a      ratio     has     had 


"  GENTLEMEN,   OBSERVE    FOR    YOURSELVES. 


the  compliment  of  a  recognition.  In  the  program  of  the  course  Dr.  Dalton 
has  arrived  at  the  consideration  of  the  sympathetic  system  which  he  is  in  the 
act  of  explaining  to  the  class  as  a  chain  of  double  ganglia,  occupying  the  great 
cavities  of  the  body  extending  from  the  head  to  the  lower  extremity  of  the 
coccyx.  "Of  this  system,"  continues  the  Doctor,  "but  little  is  known,  owing 
to  the  difficulty  of  isolation,  situate  as  it  is  in  the  deep  parts  of  the  body 
and  the  connection  with  most  important  organs.  In  the  case  of  the  cat  on 
which  the  experiment  has  been  performed  the  following  phenomena  are  ap- 
parent and  demonstrable,  to-wit.,  a  congested  state  of  the  tissues,  an  increased 
sensibility,  an  elevated  temperature  and  a  contraction  of  the  pupil." 


152 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


The  course  of  lectures,  generally  se\-ent3'-se\"en  for  the  season,  was  de- 
li\-ered  without  a  break  in  expectation  and  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  concerned, 
for  no  time  was  spared  in  the  preparation  and  there  was  no  confusion  in  the 
details.  Professor  Dalton  had  a  painstaking,  enthusiastic  temperament  and 
almost  made  the  laboratory  his  home.  He  followed  the  clues  of  others  and 
scarcely  ever  accepted  a  conclusion  without  a  challenge  of  the  premises.  His 
work  was  more  than  a  duty — it  was  an  inexpressible  pleasure. 

As  both  a  demonstrator  and  teacher  Dr.  Dalton  had  but  few  equals.  An 
artist  with  wide  based  cra}-ons  in  yellow,  blue  and  red  swiftly  applied  to  the 
blackboard,  he  likewise  was  without  a  superior.  Whether  he  suggested  or 
followed  this  method  is  a  question,  since  caricature,  the  vogue  of  the  times, 
developing  into  what  was  known  as  "chalktalks,"  was  capturing  the  laity, 
especially  that  class,  with  a  party  bias.  It  may  be  safely  said,  howe\'er,  that 
none  of  these  entertainers  could  excel  Dr.  Dalton  in  his  sweeping  curves,  his 
exact  angles,  horizontals  and  perpendiculars.  With  a  grim  humor,  he  would 
develop  the  tadpole  into  a  frog  upon  his  haunches,  facing  the  benches — the 
said  created  product  gazing  at  the  crowd  in  front  with  a  self-satisfied  leer 
beneath  goggled  eyes.  If  be  had  a  forte  in  firework  illumination,  it  was  the 
distribution  of  the  nerves  to  their  proper  functional  stations — aglow  with 
many  colors,  an  unimpeachable  diagram.  His  reward  was  always  a  stage- 
idol  plaudit. 

On  easy  terms  with  the  subjects 
of  his  \i\'isections,  that,  according  to 
his  colleague  and  in  part  predeces- 
sor, Dr.  Clark,  whom  he  styled 
"Alonzo,  the  Great" — this  latter  in- 
structor applied  to  the  dogs  in  train- 
ing for  Science's  sake,  an  often  quot- 
ed sally  that  they  were  "oblivious  of 
the  past  and  indifferent  to  the  fu- 
ture." Still  the  laws  of  the  animal 
economy  were  then  much  questioned, 
especially  in  that  the  germ  theory 
was  scarcely  in  \ogue  and  anaes- 
thesia much  helped  accurate  surgery. 
A  remark  incident  to  the  class  of 
1857  or  thereabouts,  is  remembered 
to  the  purport  that  the  immunity  of  the  canine  peritoneum  was  likely  to  be 
due  to  a  lower  development  of  the  nervous  system  as  compared  with  the  anal- 
ogous functional  condition  of  affairs  in  man. 


"OBLIVIOUS    TO    THE    PAST, 
INDIFFERENT    TO    THE    FUTURE.' 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  D ALTON. 


153 


Two  experimental  lectures  of  Dr.  Dalton's  course  were  especially  attract- 
ive, which  the  students  emphasized  by  packed  audiences.  From  rather  co- 
pious notes  at  hand,  condensed  extracts  may  imperfectly  convey  both  facts 
and  methods.  "The  hemisphere  ganglia,"  said 
the  Professor,  "is  a  sheet  more  or  less  thick,  in- 
closing all  the  rest  of  the  ganglia,  folding  over 
from  before  backward.  When  we  remove  these, 
we  have  the  mental  phenomena  more  or  less 
affected,  particularly  the  memory,  and  this  want 
of  memory  will  explain  why  idiots  cannot  be 
taught.  This  pigeon  whose  cerebrum  has  been 
removed  opens  his  eyes,  which  shows  that  he 
takes  cognizance  and  has  heard  the  report  of  the 
pistol,  but  does  not  attempt  to  avoid  the  threat- 
ened danger,  but  stupidly  keeps  to  his  perch. 
Truly  his  special  senses  are  intact,  but  his  mem- 
ory is  gone. 

"The  case  of  the  second  pigeon  in  the  bottom 
of  the  tray,  fluttering  and  trying  to  escape,  is  con- 
scious of  danger,  but  has  no  command  over  his  mus- 
cles. See  the  peculiar  form  of  inability  resulting 
from  a  remox'ed  cerebellum.  These  experiments 
upon  the  mammalia  often  prove  fatal,  owing  to  the 

effusion  of  blood  upon  the  medulla  oblongata  and  causing  interference  with 
the  respiratory  movements.  Our  moral  is  not  to  institute  comparisons  be- 
tween animals  of  different  classes,  birds  with  reptiles,  etc.,  etc.'" 

Dr.  Dalton's  contributions  to  physiological  literature  were  numerous 
and  of  rare  merit,  and  various  of  his  published  treatises  are  standard  au- 
thorities upon  the  subjects  treated.  In  1859  he  completed  his  "Treatises 
on  Human  Physiology,"  which  at  once  became  a  standard  authority  and  has 
been  frequently  republished.  He  afterward  wrote  a  delightful  little  volume, 
"The  Experimental  Method  in  Medicine,"  in  which  was  contained  an  essay 
on  Buffon's  "Theory  of  Organic  Molecules,"  and  another  on  Buffon's  "The- 
ory of  the  Inclusion  of  Germs."  He  subsequently  published  "A  Treatise 
on  Physiology  and  Hygiene  for  Schools,  Families  and  Colleges,"  New 
York,  1868,  which  has  been  translated  into  French.  His  various  essays  on 
the  "Anatomy  of  the  Placenta,"  "Physiology  of  the  Cerebellum,"  "Intesti- 
nal Digestion,"  etc.,  etc.,  appeared  in  the  "American  Journal  of  the  Medi- 
cal Sciences,"  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine," 
and  in  the  "American  Medical  Monthly,"  and  he  contributed  an  exhaustive 


154  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

article  on  "Embryology"  to  Johnson's  "New  Universal  Cyclopedia."  His 
essay  on  "The  Sugar-Making  Functions  of  the  Liver"  settled  physiological 
opinion  upon  long  controverted  points.  His  later  years  were  occupied  with 
his  great  morphological  work  on  "The  Topography  of  the  Brain,"  a  volume 
of  which  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  said,  "I  know  of  no  other  'Anatomy  of  the 
Brain'  so  satisfactory  for  reference."  In  its  preparation,  the  author  person- 
ally prepared  all  the  specimens,  and  carefully  followed  the  photographs  made 
in  his  presence  through  all  the  mechanical  processes  which  at  last  ended  in 
their  production  in  his  masterly  book.  Of  these  noble  quartos,  superbly 
illustrated,  with  their  careful  description,  no  praise  can  be  too  ardent. 

Dr.  Dalton  was  a  member  of  all  the  most  prominent  medical  bodies — 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society, 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  which  he  was  vice-president  in 
1874-77;  the  New  York  Pathological  Society,  the  Medical  Journal  Associa- 
tion of  the  City  of  New  York,  the  New  York  Society  of  Neurology  and 
Electrology,  in  which  he  was  President  of  the  Council,  and  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  County  of  New  York.  He  was  a  delegate  from  the  American 
Medical  Association  to  the  International  Medical  Congress  held  in  Phila- 
delphia during  the  Centennial  Exposition  in  1876,  and  was  President  of  the 
Biological  Section.  Princeton  and  Columbia  Colleges  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  the  former  in  1886  and  the  latter  in  1887. 

The  character  and  attainments  of  Dr.  Dalton  were  fittingly  eulogized 
by  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  in  an  address  read  before  the  National  Academy, 
on  April  16,  1890,  in  which  he  said: 

"Our  late  member,  John  Call  Dalton.  was  for  years  a  peculiar  and  in- 
fluential personage  in  the  profession  of  Medicine  in  America.  There  had 
been  before  his  day  men  who  were  noted  for  single  papers  on  physiological 
subjects,  or  who  had  spent  brief  periods  on  physiological  investigation. 
Some  of  the  work  thus  done  was  valuable  and  original,  but  always  it  was 
that  of  physicians  who  stepped  aside  from  their  other  pursuits  to  follow  ex- 
perimental study  for  a  brief  season,  and  who  went  back  again  to  the  ordinary 
routine  of  their' profession.  It  would,  indeed,  be  too  early  to  enumerate  their 
essays. 

"The  man  to  whose  memory  I  devote  these  pages  was  the  first  among 
us  to  give  a  life  to  the  single  pursuit  of  experimental  physiology  and  its 
related  sciences.  I  shall  presently  speak  of  what  he  was  and  did,  but  it  is 
humanly  interesting  to  note  here  that  out  of  this  singleness  of  pursuit  and  out 
of  the  fact  that  he  was  the  first  to  content  himself  with  physiology  as  a  lab- 
oratory life-work,  there  came  to  him  a  reputation  above  and  beyond  that 
which  his  discoveries  justified,  but  which  was  fairly  the  reward  of  an  un- 
selfish devotion,  which  followed,  with  simplicity  of  purpose  and  indifi^erence 
to  material  gains,  one  single  path  untroubled  by  greed  and  undisturbed  by 
mean  ambitions. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  DALTON.  155 

"He  was  our  first  professional  physiologist.  Of  no  other  science  save 
physiology  could  it  be  said  that  it  had  then  no  practical  students  in  Amer- 
ica. Before  his  day  there  had  been  esteemed  professors  who,  like  Robley 
Dunglison  and  Samuel  Jackson,  possessed  singular  powers  of  acquisition, 
critical  ability  and  eloquent  capacity  to  compass  the  thoughts  of  others.  A 
physiological  lecture  was  in  that  day  a  more  or  less  well  stated  resume  of 
the  best  foreign  books,  without  experiments  or  striking  illustrations.  It 
was  like  hearing  about  a  foreign  land  into  which  we  were  forbidden  to 
enter. 

"I  well  recall  the  really  admirable  lectures  of  my  own  preceptor,  Dun- 
glison, who  was  brought  to  America  by  Thomas  Jefferson  to  lecture  at  the 
University  of  Virginia,  and  thence  came  north  to  the  school  of  which  I 
learned  as  much  of  my  profession  as  men  learn  on  college  benches.  I  am 
amused  to  remember  how  much  of  the  physiology  I  learned  seemed  to  have 
but  two  dimensions.  The  imagination  was  freely  called  upon  to  aid  us  in 
our  conception  of  active  functions.  We  saw,  for  example,  as  illustrative  of 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  certain  diagrams,  and  also  a  dead  bullock's 
heart  laid  ope'n  to  exhibit  the  cavities  and  the  valves.  Years  afterwards  I 
saw  in  an  etherized  animal  the  living,  moving  heart.  The  swift  certainty 
of  the  successive  motions  of  this  bounding  thing  (itself  like  an  individual 
existence)  filled  me  at  once  with  a  fresh  conception  of  the  delicacy  and  won- 
der of  the  vital  mechanism  amidst  which  I  had  been  moving,  so  to  speak, 
with  but  the  slightest  realization  of  its  marvel  and  mystery.  Now,  at  least, 
"  T  saw  with  heart  serene 

The  very  pulse  of  the  machine.' 

"The  vehement  energy  of  movement — certain,  accurate  almost  as  a 
clock — filled  me  then  for  a  time,  as  it  did  the  great  Harvey,  with  a  sense  that 
surely  it  was  to  be  comprehended  but  by  God  alone.  I  seemed  to  have  be- 
come before  this  coarsely  familiar  with  the  human  body — familiar,  perhaps, 
to  disrespect.  A  single  object-lesson  on  the  living  heart,  a  thing  tinseen  by 
me  before,  or  only  heard  or  felt,  left  me  with  a  never  lost  and  most  useful 
respect  for  the  mystery  of  it  all,  and  a  feeling  of  need  for  care  which  could 
not  be  too  thoughtful. 

"Since  then,  as  a  teacher,  I  have  seen  the  good  influence  of  such  ob- 
ject-lessons on  other  men  who  were  learning  the  Art  of  Medicine  in  youthful 
disbelief  of  the  unproven  claims. 

"In  my  student  days,  as  I  have  said,  no  teacher  habitually  brought  us 
face  to  face  with  these  phenomena  of  vital  physics,  and,  when  once  they 
were  shown,  their  influence  on  intelligence  was  lasting.  Nature  is,  alas, 
only  too  shy :  but  we  may  at  least  get  nearer  to  what  she  reveals  than  a  mere 
description.  For  the  neglect  of  the  classical  scholar-professor  to  show,  as 
far  as  might  be.  the  animal  mechanisms  in  action,  there  was  reasonable  ex- 
cuse. No  man  is  justified  in  showing  to  a  class  mere  repetitions  of  experi- 
ments at  the  cost  of  pain  to  animals,  but,  about  the  time  Dalton  began  to 
teach,  ether  enabled  us  to  do  wathout  pain  what  before  would  have  been 
cruel.  He  was  prompt  to  see  that  a  new  era  had  opened  for  the  teacher  of 
physiology. 


156  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"Dalton  began  almost  at  once  to  illustrate  with  living  animals  the  pro- 
cesses of  life  as  he  taught  them  at  lectures.  He  was  the  first  to  do  this  in 
America,  and  it  was  a  vastly  useful  lesson  to  all  who  followed  him.  As 
his  practical  skill  in  experiment  led  Dalton  to  use  it  in  adorning  his  teach- 
ing, it  tempted  him  very  early  into  the  field  of  research,  and  here  for  many 
years  my  friend  and  I  were  quite  alone — the  pioneers  among  us  of  work 
now  become  large  and  productive,  but  then  looked  upon  with  doubt  and 
even  suspicion,  as  something  with  which  the  practical  doctor  had  better 
have  no  concern.  Dalton,  unembarrassed  by  daily  practice,  went  his  way 
untroubled,  and  was,  I  believe,  the  first  American  physician  who  declined  to 
practice  medicine.  Older  men  not  only  disapproved  of  this  divorce,  but 
also  considered  the  active  pursuit  of  physiological  knowledge  in  the  labora- 
tory as  inimical  at  least  to  worldly  success  in  the  practice  of  medicine. 

"During  many  years  the  public  knew  little  of  Dalton  except  when  he 
appeared  before  legislative  committees  or  in  print  in  defense  of  science 
against  Mr.  Bergh  and  such  others  as  wished  to  carry  legislative  interfer- 
ence even  beyond  the  follies  of  the  British  law,  and  to  deny  us  all  use  of  animals 
in  the  laboratory.  In  this  contest  Dalton  was  always  successful.  His  in- 
tense, fiery  spirit,  his  profound  convictions  and  vast  knowledge  routed  all 
opponents.  His  singular  ability  in  the  management  of  his  case  was  not 
less  remarkable  than  his  skill  at  logical  defense  or  his  wealth  of  defensive 
illustration. 

:■;  ^\'  i^  ^)c  iii  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

"Of  late  years  the  Presidency  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, keen  contests  with  the  vivisectionists,  and,  alas,  too,  increasing  ill 
health  and  its  sad  claims  for  rest,  combined  to  lessen  and  at  last  to  stop 
original  work.  He  complained  that  societies,  affairs  and  public  trusts  took 
up  his  time,  and  this  was  true,  for  when  the  public  find  a  man  like  Dalton,' 
honorable  and  energetically  efficient,  it  is  prompt  to  weight  him  heavily,  and 
this  despite  the  belief  that  the  man  of  science  is  inapt  for  business:  whereas- 
he  is  competent  as  few  men  are  when  he  chooses  to  drop  his  higher  purposes 
and  exercise  his  mind  with  the  mere  routine  of  business  life  or  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  affairs  involving  method  and  common  sense. 

^  ;j;  ;■:  :i;  ^  ^  :|:  ^  ^  H^ 

"Historically  he  (Dalton)  represents  in  our  story  (that  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine)  the  first  Academic  recognition  of  Physiology. 
Few  of  us,  perhaps,  recall  this  quaint,  earnest,  attentive  face,  accentuated  as 
to  feature,  bearded  to  the  loss  of  facial  expression;  the  forward  set  brow, 
the  keen  eyes,  at  times  vividly  humorous  in  expression:  something  about  his 
face  very  honest,  very  intent,  very  strong — a  face  which  surprised  one  by  its 
sudden  illuminations.  He  had,  says  a  pupil,  "the  teaching  instinct" — think- 
ing of  class,  of  theme,  of  the  questioning  faces  before  him,  but  never  of 
himself,  or  how  he  would  appear.  No  side  issue  disturbed  him,  and  he  had 
the  skill  to  make  the  difficult  appear  simple,  and  evidently  rejoiced  in  his 
power  to  make  things  plain.  Now  and  then  some  side  light  gave  a  glimpse 
of  his  encyclopedic  knowledge,  but  he  made  no  excursions  for  mere  amuse- 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  PRESIDENT  D ALTON.  157 

meat's  sake;  all  was  clear,  logical,  and  the  manner  of  it  earnest  3-et  livel}-. 
At  times  his  illustrations  were  the  inspiration  of  the  moment,  as  when,  to 
show  the  relations  of  the  corona  radiata  in  the  brain  to  the  basal  ganglia,  he 
began  to  arrange  hastily  scraps  of  felt  on  the  radiating  fibres  of  a  broom. 
He  had  the  rare  gift  of  making  those  who  listened  desire  to  become  investi- 
gators. He  made  men  think.  Possibly  lecture  interests  absorbed  too  much 
of  him,  but  he  really  created  a  method  of  teaching  his  branch  such  as  was 
before  unknown  among  us. 

"In  social  life  he  was  inclined  to  be  quiet;  but  if  disturbed  as  to  his 
political  or  economical  views  (which  he  held  with  tenacity)  he  was  an  in- 
terested, swift  and  ready  talker,  defending  himself  with  skill  and  humor, 
and  at  times  with  excess  of  vehemence.  It  is  pleasant  to  show  another  side 
of  this  vigorous  personality.  As  a  man  he  lived  the  simplest  of  lives — a 
bachelor,  in  a  tiny  suite  of  rooms,  eating  quietly  at  his  club,  unstirred  by 
the  venal  ambitions  of  the  roaring"  world  of  greedy  trade  around  him  in 
New  York.  Here  among  the  greater  books  of  the  past,  with  a  wide  choice 
of  subjects,  you  might  find  him  with  Cicero,  the  Arabian  Nights,  or  Galen 
or  Sydenham.  This  quiet  scholar  and  profound  man  of  science  was  quiet 
and  self-possessed  under  fire  in  battle,  as  I  have  been  told  by  one  who  had 
seen  him  in  the  field.  He  was  a  bold  horseman,  and  in  his  younger  days 
a  venturesome  rider  across  country. 

"A  long  and  painful  illness  at  last  made  impossible  the  labor  which  he 
best  loved,  and  one  by  one  he  fell  out  of  the  public  and  social  relations  which 
made  life  valuable  to  others  and  pleasant  both  to  them  and  himself.  A  year 
before  he  died,  an  attack  of  uraemic  convulsions  occurred  and  left  him  for 
a  time  with  aphasia.  Says  a  friend  (Dr.  W.  H.  Draper)  :  'It  is  almost 
amusing  to  observe  the  characteristic  curiosity  with  which  he  watched  the 
phenomena  of  his  disease,  studying  it  apparently  with  as  much  interest  as  if 
he  were  observing  it  in  another  person.' 

"Despite  the  nature  of  his  malady,  he  carried  his  mental  clearness  and 
active  intdlectual  interests  near  to  the  time  of  his  death,  as  it  were,  undis- 
turbed by  the  crumbling  ruin  of  his  bodily  frame.  Well  aware  of  the  ap- 
proach of  death,  he  met  his  fate  with  quiet  courage,  and  so  came  the  end  of 
a  well-filled  life,  in  which  he  brought  to  the  service  of  his  country  his  science, 
his  profession,  persistent  energ}',  great  intelligence,  a  fine  sense  of  humor, 
and  all  the  minor  characteristics  of  a  true  and  manlv  gentleman." 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE    NEW    COLLEGE THE    VANDERBILT     CLINIC THE    SLOANE    MATERNITY 

HOSPITAL. 

It  was  under  the  administration  of  President  John  C.  Dalton  that  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  came  into  possession  of  the  magnificent 
properties  which  it  now  holds.  These  included  the  large  and  valuable  tract 
of  land  now  occupied  by  the  various  buildings,  and  the  College  building 
proper,  being  together  the  most  munificent  gift  ever  made  to  a  medical  in- 
stitution in  the  United  States.  This  was  the  bestowal  of  Mr.  William  H. 
Vanderbilt,  and  the  name  of  that  distinguished  man  of  affairs  and  large- 
hearted  and  sagacious  humanitarian  is  inseparably  associated  with  that  of 
the  great  school  which  he  aided  with  such  wonderful  liberality.  To  his  gift 
were  added  those  monumental  institutions  founded  by  his  family — the  Van- 
derbilt Clinic  and  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital. 

The  valuable  service  rendered  by  Mr.  Vanderbilt  makes  it  fitting  that 
his  name  should  be  preserved  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  history  of  the  Col- 
lege. Born  in  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  May  8,  182 1,  he  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Commodore  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  whose  principal  heir  he  became. 
He  was  educated  in  the  Columbia  College  Grammar  School,  and,  when 
eighteen  years  of  age,  engaged  with  a  banking  firm.  His  health  becoming 
impaired,  he  found  recuperation  in  the  management  of  a  farm  on  Staten 
Island.  The  story  of  his  subsequent  busy  and  conspicuously  successful  ca- 
reer, a  feature  of  which  was  his  mammoth  railroad  operations,  is  too  lengthy 
and  too  well  known  to  be  transcribed  to  these  pages,  but  his  puljlic  benefac- 
tions are  not  to  be  omitted. 

Simple  in  his  personal  tastes,  he  found  his  pleasure  in  the  ownership 
and  healthful  care  of  the  finest  roadster  horses  that  his  ample  means  would 
permit.  He  gave  encouragement  to  American  art  by  placing  in  his  home 
gallery  the  finest  productions  of  the  first  artists  of  the  country,  whom  he 
fecompensed  in  princely  fashion,  regardless  of  the  impersonal  legacies  of 
posterity.  With  somewhat  of  an  antiquarian  spirit,  he  adorned  his  resi- 
dence with  relics  of  nearly  every  land  and  age,  and  he  astonished  the  world 
when,  at  an  outlay  of  $100,000,  he  transported  from  Egypt  the  famous  Cleo- 
patra's Needle  and  erected  it  in  Central  Park,  in  New  York  City.  His  small 
(in   his   own   estimation)    benefactions   were  beyond    computing,    and    were 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  159 

bestowed  with  such  modesty  and  want  of  ostentation  that  they  went  unknown 
save  as  they  were  announced  by  the  recipients  of  his  bounty. 

In  one  notable  instance  his  act  of  generosity  endeared  him  to  the  na- 
tion and  brought  him  the  plaudits  of  the  world,  for  his  benefaction  relieved 
the  dire  necessities  of  America's  greatest  military  hero,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  placed  in  the  possession  of  the  national  government  a  collection  of 
priceless  relics.  At  the  beginning  of  what  proved  to  be  the  wrecking  of  the 
private  fortune  of  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  the  distinguished  soldier  ob- 
tained from  Mr.  Vanderbilt  the  sum  of  $150,000  to  relieve  what  was  then 
thought  to  be  a  temporary  embarrassment.  The  quickly  following  bank- 
ruptcy of  the  financial  firm  In  which  General  Grant  had  been  induced  to  in- 
vest his  means  rendered  repayment  of  the  loan  impossible,  and  the  unfor- 
tunate debtor,  jealous  of  his  honor,  urged  upon  his  creditor,  in  payment  of 
his  debt,  the  home  in  New  York  City  which  had  been  presented  to  him  by 
ardent  personal  friends.  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  earnestly  desirous  of  aiding  one 
whom  he  more  than  honored  both  as  a  patriot  and  a  soldier,  persistently  de- 
clined to  entertain  such  overtures,  but  was  unable  to  o\ercome  the  general's 
scruples.  Eventually,  however,  Mr.  Vanderbilt  so  far  prevailed  in  his  per- 
sonal regard  for  his  friend  as  to  accept  in  payment  of  the  debt  the  latter's 
collection  of  militar}^  medals,  relics  and  trophies,  of  much  intrinsic  value 
and  especially  of  priceless  worth  for  their  historical  associations.  All  these 
were  at  once  transferred  to  the  governmental  authorities  in  Washington 
City,  to  be  preserved  forever  as  the  property  of  the  na'tion  and  to  add  lustre 
to  both  names. 

At  a  later  period  of  Mr.  \'anderbilt's  life,  when  lie  had  arri\-ed  at  the 
age  of  sixty-three  years  and  had  ceased  to  give  much  attention  to  business 
concerns,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  distributing  a  portion  of  his  wealth  in 
such  a  way  as  to  make  it  of  enduring  ser\'ice  to  his  fellow-men.  He  was 
proud  of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  desired  to  contribute  judiciously  to  its 
development  as  a  centre  of  educational  as  well  as  humanitarian  work.  Him- 
self a  patient  sufferer,  he  had  learned  to  prize  the  unselfishness  of  physi- 
cians, and  thus  arose  a  pet  ambition  to  aid  them  at  least  by  instructional 
devices,  and  thereby  enaljle  these  toilers  in  the  fields  of  science  to  both  ac- 
quire knowledge  and  distribute  relief.  He  was  painfully  impressed  by  the 
struggles  of  the  poor,  especially  when  in  quest  of  health  sufficient  to  resume 
their  toil  or  gain  admittance  to  asylums  of  calm,  comfort  and  relief.  He 
had  learned  much  from  the  attentions  of  physicians  '.o  his  father  and  was 
touched  by  the  probabk  lack  of  necessary  requisites  in  humbler  homes. 
Urged  to  found  a  monument  to  himself  in  the  creation  of  an  institution  bear- 
ing his  own  name,  he  turned  away  from  the  temptation  and  determined  to 


i6o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

annex  rather  than  to  add.  With  this  financier  of  philanthropic  impulses,  to 
determine  was  to  do.  His  aim  to  enlarge  the  capacity  and  increase  the 
usefulness  of  some  institution  already  established  soon  found  its  opportunity 
for  a  judicious  use  of  the  additional  facilities  which  he  had  in  contempla- 
tion for  it.  Thus,  it  is  hoped  it  may  not  be  regarded  as  an  overstatement, 
with  a  rare  sagacity,  he  determined  upon  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  City.  It  was  then  the  oldest  of  the  medical  schools 
in  the  metropolis.  "Its  history."  he  said  to  his  intimates,  "was  most  hon- 
orable and  its  ser\-ices  had  been  most  useful.  It  had  grown  out  of  the  effort 
of  a  little  band  of  physicians  who,  a  few  days  less  than  a  century  before, 
had  banded  themselves  together  chiefly  as  humanitarians."  He  produced  a 
pamphlet,  from  which  he  quoted,  "to  counteract  as  far  as  possible  the  evil 
influences  brought  to  bear  upon  the  profession,  to  serve  the  poor,  and  to  im- 
prove medical  science." 

The  college  thus  born  had  come  out  of  great  tribulation  to  conquer 
success  through  the  courage  and  determination  of  its  founders  and  of  its 
conductors  during  the  various  stages  of  its  groAvth.  It  had  witnessed  the 
founding  and  passing  away  of  forty-nine  medical  schools  throughout  the 
country,  and  had  survived  five  similar  institutions  in  its  own  city  and  state. 
At  times  its  own  irretrievable  disruption  seemed  inevitable.  It  was  now 
equal  in  rank  and  equipment  to  the  best  in  the  land,  and  among  its  Faculty 
were  those  whose  names  were  held  in  honor  the  world  over  for  their  scien- 
tific attainments  and  graces  of  personal  character.  The  announcement  of 
the  rehabilitation  was  received  with  plaudits  and  a  prosperous  future  as- 
sured. 

In  carrying  out  his  principal  purpose,  that  of  adding  to  the  facilities 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Air.  Vanderbilt  expended  up- 
wards of  a  half  million  dollars,  and  he  divided  a  million  dollars  more  be- 
tween St.  Luke's  Hospital,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of  New 
York  City,  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  Vanderbilt  University  and 
other  institutions. 

In  providing  for  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Mr.  Vander- 
bilt called  to  his  aid  one  who  was  his  family  physician,  for  whom  he  cher- 
ished a  close  personal  friendship,  and  in  whose  judgment  he  reposed  the 
most  implicit  confidence.  This  one  was  Dr.  James  Woods  McLane,  who 
was  then  Professor  of  Obstetrics  in  the  College,  and  its  Treasurer,  and  who 
subsequently  became  its  President.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  had  first  intended  to 
assume  the  cost  of  building  a  new  college  edifice  on-  the  Twenty-third  street 
site,  but  it  soon  became  apparent  that  this  location  had  been  outgrown,  and 
that  the  true  policy  would  be  to  find  a  more  eligible  spot,  one  in  keeping 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE. 


i6i 


WILLIAM    H.   VANDERBILT. 
From  the  bust  in  the  possession  of  the  College.    Modeled  from  life  by  Mr.  1.  Q.  A.  Ward. 


i62  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEOXS. 

with  the  rapid  extension  of  the  city,  and  the  abandonment  of  the  down- 
town section  to  commercial  and  financial  establishments  exclusively.  This 
change  of  purpose  necessitated  a  considerably  larger  outlay  than  had  been 
originally  contemplated,  but  this  was  only  a  trifle  in  the  estimation  of  Mr. 
Vanderbilt,  and  he  quickly  applied  himself  to  perfecting  plans  for  the  larger 
enterprise.  After  nearly  a  year  had  been  given  to  the  examination  of  va- 
rious sites  proposed,  he  decided  upon  the  present  College  location,  compris- 
ing nearly  one-half  of  the  lots  bounded  by  Fifty-ninth  and  Sixtieth  streets 
and  Ninth  and  Tenth  avenues,  and  on  October  17,  18S4.  he  made  tender  of 
this  tract  to  the  Trustees  of  the  College  in  the  following  letter : 

"Gentlemen:  I  have  been  for  some  time  examining  the  question  of  the 
facilities  for  medical  education  which  New  York  possesses.  The  doctors 
have  claimed  that  with  proper  encouragement  this  city  rjiight  become  one  of 
the  most  important  centres  of  medical  instruction  in  the  world. 

"The  health,  comfort  and  lives  of  the  whole  community  are  so  de- 
pendent upon  skilled  physicians  that  no  profession  requires  more  care  in  the 
preparation  of  its  practitioners.  Medicine  needs  a  permanent  home  where 
the  largest  opportunities  can  be  afforded  for  both  theory  and  practice.  In 
making  up  my  mind  to  give  substantial  aid  to  the  effort  to  create  in  New 
York  City  one  of  the  first  medical  schools  in  the  world.  I  have  been  some- 
what embarrassed  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the  object  could  be  most  quickly 
and  effectively  reached.  It  seems  wiser  and  more  practical  to  enlarge  an 
existing  institution  which  has  already  great  facilities,  experience  and  repu- 
tation, than  to  form  a  new  one.  I  have  therefore  selected  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  because  it  is  the  oldest  medical  school  in  the  state, 
and  of  equal  rank  with  any  in  the  world. 

"I  have  decided  to  give  to  the  college  five  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
of  which  I  have  expended  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  the  purchase  of 
twenty-nine  lots  situated  at  Tenth  avenue  and  Fifty-ninth  and  Sixtieth 
streets,  the  deed  of  which  please  find  herewith,  and  in  selecting  their  loca- 
tion I  have  consulted  with  your  treasurer.  Dr.  J.  W.  McLane.  The  other 
three  hundred  (thousand)  please  find  enclosed  my  check  for.  The  latter 
sum  is  to  form  a  building  fund  for  the  erection  thereon,  from  time  to  time, 
of  suitable  buildings  for  the  college. 

"Very  truly. 

William  H.  Vanderbilt." 

The  property  was  not,  however,  to  immediately  pass  into  the  possession 
of  the  College.  The  preliminary  negotiations  were  made  by  Dr.  McLane, 
and  the  property  remained  in  his  possession  for  six  months  after  its  pur- 
chase and  until  legal  title  could  be  vested  in  the  College.  Under  the  pro- 
visions of  its  charter,  the  College  was  inhilaited  from  holding  property  ex- 
ceeding $150,000  in  value,  and  legislative  authority  was  needed  to  empower 
it  to  receive  the  proposed  gift. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  163 

These  conditions  were  explained  at  length  b}-  President  Dalton,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College,  held  on  October  18,  1884. 
He  made  a  statement  of  the  prolonged  efforts  to  find  a  suitable  location  for 
the  proposed  buildings  before  the  selection  was  finally  made.  He  also 
called  attention  to  the  necessity  for  legislation  empowering  the  College  to 
take  title  to  their  property  provided  by  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  and  a  committee 
(Mr.  Gilbert  M.  Speir,  Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew  and  A^Ir.  Robert  G.  Rem- 
sen)  was  appointed  from  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  instructed  to  apply  to 
the  legislature  for  an  enabling  act. 

The  committee  accordingly  procured  the  enactment  of  the  following 
necessary  law : 

"An  Act  to  amend  the  charter  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  the  City  of  New  York,  passed  April  17,  1885,  three-fifths  being 
present. 

"The  people  of  the  State  of  New  York  represented  in  Senate  and  As- 
sembly, do  enact  as  follows : 

"Section  i.  So  much  of  section  eight  of  an  act  entitled  'An  Act  relative 
to  the  University,'  being  chapter  fifty-nine  of  the  revised  laws  of  eighteen 
hundred  and  thirteen,  as  limits  the  amount  of  property  which  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  shall  or  may  be  author- 
ized to  hold,  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  is  hereby  repealed. 

"Section  2.  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of 
New  York  is  hereby  authorized  to  acquire  and  hold  such  property,  both  real 
and  personal,  as  it  may  receive  by  gift,  grant,  bequest  or  otherwise,  which 
property  or  the  income  thereof  shall  be  devoted  to  the  maintenance  or  im- 
provement of  the  several  departments  of  instruction  and  research  established 
or  hereafter  to  be  established  in  said  College,  provided  that  the  total  amount 
of  property,  both  real  and  personal,  to  be  held  by  said  College  shall  not  at 
any  time  exceed  two  millions  of  dollars. 

"Section  3.  All  devises  and  bequests  to  said  College  shall  be  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  sixty,  laws  of  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  sixty,  entitled  "An  Act  relating  to  wills.' 

"Section  4.  This  act  shall  not  be  construed  to  affect  any  devise  made 
by  any  testator  who  shall  have  died  before  its  passage^  nor  the  right  of  any 
heir  at  law  or  next  of  kin  of  such  testator." 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College,  before  referred 
to,  the  following  resolutions  were  adopted : 

"Whereas,  The  College  is  about  to  have  at  its  disposal  new  property 
of  considerable  value,  from  the  liberal  donation  of  a  friend  of  the  institu- 
tion, for  the  erection  of  a  College  building;  therefore, 

"Resolved,  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  co-operate  with  the  Fac- 
ulty or  a  committee  thereof  for  the  following  purposes : 

"i.     To  arrange  for  the  transfer  to  the  College  of  the  above  mentioned 


i64  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

property  as  soon  as  the  College  shall  be,  by  amendment  of  charter,  empow- 
ered to  receive  it. 

"2.  To  prepare  or  cause  to  be  prepared  architectural  plans  for  a  new 
College  building,  and  to  make  such  selection  of  the  same  as  may  be  most 
suitable  for  the  immediate  and  future  needs  of  medical  education. 

"3.  To  obtain  estimates  and  make  an  approximate  contract  for  the 
due  supply  of  materials  and  the  proper  construction  of  the  building;  also. 

"Resolved;  That  the  committee  be  instructed  to  report  progress  at  each 
quarterly  meeting  of  the  Board,  or  whenever  required,  on  all  matters  en- 
trusted to  them  under  these  resolutions." 

The  President  (Dr.  John  C.  Dalton)  was.  by  motion,  made  head  of  the 
committee  to  be  thus  created,  and  he  was  authorized  to  appoint  two  others 
to  serve  with  him.  He  named  Mr.  Edward  Mitchell  and  Mr.  James  T. 
Swift. 

In  accordance  with  the  first  provision  of  the  resolutions,  the  tract 
of  land  devised  by  Mr.  Vanderbilt  for  College  purposes  was  conveyed  to  the 
Trustees  by  proper  deed  executed  by  Dr.  McLane,  who  had  held  it  in  trust 
pending  the  procurement  of  the  enabling  act  of  the  Legislature. 

Also,  at  the  same  meeting  of  the  Trustees,  the  unanimous  feeling  that 
the  Board  should  manifest  in  an  appropriate  way  the  gratitude  of  its  mem- 
bers to  the  benefactor  of  the  institution  which  they  officiall}-  represented 
was  voiced  in  a  resolution  authorizing  President  Dalton  to  appoint  a  com- 
mittee of  two  to  prepare  and  convey  to  Mr.  Vanderbilt  an  expression  of 
their  grateful  appreciation  of  his  munificent  gift.  The  committee  appointed 
consisted  of  Dr.  Sullivan  H.  Weston  and  Dr.  William  H.  Draper.  Accord- 
ingly, at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  held  October  27,  1884,  Dr. 
Draper,  for  the  committee  before  named,  reported  the  following,  which  were 
unanimously  adopted : 

"Whereas,  Mr.  William  H.  Vanderbilt  has  endowed  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  with  the  deed  of  a  plot 
of  land  embracing  twenty-nine  lots  on  Fifty-ninth  street.  Sixtieth  street  and 
Tenth  avenue;  and  with  a  fund  of  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  where- 
with to  enable  the  College  to  erect  permanent  buildings  which  shall  be  ade- 
quate to  the  increasing  demands  of  the  highest  medical  education ;  therefore, 

"Resolved,  That  the  Trustees  accept  this  endowment  with  profound 
gratitude  and  hereby  convey  to  Mr.  Vanderbilt  their  deqj  sense  of  the  inter- 
est and  benevolence  which  prompted  the  gift,  and  the  wisdom  which  dic- 
tated the  manner  in  which  it  should  be  utilized. 

"Resolved,  That  the  Trustees  hereby  express  to  Mr.  Vanderbilt  their 
cordial  appreciation  and  grateful  acknowledgment  of  this  munificent  and, 
it  is  believed,  unexampled  benefaction  on  the  part  of  a  private  individual  to 
the  cause  of  sound  medical  learning. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  165 

"Resolved,  That  a  cop 3"  of  these  resohitions.  signed  by  the  President 
and  the  Registrar,  be  forwarded  to  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  and  that  the}-  be  duly 
inscribed  upon  the  minutes." 

On  February  3,  1885.  President  Dalton  reported  that  the  committee 
of  Trustees  before  named,  in  association  with  two  members  of  the  Faculty, 
Dr.  Thomas  AI.  INIarkoe  and  Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  had  chosen  Mr.  W. 
Wheeler  Smith  as  architect,  and  had  various  plans  under  consideration. 

A  resolution  was  adopted  declaring  that  "the  Trustees  consent  that  Dr. 
James  \\".  McLane  may,  by  and  with  the  approval  in  writing  of  the  building 
committee,  as  soon  as  in  their  judgment  it  becomes  advisable,  make  a  con- 
tract or  contracts  for  blasting  and  excavating  rock  at  the  proper  location 
for  the  cellar  of  the  proposed  new  building,  and  out  of  the  three  hundred 
thousand  dollars  in  his  possession  for  the  benefit  of  the  College,  pay  the 
contract  price  for  blasting  and  excavating  done  under  such  contracts,  when 
completed  and  certified  to  under  the  terms  of  the  contract,  and,  so  far  as 
they  have  authority  in  the  premises,  they  request  him  to  make  such  con- 
tracts, hereby  agreeing  to  ratify  and  approve  the  same,  and  the  expenditure 
to  be  made  thereunder,  as  soon  as  they  shall  have  the  legal  title  to  the  prop- 
erty and  the  requisite  authority  to  do  so. 

The  building  committee,  on  April  8,  1885,  reported  that  the  precise 
location  to  be  occupied  by  the  buildings  had  been  designated,  and  made  a 
statement  as  to  the  general  plans  of  construction  and  approximate  cost,  also 
recommending  that  the  work  of  excavation  be  begun  as  soon  as  the  weather 
would  permit. 

The  tract  of  land  which  was  so  soon  to  bear  a  stately  pile  was  then 
practically  vacant.  To  the  north  and  west  the  region  was  yet  in  its  native 
wildness  and  almost  uninhabited.  Opposite  the  College  site,  on  Tenth  ave- 
nue, was  a  single  building,  an  old  farm  house  which  had  been  long  vacant, 
and  on  the  north  side  of  Sixtieth  street,  from  Ninth  avenue  to  Tenth  ave- 
nue, was  but  a  single  dwelling  house.  However,  nearly  simultaneous  with 
the  clearing  away  of  the  College  land  and  the  first  breaking  of  ground,  which 
took  place  early  in  May.  the  work  of  improvement  began  all  through  the 
neighborhood,  and,  when  the  College  edifice  was  completed,  it  was  almost 
completely  surrounded  by  modern  brick  and  stone  structures,  four  to  five 
stories  in  height,  and  only  the  old  dwellings  before  mentioned  remained  as 
witnesses  to  the  former  primitive  conditions. 

The  work  of  excavation  for  the  College  foundations  was  prosecuted 
with  great  difficulty  on  account  of  the  natural  conditions.  In  places  the 
ledge  rock  cropped  out  of  the  surface  most  unevenly  and  abruptly,  and  the 
soil,  where  soil  was,  was  exceedingly  thin,  barely  covering  the  great  stone 


i66  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

masses.  From  the  beginning,  the  worlcmen  appeared  to  be  engaged  in 
quarrying,  rather  than  in  digging  for  wall  foundations.  In  September  the 
work  of  excavation  was  completed,  and  was  computed  to  include  the  re- 
moval of  nearlv  nine  thousand  cubic  ^-ards  of  stone,  and  a  little  more 
than  one  thousand  cubic  yards  of  earth.  The  cost  was  nearly 
fifteen  thousand  dollars.  In  the  meantime  the  architect  was  busied  with 
his  plans,  which  were  carefully  inspected  by  the  trustees,  and  were  modi- 
fied from  time  to  time  in  order  to  make  all  possible  elimination  of  ignitable 
material. 

Thus  far  only  was  Mr.  Vanderbilt  permitted  to  witness  and  oversee 
the  progress  of  the  great  work  which  found  its  inception  in  him.  He  had 
been  rapidly  succumbing  to  ailments  which  he  had  concealed  from  all  save 
his  most  intimate  personal  friends,  and  he  had  referred  to  them  so  slight- 
ingly that  none  had  anticipation  of  his  early  demise.  On  December  8,  1885, 
in  accustomed  and  to  all  appearances  excellent  health,  he  finished  his  last 
sitting  to  Mr.  J.  Q.  A.  Ward  for  his  bronze  portrait  bust  which  now  stands 
in  the  principal  hall  of  the  College.  Less  than  three  hours  later  he  was 
sei.zed  with  an  attack  of  apoplexy,  which  resulted  almost  instantaneously  in 
death.  It  was  but  little  more  than  a  year  after  the  inauguration  of  his  benefi- 
cent enterprise,  and  only  a  few  days  before  the  plans  for  its  consummation 
were  finally  perfected. 

So  went  out  this  noble  and  useful  life,  which  might  well  have  been 
that  one  which  a  poet  touchingly  and  eloquently  apostrophized : 

"Servant  of  God,  well  done. 
They  serve  Him  well  who  serve  His  creatures. 
For  good  is  not  a  shapely  mass  of  stone. 
Hewn  by  one's  hands,  and  worked  by  him  alone. 
It  is  a  seed  God  suffers  one  to  sow; 
Others  will  reap;  and,  when  the  harvests  grow. 
He  giveth  increase  through  all  coming  years. 
And  lets  men  reap  in  joy  seed  that  was  sown  in  tears." 

A  week  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  December  15,  1885,  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  met  in  special  session,  pursuant  to  a  call 
making  formal  announcement  of  the  mournful  event  and  suggesting  the 
propriety  of  taking  suitable  action.  Dr.  William  H.  Draper,  previously  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose  by  President  Dalton,  submitted  the  following  reso- 
lutions, which  were  unanimously  adopted : 

"Whereas,  By  the  death  of  William  H.  Vanderbilt  the  cause  of  medi- 
cal education  in  this  country  has  lost  one  of  its  first  conspicuous  bene- 
factors, and,  whereas,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.        -  167 

Phjsicians  and  Surgeons,  which  was  the  object  of  his  sagacious  benevolence, 
to  express  their  deep  sense  of  the  debt  due  to  his  memory;  therefore, 

'■Resolved,  That  Mr.  Vanderbilt's  gift  towards  the  advancement  of  med- 
ical knowledge  reaches  a  higher  mark  in  the  intelligent  disposition  of  wealth 
than  has  often  been  attained  by  public  benefactors,  for  it  recognized  Science 
as  the  handmaid  of  Humanity  and  acknowledged  the  benefits  of  the  healing- 
art  in  controlling  human  misery  and  enhancing  human  happiness. 

"Resolved.  That  it  is  a  source  of  profound  regret  to  this  Board  that 
Mr.  Vanderbilt's  life  was  not  spared  to  witness  the  completion  of  the  Col- 
lege building  which  his  generous  endowment  projected,  and  which  will  be 
his  most  worthy  and  enduring  monument. 

"Resolved,  That  these  resolutions  be  inscribed  upon  the  minutes  of  this 
Board,  and  that  a  copy  be  sent  to  the  family  of  the  deceased,  with  the  assur- 
ance of  our  respectful  sympathy  for  them  in  their  great  affliction." 

In  the  January  following  the  death  of  Air.  Vanderbilt  (1886)  the 
building  committee  reported  plans  and  specifications  for  the  College  build- 
ing, with  the  estimates  of  cost.  The  report  was  concurred  in,  and  the  com- 
mittee was  authorized  to  proceed  with  the  work.  Accordingly,  the  laying 
of  the  foundations  was  begun,  as  early  as  the  weather  would  permit,  on 
March  19,  and  was  finished  during  the  following  month. 

On  Saturday.  April  24.  1886.  the  corner  stone  was  laid  in  the  presence 
of  a  large  assemblage,  which  included  the  Faculty  and  Trustees  of  the  Col- 
lege, the  medical  students,  a  large  body  of  the  Alumni,  and  others  prominent 
in  public  and  educational  affairs.  After  an  invocation  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sul- 
livan H.  Weston,  a  trustee  and  the  chaplain  of  the  College,  a  leaden  box- 
was  placed  in  a  cavity  in  the  basement  wall,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
building,  and  was  covered  by  the  large  granite  corner  stone  which  was 
placed  in  position  by  Mr.  George  W.  Vanderbilt.  the  fourth  son-  of  Mr. 
William  H.  Vanderbilt.  The  box  thus  deposited  contained  an  engraved  por- 
trait of  Mr.  William  H.  Vanderbilt.  a  copy  of  his  letter  in  which  he  made 
his  proffer  of  the  College  property,  and  the  resolutions  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sm-geons  and  of  its  Alun-iui  Association  with 
reference  thereto;  a  view  of  the  College  building;  the  Seventy-eighth  ave- 
nue catalogue  of  the  College;  a  catalogue  of  the  Alumni  of  the  College;  the 
annual  report  of  the  New  York  Hospital ;  the  Fourteenth  avenue  report  of 
the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  the  annual  register  of  Columbia  College. 

The  address  at  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  was  delivered  by  Hon. 
Chauncey  M.  Depew,  and  it  contained  so  clear  an  epitomization  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  College,  and  so  splendid  a  eulogy  of  its  distinguished  benefactor, 
as  to  merit  a  place  in  every  preservable  record  of  the  institution.  Mr. 
Depew  said : 

The  most  instructive  and  pleasurable  of  our  public  assemblies  are  those 


i68  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-iNS  AND  SURGEONS. 


which  commemorate  the  better  elements  of  our  common  humanity.  The 
fierce  competitions  of  our  industrial  conditions  present  the  possibilities  for 
unequal  success,  and  provoke  the  antagonisms  which  threaten  social  order 
and  security.  As  the  less  fortunate  drift  into  hostility  to  their  more  suc- 
cessful brethren,  and  those  who  by  their  own  ability  or  by  inheritance  have 
been  lifted  above  the  struggles  of  life  lose  sight  of  and  sympathy  with  the 
workers,  the  internal  relations  of  crowded  communities  become  dangerous 
and  intolerable.  At  this  point  the  man  of  wealth  who  founds  or  endows  an 
institution  which  shall  contribute  in  a  large  and  permanent  way  to  the  wel- 
fare of  the  people  becomes  a  statesman  as  well  as  a  philanthropist.  He 
brings  us  back  to  first  principles  in  this  recognition  of  our  common  origin 
and  interests.  We  discover  that  what  he  is  all  may  become,  and  that  at  some 
time  he  or  his  father  began  with  no  other  capital  than  brains,  character  and 
health.  The  currents  of  human  sympathy  again  ffow  and  throb  between 
the  avenue  and  the  alley,  the  cottage  and  the  palace.  Each  recognizes  that  not 
by  revolution  or  anarchy,  but  by  the  ordinary  mutations  of  fortune  they  may 
change  places,  and  upon  the  prosperous  is  impressed  the  lesson  of  the  re- 
sponsibilities of  their  position,  and  upon  the  poor,  the  opportunities  which 
are  open,  under  our  institutions,  to  themselves  or  their  children. 

But  how  most  wisely  to  invest  the  money  which  is  to  carry  out  a  charitable 
purpose  is  not  an  easy  problem.  It  is  often  partly  wasted  to  gratify  the  van- 
ity of  the  donor.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  had  become  familiar  by  his  own  suffer- 
ings, so  patiently  endured  that  none  but  his  intimate  friends  knew  of  them, 
with  the  beneficent  effects  of  medical  skill,  and  the  possibilities  of  its  growth. 
With  his  strong  common  sense  he  saw  that  here  was  practically  an  untried 
field  where  the  advancement  of  science  might  work  out  the  most  beneficent 
and  benevolent  ends.  Libraries,  hospitals,  and  art  and  literary  institutions 
existed  in  numbers,  each  doing,  in  its  own  vray,  admirable  work.  AVhile  in 
the  Old  World  governments  fostered  schools  of  medicine,  here  their  only 
patrons  were  the  profession,  and  there  was  not  a  single  great  endowment  in 
the  land.  To  build  a  college  to  be  called  by  his  name  was  a  temptation,  but 
in  a  city  where  so  many  excellent  universities  already  existed,  he  saw  that 
the  wiser  use  of  his  money  was  to  develop  and  enlarge  an  old  institution, 
whose  age,  traditions  and  experience  were  of  incalculable  value,  and  con- 
stituted a  permanent  capital  which  wealth  could  not  create.  In  selecting 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he  chose  the  oldest  in  age,  and  the 
equal  in  rank  and  equipment  of  the  best.  The  story  of  this  school  is  the 
history  of  the  progress  of  medicine  in  America  for  a  hundred  years. 

Ninety-nine  years  ago  a  small  body  of  young  physicians  in  this  city 
formed  a  society  with  the  title  of  this  college,  declaring  that  their  purpose 
was  "to  counteract,  as  far  as  possible,  the  evil  influences  brought  to  bear 
upon  the  profession,  to  serve  the  poor,  and  to  improve  medical  science." 
They  established  the  first  free  dispensary  New  York  ever  had,  and  within 
its  walls  gave  gratuitous  attendance  on  the  poor,  and  lectures  and  instruc- 
tion to  students.  Four  years  afterward,  in  1791,  they  came  with  a  full 
corps  of  professors  and  sixty-one  students,  and  a  memorial  unanimously  in- 
dorsing them  from  the  County  Medical  Society,  to  the  Regents  of  the  Uni- 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  169 


versity  of  the  State  of  Xew  York,  praying  to  be  taken  under  their  "■protec- 
tion." The  movement  inspired  immediate  and  universal  interest.  Old  doc- 
tors bearing  diplomas  from  Edinburgh,  Paris  and  Vienna  hailed  it  as  the 
dawn  of  a  new  and  hopeful  era  in  the  progress  of  their  profession  in  the 
Republic,  and  to  the  young  it  was  full  of  brilliant  promise.  That  grizzly 
and  gallant  warrior  aitd  patriot.  Baron  Steuben,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Regents,  came  down  from  the  sterile  farm  which  the  State  had 
voted  him  as  a  reward  for  his  services  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  to  exam- 
ine and  report,  and  upon  the  recommendation  of  himself  and  his  fellow 
committeemen  the  Legislature,  on  March  24,  1791,  authorized  the  Regents, 
in  their  discretion,  to  incorporate  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
provided  its  capital  did  not  exceed  sixty  thousand  pounds  and  the  Regents 
appointed  its  professors  and  conferred  its  degrees. 

Thus  successfully  started,  the  }oung  college  began  its  prosperous  and 
progressive,  but  adventurous  and  aggressive,  career.  But  its  pathway-  was 
not  clear.  The  Regents  appro\'ed  of  this  law  and  appointed  a  committee  to 
prepare  a  charter  for  the  young  university.  The  trustees  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege protested  against  the  granting  of  this  charter,  on  the  ground  that  they 
were  authorized  to  establish  a  medical  school;  that  tliey  had  the  business 
much  at  heart,  and  were  proceeding  as  fast  as  possible,  with  the  prospect 
and  intention  of  effecting  all  the  objects  which  the  rival  school  could  accom- 
plish if  permitted  by  the  Regents  under  the  act  of  1791.  They  successfully 
fought  off  affirmative  action  until  March  12,  1807,  when  the  coveted  charter 
was  secured.  By  this  charter  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New 
York  was  incorporated  as  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  Dr. 
Nicholas  Romayne,  who  had  organized  the  first  Medical  School  in  1787, 
l^etitioned  for  collegiate  recognition  by  the  State  in  1791,  and  nobly  kept 
the  faith  till  the  victory  of  1807,  became  its  first  President.  The  contest 
which  Columbia  College  and  her  Medical  Department  began  in  1792,  was 
now  taken  up  with  renewed  vigor  by  the  Physicians  and  Surgeons  assum- 
ing the  offensive.  They  demanded  that  the  college  school  should  be  merged 
with  them,  and  that  Columbia  recognize  the  Physicians  and  Surgeons  as  its 
medical  department.  The  Regents  and  the  Legislature  became  involved  in 
this  contest,  and  the  marvellous  patience  and  learning  of  Chancellor  Kent 
were  exhausted  in  an  effort  to  settle  it.  But  it  continued  until  in  1814  that 
ancient  and  venerable  seat  of  learning  surrendered  unconditionally  and  ac- 
cepted your  terms.  The  Regents  expressed  their  profound  satisfaction  in 
this  result  by  reporting  "that  from  the  medical  college  thus  united,  and  em- 
bracing the  most  eminent  medical  talent  of  the  State  in  one  splendid  semi- 
nary, the  most  beneficial  consequences  may  be  anticipated."  But  the  battle 
for  sole  supremacy  was  not  vet  over.  A  number  of  professors  seceded  and 
procured  authority  from  Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey,  to  open  in  this  city 
a  medical  school  and  confer  upon  its  graduates  the  Rutgers  degree.  The 
Legislature  was  appealed  to ;  State  pride  was  invoked :  the  question  became 
one  of  the  political  issues  of  the  time.  The  Physicians  and  Surgeons  again 
triumphed  by  the  passage  of  a  law  declaring  that  degrees  conferred  upon 
the  sacred  soil  of  New  York  by  the  chartered  colleges  of  foreign  govern- 


170  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ments  should  be  void,  and  tliis  was  one  of  the  reasons  put  forth  by  New 
Jersey  for  the  retahatory  legislation  under  which  for  half  a  century  she 
exacted  toll  by  way  of  State  tax  from  our  citizens  crossing  her  borders. 
With  the  growth  of  the  city  this  feeling  gave  way  to  a  generous  recognition 
of  all  worthy  comers  into  this  exhaustless  field  of  education  and  usefulness. 

The  medical  colleges  of  New  York  are  no  longer  enemies,  but  friendly 
rivals,  emulous  in  that  strife  for  excellence  by  which  each  stimulates  the 
others,  and  all  combined  form  a  splendid  New  York  University  of  Medicine. 
Large  endowments  to  any  of  them  are  of  benefit  to  all,  because  none  can  be 
lifted  to  a  position  which  the  rest  will  not  soon  crowd,  in  this  most  happy 
contest  to  'discover  and  impart  those  things  which  will  prolong  life,  heal  the 
sick,  restore  the  crippled  and  injured,  and  alleviate  suffering.  The  history 
of  this  college  furnishes  an  illustration  of  the  moral  progress  of  the  century. 
In  the  good  old  times  the  doctrine  that  the  end  justifies  the  means  received 
frequent  and  most  authoritative  approval.  The  State  in  1808,  and  again 
in  18 14,  resorted  to  that  most  insidious  and  demoralizing  form  of  gam- 
bling, the  lottery,  to  put  money  into  its  treasury  for  the  endowment  and  de- 
velopment of  literary  institutions,  and  to  promote  higher  education.  From 
the  first  of  these  lotteries  this  college  received  $5,000.  and  from  the  second 
$30,000,  and  without  other  public  assistance  has  struggled  and  expanded 
until,  after  a  lapse  of  seventj^-two  years,  it  becomes  one  of  the  strongest 
and  best  appointed  schools  in  the  world,  through  the  medium  of  the  splen- 
did benefaction  we  this  day  commemorate.  Upon  these  grounds,  donated 
by  William  H.  Vanderbilt.  his  gift  erects,  furnishes,  and  endows  a  building 
equal  to  all  the  requirements  of  the  present  and  the  needs  of  the  future. 
Mr.  William  D.  Sloane  builds  the  ^laternity  Hospital,  and  the  generosity 
of  his  wife  endows  all  the  beds,  making  them  free;  while  the  four  sons  cre- 
ate the  Clinic,  which  will  be  a  vast  dispensary,  giving  without  charge  to 
the  poor,  for  all  time,  medicines  and  the  best  professional  attendance,  as  a 
memorial  to  their  father,  more  grateful  to  him  if  living,  and  to  his  spirit 
now  that  he  is  dead,  than  stately  shaft  or  gorgeous  mausoleum.     (Applause.) 

The  advances  made  by  practical  medicine  in  the  past  hundred  years 
have  kept  pace  with  the  wonderful  development  of  this  century  in  every  de- 
partment of  human  thought  and  energv'.  The  brilliant  discoveries  in 
chemistry  have  unfolded  the  mysterious  processes  of  life  and  death.  The 
microscope  has  found  the  germs  which  spread  disease,  carry  infection,  and 
propagate  pestilence,  and  science  is  experimenting  for  their  control  or  exter- 
mination. Invention  and  observation  have  stimulated  each  other,  until  the 
functions,  the  operations,  and  the  condition  of  every  part  of  living  men  are 
seen  by  a  diagnosis  as  clear  and  complete  as  the  beaten  pathway  of  truth ; 
while  pharmaceutical  chemists  have  found  new  rem.edies  and  discovered  the 
active  principle  of  those  known  before,  so  that  the  revelation  and  loca- 
tion of  diseases  have  been  followed  by  the  finding  of  the  drugs  by  which 
they  may  be  stayed  or  cured.  To  meet  the  requirements  of  this  tremendous 
and  beneficent  revolution  medical  education  is  no  longer  didactic,  but  clin- 
ical or  experimental.  Object-teaching  creates  the  modern  physician.  The 
lecturer  of  to-day  is  no  longer  a  theorist,  but  a  demonstrator  of  what  the 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  171 


student  can  see.  The  laboratory,  the  hospital,  and  the  dispensary  are  all 
necessary  for  his  instruction.  To  extract  the  virtues  from  plants  and  miner- 
als, to  compound  the  elements  which  nature  furnishes  for  cure,  to  walk  the 
hospitals,  to  examine  the  endless  forms  of  disease  which  flow  through  a 
dispensary,  must  be  his  daily  life.  To  gather  these  in  any  institution  has 
heretofore  required  a  capital  beyond  other  resources  than  those  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  hence  the  American  physician  has  not  felt  fully  equipped  until 
he  has  received  at  London,  Paris  and  Vienna  these  practical  lessons.  Now  a 
m.illion  of  dollars,  a  private  benefaction,  renders  possible  the  construction 
and  equipment  of  a  medical  college  superior  to  any  ever  known  in  this  coun- 
trv  and  equal  to  the  best  in  the  world.  With  this  endcwm.ent.  and  the  im- 
pulse and  inspiration  which  will  follow  it.  New  York  will  become  the  center 
of  medical  learning,  education,  and  acquirement  for  the  American  Continent. 

Great  fortunes  involve  grave  duties  from  which  there  is  no  escape. 
The  administration  of  a  vast  estate  is  a  trust  of  far-reaching  responsibili- 
ties. The  law  does  not  and  cannot  say  how  he  shall  use  it.  but  the  jury  of 
the  world  is  day  by  day  taking  testimony,  and  every  right-minded  man 
wants  its  favorable  verdict.  He  must  not  squander  or  waste,  or  hoard,  and 
so  long  as  it  is  actively  employed  it  does  a  public  service.  Strong  and  mas- 
terful men  who  create  and  hold  together  and  manage  great  enterprises  which 
give  employment  and  wages  to  thousands  of  people,  and  who  keep  their 
fortunes  active  in  the  conduct  and  development  of  business,  are  practical 
benefactors  and  philanthropists.  They  are  of  necessity  the  hardest  workers 
in  their  system,  and  often  crushed  by  its  weight.  But  thev  cannot  stop  at 
the  point  where  their  roads  or  mills,  mines  or  factories,  furnish  the  means 
of  living  to  the  healthy  and  able-bodied.  They  must  contribute  in  liberal 
measure  for  the  young,  the  helpless,  the  infirm,  and  the  aged.  In  this  they 
are  laying  up  for  themselves  not  onlv  treasures  in  Heaven,  where  moth  and 
rust  do  not  corrupt,  nor  thieves  break  through  and  steal,  but  the  sweet  in- 
cense of  gratitude  and  praise  ever  wafted  to  their  memories.  Said  John 
Howard,  the  philanthropist,  when  dying  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service 
of  the  unfortunate :  "Let  my  monument  be  a  sun-dial.  I  would  be  useful 
after  my  death." 

William  H.  \'anderbilt  led  a  life  of  work  and  care.  He  knew  merit, 
and  recognized,  rewarded,  and  promoted  it  in  numberless  ways ;  and  he  de- 
spised idlers,  pretenders,  and  shams.  He  wanted  his  fellow-men  to  look 
through  the  wealth  he  was  administering  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  and  see 
him  as  he  understood  himself,  claiming  no  superiority^  to  which  he  was  not 
fairly  entitled,  tr\"ing  to  do  his  duty  as  a  man  and  a  citizen,  living  temper- 
ately, loving  his  friends,  and  willing  to  help  in  every  good  or  public  work. 
He  was  proud  of  New  York,  and  besides  his  conspicuous  gifts  for  the  Obe- 
lisk and  this  college,  he  contributed,  in  an  unobtrusive  way.  vast  sums  for 
its  religious,  benevolent,  art.  and  educational  enterprises. 

This  great  city,  with  its  marvelous  growth,  its  cosmopolitan  character, 
and  its  limitless  future,  is  the  most  interesting  of  social  and  political  prob- 
lems. The  world  in  miniature  lives  and  works  and  illustrates  all  civiliza- 
tion within  its  walls,   and  the  time  is  not  distant  when  the  pulsations  of 


172  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

its  thought  and  commerce  will  move  the  world.  From  this  foundation  will 
rise  an  institution  which  will  give  New  York  the  first  rank  in  the  most  be- 
neficent of  the  sciences.  May  it  be  also  an  example  inspiring  others  to  those 
deeds  which  are  possible  only  to  a  few.  but  wisely  bestowed  may  make  our 
metropolis  supreme  in  every  department  which  educates,  elevates  and  en- 
nobles the  race. 

On  September  29,  1887,  the  College  building  was  inaugurated  in  the 
presence  of  a  large  and  distinguished  assemblage.  An  opening  prayer  was 
offered  by  the  Rev.  Sullivan  H.  Weston,  D.  D.  Dr.  John  C.  Dalton.  the 
President,  then  read  a  historical  address.  Omitting  the  larger  portion  of 
the  early  history  of  the  institution,  and  at  the  risk,  even  then,  of  something 
of  repetition  in  the  present  narrative,  it  is  well  to  quote  his  utterances  be- 
ginning with  the  Barclay  street  epoch : 

But  notwithstanding  apparent  prosperity,  there  were  already  in  the 
College  causes  of  disturbance,  which  were  destined  before  long  to  threaten 
it  with  disaster.  The  trouble  began  with  complaints  from  the  Medical  So- 
ciety in  regard  to  the  policy  and  operation  of  the  College.  The  complaints 
were  met  with  replies  and  counter  charges.  There  were  committees  of  in- 
vestigation, hearings  before  the  Board  of  Regents,  and  acrimonious  articles 
in  the  daily  press,  until  the  dispute  had  involved,  on  one  side  or  the  other, 
nearly  every  medical  man  in  the  city  and  not  a  few  in  other  parts  of  the 
State.  At  that  time  the  element  of  personality  entered  largely  into  all  dis- 
cussions of  a  public  nature,  and  there  is  evidence  that  it  had  its  share  in  the 
College  controversy.  The  members  of  the  Medical  Society,  not  connected 
with  the  College,  were  dissatisfied  with  its  management  by  the  Faculty. 
They  declared  that  this  small  body  of  men.  whose  talents  and  capacity  they 
freelv  acknowledged,  had  formed  among  themselves  a  kind  of  "learned  aris- 
tocracy,"  and  disregarded  too  plainly  the  claims  and  opinions  of  the  pro- 
fession; and  that  they  had  repeatedly  violated  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  the 
Regents.  The  professors  maintained  that  they  had  always  acted  for  the 
interest  of  the  College  and  according  to  law,  and  that  the  charges  against 
them  were  only  the  expression  of  disappointed  rivalry.  Some  of  the  op- 
ponents of  the  Faculty  were  then  incorporated  into  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
and  the  divergence  of  opinion  became  more  irreconcilable  than  ever.  It 
reached  a  crisis  in  1826,  when  the  professors  resigned  in  a  body,  and  or- 
ganized a  rival  establishment  under  the  name  of  the  Rutgers  Medical  College. 
The  partisan  spirit,  created  by  these  events,  influenced  all  the  adherents  of 
the  two  institutions ;  and,  like  Rome  and  Carthage,  each  believed  that  it 
could  live  only  by  the  destruction  of  the  other. 

But  professors  who  resign  from  a  medical  school,  in  order  to  see  it 
languish  and  die  when  deprived  of  their  superior  talents,  seldom  find  the 
experiment  a  success.  It  is  apt  to  turn  out  that  there  are  others  who  are 
able  to  fill  the  chairs  they  have  left,  and  who  can  still  maintain  the  credit  and 
prosperity  of  the  institution.  That  is  what  happened  in  the  present  case. 
The  Regents  appointed  for  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  a  new 
corps  of  professors,  whose  names  are  still  honored  at  the  present  dav,  and 
of  whom  three  became  afterward  presidents  of  the  institution.  The  rival 
college  had  an  existence  o'f  onlv  four  annual  sessions. 


Tim  NEW  COLLEGE. 


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174  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

For,, the  next  ten  years  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  be- 
set with  difficulties.  It  had  experienced  a  revolution  which  restored  its  in- 
ternal harmony,  but  at  dangerous  cost  of  time  and  means.  Its  resources 
were  at  a  low  ebb.  Its  building  was  in  bad  condition.  It  had  but  a  scanty 
supply  of  apparatus  and  material;  and  it  was  subject  to  pecuniary  claims,  ur- 
gently pressed  by  suits  at  law,  which  threatened  the  compulsory  sale  of  its 
land  and  building. 

But  the  new  professors  were  equal  to  the  emergency.  They  made  every 
effort  to  restore  the  efficiency  of  the  College.  They  hu.sbanded  its  resources 
by  a  judicious  economy;  and  they  demonstrated  their  ability  as  teachers  by 
persevering  attention  to  the  duties  of  their  chairs.  By  this  means  the  in- 
stitution was  gradually  relieved  of  its  embarrassments  and  freed  from  the 
annoyance  of  professional  opposition.  Its  vitality  was  tested  and  strength- 
ened by  the  trials  it  endured,  and  it  gained  at  last  the  permanent  respect  of 
its  opponents  as  well  as  its  friends. 

The  next  event  of  importance  was  in  1837,  when  the  College  removed 
to  Crosby  street,  about  one  mile  farther  up  town.  The  new  building  was  on 
the  east  side  of  the  street,  and  was  known  as  Number  67.  It  was  considered 
greatly  superior  to  the  former  structure,  as,  besides  being  more  spacious,  it 
was  lighted  with  gas  and  supplied  with  Croton  water,  neither  of  which  con- 
veniences existed  in  the  Barclay  street  building.  It  was  occupied  for  nearly 
twenty  years. 

The  time  during  which  the  College  remained  in  Crosby  street  was  one 
of  substantial  progress  in  reputation  and  prosperity.  As  compared  with  the 
previous  ten  years,  its  average  attendance  of  students  increased  nearly  fifty 
per  cent.  The  tracks  of  antagonism  in  various  quarters,  the  legacy  of  its 
earlier  turmoils  and  dissensions,  disappeared  before  the  growing  popularity 
of  its  teachers  and  the  united  support  of  its  officers  and  trustees.  This 
opened  for  the  College  a  new  prospect,  and  placed  it  in  a  different  position. 
Hitherto  its  energies  had  been  consumed  in  an  unavoidable  conflict  with 
difficulties.  Now  they  were  employed  to  enlarge  its  resources  and  increase 
its  usefulness. 

This  period  was  marked  by  two  important  improvements  m  the  meth- 
ods of  teaching.  The  first  was  the  adoption  and  use  of  material  illustration. 
The  announcement  for  1837  lays  especial  stress  on  the  facilities  for  practical 
anatomy,  and  on  the  means  of  illustration  in  all  departments  by  specimens, 
drawings,  models,  wax  preparations  and  plaster  casts.  The  collection  in 
the  anatomical  museum  was  largely  increased  and  was  m.ade  the  property  of 
the  College;  and  Professor  John  B.  Beck  contributed  his  cabinet  of  materia 
medica,  containing  nearly  six  hundred  specimens.  On  all  sides  a  desire  was 
manifested  to  enlarge  the  means  of  instruction  beyond  those  of  a  strictly 
didactic  course.  The  circular  for  1850  announces  the  purpose  of  the  Faculty 
to  make  the  instruction  "as  demonstrative  and  practical  as  possible,"  and  de- 
clares that  in  this  object  they  are  "warmly  sustained  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
College." 

The  second  feature  of  improvement  was  the  college  clinic,  established  in 
1841  by  the  sagacity  and  enterprise  of  Dr.  Willard  Parker.     Dr.  Parker  was 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  175 

then  recently  appointed  professor  of  surgery.  He  had  taken  some  of  his 
private  pupils  to  the  Northern  Dispensary,  to  witness  there  the  methods  of 
diagnosis  and  treatment.  This  kind  of  instruction  was  found  so  useful  that 
he  determined  to  transfer  it  to  the  College,  where  all  might  share  in  its  bene- 
fits. Outdoor  patients  were  accordingly  brought,  from  the  Dispensary  and 
elsewhere,  to  the  college  building,  to  be  examined  and  treated  in  the  presence 
of  this  class.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  entire  system  of  college  clinics, 
which  have  since  grown  into  such  magnitude.  At  first  they  were  held  once 
a  week,  afterward  more  frequently.  A  medical  clinic  and  a  clinic  for  wo- 
men were  added  to  the  list.  The  number  of  patients  multiplied,  and  in 
1850,  according  to  the  circular  for  that  year,  the  clinic  had  "assumed  a  de- 
gree of  importance  that  could  hardly  have  been  anticipated  at  its  origin." 
There  were,  after  that,  three  clinics  each  week  throughout  the  session. 

The  next  move  of  the  College  was  in  1856,  when  it  occupied  the  build- 
ing so  familiar  to  all  of  us,  at  Twenty-third  street  and  Fourth  avenue.  There 
it  remained  for  a  little  over  thirty  years,  and  it  was  during  this  time  that  it 
exhibited,  in  several  respects,  the  most  remarkable  signs  of  expansion  and  de- 
velopment. Those  who  can  look  back  to  the  beginning  of  that  period,  and 
can  compare  the  responsibilities  and  requirements  of  the  College  then  and 
now,  will  be  at  no  loss  to  understand  why  the  accommodations  and  equipment, 
which  were  ample  thirty  years  ago.  became  at  last  so  dwarfed  and  insuffi- 
cient. 

The  first  of  these  changes,  which  took  place  in  Twenty-third  street,  was  a 
great  increase  in  the  college  clinics,  from  the  growing  importance  of  med- 
ical specialties.  Besides  an  additional  surgical  clinic,  there  were  successively 
established  a  venereal  clinic,  a  clinic  for  the  eye  and  ear,  one  for  the  skin,  one 
for  children,  one  for  the  nervous  system,  and  one  for  diseases  of  the  throat; 
until  the  regular  weekly  list  included  ten  separate  clinics  in  the  college  build- 
ing. Each  of  these  needed  room  for  the  reception  and  examination  of  pa- 
tients, and  for  the  illustrations  and  apparatus  of  the  clinical  professor.  The 
space  available  for  such  purposes  became  occupied  to  its  utmost,  and  not- 
withstanding everv  effort  to  provide  for  their  necessities,  the  college  clinics 
grew  like  a  family  of  children,  and  filled  to  distention  the  hospitable  mansion 
of  their  birth. 

Another  set  of  requirements  came  with  the  increased  use  of  material 
ilhtstrafion.  \Miat  had  already  been  done  in  that  way  showed  the  immense 
superiority  of  demonstration  and  experiment,  as  a  means  of  instruction,  over 
that  by  mere  verbal  statements.  It  demands  from  the  teacher  increased  ex- 
penditure of  time,  labor  and  material ;  but  when  once  tried  it  can  never  be 
abandoned,  because  it  conveys  information  in  the  most  intelligible  form,  and 
fixes  it  at  once  upon  the  understanding  and  the  memory.  In  the  scientific 
departments  it  is  like  the  clinic  in  practical  medicine.  It  will  be  safe  to  say 
that  in  chemistry,  in  anatomy  and  in  physiolog}-,  the  necessities  for  experi- 
mental and  demonstrative  illustration  have  become  five  fold  what  they  were 
in  1856.  Thev  involve  not  only  more  time  and  care  on  the  part  of  the 
teacher;  thev  call  for  greater  space,  multiplied  apparatus  and  numerous  fa- 
cilities, which  were  neither  needed  nor  anticipated  a  quarter  of  a  century 
aso. 


1/6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Thirdly,  the  college  course  was  extended  over  a  longer  time  and  em- 
braced additional  topics.  Originally,  the  lecture  term  was  four  months  long.  In 
1841  it  was  supplemented  by  Spring  and  Fall  courses,  of  several  weeks  each, 
devoted  to  special  subjects.  A  few  years  later  it  was  announced  that  in  the 
opinion  of  the  faculty  the  session  of  four  months,  required  by  law,  was  "too 
short  even  for  the  regular  course,  and  much  too  short  to  allow  them  to  enter 
into  specialties."  Lectures  were  accordingly  given  in  the  Fall  course  by  all 
the  professors,  and  the  regular  term  was  extended  to  lour  months  and  a 
half.  After  the  removal  to  Twenty-third  street  it  was  again  lengthened  to 
five  months,  and  in  1880  it  absorbed  the 'whole  of  the  subsidiary  courses  and 
was  extended  to  seven  months.  Moreover,  the  graduating  examinations 
were  deferred  until  after  the  close  of  the  lectures,  bringing  the  date  of  Com- 
mencement a  fortnight  later.  Thus  the  time  spent  in  the  necessary  work  of 
an  annual  college  course  was  finally  not  less  than  seven  and  a  half  months, 
or  nearly  double  its  former  length. 

These  are  among  the  important  changes  which  occurred  while  the  Col- 
lege was  in  its  Twenty-third  street  habitation.  They  developed  so  rapidly 
and  to  such  an  extent  as  to  overshadow  the  more  modest  growth  of  earlier 
years.  But  they  were,  nevertheless,  its  legitimate  offshoots;  and  in  every 
instance  thus  far  mentioned  it  is  plain  that  they  sprang  from  innovations 
and  improvements  originated  in  the  Crosby  street  building. 

But  in  one  respect  a  change  was  accomplished  which  may  fairly  be  con- 
sidered a  recent  growth,  that  is,  the  establishment  of  laboratories  of  instruc- 
tion under  the  auspices  of  the  Alumni  Association.  This  scheme  embodies 
the  most  distinctive  feature  of  modern  medical  teaching.  It  is  a  logical  se- 
quence of  the  admitted  superiority  of  the  method  by  demonstration.  If  it 
be  better  to  show  a  student  how  a  thing  is  done  than  to  tell  him  about  it, 
surely  it  must  be  better  still  to  make  him  do  it  himself.  The  man  who,  un- 
der proper  direction,  has  separated  and  examined  the  constituents  of  the 
blood,  or  prepared  for  the  microscope  the  wonderful  spectacle  of  the  capil- 
lary circulation,  or  tested  the  electric  reaction  of  nerve  and  muscle,  has  ad- 
vanced beyond  the  condition  of  simple  pupilage.  He  can  then  appreciate 
the  value  of  his  instruction,  and  he  has  gained  the  capacity  for  future 
progress  by  himself. 

These  are  the  objects,  and  others  like  them,  aimed  at  by  the  Physiologi- 
cal and  Pathological  Laboratory  of  the  Alumni  Association.  Nine  years 
ago  the  Association  appropriated  a  fund  for  the  equipment  and  partial  sup- 
port of  a  laboratory  of  instruction,  on  a  plan  proposed  by  the  present  pro- 
fessor of  Pathology  and  Practical  Medicine.  He  gave  to  the  enterprise  his 
personal  care  and  his  financial  aid ;  and  in  his  three- fold  capacity,  as  director 
and  patron  of  the  laboratory,  member  of  the  faculty,  and  member  of  the 
Alumni  Association,  he  was  unremitting  in  his  endeavors  for  its  success. 
During  the  last  few  years  the  laboratory  has  been  carried  on  at  an  annual  ex- 
penditure of  rather  more  than  five  thousand  dollars,  and  the  number  of 
students  resorting  to  it  has  increased  from  thirty  or  forty  to  over  a  hundred. 
In  1885  the  director  announced  that  its  resources  in  the  way  of  space  were 
exhausted,  more  students  being  in  attendance  than  could  fairly  be  accommo- 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  177 

dated.  In  the  following  year  additional  courses  were  established  for  May 
and  June;  and  it  appeared  that  the  number  of  students  attending  them  was 
"limited  only  by  the  seating  capacity  of  the  laboratory."  The  Laboratory 
Department,  like  the  college  clinics,  outgrew  its  accommodations,  and  felt 
the  restraint  of  its  narrow  quarters  in  the  Twenty-third  street  building. 

This  was  the  condition  of  the  College  and  its  resources,  when  it  re- 
ceived the  generous  aid  of  a  large-minded  benefactor.  Mr.  William  H.  Van- 
derbilt  had  long  been  known  as  a  man  of  business  capacity,  conservative 
ideas  and  liberal  disposition.  His  inherited  wealth  he  had  increased  by  his 
own  energy  and  judgment  in  affairs.  With  no  taste  for  publicity  or  osten- 
tation, he  found  recreation  and  enjoyment  in  the  best  jn'oducts  of  the  farm, 
the  training  stable,  and  the  studio.  He  had  felt  the  sustaining  care  of  the 
healing  art,  as  beneficial  in  the  alleviation  of  disease  as  in  its  cure,  and  he 
had  the  far-seeing  desire  to  assist  in  its  development.  He  knew  that  better 
facilities  for  medical  education  must  hereafter  add  to  the  comfort  and  di- 
minish the  suffering  of  rich  and  poor  alike.  He  appreciated  the  aims  and 
methods  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  and  he  believed  in  the 
value  of  its  traditions  and  e.xperience,  the  priceless  accumulation  of  more 
than  three-cjuarters  of  a  century.  He  therefore  entrusted  to  this  institution 
the  means  of  further  enlargement,  to  make  it  a  more  effective  instrument  for 
the  final  benefit  of  all.  On  the  seventeenth  of  October,  1884,  he  conveyed 
to  the  College  a  deed  of  gift  for  this  land,  and  a  fund  for  the  erection  upon  it 
of  suitable  buildings. 

It  had  long  been  evident  that  the  College  could  not  carry  out  the  needed 
improvements  in  its  old  location.  It  recjuired,  above  all,  more  space  for  its 
various  departments.  Furthermore,  experience  had  shown  that  it  would  not 
be  enough  to  provide  for  the  immediate  wants  of  the  present.  The  future 
will  surely  bring  with  it  additional  demands,  which  cannot  even  be  guessed 
at  now,  and  it  would  be  onlv  ordinary  prudence  to  leave  room  for  the  un- 
known requirements  of  the  years  to  come.  For  that  reason  the  present  lo- 
cality was  selected  for  the  college  grounds,  embracing  rather  more  than  an 
acre  and  a  half;  and  the  building  in  which  we  are  assembled  contains  offices, 
lecture  rooms,  study  and  recitation  rooms,  museums  and  laboratories,  far 
more  complete  and  ample  than  the  College  has  ever  heretofore  possessed. 

But  the  friendly  donor  of  this  new  edifice  was  not  destined  to  witness  its 
completion.  On  the  eighth  of  December,  1885,  little  more  than  a  year  from 
the  date  of  his  benefaction,  while  in  the  apparent  enjoyment  of  health  and 
vigor,  he  was  stricken  down  by  an  overwhelming  cerebral  attack,  and  in  a 
few  moments  was  no  longer  among  the  living.  For  the  family  and  friends 
of  the  deceased,  so  sudden  a  demise  must  always  be  premature.  But  for  the 
man  himself,  it  may  be  considered  as  the  happy  and  painless  termination  of  a 
prosperous  and  useful  career.  It  puts  an  end  tO'  all  unfounded  misconcep- 
tions, and  obliterates  forever  the  antagonisms  of  business  rivalry.  In  this 
instance  it  made  a  remarkable  impression.  It  left  in  strong  relief  the  many- 
sided  character  of  the  man,  who  could  control  with  success  the  largest  finan- 
cial interests,  and  could  feel  for  the  misfortunes  of  our  honored  and  departed 


178  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

General ;  whose  wide  sympathies  embraced  the  most  varied  objects  of  private 
enterprise  or  pubHc  utiUty ;  and  who  was  equally  ready  to  transport  from 
Egypt  the  sculptured  monument  of  an  antique  civilization,  or  to  endow  at 
home  a  modern  school  of  scientific  and  practical  medicine. 

The  spirit  of  his  work  lived  after  him.  The  members  of  his  family  saw 
the  far-reaching  benevolence  of  his  plan,  and  extended  it  in  additional  direc- 
tions. In  January,  1886,  his  son-in-law  and  his  daughter.  ]\Ir.  and  Mrs. 
Sloane,  made  proposals  for  the  erection  and  endowment,  on  the  college 
grounds,  of  a  lying-in  asylum,  to  be  known  as  the  "Slcane  Maternity  Hos- 
pital of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;"  and  in  April  of  the  same 
year,  the  four  sons  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt  created  a  fund  for  the  erection  and 
maintenance,  also  on  the  college  grounds,  of  a  great  dispensary,  as  a  spe- 
cial memorial  to  their  father,  under  the  name  of  the  "Vanderbilt  Clinic  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons."  Both  these  establishments  are 
nearlv  completed,  and  will  soon  be  in  operation.  They  provide  relief  for  the 
needy  and  suffering,  and  clinical  instruction  for  students  of  medicine — one  of 
them  in  the  whole  field  of  general  and  special  diseases  and  injuries,  the 
other  in  a  department  which  appeals  to  the  most  sensitive  element  of  human 
nature,  and  which  requires  in  the  practitioner  the  most  intelligent  and  self- 
relying  skill. 

It  is  impossilile  to  overestimate  the  value  of  these  institutions,  either  for 
the  immediate  relief  of  suffering  humanity,  or  for  the  instruction  of  future 
medical  practitioners.  Everything  which  conduces  to  the  completeness  of 
their  education  will  inevitably  have  its  effect  in  the  more  intelligent  and  suc- 
cessful treatment  of  their  patients ;  and  the  practical  benefits  of  the  Sloane 
Maternity  and  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  will  thus  be  extended  in  the  future  to 
many  who  never  visited  them,  and  who  perhaps  will  never  know  to  whom 
their  indebtedness  belongs. 

The  present  position  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  is  one 
of  honor  and  responsibility.  Its  eightieth  Iiirthday  finds  it  more  vigorous 
and  flourishing  than  ever.  Since  1807  it  has  survived  five  other  medical  col- 
leges in  the  city  and  State  of  New  York ;  and  throughout  the  countr}'  it  has 
witnessed,  during  that  time,  the  birth,  maturity  and  decease  of  forty-one 
similar  institutions.  It  has  passed  successfully  through  the  perils  of  infancy, 
the  ailments  of  childhood,  and  the  struggles  and  contentions  of  its  youth.  It 
may  now  be  considered  as  fairly  equipped  with  the  strength  and  capacity  of 
early  manhood.  Perhaps  its  experience  and  endeavors  thus  far  have  been 
only  a  preparation  for  its  real  work  in  the  time  to  come.  At  all  events,  the 
opportunities  which  it  now  enjoys  are  in  the  nature  of  a  trust,  and  impose 
upon  it  obligations  proportionate  to  themselves.  May  it  use  its  enlarged 
resources  with  the  same  judgment  and  fidelity  that  it  has  shown  heretofore, 
and  be  ready  still  to  merit  and  achieve  success.  Considering  what  the  Col- 
lege has  already  done,  we  may  surely  say  that  if  its  future  history  be  worthy 
of  the  past,  its  friends  will  have  no  cause  to  complain  of  the  result. 

The  following  inaugural  address  was  then  delivered  by  Dr.  William  H. 
Draper,  the  then  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  Faculty  of  the  College: 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  179 

Mr.  President,   Trustees.  Faculty  ami  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians 

and  Surgeons: 

This  new  building  with  its  complete  equipment  can  suggest  nothing  to 
the  Alumni,  and  to  those  who  have  been  the  olSciating  priests  in  the  ancient 
tabernacles  of  this  College,  so  much  as  a  resurrection,  and  it  seems  proper 
at  this  time  to  set  forth  what  the  spirit  is  that  animated  the  coils  that  have 
Deen  shuffled  ofif,  and  what  it  may  be  expected  to  accomplish  for  the  profes- 
sion and  the  good  of  mankind  through  this  new  and  glorious  body  with 
which  it  has  been  endowed. 

It  is  a  melancholy  but  indubitable  fact,  that  the  standard  of  medical  ed- 
ucation in  this  country  is  far  below  that  of  England  and  the  continent  of 
Europe.  The  great  wave  of  enthusiasm  for  popular  instruction  seems  to 
have  blinded  the  public  sense  to  the  necessity  of  higher  education,  so  that  in 
all  the  learned  professions,  and  especially  in  that  of  medicine,  which  above 
all  others  should  combine  general  culture  with  technical  knowledge,  there  has 
been,  and  is,  in  the  country  at  large,  a  degree  of  mediocrity  and  a  shallowness 
of  spirit  which  it  is  impossible  to  deny  or  conceal. 

In  England,  and  on  the  European  continent,  rich  endowments  and  gov- 
eriunent  subsidies  have  always  secured  a  class  of  highly  educated  men  who 
have  led  the  van,  who  have  received  universal  recognition  as  leaders,  and  who 
have  so  leavened  the  mass  of  the  profession  by  lifting  those  below  them  to  a 
higher  plane,  that  the  general  average  of  scientific  attainment,  in  the  medi- 
cal profession  especially,  is  constantly  and  inevitably  advancing.  The  same 
thing  of  course  is  occurring  in  this  country  in  the  larger  cities,  but  more 
slowly,  and  mainly  because  of  the  absence  of  the  conditions  to  which  I  have 
alluded.  Our  government  takes  no  hand  in  the  education  of  doctors,  though 
good  reasons  might  be  assigned  why  it  should  do  so:  "Sahis  populi  suprcma 
lex"  is  a  sound  maxim,  and  ought  to  justify  the  protection  of  the  community 
against  incompetent  doctors  by  helping  to  supply  good  ones,  as  much  as  it 
justifies  compulsory  vaccination.  It  is  true  that  Congress  has  founded  and 
maintains  with  liberal  support  a  medical  museum  and  library,  and,  if  it  may 
do  this,  why  should  it  not  establish  laboratories  for  the  encouragement  of  the 
highest  cultivation  of  physiology  and  pathology :  and  if  it  is  right  for  the 
state  governments  to  lavish  money  in  large  sums  to  give  free  collegiate  edu- 
cation to  young  men  and  women,  why,  we  might  ask,  should  not  public 
money  be  spent  in  contributing  to  the  public  weal  by  the  establishment  and 
support  of  technical  schools? 

Happily,  however,  for  the  cause  of  education  in  this  country,  the  signs 
of  an  awakening  of  the  public  intelligence  to  its  present  defects  are  beginning 
to  show  themselves.  The  golden  stream  of  private  bounty  has  long  flowed 
into  every  channel  of  relief  for  the  mitigation  of  human  misery,  now  it  is 
more  often  turned  towards  the  enlargement  and  perfection  of  human  knowl- 
edge. Whereas,  formerly,  sympathy  for  the  sufferings  of  mankind  has 
never  failed  to  yield  a  quick  response  to  the  needs  of  hospitals  and  asylums, 
now  a  broader  and  deeper  comprehension  of  the  sources  of  disease  has  begun 
to  turn  the  current  of  accumulated  wealth  toward  the  encouragement  and  dis- 
semination of  learning  that  increases  the  sum  of  health  and  controls  the  con- 
sequences of  inevitable  ills. 


i8o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  truth  of  this  statement  in  its  appHcation  to  medical  education,  is 
illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in  several  of  the  larger  cities  the  medical  schools 
are  no  longer  solelj'  dependent  for  their  maintenance,  as  they  were  formerly, 
upon  the  scanty  fees  of  their  pupils ;  the  student  of  medicine  of  today, 
whether  he  be  animated  by  a  thirst  for  knowledge,  or  by  a  desire  to  ac- 
quire the  art  of  healing  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  has  no  longer  tO'  content 
himself  with  the  meager  facilities  which  are  afforded  by  the  private  enter- 
prises of  self-constituted  professors.  The  public  ear,  so  long  deaf  to  any 
other  appeals  of  doctors  than  those  which  related  to  hospitals  and  dispensa- 
ries, seems  now  to  be  opening  to  the  earnest  entreaties  of  the  doctors  them- 
selves for  more  light  to  guide  them  in  thier  work  of  mercy. 

This  is  not  the  time  nor  the  occasion  to  discuss  the  cjuestion  whether  the 
problem  of  elevating  the  standard  of  medical  education  in  this  country  is 
likely  to  be  best  and  most  quickly  solved  by  government  patronage,  or  by 
the  bounty  of  private  wealth,  but  there  is  one  conspicuous  benefit  which  I 
think  experience  already  shows  to  be  the  result  of  dependence  on  pri\'ate 
benefactions,  and  it  is  this :  it  undoubtedly  stimulates  in  the  profession  itself 
an  unselfish  devotion  to-  its  work,  an  earnest  and  insatiable  desire  to  advance 
its  standards,  and  an  aspiration  towards  higher  achievements. 

It  is,  moreover,  safe  to  say,  that,  in  this  country  at  least,  there  is  scarcely 
anything  which  a  government  undertakes,  outside  of  its  essential  duties,  as 
the  conservator  of  law  and  order,  that  has  not  been  proved  to  be  more  effi- 
ciently accomplished  by  private  enterprise,  and  it  remains  to  be  seen,  through 
the  experiments  which  are  being  made  in  higher  education  in  this  country, 
whether  in  the  next  fifty  years  the  results  of  individual  contributions  to  the 
encouragement  of  science  and  art  will  not  equal  those  of  countries  in  which 
all  the  people  pay  tribute  to  their  maintenance.  In  the  present  state  of  pub- 
lic intelligence  in  these  United  States  in  matters  relating  to  higher  education 
it  would  certainly  seem  safer,  for  the  present,  to  rely  upon  the  support  of  in- 
telligent private  beneficence,  than  to  run  the  risk  of  squandering  public 
money  upon  the  innumerable  schemes  that  would  surely  be  devised  for  se- 
curing government  bounty. 

I  have  been  led  into  this  train  of  thought  because  the  histor}'  of  this  in- 
stitution shows  clearly  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  legitimate  and  inevit- 
able result  of  that  spirit  of  devotion  to  a  high  purpose  which  sinks  the  selfish 
in  the  common  weal,  and  which  the  love  of  knowledge  especially  inspires. 
The  spirit  is  sure  to  secure  the  only  reward  it  asks  for,  encouragement  and 
support.  It  certainly  was  not  for  the  gifts  of  fortune  that  the  men  who  have 
been  teachers  in  this  school  for  the  last  eighty  years  have  spent  their  ener- 
gies. Many  of  them  labored  simply  for  the  love  of  teaching,  and  the  major- 
ity of  them  for  meager  remuneration,  when  compared  with  the  time  and 
training  devoted  to  their  work.  They  lived  and  died,  laying  up  few  treas- 
irres  beyond  the  blessings  of  their  fellow  men,  and  no  investments  save  those 
which  add  to  the  sum  of  human  knowledge  and  experience.  As  each  genera- 
tion of  teachers  handed  over  its  work  to  younger  and  stronger  men  it  in- 
fused an  enthusiasm  which  stimulated  its  successors  to  better  achievements, 
and  so  this  college  has  grown  in  professional  esteem  and  public  confidence 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  i8i 


until  now,  without  any  pecuniary  aid,  other  than  that  furnished  by  its  own 
professors  and  its  Ahmini.  But  during  all  these  years  it  has  never  faltered 
in  its  goods  work,  and  never  lost  faith  in  its  destiny.  Inadequate  as  its  re- 
sources have  been,  it  has  never,  to  its  honor  be  it  spoken,  imperilled  its  fair 
fame  by  seeking  to  increase  its  revenue  through  depreciating  the  value  of  its 
diploma.  Its  policy  has  always  been  to  narrow  the  gate  by  which  its  gradu- 
ates have  passed  from  its  halls,  and  lately,  as  you  have  heard,  it  has  deter- 
mined to  narrow  considerably  its  portal  of  entrance. 

And  nov^r  what  is  the  reward  of  this  abiding  determination  on  the  part 
of  the  Faculty,  Trustees  and  Alumni  to  make  this  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  keep  abreast  with  the  advancing  demands  of  medical  science,  and 
more  and  more  worthy  of  the  confidence  of  the  profession  and  the  public? 
Is  its  reward  Mr.  Vanderbilt's  money,  which  has  founded  these  spacious 
halls  and  well  equipped  laboratories?  It  is  more  than  this — it  is  that  the 
work  which  has  been  done  all  over  the  world  in  the  service  of  humanity  by 
scientific  medicine  enlightened  the  mind  and  moved  the  spirit  of  a  masterful 
citizen  of  this  metropolis  to  set  an  example  in  the  disposition  of  private 
wealth  so  conspicuous  as  to  command  universal  attention.  Had  Mr.  Van- 
derbilt  built  a  church  to  perpetuate  his  memory  or  propitiate  the  Deity,  had  he 
endowed  a  hospital  to  commemorate  his  name,  and  secure  for  it,  for  all 
time,  the  blessings  of  the  sick  and  suffering,  he  would  simply  have  done 
what  thousands  have  done  before  him.  Such  dispositions  of  wealth  as  these 
spring  from)  the  emotional  side  of  man's  nature.  They  are  creditable  to  our 
humanity,  but  they  are  not  the  product  of  the  highest  development  of  our  in- 
telligence. They  will  always  be  needful  to  antagonize  the  ills  and  misfor- 
tunes to  which  flesh  is  heir,  but  they  are  powerless  to  dry  up  the  springs  from 
which  many  of  them  flow.  That  Mr.  Vanderbilt  in  choosing  an  object  for 
his  bounty  touched  the  true  pole  of  human  benevolence,  is  evident  from  a 
pregnant  sentence  in  his  letter  to  the  President  of  the  College  announcing 
his  intention.  He  said :  "The  health,  comfort  and  lives  of  the  whole 
community  are  so  dependent  upon  skilled  physicians  that  no  profession  re- 
quires more  care  in  the  preparation  of  its  practitioners." 

This  betrays  the  essential  merit  of  our  benefactor's  gift.  His  eyes 
were  opened,  partly,  in  all  probability  by  the  personal  benefit  of  scientific 
guidance  in  the  care  of  his  own  health,  and  partly  by  an  intelligent  observa- 
tion and  reflection  upon  the  amelioration  of  human  sufifering,  through  the 
arts  of  medicine.  This  is  the  reward  which  not  alone  this  College  but  all 
schools  of  medicine  throughout  the  world  have  reaped  from  his  bounty.  It 
is  for  this  that  this  College  and  all  mankind  should  be  grateful,  not  so  much 
for  what  has  been  given,  as  for  the  spirit  which  dictated  the  gift. 

Measured  by  the  needs  of  the  general  object  Mr.  Vanderbilt  sought  to 
benefit,  his  benefaction  is  but  a  drop  in  the  bucket ;  estimated  b}^  the  force  of 
its  example,  it  is  the  tapping  of  a  spring  of  human  benevolence  that  will  help 
to  refresh  for  all  time  many  waste  places  of  ignorance  and  superstition. 

In  taking  this  broader  view  of  the  significance  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt's  gift 
to  this  College,  as  being  the  one  which  does  highest  honor  to  his  memory, 
and  which  is  being  alreadv  verified,  since  his  death,  bv  the  generous  contribu- 


i82  COLLEGE  OE  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


tions  of  his  family  towards  the  enlargement  and  completion  of  his  purpose, 
I  am  not  unmindful  of  our  special  obligations  to  him  for  making  this  Col- 
lege the  object  of  his  wise  intention,  and  we  who  have  lived  to  see  this  day 
of  jubilee  in  the  history  of  the  College,  may  well  be  excused  for  the  exuber- 
ance of  our  joy  at  this  sudden  and  unexpected  fruition  of  our  fondest  hopes. 

To  those  of  us  who  remember  the  shabby  tenement  in  Crosby  street, 
the  removal  to  what  seemed,  by  contrast,  the  palatial  building  in  Twenty- 
third  street,  was  the  occasion  of  great  rejoicing.  But  what  shall  we  say  of 
the  change  we  make  today?  It  is  not  so  much  a  removal  as  a  translation, 
and  the  setting  up  of  a  new  kingdom.  To  say  that  we  rejoice  is  but  a  feeble 
expression  of  the  emotion  that  must  fill  the  souls  of  those  who  have  lived  to 
know  and  suffer  the  7-es  angustce  of  our  former  habitations. 

Would  that  I  could  summon  to  these  halls  the  spirits  of  that  goodly 
company  of  distinguished  professors  whose  labors  conspired  to  bring  forth 
this  offspring  of  their  heart's  desire.  Would  that  the  shades  of  Hosack, 
Mitchell,  Romayne,  Beck.  Torrey,  Smith,  Bartlett,  Watts,  Oilman,  Parker, 
Clark  and  all  the  honored  line  of  illustrious  teachers,  v/hose  names  deserve 
to  be  echoed  in  these  halls  today,  hovered  about  us  at  this  moment,  and 
shared  the  exultation  of  this  hour.  Would  that  they  could  go  with  us  as 
we  leave  this  hall  and  view,  as  they  might  in  this  building,  the  workshop  of 
scientific  medicine.  Would  that  they  could  realize  how  rapidly  the  old 
methods  of  line  upon  line,  and  precept  upon  precept,  are  being  laid  aside  for 
the  teaching  by  observation  and  experiment.  How  in  the  department  of  an- 
atomy the  very  bones  have  become  eloquent,  and  the  student  no  longer  pur- 
sues his  dissections  in  a  charnel  house,  stifled  by  foul  odors  and  horrified  by 
unseemly  sights,  btit  finds  himself  cheered  in  his  work  by  pure  air  and  the 
blaze  of  day.  How  art  and  ingenuity  in  demonstration  have  taken  the 
place  of  text  books,  and  the  fabric  of  the  human  bofly  in  its  minutest  and 
most  delicate  structures  has  been  unfolded  to  the  eye.  How  in  the  teaching 
of  physiology,  description  of  the  functions  of  living  bodies  are  no  longer 
preached  like  sermons  from  texts,  to  dull  and  sleepy  congregations,  but  are 
made  to  manifest  themselves  to  the  understanding  by  the  aid  of  ingenious 
mechanism  and  merciful  vivisections:  how  in  the  department  of  chemistry 
the  student  no  longer  listens  to  what  he  can  read  in  books,  or  witnesses 
experiments  which  only  interest  without  instructing  him,  but  works  himself 
in  a  well  furnished  laboratory  and  grasps  where  before  he  only  groped.  We 
would  then  love  to  show  the  spirits  of  these  revered  teachers  of  former  days, 
how  in  the  practical  branches  the  substitution  of  demonstrative  for  didactic 
instruction  has  revolutionized  the  methods  of  their  time.  How  through  an 
allied  current  of  the  same  intelligent  good  will  which  erected  this  building, 
a  Maternity  Hospital  has  been  provided  on  these  grounds  where  nature 
manifests  her  perfect  work  and  where  every  student  may  learn  for  himself, 
before  he  receives  the  diploma  of  this  College,  what  experience  only  can  teach. 
And  finally  we  would  lead  this  ghostly  procession  into  the  laboratory  of 
pathology;  here  we  can  imagine  their  speechless  surprise  as  they  behold  the 
strange  and  elaborate  devices  for  teaching  the  science  of  disease.  We  can 
fancy  them  endorsing  with  hearty  admiration  all  they  have  seen  before.     But 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  183 

how  would  the  jargon  of  bacteriology  sound  in  their  ears  ?  How  many  of 
them  would  shake  their  heads  over  the  germ  theory  and  reproach  us  for 
abandoning  the  humors  and  phlogistics  of  their  day?  We  should  pardon 
them  if  they  failed  to  dilate  with  the  correct  emotion  when  they  came  to  the 
department  of  pathology,  but  we  should  none  the  less  point  to  it  with  pride, 
as  the  crowning  glory  of  this  new  College,  for  here  shines  the  light  that  is  to 
illumine  the  mysterious  recesses  of  disease  and  by  its  revelations  lay  the 
foundation  of  rational  medicine.  The  art  of  today  struggles  mainly,  as  it 
always  has,  and  with  more  or  less  success,  with  the  effects  of  causes,  of  the 
nature  of  which  we  are  still  ignorant;  the  art  of  the  future,  the  dawning  of 
which  is  even  now  visible  will  contend  more  and  more  with  the  influences 
that  determine  disease. 

As  we  part  with  the  spirits  of  those  whom  we  would  have  share  the 
happiness  of  this  hour  we  turn  to  greet  their  successors,  the  living  exponents 
of  the  lofty  mission  to  which  this  building  is  today  consecrated.  That  they 
are  fit  to  assume  and  worthy  to  bear  the  responsibilities,  which  these  larger 
and  better  facilities  for  their  work  now  devolve  upon  them,  no  one  can 
doubt. 

It  is  fair  to  say  that  had  it  not  been  for  their  conspicuous  fitness  to  re- 
ceive it,  this  noble  gift  would  never  have  been  conferred  upon  them.  May 
they  administer  their  trust  wisely  and  with  the  unselfish  and  reverent  spirit 
which  becomes  the  ministers  of  truth ;  so  shall  they  worthily  honor  the  mem- 
ory of  their  benefactor  and  merit  the  benediction  of  generations  to  come. 

Upon  this  occasion,  several  gifts  of  great  historic  value  were  made  to 
the  College.  These  included  the  fine  bronze  portrait  bust  of  Mr.  William 
H.  Vanderbilt,  previously  mentioned,  the  gift  of  the  members  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees;  a  portrait  bust  of  Dr.  David  Hosack,  presented  by  his  daughter. 
Miss  Eliza  B.  Hosack ;  a  similar  portrait  of  Dr.  Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  pre- 
sented by  Dr.'  John  C.  Dalton ;  and  a  portrait  of  Dr.  John  C.  Dalton,  painted 
by  Eastman  Johnson,  and  presented  to  the  College  by  a  personal  friend  of 
the  subject. 

A  peculiar  interest  attaches  to  the  historical  tablets  placed  upon  the 
front  and  hall  walls  of  the  College  building,  and  our  narrative  would  be  in- 
complete without  reference  to  the  spirit  which  prompted  them,  and  the  earn- 
est discussions  which  were  engaged  in  before  their  placing. 

On  March  28,  1887,  was  held  a  special  meting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
called  at  the  instance  of  the  Eaculty.  At  that  session  was  read  a  lengthy 
communication  from  the  Eaculty,  and  bearing  the  signature  of  Dr.  John 
G.  Curtis  as  secretary  of  that  body. 

In  the  paper  mentioned,  it  was  recited  that  the  building  committee  had 
directed  that  there  be  placed  upon  the  front  of  the  new  College  building  a 
tablet  bearing  the  following  inscription : 


i84  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 

Chartered  1S07, 

Constituted    the   Medical    Department   of    Columbia    College, 

1880, 

Occupied  this  Land  and  Building, 

the  Gift  of 

William  Henry  Vanderbilt, 

1887. 

The  letter  of  the  Faculty  then  reads  as  follows : 

This  action  having  been  promptly  reported  to  the  Faculty  by  its  repre- 
sentatives upon  the  committee,  the  Faculty,  at  a  meeting  held  on  March  10, 
1887,  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  members  present,  and  for  reasons  which 
shall  presently  appear,  respectively  requested  the  building  committee  to  omit 
from  the  inscription  the  reference  to  Columbia  College.  This  request  the 
majority  of  the  committee  has  voted  to  decline,  the  two  representatives  of 
the  Faculty  forming  the  minority. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Faculty  held  on  March  21,  1887,  and  at  which 
every  member  was  present,  this  action  was  reported  and  discussed.  From 
the  vote  which  followed  the  discussion.  Professor  Chandler  was  excused, 
as  being  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Columbia  College  as  well  as  of  this 
College,  and  it  was  then  voted  unanimously  (Professor  Chandler  not  voting) 
that  the  matter  in  question  is,  in  the  eyes  of  the  Faculty,  of  such  importance 
that  the  Board  of  Trustees  is  respectfully  requested  to  decide  an  appeal  from 
the  decision  of  the  building  committee  in  regard  thereto. 

This  decision  of  the  Faculty  has  not  been  reached  without  a  full  recog- 
nition of  the  invaluable  services  rendered  to  the  College  by  the  labor  and 
wisdom  of  those  members  of  the  committee  from  whose  iudgment  in  the 
matter  now  in  question  the  Faculty  is  reluctantly  obliged  to  differ. 

It  is,  therefore,  hereby  respectfully  requested  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
by  all  the  members  of  the  Faculty  save  one,  excused  from  voting  as  afore- 
said, that  the  building  committee  be  instructed  to  omit  from  the  bronze  tablet 
the  designed  reference  to  the  connection  between  this  College  and  Columbia 
College,  and  this  for  the  following  reasons,  viz. : 

1.  During  the  whole  period  for  which  the  said  connection  has  existed, 
it  has  not  been  judged  necessary  to  inscribe  a  reference  thereto  upon  the 
College  building  now  in  use.  Upon  that  building  the  simple  title  "College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons"  stands  today  as  it  has  stood  upon  all  the  build- 
ings occupied  by  the  College  during  its  history.  It  seem^s  most  appropriate 
that  the  new  seat  of  our  corporation  should  bear  the  same  simple  title  still. 

2.  The  alliance  between  this  College  and  Columbia  College  continues 
in  virtue  of  a  vote  passed  by  the  Trustees  of  this  College  upon  June  6,  i860, 
and  which  reads  as  follows : 

"Resolved,  That  this  connection  shall  be  continued  during  the  pleasure 
of  the  respective  Boards  of  Trustees  of  the  two  Colleges,  and  may  be  termin- 


n 
o 
r 
r 

o 
PI 


o 

M 
O 

z 


i86  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


ated  by  a  vote  of  either  Board,  and  notice  thereof  given  to  the  other  Board 
of  Trustees." 

On  two  occasions,  at  least,  viz. :  On  June  4,  1877.  and  on  November 
4,  1878,  the  question  of  dissolving  the  alliance  with  this  College  has  been 
raised  in  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  on  the  latter  date  a 
series  of  resolutions  for  this  puroose  actually  having  been  formulated.  It  is 
proposed  that  the  alliance  which  is  shown  by  the  above  facts  to  be  necessar- 
ily so  frail,  be  recorded  upon  the  front  of  the  new  building,  in  the  midst  of 
other  matter,  and  in  costly  and  unalterable  bronze.  Should  either  Board  of 
Trustees  see  reason  hereafter  to  terminate  the  connection,  this  College  must 
surely  be  much  embarrassed  by  an  inscription  which  any  common  observer 
will  think  to  imply  the  continuance  of  the  alliance. 

3.  It  is  designed  that  the  bronze  tablet  in  question  shall  commemorate 
the  name  and  the  public  spirit  of  William  Henry  Vanderbilt,  and  it  is  most 
proper  that  this  should  be  so,  and  that  bronze  should  be  selected  as  the  ma- 
terial for  this  purpose.  Yet,  if  the  inscription  contain  the  reference  to 
Columbia  College,  the  necessary  sequence  of  date  and  position  of  words  will 
imply  to  any  ordinary  observer  that  a  corporation  already  great  and  rich 
had  been  selected  by  the  late  Mr.  Vanderbilt  to  administer  his  gift ;  a  cor- 
poration, moreover,  which  cannot  lawfully  devote  any  portion  of  its  funds 
to  the  support  of  this  College. 

That  i\Ir.  Vanderbilt  never  would  have  made  any  gift  to  this  College 
if  the  latter  had  been  a  sharer  in  the  financial  prosperity  of  Columbia  College, 
is  a  fact  proven  by  express  words  spoken  bv  him  to  a  member  of  this  Faculty. 
Our  benefactor  is,  unhappily,  no  longer  living  to  tell  us  what  he  thinks 
may  or  may  not  seem  to  be  implied  in  the  proposed  inscription.  His  sons, 
however,  have  expressed  the  wish  that  the  inscription  should  be  the  simple 
one,  "College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  as  being  that  upon  the  old 
building,  the  seat  of  the  institution  to  which  their  father  referred  in  his  let- 
ter of  October  17,  1884,  in  which  he  said:  "I  have  therefore  selected  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  because  it  is  the  oldest  medical  school 
in  the  State,  and  of  the  equal  rank  with  any  in  the  United  States." 

It  is  hardly  to  be  believed  that  the  authorities  of  Columbia  College  can 
see  anything  in  the  above  votes  and  reasonings  of  the  Faculty  which  can 
reflect  upon  the  eminent  institution  over  which  they  preside:  but,  that  no  op- 
portunity for  misconception  may  be  left,  it  is  hereby  declared  explicitly  that 
no  vote  or  reasoning  of  the  Faculty  alluded  to  in  this  paper  is  so  to  be  con- 
strued as  to  call  in  question  the  honor  or  value  to  this  College  of  its  position 
as  the  Aledical  Department  of  Columbia  College. 

By  order  and  in  behalf  of  the  Faculty. 

This  matter  was  finally  disposed  of  by  adoption  of  an  amended  resolu- 
tion offered  by  Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew  by  which  the  building  committee 
was  instructed  to  inscribe  upon  the  tablet  on  the  front  wall  of  the  new  Col- 
lege building  proper  the  inscription  which  it   now  bears : 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  1S7 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 

Chartered    1807, 

Occupied  this  Land  and  Building, 

the  Gift  of 

William  Henry  Vanderbilt, 

1877. 

At  the  same  meeting  Dr.  Agnew  offered  a  resolution,  which  was  adopted 
in  a  slightly  amended  form,  authorizing  and  instructing  the  building  com- 
mittee to  prepare  a  draft  for  a  tablet  or  tablets  to  be  placed  in  the  vestibule 
or  entrance  hall  of  the  College,  setting  forth  with  brevity  the  dates  of  the 
remarkable  epochs  in  the  history  of  the  College,  and  that  the  date  of  the 
passage  of  the  resolution  of  alliance  with  Columbia  College  be  included  in 
such  inscriptions,  and  to  report  at  a  further  meeting.  By  another  resolu- 
tion also  offered  by  Dr.  Agnew  and  unanimously  adopted,  the  Board  author- 
ized the  Treasurer  of  the  College  to  pay  for  these  tablets  out  of  the  general 
fund,  upon  the  order  of  the  building  committee. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  the  designs  and  in- 
scriptions of  the  last  mentioned  tablets  were  approved,  and  they  were  ordered 
to  be  executed  in  marble,  as  they  now  appear.  The  principal  tablet  is 
placed  upon  the  wall  on  the  west  side  of  the  College  vestibule,  just  within 
the  main  entrance.     It  bears  the   following  inscription : 

locations  of  the  college  since  its  foundation. 

No.     18  Robinson    Street    1807-1809 

No.     12  Magazine   Street    1809-1813 

No.      3  Barclay   Street    1813-1837 

No.    67  Crosby    Street    1837- 1856 

No.  loi   East  Twenty-third  Street    1856-1887 

No.  437  West  Fifty-ninth   Street    1887 

On  the  east  side  of  the  vestibule  is  another  tablet  inscribed  as  follows: 

This   College  was   Chartered 

by  the  Regents  of  the 

University  of  the  State  of  New  York, 

March  12th,   1807, 

and  was  Co-instituted 

the 

Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College, 

June  6th,  i860. 

The  building  fund   contributed  by  Mr.   Vanderbilt  was  ample   for  the 


i88  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

purposes  contemplated,  and  it  was  expended  so  judiciously  that  the  cost  of 
construction  was  kept  well  within  the  means  provided.  The  gift  of  $300,000 
had  earned  interest,  which  on  June  2,  1885,  had  increased  the  total  sum  to 
$301,868.  On  November  i  the  interest  upon  unexpended  balances  was 
$9,056.41,  making  the  total  amount  of  the  building  fund  $310,924.41.  The 
original  building  contracts  called  for  the  sum  of  $299,491.47,  including  the 
commission  paid  to  the  architect.  During  the  progress  of  the  work  addi- 
tional expenses  were  incurred,  making  the  total  cost  of  building  $310,150.54. 
This  left  an  unexpended  balance  of  ^//S-S'/,  which  was  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  President  and  Executive  Manager,  to  provide  for  such  necessities 
connected  with  the  work  of  building  as  might  arise.  During  the  construc- 
tion of  the  building,  considerable  additional  sums  were  contributed  by  Mr. 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  furnishing  the  rooms  and 
lecture  rooms,  for  installing  an  electric  light  system,  for  sidewalk  exten- 
-sion,  and  for  a  carriage  house,  these  several  items  amounting  to  $37,500. 
Mr.  George  W.  Vanderbilt  also  contributed  the  sum  of  $4,908  for  the 
building  of  the  third  story  of  the  laboratory  wing  and  for  its  furnishing, 
for  the  laboratory  annex,  enlargement  of  the  fence  walls  and  other  con- 
veniences. 

These  valuable  contributions  to  the  completeness  and  efficiency  of  the 
College  building  were  made  through  the  instrumentality  of  Dr.  James  W. 
McLane,  who  personally  supervised  the  work  of  construction. 

The  building  committee,  on  November  i,  1887,  made  report  of  the 
facts  above  stated,  remarking  that  as  the  additional  facilities  had  been  pro- 
vided for  outside  the  original  building  contracts,  it  could  not  take  cognizance 
of  them  in  an  official  way,  but  deemed  it  proper  that  the  statement  should  be 
made,  and  that  the  committee  should  express  its  entire  approval  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  project  had  been  carried  out,  and  its  high  appreciation 
of  the  interest  and  generosity  shown  by  the  donors  of  the  additional  funds. 
The  committee  further  asked  that  the  Trustees  assume  charge  of  the  build- 
ing and  discharge  it  from  further  service,  the  mission  for  which  it  had  been 
created  having  been  completed.  This  request  was  granted,  with  an  expres- 
sion of  satisfaction  and  gratitude  by  formal  vote. 

In  connection  with  the  report  and  action  thereon,  Dr.  William  H.  Draper 
presented  the  following    resolutions,    which    were    adopted  by  a  unanimous 

vote : 

* 

Resolved.  That  this  Board  of  Trustees  hereby  conveys  to  Mr.  Cornelius 
Vanderbilt  and  Mr.  George  W.  Vanderbilt  the  assurance  of  its  grateful  recog- 
nition of  their  loyal  desire  and  determination  to  be  the  executors  of  their 
iather's  intentions  in  his  gift  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  189 

Resolved,  That  their  generous  contributions  toward  the  equipment  of 
the  several  departments  have  served  to  make  the  present  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  the  most  complete,  convenient  and  well  appointed  insti- 
tion  in  the  country  for  teaching  the  science  of  medicine. 

Resolved,  That  these  resolutions  be  inscribed  upon  the  records  of  this 
meeting,  and  that  a  copy  of  them  be  sent  to  Mr.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  and 
Mr.  George  W.  Vanderbilt. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Draper,  the  President  was  authorized  to  appoint  a 
committee  of  two  to  draft  an  appropriate  letter  to  the  architect  of  the  new 
College  building,  Mr.  W.  Wheeler  Smith,  expressing  the  satisfaction  felt  by 
the  Board  with  the  work  as  completed,  and  their  appreciation  of  his  skill 
and  taste,  as  well  as  his  interest  and  zeal  in  providing  a  building  complete  in 
every  part  and  admirably  adapted  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  intended. 
The  committee  appointed  were  Dr.  William  H.  Draper  and  Dr.  George  G. 
Wheelock,  the  Registrar. 

SLOANE  MATERNITY  HOSPITAL. 

Soon  after  the  new  College  building  had  been  projected,  the  children  of 
Mr.  Vanderbilt  took  measures  to  supplement  the  gift  made  by  their  father 
with  two  beneficent  creations — the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  and  the  Van- 
derbilt Clinic — both  to  be  forever  associated  with  and  be  parts  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

In  January,  1886,  less  than  a  month  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt, 
his  son-in-law  and  his  daughter,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  D.  Sloane,  proposed 
the  erection  and  endowment  of  a  lying-in-hospital  on  the  College  grounds, 
to  be  known  as  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  In  this  gift,  welcomed  of  all,  not  alone  out  of  sentiments  of 
humanitv,  but  as  a  most  valuable  addition  to  a  department  which  had  been 
extremely  limited  in  means  of  practical  instruction  in  a  most  necessary  field, 
both  donors  shared.  Mr.  Sloane  defrayed  the  cost  of  the  building,  at  an  out- 
lay of  $526,300,  and  Mrs.  Sloane  provided  an  endowment  fund  of  $377,300. 

The  purpose  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sloane  was  communicated  to  the  Trustees 
of  the  College  at  a  special  meeting  held  on  January  18,  1886,  by  Dr.  James 
W.  McLane.  Dr.  McLane  stated  that  he  had  for  many  years  experienced 
steadily  increasing  difficulty  in  providing  opportunities  for  the  advanced 
students  to  gain  a  practical  experience  in  midwifery,  for  want  of  an  institu- 
tion available  for  that  purpose,  and,  as  a  consequence,  a  large  number  of  the 
students  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  were  without 
practical  knowledge  of  that  branch  of  study.  He  was  happy  to  be  enabled 
to  say  that  he  now  had  an  offer  which,  if  the  Trustees  of  the  College  ap- 
proved, would  forever  remedy  that  difficulty.     He  then  read  the  following 


igo  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 


proposition  made  to  the  Trustees  b}-  Mr.  William  D.  Sloane  in  behalf  of  him-, 
self  and  his  wife: 


New  York,  January  i6,  i^ 
To  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the 

City  of  New   York : 

Gentlemen :  The  undersigned.  \\'illiam  D.  Sloane,  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  Emily  Thorn  Sloane,  his  wife,  hereby  make  to  you  the  following 
proposition  for  your  consideration  and  for  acceptance  by  you  if  you  shall 
assent  to  its  terms  as  hereinafter  expressed. 

1st.  They  propose  to  erect  and  complete  at  their  own  expense  a  build- 
ing for  the  purpose  of  a  Lying-in  Hospital  on  land  owned  by  your  College, 
situated  on  Tenth  avenue  between  Fifty-ninth  and  Sixtieth  streets  in  this  city, 
and  near  to  the  new  College  building  about  to  be  erected.  Such  Hospital 
building  to  conform,  in  general,  to  the  architectural  style  of  the  College  build- 
ing. It  is  thought  that  a  space  equal  in  extent  to  three  lots  (75x100  feet) 
will  be  required  for  the  purpose,  and  as  the  lots  on  the  corner  of  Tenth  avenue 
and  Fifty-ninth  street  are  preferred  by  the  undersigned,  they  propose  that 
these  lots  be  appropriated  therefor. 

2d.  They  propose  that  the  Hospital  building,  when  completed,  shall 
be  known  and  designated  as  the  "Sloane  Maternity." 

3d.  They  propose  to  bear  and  pay,  in  addition  to  the  entire  cost  of  con- 
structing and  completing  the  Hospital  building,  the  cost  of  furnishing  and 
equipping  the  same  for  the  purposes  to  which  it  is  to  be  devoted,  and  to  make 
and  execute  all  proper  instruments  to  vest  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  the  title  to  the  building  and  its  furniture  and  equipment. 

4th.  They  propose  to  provide,  upon  the  completion  of  the  building,  an 
endowment  fund,  the  principal  of  which  shall  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
Board  of  Managers,  to  be  constituted  as  hereinafter  specified,  and  who  shall 
be  the  Trustees  of  such  fund,  the  income  of  which  shall  be  received  and 
applied  by  such  trustees  to  the  cost  of  the  maintenance  of  the  said  Hospital. 

5th.  They  propose  that  the  management  of  said  hospital  shall  be  under 
the  direction  and  control  of  a  Board  of  Managers  to  consist  of  the  following 
named  persons  and  their  successors  in  office,  to  wit :  William  D.  Sloane,  rep- 
resenting the  donors ;  the  President,  for  the  time  being,  of  the  College  of 
Ph3'sicians  and  Surgeons,  who  shall  be  ex-officio  a  member  of  said  Board  of 
Managers ;  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  representing  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  James  W.  McLane,  M.  D.,  and  Francis 
Delafield,  M.  D.,  representing  the  Faculty  of  said  College. 

The  Managers  shall  hold  office  for  life,  and  any  vacancy  in  the  Board 
caused  by  death,  resignation  or  disability,  shall  be  filled  by  the  Board  of 
Managers  as  follows :  In  the  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disabilitv  of 
William  D.  Sloane,  they  shall  elect  to  fill  the  vacancy  such  person  as  the  said 
William  D.  Sloane  may  nominate  by  his  last  will  and  testament,  or,  in  default 
of  such  nomination,  such  person  as  shall  be  designated  in  writing  bv  the 
personal  representatives  of  said  William  D.  Sloane. 

In  the  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disability  of  Cornelius  Vander- 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE. 


191 


SLOANE    MATERNITY    HOSPITAL. 


192  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

bilt,  the  Board  of  Managers  shall  elect  to  fill  the  vacancy  a  member  for  the 
time  being  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. 

In  the  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disability  of  James  W.  McLane, 
M.  D.,  or  of  Francis  Delafield,  M.  D..  respectively,  the  Board  of  Managers 
shall  elect  to  fill  the  vacancy  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the  said  College  of 
Physicians   and   Surgeons. 

The  foregoing  provisions  in  respect  to  constitution  of  the  Board  of 
Managers  and  the  election  of  Managers,  and  the  due  performance  thereof, 
shall  be  conditions  precedent  to  the  creation  of  the  endowment  fund,  and  to 
the  application  of  the  income  thereof  to  the  purposes  of  the  Hospital. 

6th.  They  propose  that  the  Board  of  Managers  shall  have  the  entire 
control  of  the  management  of  the  Hospital,  with  exclusive  power  to  make 
all  necessary  rules  and  regulations  for  conducting  its  affairs  and  for  provid- 
ing such  medical  attendance  as  shall  in  their  judgment  be  required,  but  they 
shall  have  no  power  to  do  any  act  affecting  the  title  to  or  disposition  of  the 
Hospital  or  of  any  of  the  property  in  the  Hospital,  which  is  at  all  times  to 
remain  vested  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

The  above  proposition  is  made  with  the  view  of  furnishing  to  the  Col- 
lege the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  having  a  Hospital  of  the  description 
above  indicated,  in  close  connection  with  it,  and  these  advantages  are  so 
manifest  that  it  is  to  be  hoped  the  Trustees  will  acquiesce  in  the  arrange- 
ments which  the  undersigned  propose,  and  will  appropriate  the  land  requisite 
for  the  Hospital,  in  order  that  its  erection  may  proceed  without  delay. 

All  of  the  details  of  the  above  proposition  which  require  legal  formalities 
shall  be  embodied  in  proper  instruments  of  writing. 

Respectfully  submitted  by 

Wm.  D.   Sloane 
For  himself  and  wife. 

Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew  then  presented  the  fcllowing  resolutions, 
which  were  unanimously  adopted : 

Resolved,  That  the  generous  proposition  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  D. 
Sloane,  conveyed  to  this  Board  by  Dr.  McLane,  be  and  hereby  is  accepted. 

Resolved,  That  the  President  and  Registrar  be  and  hereby  are  instructed 
to  thank  the  donors,  and  that  it  be  and  hereby  is  committed  to  the  building 
committee  to  carry  into  practical  effect  the  intention  of  the  donors. 

By  a  further  motion,  the  thanks  of  the  Board  were  tendered  to  Dr.  Mc- 
Lane "for  his  highly  successful  effort  to  advance  medical  education." 

Following  quickly  after  the  noble  gift  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sloane,  came 
that  of  the  sons  of  Mr.  William  H.  Vanderbilt,  and,  again.  Dr.  McLane  sur- 
prised as  the  herald  of  a  splendid  benefaction. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  held  April  15,  1886,  Dr.  McLane  addressed  the  meet- 
ing, explaining  that  it  had  been  found,  in  the  course  of  preparing  plans  for 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  193 

the  College  building,  that  it  was  difficult  to  provide  proper  accommodations 
for  clinical  instruction  without  encroaching  upon  the  room  required  for 
lecture  rooms  and  for  the  separate  departments  of  the  various  professors. 
It  had  occurred  to  him  that  if  means  could  be  devised  to  erect  a  building 
devoted  exclusively  to  this  purpose  upon  ground  already  owned  by  the  Col- 
lege, and  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  it  would  be  a  great  gain  to  the  institution. 
He  had  first  laid  his  project  before  the  Faculty,  and,  finding  it  met  with 
their  entire  approval,  he  had  sought  to  raise  money  for  the  purpose.  As  a 
result  of  his  efforts,  he  would  present  the  following  proposition : 

To  The  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons : 

The  undersigned,  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  William  Iv.  Vanderbilt,  Fred- 
erick W.  Vanderbilt  and  George  W.  Vanderbilt,  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
do  hereby  make  to  you  the  following  proposition  for  your  consideration, 
and  acceptance  by  you,  if  you  shall  assent  to  its  terms  as  hereinafter  ex- 
pressed. 

First.  They  propose  to  contribute  each  the  sum  of  sixty-two  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars,  making  a  total  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand,  to 
be  used  for  the  purposes  hereinafter  expressed. 

Second.  They  propose  out  of  this  sum  to  erect  a  building  for  the  clin- 
ical teaching  of  the  College,  on  the  land  now  owned  by  the  College,  at  the 
corner  of  Tenth  avenue  and  Sixtieth  street ;  the  building  to  occupy  a  space 
of  one  hundred  feet  on  Tenth  avenue  by  seventy-five  feet  on  Sixtieth  street, 
and  to  conform  in  general  to  the  architectural  style  of  the  new  College 
building  now  in  process  of  erection. 

Third.  They  propose  that  this  building  shall  be  a  memorial  to  their 
father,  the  late  William  H.  Vanderbilt,  and  that  it  be  known  and  designated 
as  "The  Vanderbilt  Clinic"  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

Fourth.  They  propose,  out  of  said  sum,  to  pay  the  cost  of  furnishing 
and  equipping  the  building  for  the  purposes  to  which  it  is  to  be  devoted, 
and  to  make  and  execute  all  proper  instruments  to  vest  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  the  title  to  the  building  and  its  furniture  and 
equipments. 

Fifth.  They  propose,  upon  the  completion  of  the  building,  to  provide 
an  endowment  fund,  out  of  said  sum,  the  principal  of  which  shall  be  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  Board  of  Managers  to  be  constituted  as  hereinafter 
specified,  and  who  shall  be  the  trustees  of  this  fund,  the  income  of  which 
shall  be  received  and  applied  by  them  as  trustees  to  the  expenses  and  main- 
tenance of  said  building. 

Sixth.  They  propose  that  the  management  of  said  building  shall  be 
under  the  direction  and  control  of  a  Board  of  Managers  to  consist  of  the 
following  named  persons,  and  their  successors  in  office,  to  wit : 

Frederick  W.  Vanderbilt,  as  representing  the  donors ;  the  President  for 
the  time  being  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  who  shall  be  ex- 
ofificio  a  member  of  the  said  Board  of  Managers ;  William  H.  Draper,  M. 


194  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

D.,  as  representing  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College;  Henry  B.  Sands, 
M.  D.,  and  James  W.  McLane,  M.  D.,  as  representing  the  Faculty  of  the 
College. 

The  Managers  shall  hold  office  for  life,  and  any  \-acancy  in  the  Board, 
caused  by  death,  resignation  or  disability,  shall  be  filled  by  the  Board  of 
Managers  as  follows : 

In  the  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disability  of  Frederick  W.  Van- 
derbilt,  they  shall  elect  such  person  as  the  said  Frederick  W.  Vanderbilt 
may  nominate  by  his  last  will  and  testament;  or,  in  default  of  such  nomina- 
tion, such  person  as  shall  be  designated  in  writing  by  the  personal  repre- 
sentative of  said  Frederick  W.  Vanderbilt. 

In  the  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disability  of  William  H.  Draper, 
the  Board  of  Managers  shall  elect  to  fill  the  vacancy  a  member  for  the  time 
being  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

In  the  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disability  of  Henry  B.  Sands 
or  James  W.  McLane,  respectively,  the  Board  of  Managers  shall  elect  to 
fill  the  vacancv  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  said  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons. 

The  foregoing  provisions  in  respect  to  the  constitution  of  the  Board  of 
Managers,  and  the  election  of  Managers,  and  the  due  performance  thereof, 
shall  be  conditions  precedent  to  the  erection  of  the  building,  the  creation 
of  the  endowment  fund,  and  to  the  application  of  the  income  thereof  to  the 
purposes  of  the  building. 

Seventh.  They  propose  that  the  Board  of  Managers  shall  act  for  the 
donors  as  a  building  committee,  and  that,  after  the  completion  and  equip- 
ment of  the  building,  they  shall,  from  the  income  of  the  endowment  fund, 
provide  for  its  supplies,  service,  repairs  and  all  other  necessary  and  proper 
current  expenses,  so  that  it  shall  be  in  no  way  a  burden  upon  the  general 
finances  of  the  College ;  but  thev  shall  have  no  power  to  divert  its  use  from 
the  purposes  of  clinical  teaching,  nor  to  do  any  act  affecting  the  title  to  a 
disposition  of  the  building  or  of  any  of  the  property  in  it,  which  is  at  all 
times  to  remain  vested  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

The  above  proposition  is  made  with  the  view  of  furnishing  the  College 
the  great  advantages  to  be  derived  from  having  such  a  building  as  above  indi- 
cated in  close  connection  with  it.  These  advantages  are  so  manifest  that  it 
is  hoped  the  Trustees  will  acquiesce  in  the  arrangements  which  the  under- 
signed propose,  and  will  appropriate  the  land  requisite  for  the  building,  in 
order  that  its  erection  may  proceed  without  delaj',  and  that  it  may  be  fin- 
ished and  ready  for  use  by  the  time  the  College  is  completed. 

Should  the  proposal  meet  with  the  approval  and  assent  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  College,  the  donors  will  at  once  execute  the  necessary  legal  papers  for 
carrying  it  into  effect. 

C.   Vanderbilt, 
By  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  His  Attorney. 
W.   K.   Vanderbilt, 
F.   W.   Vanderbilt, 
,  George   W.    Vanderbilt. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  195 

Subsequently  (in  1889),  at  the  request  of  the  donors,  the  provisions 
governing  the  fiUing  of  certain  vacancies  in  the  Board  of  Managers  were 
so  changed  as  to  provide  that,  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disabiUty 
of  Frederick  W.  Vanderbilt,  the  managers  shall  elect  such  persons  as  the 
surviving  donors  may  nominate;  upon  the  death  of  all  the  donors,  in  case 
of  vacancy,  the  manager  shall  elect  a  male  descendant  of  William  H.  Van- 
derbilt, the  father  of  the  donors ;  in  case  there  are  no  such  descendants,  they 
shall  elect  a  person  of  their  own  nomination. 

The  munificent  offer  of  the  Messrs.  Vanderbilt  evoked  hearty  praise, 
and  a  resolution  was  at  once  adopted  signifying  its  grateful  acceptance. 
At  the  same  time  it  was  voted  that  thanks  should  be  returned  to  the  donors 
in  an  appropriate  letter,  to  be  signed  by  the  President  and  Registrar,  and 
that  the  official  seal  should  be  appended  thereto.  The  letter  prepared  in 
accordance  with  the  tenor  of  the  resolution  was  as  follows : 

To    Messrs.    Cornelius    Vanderbilt,    William    K.    Vanderbilt,    Frederick    W. 

Vanderbilt  and  George  Vanderbilt : 

Gentlemen :  At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College,  held  April 
15,  1886,  a  proposition  was  received  from  you,  through  Professor  James 
W.  McLane,  to  build  and  endow  upon  the  college  grounds  a  free  dispen- 
sary in  memory  of  your  father,  the  late  William  H.  Vanderbilt,  to  be  known 
as  the  "Vanderbilt  Clinic"  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

In  accepting  this  generous  offer,  under  the  terms  proposed  in  your 
communication,  the  trustees  desire  to  convey  to  you  their  grateful  thanks, 
and  their  appreciation  of  your  wise  and  reverent  motive  in  the  creation  of 
so  appropriate  a  memorial.  The  name  of  your  honored  father  will  be  for- 
ever associated  in  this  country  with  unexampled  liberality  in  the  encour- 
agement of  the  most  useful  department  of  human  knowledge;  and  the  cause 
of  medical  education  everywhere  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  disposition 
shown  by  his  descendants  to  further  strengthen  its  foundations  and  enlarge 
its   benefits. 

By  order   of   the   Board  of   Trustees. 

J.  C.  Dalton,  M.  D.,  President. 

Geo.  G.  Wheelock,  M.  D..   Registrar. 

Excavations  for  both  buildings,  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  and 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  were  made  in  1886,  and  in  the  following  year  they 
were  ready  for  occupancy.  Their  inauguration  took  place  on  December  29, 
when  Dr.  T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  the  Professor  of  Clinical  iGynecology,  deliv- 
ered an  address  in  the  lecture  room  of  the  college  building,  which  was  as 
follows : 

"Vita  brevis;  ars  longa."  Man's  life  is  but  a  span;  the  life  of  Art 
is  long  and  endures  forever!     Generation  after  generation  is  cut  down  and 


196  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

disappears  like  the  herb   of   the  field;    but   Art  with   grand   and  measured 
tread  marches  onward  through  the  ages ! 

As  we  meet  here  to-day  to  foster  the  interests  of  the  noblest  of  the 
arts,  so  met  the  men  and  women  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome.  Since  then 
they  and  thousands  who  have  succeeded  them  have  vanished  like  a  tale  that 
is  told,  but  the  art  which  they  fostered  lives  now,  as  it  lived  then,  coming 
down  to  us  in  lusty  strength,  in  youthful  vigor,  in  enduring  glory! 

What  is  life  for  us  to-day  more  than  it  was  for  those  a  thousand  years 
preceding  us  ?  Have  we  found  an  antidote  for  its  cares,  a  safeguard  against 
its  sorrows,  a  preventive  of  its  brevity,  its  hollowness,  or  its  weird  and  sad 
termination?  What  is  art  to-day  contrasted  with  art  as  long  ago?  From 
an  atom  it  has  grown  into  a  mountain.  The  story  of  its  growth  oversteps 
the  limits  even  of  imagination!  He  who  a  century  ago  would  have  given 
credence  to  the  fairy  tale  of  the  princess  whose  lover  was  aided  in  his  search 
for  her  by  three  mysterious  men,  the  first  capable  of  traveling  five  hundred 
leagues  in  a  day,  the  second  of  seeing  thousands  of  miles,  and  the  third  of 
whispering  through  that  distance  into  the  ear  of  the  person  seen,  would 
have  been  regarded  as  a  madman.  And  yet  to-day  every  one  of  these  appa- 
rently vain  imaginings  has  been  verified !  Within  a  few  seconds  the  news 
from  far-off  lands  is  written  or  whispered  to  us ;  within  a  day  hundreds 
of  miles  are  traversed  with  ease  and  certainty;  and  the  patient  student,  from 
hour  to  hour,  watches  the  heaping  up  upon  the  face  of  the  moon  of  piles 
of  scoriae  by  volcanic  action,  and  measures  the  depths  of  the  valleys  which 
they  create !  A  century  ago  steam  and  electricity  were  imknown ;  now 
they  are  man's  willing  slaves,  destined  to  do  his  bidding,  as  the  ancients 
foreshadowed  when  they  represented  the  thunderbolt  in  the  hand  of  Jupiter ! 
What  imagination  so  vivid  as  to  foreshadow  the  discoveries  of  the  next 
century !  What  prophet  so  gifted  or  so  bold,  as  to  foretell  the  triumphs  of 
art  as  yet  undreamed  of,  and  lying  dormant  in  the  womb  of  time! 

Among  the  arts  none  has  more  essentially  changed  with  time  than  has 
that  whose  votaries  are  assembled  in  this  beautiful  hall  to-day;  none  is  more 
rapidly  changing  now ;  and  in  the  advance  and  perfection  of  none  is  society 
more  deeply  interested ;  for  truly  has  it  been  said : 

"  A  good  physician  skilled  our  wounds  to  heal 
Is  more  than  armies  to  the  public  weal !  " 

Medicine  as  an  art  has  existed  since  the  days  of  Hippocrates,  who 
lived  400  years  before  Christ.  During  the  2,200  years  which  have  since 
elapsed  little  was  done  for  its  material  and  decided  advancement  until  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  century.  For  these  more  than  2,000  years  the  art 
lived;  but  lived  in  intimate  communion  with  superstition  and  the  most  un- 
qualified charlatanism ;  lived  in  the  musty  tomes  of  priests  and  shavelings ; 
lived  in  the  brains  of  dreamers  and  theorists ;  lived  in  the  hands  of  the 
herbalist  and  the  barber!  But  still  it  lived,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th 
century  it  was  stirred  into  renewed  vigor  by  three  influences  which  proved 
potent  for  good.  Since  that  time  amends  have  been  made  for  prolonged 
torpor  by  a  rapidity  of  progress  which  must  meet  the  demands  of  the  most 
exacting  critic ;    and  during  the  last  half  century  it  may  with   justice  and 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  197 

without  boastfulness  be  claimed  that  no  other  science  or  art  has  left  it  behind 
in  the  race  for  advancement. 

I  just  now  pointed  out  the  influence  which  those  two  gigantic  factors, 
steam  and  electricity,  had  exerted  upon  the  arts  in  general.  Early  in  the 
17th  century  medicine  felt  a  propulsive  influence  no  less  decided,  from  the 
establishment  of  inductive  philosophy  by  Francis  Bacon ;  of  the  perfection 
and  utilization  of  the  microscope ;  and  of  the  discovery  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood  by  the  great  Englishman,  William  Harvey.  Archimedes  once 
declared  that  if  he  were  only  given  a  standpoint  for  his  lever  he  could  move 
the  world.  These  three  contributions  furnished  a  tripod  for  the  support  of 
a  lever  which  at  once  moved  medicine  upwards  and  onwards. 

And  here,  before  I  proceed  further,  let  me  meet  the  criticism  which  I 
feel  sure  that  some  of  my  non-professional  hearers  will  launch  at  me — that 
the  claim  which  I  venture  to  make  for  medicine  savors  of  boastfulness.  I 
here  boldly  and  without  hesitation  declare  the  belief  that  vaccination  and 
the  discovery  of  anaesthesia  surpass  in  the  beneficence  of  their  results  even 
steam  and  electricity.  And  as  this  is  true  as  to  these  major  factors,  so  do 
I  claim  that  it  is  so  as  to  many  minor  ones.  Let  me  in  all  sincerity  and  truth 
ask  you  to-da}^  these  questions :  Which  would  you  prefer  to  give  up,  steam 
with  all  its  manifold  advantages,  all  its  blessings,  all  its  influences  upon 
civilization,  or  to  return  to  the  times  when  that  loathsomie  disease,  smallpox, 
would  strike  a  community  and  pass  over  it  like  a  simoon,  killing  hundreds 
by  a  terrible  death  and  deforming  thousands  for  life;  to  the  time  when  a 
household  would  be  stricken  down,  demoralized  and  desolated;  and  when 
beauty  was  transformed  into  hideousness  within  a  few  days?  Would  you 
rather  give  up  the  charming  results  of  that  magical  power,  electricity,  with 
its  grand  achievements  and  its  luxurious  outcome,  or  return  to  the  dark 
days  when  your  loved  ones,  exposed  of  necessity  to  the  surgeon's  knife, 
would  have  to  suffer  mortal  agony  for  hour  piled  on  hour;  when  she  who 
is  dearer  to  you  than  life  itself  had  to  bear  the  agonies  of  the  primal  curse 
in  the  same  degree  as  our  mother  Eve ;  and  when  you  yourself,  when  dying 
a  slow  death  of  suffering,  would  be  deprived  of  the  sweet  boon  of  euthanasia  ? 
I  do  not  pause  for  a  reply !  I  know  that  every  one  of  you,  every  man  in  all 
his  selfishness,  every  woman  in  all  her  disinterestedness  of  love,  will  say 
with  me,  "  Perish  steam,  perish  electricity,  rather  than  that  we  should  go 
back  to  those  dark  and  gloomy  days  of  human  woe  and  human  helpless- 
ness! " 

If  a  dividing  line  can  anywhere  be  drawn  between  modern  and  ancient 
medicine,  between  medicine  as  a  pure  art,  and  medicine  as  an  art  guided  by 
the  beneficent  light  of  science  it  would  fall  about  the  middle  or  latter  part 
of  the  1 6th  century,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  influence  of  the 
three  great  discoveries  which  I  have  mentioned  in  bringing  about  the  grand 
result.  From  this  time  rapidly  appeared  upon  the  stage  of  medical  labor 
those  great  students  of  the  past  who  left  upon  its  literature  an  impress  as 
profound  as  that  which  was  left  upon  general  literature  by  Chaucer,  Shakes- 
peare, and  Milton;  I  allude  to  Vesalius,  Pare,  and  Sydenham;  and  later 
to    Boerhaave,    Von   Haller,    Morgagni,   Jenner,    and   the    Hunters.      These 


198  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

men  labored  at  much  greater  advantage  than  did  their  predecessors,  for 
their  minds  were  prepared  for  proper  methods  of  study  by  the  estabhshment 
of  inductive  philosophy ;  their  scope  was  greatly  increased  by  the  under- 
standing of  the  circulation  of  the  blood;  and  their  eyes  were  given  miracu- 
lous powers  by  the  perfection  of  the  microscope.  Nevertheless,  during  the 
17th  and  i8th  centuries  the  art  and  science  of  medicine  stumbled  painfully 
and  slowly  onwards,  hampered  by  man's  vain  tendency  to  theorizing,  con- 
structing formulas,  and  establishing  artificial  systems.  Every  great  man 
felt  that  he  must  prove  his  right  to  being  so  considered  by  propounding  and 
sustaining  some  dogma.  What  an  investigator  thought  out  in  his  closet, 
that  he  saw  at  the  bedside,  and  that  he  strove  to  maintain,  not  by  demonstra- 
tion to  the  senses,  but  by  words,  by  sonorous  phrases,  by  eloquent  sentences, 
and  by  astute  and  long  drawn  argument.  Read  to-day  the  writings  of  one 
of  the  most  charming  of  medical  writers,  the  Thomas  Watson  of  the  olden 
time,  Sydenham.  You  will  find  them  teeming  with  seductive  argument, 
eloquent  appeal,  and  powerful  rhetoric;  but  equally  will  you  be  struck  by 
want  of  evidence,  absence  of  appeal  to  the  senses,  and  failure  of  physical 
demonstration.  Abundant  and  pithy  calls  upon  the  intellect  you  will  findj 
but  none  upon  the  sight,  the  touch,  the  hearing,  and  the  smell !  Does  he 
advance  the  theory  that  carbuncle  is  a  low  grade  of  inflammation  excited 
by  the  introduction  into  the  blood  of  some  external  malign  influence?  If 
so  it  is  merely  his  own  opinion;  nothing  more.  He  does  not  show  you  with 
the  microscope  the  anthrax  bacillus.  Does  he  claim  an  altered  renal  action 
in  general  dropsy?  If  so  he  fails  to  coagulate  albumen  in  the  test  tube,  or 
show  you  tube  casts  and  epithelium.  Does  he  maintain  that  tlie  air  vesicles 
of  the  lungs  are  filled  with  plastic  material  during  the  first  stage  of  pneu- 
monia? If  he  does  so,  he  lacks  the  power  of  making  you  hear  the  crepitant 
rale  as  a  conclusive  proof  of  his  correctness. 

As  the  pestilence  which  they  sought  to  circumvent  was  said  to.  walk 
"by  darkness,"  so  walked  their  finely  drawn  and  carefully  woven  theories; 
and,  alas !  too  often  walked  they  hand  in  hand  with  the  evil  against  which 
they  were  launched !  During  that  period  of  mysticism,  of  doubt,  and  of 
theory  our  calling  should  in  all  honesty  have  pleaded  guilty  to  the  scathing 
definition  of  a  physician  as  "  a  man  who  poured  drugs  of  which  he  knew 
little  into  bodies  of  which  he  knew  less." 

And  so  things  went  on  with  medicine,  not  from  bad  to  worse,  for  it 
would  have  been  hard  to  find  the  latter,  but  from  bad  to  a  very  little  better, 
and  thus  they  continued  to  go  until  the  propitious  dawn  of  the  19th  century, 
{vhich  was  heralded  by  the  discovery  of  vaccination  by  the  immortal  Jenner. 
As  the  centur}'  advanced  into  its  latter  half,  our  art  had  done  enough  to 
warrant  it  in  laying  claim  to  the  title  of  "  Demonstrative  Medicine  "  in  con- 
tradistinction to  that  of  the  olden  time,  which  might  have  been  called 
"  Theoretical  Medicine."  Men  educated  by  the  influences  which  I  have 
cited  and  by  others  of  a  similar  nature  now  began  to  make  all  supposition, 
all  belief,  all  theory  subordinate  to  physical  proof,  to  demonstration  to  the 
senses.  They  began  to  study,  not  isolated  in  their  closets,  but  banded  to- 
gether in  hospitals,  in  laboratories,   and  in  clinical  rooms.     There  no  man 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  199 

ventured  to  advance  a  view  the  truth  of  which  he  could  not  maintain  by  evi- 
dence. Diseases  of  the  kings  and  heart  were  Hstened  to,  not  talked  about; 
those  of  the  deep  structures  of  the  eye  were  looked  at  with  the  opthalmo- 
scope;  the  darkness  of  the  larynx  was  dissipated  by  the  laryngoscope;  all 
canals  were  tunneled  for  the  admission  of  light  by  specula;  and  medical 
chemistry  or  the  microscope  would  pronounce  dogmatically  as  to  the  nature 
of  fluids  and  solids  removed  from  any  part  of  the  system. 

All  the  nations  of  the  earth  soon  began  to  vie  with  each  other  in  the 
advancement  of  medicine,  freed  from  mysticism  and  theory,  and  capable 
of  proof  and  of  demonstration.  In  Germany,  in  France,  in  England,  in 
Russia,  and  in  Italy,  laboratories,  hospitals,  and  cliniques  soon  teemed  with 
students  eager  to  learn  what  the  new  era  could  teach,  and  with  devoted  in- 
vestigators eciually  eager  to  make  discoveries  and  to  impart  them.  And 
what  is  so  far  the  outcome?  It  is  so  immense,  so  grand,  so  vast  that  the 
time  allotted  to  this  address  is  insuf^cient  for  even  a  rapid  presentation  of  it ! 
Let  me  cite  a  few  facts  only.  The  discovery  of  that  blood  poisoning  called 
septicaemia,  and  of  the  methods  of  avoiding  it  by  Lister  of  Scotland,  have 
robbed  hospital  operations  of  nine-tenths  of  their  terrors,  have  already  saved 
thousands  of  lives  and  are  destined  in  the  future  to  give  to  man  incalcu- 
lable results. 

Should  the  noble  efforts  of  the  great  Pasteur  succeed  in  accomplishing 
the  prevention  of  hydrophobia,  that  success  would  be  entirely  due  to  it; 
should  they  fail,  what  of  it?  He  has  "  struck  a  lead,"  as  miners  express  it 
in  mining,  which,  whether  he  live  or  die,  whether  he  survive  or  perish, 
whether  he  succeed  or  fail,  will  be  followed  up  by  others  to  grand  results! 

A  few  years,  a  very  few  years  ago,  the  lying-in  or  maternity  hospitals 
of  the  world  were  transformed  into  charnel  houses  by  that  terror  of  all  lands, 
puerperal  fever.  Now,  in  the  most  insalubrious  parts  of  Paris,  of  Vienna, 
and  St.  Petersburg,  there  is  scarcely  a  mortality  of  3  in  100  from  this  cause, 
where  proper  precautions  are  observed. 

To  the  non-professional  members  of  my  audience  all  this,  so  wonderful 
is  it,  may  appear  as  the  tale  of  a  romancer,  or  the  exaggeration  of  an  en- 
thusiast. But  it  is  neither.  I  have  merely  touched  upon  the  theme;  by  no 
means  have  I  done  it  justice. 

And  it  requires  no  prophet's  power  to  declare  that  scientific  medicine 
is  in  our  day  in  its  early,  puling  infancy.  What  has  been  done  is  as  nothing 
to  what  will  be  done!  VVhat  we  know  falls  into  insignificance  when  com- 
pared with  what  we  shall,  what  we  must  know,  within  the  next  century. 

And  what  has  accomplished  all  that  has  thus  far  been  effected  in  the 
way  of  advancement?  The  great,  the  leading  factor  has  been  a  change  in 
our  methods  of  study;  an  improvement  in  our  plans  of  investigation;  a 
more  philosophical  style  of  collating  our  facts,  and  drawing  our  deductions. 
The  laboratory  work,  clinical  study,  and  the  use  of  instruments  of  precision 
10  which  special  reference  has  been  made  have  all  been  merely  means  for 
developing  the  experimental  and  demonstrative  methods  of  study  which 
have  resulted  in  the  new  era  which  is  now  fully  dawning  upon  us  in  all  its 
abundance   of  results ! 


200  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


If  in  this  great  work  the  monarchical  countries  of  Europe  have  out- 
stripped our  own  land,  it  is  because  of  the  endowment  of  institutions  of 
learning,  the  aid  given  to  struggling  science,  the  fostering  hand  stretched 
out  to  art  by  such  forms  of  government,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  well- 
known  neglect  of  these  things  by  republics,  on  the  other.  Ever  since  the 
foundation  of  our  country  our  medical  colleges  have  struggled  onwards  as 
private  enterprises,  dependent  for  existence  upon  the  fees  of  those  to  whom 
their  diplomas  were  granted ;  unaided  b)-  government ;  unthought  of  by 
society;  unendowed  by  men  of  wealth,  whose  millions  at  their  death  went 
to  the  support  of  some  distant  enterprise,  the  erection  of  some  monument  or 
statue,  or  some  similar  work,  of  great,  though  far  less,  importance. 

All  honor  to  the  house  of  Vanderbilt,  which  has  created  a  new  era, 
set  an  example  which  is  even  now  being  nobly  followed,  and  engraved  its 
memory  upon  the  heart  of  every  true  physician  of  our  country ! 

We  are  engaged  to-day  in  inaugurating  a  clinic  and  a  lying-in  hos- 
pital, both  put  at  the  disposal  of  our  art  by  Vanderbilt's  immediate  connec- 
tions, desirous  to  emulate  his  glorious  example,  and  eager  to  lay  Medicine 
under  a  greater  debt  than  the  great  one  which  it  already  owed  to  its  head. 

"The  Vanderbilt  Clinic!"  Did  the  origin  of  the  word  "clinic"  ever 
strike  you?  It  is  derived  from  the  Greek  "klinc,"  a  "couch.''  and  its 
full  significance  is  this :  "  In  these  halls  the  art  of  medicine  is  to  be  studied 
at  the  bedside.  The  mind  of  the  student  is  not  to  be  filled  with  the  thoughts, 
the  dicta,  the  suppositions,  and  the  deductions  of  other  men,  but  here  he 
is  to  study  disease  in  its  ghastly  truth  for  himself,  by  the  aid  of  sight,  touch, 
hearing,  and  smell,  and  to  draw  conclusions  for  himself.  Here  he  is  to  seek 
the  truth  and  to  learn  from  his  teachers  how  to  find  it ;  not  to  accept  as 
truth  what  those  teachers  believe  to  be  such ;  not  to  strive  to  learn  from 
their  experience,  but  to  collate  facts  and  acquire  experience  for  himself." 

This  is  to  be  one  great  outcome  of  this  clinic.  But  equally  important 
results  remain  to  be  told,  even  without  alluding  to  the  self-evident  one  of 
the  great  blessing  which  will  accrue  to  the  poor  of  New  York,  who  will 
profit  by  the  immediate  effect  of  the  medical  service  now  placed  at  their 
disposal. 

And  now  I  come  to  tell  you  of  a  singular  coincidence  in  this  exhibition 
of  generosity  and  charity,  which  is  not  generally  known,  and  of  which  I 
would  make  history  did  the  power  lie  within  me.  Before  the  thought  of  the 
great  gift  made  by  Vanderbilt  had  entered  into  his  charitable  mind,  one  of 
the  members  of  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
under  the  authority  of  a  son-in-law  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt.  was  searching  for  a 
location  for  a  maternity  hospital  to  be  erected  and  equipped  entirely  at  his 
personal  expense.  To-day  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  is  in  full  working 
order,  and  with  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  is  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  college  so 
richly  endowed  by  the  head  of  the  house. 

Even  this  is  not  all.  The  wife  of  this  generous  man.  a  true  daughter  of 
her  house,  apparently  unwilling  to  be  outdone  in  good  works,  even  bv  her 
own  husband,  has  assumed  the  entire  expenditure  attendant  upon  the  work- 
ing of  this  magnificent  charity. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  201 

What  grand  rivalry!  What  princely  extravagance!  What  God-given 
inspiration ! 

Yet  great  as  is  this  munificent  offering  to  humanity  and  to  science, 
greater,  far  greater,  is  the  reward  which  even  in  their  lifetime  must  be 
meted  out  to  these  generous  donors.  This  house  of  refuge  and  of  mercy, 
built  with  all  the  cunning  of  the  architecture  of  our  day,  will  stand  for  cen- 
turies! What  monarch's  wealth  could  purchase  a  sweeter  thought,  a  more 
sublime  reflection,  than  that  throughout  that  time  the  prayers  of  thousands 
of  weary,  sad-faced  women,  of  thousands  of  grimy  sons  of  toil,  will  con- 
stantly ascend  for  their  benefactors,  in  gentle  murmurs,  to  the  judgment  seat 
of  God? 

"  The  prayer  of  the  righteous  man  availeth  much,"  but  rather  give  to 
me  the  supplications  in  my  behalf  of  the  suffering,  the  friendless,  and  the 
poor,  to  whom  it  has  been  vouchsafed  me  to  have  offered  aid  and  comfort. 

A  favorite  dictum  of  the  theologians  of  the  olden  time  was  this :  "  The 
blood  of  the  martyrs  is  the  seed  of  the  church."  So  deeds,  such  as  those  of 
which  I  have  just  made  grateful  mention,  are  the  seed  of  science.  From 
the  seed  thus  sown  will  spring  up  results  throughout  our  broad  land,  from 
Maine  to  Texas,  which  will  multiply  an  hundred  fold  the  generous  acts- 
which  we  here  acknowledge.  He  is  short-sighted,  indeed,  who  sees  in  the 
gifts  which  we  receive  to-diay  a  benefit  to  one  institution  or  to  one  city.  A 
noble  example  has  been  set,  a  fruitful  hint  been  given  which  will  redound 
to  the  advantage  of  science  and  humanity  throughout  our  wide  borders  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  shores. 

Trustees  and  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  who 
are  to-day  made  custodians  of  these  princely  gifts,  a  weighty  responsibility 
rests  upon  us  so  to  administer  them  as  to  develop  to  its  fullest  extent  the 
intentions  of  the  givers.  It  is  clear  that  their  desire  has  been  to  elevate  the 
standard  of  medical  education  in  our  country,  to  advance  the  science  of 
Medicine,  and  thus  to  benefit  science  and  humanity.  Let  no  narrow  policy, 
no  views  bounded  by  local  interests,  no  ambitions  less  lofty  than  those  to 
which  allusion  has  just  been  made,  enter  our  minds.  But  with  a  high  and  firm 
resolve,  let  us  strive  in  the  general  cause  of  science  and  humanity  so  to 
acquit  ourselves  of  our  stewardship  that  those  who  sit  in  judgment  upon 
us  after  our  mortal  frames  shall  have  become  dust,  may  pronounce  upon  our 
memories  that  verdict,  so  much  to  be  desired',  "  Well  done;  good  and  faith- 
ful servants." 

The  thought  which  entered  the  minds  of  the  creators  of  these  noble 
charities,  that  in  endowing  the  quiet,  unobtrusive  and  unobserved  science  of 
medicine  they  could  benefit  humanity,  elevate  art,  rear  to  their  names  an 
unostentatious  yet  pleasant  memorial  in  these  halls,  '''  where  charity  and 
science  so  nobly  meet,"  was  an  original,  a  happy,  a  noble  one.  Whence 
came  it?  Not  from  a  desire  for  fame.  Half  the  gift  elsewhere  bestowed 
would  have  brought  them  more.  Not  from  a  wish  to  advance  worldly  inter- 
ests. What  worldling  craves  the  affectionate  adtniration  of  a  guild  like 
ours  ?    It  had  its  birth  in  some  nobler,  loftier,  purer  sphere. 

History  gives  abundant  evidence  of  man's  desire  to  live  in  the  memory 


202  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  those  whom  he  leaves  in  this  Hfe  after  he  has  crossed  the  dark  and  silent 
river ;  of  his  aversion  to  the  chilling  thought  of  being  completely  obliterated 
and  fading  from  the  minds  of  men  like  the  baseless  fabric  of  a  vision,  leaving 
not  a  rack  behind.  And  history  has  taught  us  that  it  is  not  the  column  of 
brass  or  the  statue  of  stone  which  best  preserves  the  name  entrusted  to  it. 
To  live  after  death  our  monument  must  be  erected  in  the  grateful  hearts 
of  those  who  succeed  us.  When  the  arch  of  Severus  shall  have  made  dust 
for  the  streets  of  Rome,  the  simple  prayer  of  the  g(3cd  Chrysostom,  con- 
tained in  ten  short  lines,  will  cause  his  memory  to  live  for  ages  in  the  minds 
of  men.  Lorenzo  de  Medicis  left  his  memory  to  the  keeping  of  art;  of  art 
honored,  elevated,  and  purified  by  him ;  his  name  shines  more  brightly  to-day 
than  it  did  even  in  his  own  time.     Ars  longa!     Vita  bievis! 

In  whatsoever  garb  it  may  appear  there  is  a  charm,  a  beauty  about  the 
God-like  virtue  charity  which  commands  for  it  admiration,  sympathy,  and 
respect.  How  various  are  its  manifestations !  Here  we  behold  the  miser 
indulging  in  it  as  a  posthumous  duty,  because  he  cannot  carry  his  riches 
with  him  into  the  hereafter,  bequeathing  his  cherished  millions  to  the  poor, 
because  "  there  is  no  pocket  to  a  shroud  " ;  here  the  ambitious  demagogue 
hoarding  wealth  during  a  lifetime  to  endow  an  institution  or  erect  a  statue 
to  preserve  his  name  from  oblivion;  and  here  the  truly  pious  and  virtuous 
leaving  their  goods  for  the  advancement  of  religion  and  the  spread  of  the 
Gospel.  In  all  these  forms  charity  is  ever  the  most  God-like  and  radiant  of 
the  virtues.  But  how  much  more  noble  and  more  admirable  does  it  appear 
when  coming  as  a  gift  during  the  lifetime  of  the  donor,  who  then  shares 
his  possessions,  with  his  needy  brother,  and  watches  with  tender  solicitude 
the  resulting  benefit !  To  give  with  posthumous  generosity  to  the  heathen 
of  distant  lands,  and  beyond  far  off  seas,  is  noble  indeed ;  but  more  noble, 
more,  beautiful,  is  it  far.  to  see  wealth  shared  during  a  lifetime  with  the 
beggar  at  one's  doorstep. 

How  beautifully  is  this  idea  illustrated  in  the  charming  poem  of  the 
"  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal,"  a  knight  of  old,  who.  leaving  untended  the  poor 
at  his  gate,  sought  to  recover,  for  the  love  of  God  and  at  the  point  of  his 
lance,  the  Holy  Grail  from  far  distant  Palestine.  Returning  disappointed 
and  dejected,  the  Christian  soldier  sees  at  his  castle  gate  a  leper,  miserable, 
wretched,  outcast.  Suddenly  he  feels  "  that  one  touch  of  nature  which 
makes  all  mankind  kin."  and  he  is  inspired  with  the  impulse  to  pity,  and 
to  aid  him  as  he  pleads  for  alms : 

"And  Sir  Launfal  said — T  behold  in  thee 

An  image  of  Him  who  died  on  the  tree : 

Thou  also  hast  had  thy  crown  of  thorns, — 

Thou  also  hast  had  the  world's  buffets  and  scorns. —  ■ 

And  to  thy  life  were  not  denied 

The  wounds  in  the  hands,  and  feet  and  side : 

Mild  Mary's  son  acknowledge  me : 

Behold  through  Him  I  give  to  thee !" 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  203 


"As  Sir  Laiinfal  mused  with  a  downcast  face, 

A  light  shone  round  about  the  place ; 

The  leper  no  longer  crouched  at  his  side, 

But  stood  before  him  glorified. 

Shining  and  tall  and  fair  and  straight 

As  the  pillar  that  stood  by  the  Beautiful  Gate. 

"His  words  were  shed  softer  than  leaves  from  the  pine 
And  they  fell  on  Sir  Launfal  like  snows  on  the  brine, 
0  Which  mingle  their  softness  and  quiet  in  one 

With  the  shaggy  unrest  they  float  down  upon. 
And  the  voice  that  was  calmer  than  silence  said 
Lo !  it  is  I.  be  not  afraid ! 
In  many  climes  without  avail 
Thou  hast  spent  thy  life  for  the  Holy  Grail ; 
Behold  it  is  here. — this  cup  which  thou 
Didst  fill  at  the  streamlet  for  me  but  now ; 
This  crust  is  my  body  broken  for  thee. 
This  water  his  blood  that  died  on  the  tree ; 
The  Holy  Supper  is  kept  indeed. 
In  whatso  we  share  with  another's  need ; 
Not  what  we  give,  but  what  we  share. — 
For  the  gift  without  the  giver  is  bare; 
Who  gives  himself  with  his  alms  feeds  three. 
Himself,  his  hungering  neighbor  and  ^Nle." 

^  "^  "^  ^  ^  '^ 

Generous  donors  of  these  most  noble  charities,  sons  and  daughters  of 
one  whose  name  will  never  fade  from  the  annals  of  American  Medicine, 
commissioned  by  my  colleagues,  I  come  to  you  the  bearer  of  three-fold 
thanks !  In  the  name  of  Science,  for  which  you  have  shown  so  much  solici- 
tude; in  the  name  of  Medicine,  for  which  you  have  so  nobly  pled'ged  your 
appreciation;  in  the  name  of  Humanity,  which  for  cjcle  upon  cycle  will 
profit  by  your  liberality,  from  the  deepest  depths  of  our  hearts,  we  thank 
j-ou! 

"  Tout  lasse,  tout  casse,  tout  passe."'  says  a  quaint  old  French  proverb. 
The  only  exception  to  the  truth  embodied  in  its  simple  alliteration  is  to  be 
found,  in  this  world,  in  the  enduring  pleasure  which  is  born  of  good  deeds 
done  to  our  fellow  men.  God  grant  that  that  enduring  pleasure  may  be 
yours  and-  that  it  may  abide  with  you  to  the  end  of  life's  pilgrimage! 

May  the  wisdom,  the  resources,  and  the  skill  which  centuries  of  labor 
have  bestowed  upon  Medicine  be  ever  in  their  best  and  brightest  estate  when 
called  for  by  you  in  the  hour  of  your  sorest  need!  May  the  bread  which 
you  have  so  lavishly  cast  upon  the  waters  be  returned  to  you  in  prosperity 
in  this  world  and  in  life  in  that  which  is  to  come! 

The  college  building  was  described  as  follows  by  Dr.  John  C.  Dalton 
in  his  "  History  of  the  College,"  published  in   1888 : 


204  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


"The  college  edifice  consists  of  three  connected  structures,  namely,  a 
main  building,  fronting  on  Fifty-ninth  street,  containing  offices,  museums, 
study  and  recitation  rooms,  professors"  rooms,  and  the  department  of  prac- 
tical anatomy ;  a  middle  building,  occupying  the  central  part  of  the  grounds, 
in  which  are  the  main  stairway  hall,  the  lecture  room,  the  amphitheater  and 
the  rear  stairway;  and  a  north  building,  or  laboratory  wing,  facing  Sixtieth 
street,  consisting  of  the  janitor's  quarters,  the  chemical  laboratories,  and  the 
laboratories  of  the  Alumni  Association.  Outside,  and  adjacent  to  the  middle 
building  on  the  east,  are  the  boiler-house  and  a  one-story  laboratory  annex; 
and  near  by  a  carriage-house,  with  rooms  on  the  second  floor  for  accommo- 
dation of  employes.  All  three  buildings  are  of  brick  and  terra  cotta,  fur- 
nished in  various  parts  with  granite  sill-courses,  lintels,  quoins,  and  copings. 

"The  Fifty-ninth  street  building  is  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  long 
and  forty-three  feet  deep,  of  four  stories  above  the  basement,  and  sixty-six 
feet  in  height  from  the  curb  to  the  roof  cornice.  On  the  first  floor  the  main 
entrance  leads  into  a  central  hall,  sixteen  feet  wide  and  fourteen  feet  high, 
with  transverse  corridors  extending  east  and  west.  Opening  on  the  west 
corridor  are  the  students'  reception  room,  fifteeen  feet  by  twenty-eight,  a. 
study  room,  twenty-eight  feet  by  thirty-six,  and  a  cabinet  of  osteology,  from 
which  students  are  supplied  with  parts  of  the  skeleton  or  with  separate  bones 
for  examination.  On  the  east  corridor  are  the  offices  of  the  clerk  and  secre- 
tary, and  an  apartment  for  the  meetings  of  the  trustees  and  faculty.  The 
door  of  the  coat-room  opens  on  the  main  hall,  a  little  beyond  the  crossing 
of  the  corridors,  and  immediately  adjacent  is  the  stairway  leading  to  the 
students'  toilet  room  in  the  basement. 

"On  the  second  floor  is  the  College  Museum,  a  room  thirty  feet  by 
forty-three,  in  the  center  of  the  building.  The  lateral  corridors  lead  to  the 
private  rooms  of  the  professors  of  anatomy,  surgery,  medicine,  obstetrics, 
and  gynecology.  The  third  floor  is  occupied,  in  the  center  by  the  Swift 
Physiological  Cabinet,  on  the  west  side  by  the  working  rooms  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Physiology,  and  on  the  east  by  rooms  for  recitation,  demonstration, 
and  examination.  On  the  fourth  floor  is  the  main  dissecting  room,  thirty- 
six  feet  by  one  hundred  and  five,  lighted  by  three  skylights,  of  which  the 
central  one  is  thirty  feet  by  forty  in  size,  and  the  two  lateral  ones  each 
twenty-five  feet  by  thirty.  At  each  end  of  this  floor  are  additional  rooms, 
with  separate  skylights,  for  the  demonstrators  of  anatomy,  the  prosector 
of  surgery,  for  private  dissecting,  and  for  instruction  in  operative  surgery. 
At  the  head  of  the  stairway  are  rooms  for  the  prosector  of  anatomy. 

"The  middle  building  is  fifty-five  feet  in  width  by  ninety-six  in  length. 
The  first  floor  contains  the  main  lecture  room,  forty-eight  feet  by  fifty-five, 
entered  by  two  doorways  from  the  front  hall.  It  is  eighteen  feet  in  height, 
with  a  descent  of  seven  feet  from  the  entrance  to  the  front  of  the  lecturer's 
platform,  and  is  lighted  by  five  windows  on  each  side.  Its  seating  capacity 
is  a  little  over  four  hundred.  The  air  supply  is  introduced  by  narrow  hori- 
zontal slits  beneath  the  seats,  and  in  the  risers  of  the  platforms,  and  the 
escape  of  air  is  provided  for  by  eight  ventilating  registers  in  the  north  and 
south  walls,   four  of  them  being  placed  near  the  floor   and   four  near  the 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE. 


205 


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2o6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ceiling.  In  the  rear  of  the  lecture  room  is  an  apparatus  for  chemistry  and 
physics.  In  the  front  hall,  at  the  foot  of  the  main  stairway,  on  the  west  side, 
is  the  entrance  to  a  covered  way  leading  to  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic. 

"The  amphitheater,  situated  above  the  lecture  room,  is  of  the  same 
length  and  width,  but  has  a  height  of  twenty-eight  feet  from  floor  to  ceiling, 
with  a  descent  of  eighteen  feet  from  the  uppermost  platform  to  the  lecturer's 
area.  It  has  a  seating  capacity  of  four  hundred  and  fifty.  Above  the  lec- 
turer's area  is  a  skylight,  sixteen  feet  by  twenty,  and  there  are  six  windows 
in  the  east  wall,  behind  the  upper  seats.  The  air  supply,  like  that  of  the 
lecture  room,  is  by  slits  in  the  risers  of  the  platforms,  and  the  air  escapes 
by  openings  around  the  base  of  the  skylight  into  the  space  between  the  ceil- 
ing and  the  roof,  whence  it  is  conducted  to  the  outer  ventilating  shaft. 
The  professors'  entrance  to  the  amphitheater  is  by  a  corridor  on  the  second 
floor,  leading  to  the  area ;  the  students'  entrance  is  by  two  doors  leading  from 
the  front  and  rear  stairways  to  the  upper  platform.  Behind  the  amphithea- 
ter and  communicating  with  the  rear  stairway  are  two  half-story  rooms  for 
the  cabinet  of  materia  medica  and  the  private  working  room  of  the  professor 
of  that  department. 

"The  north  or  Sixtieth  Street  building  is  ninety-six  feet  long  by  forty- 
three  feet  deep,  and  is  three  stories  in  height.  On  its  first  floor  are  the 
apartments  of  the  janitor,  the  laboratory  of  the  chemical  professor,  and  a 
laboratory  of  instruction  in  practical  chemistry  for  students.  The  middle 
portion  of  the  second  floor  is  occupied  by  the  general  pathological  laboratory. 
This  is  a  square  room,  thirty-six  feet  by  thirty-six,  surrounded  by  shelving 
for  jars  of  preserved  pathological  specimens  to  be  used  by  the  teachers  of  the 
laboratory  and  by  advanced  workers  for  examination  and  demonstration. 
Adjoining  it  on  the  western  end  are  the  director's  room,  a  photograph 
chamber,  and  a  chemical  and  operating  room.  On  the  eastern  end  is  a  room, 
twenty-seven  feet  by  thirty-six,  for  experiments  and  researches  in  bacteriol- 
ogy. In  the  northwest  corner  of  this  room  is  an  apartment  ten  feet  square, 
shut  off  from  the  rest  by  glazed  partitions,  and  serving  for  the  experimental 
culture  of  various  bacterial  forms  under  uniform  temperatures.  The  third 
floor  is  divided  into  two  rooms,  each  thirty-six  feet  by  forty-four,  for  class 
instruction  in  histology  and  pathology.  All  the  rooms  are  provided  with  ap- 
propriate tables,  hoods,  sinks,  instruments  and  apparatus. 

"Adjacent  to  the  main  stairway  hall  is  a  hydraulic  elevator,  running 
from  the  cellar  to  the  fourth  floor,  for  the  transportation  of  subjects,  speci- 
mens, illustrations  and  apparatus.  In  the  rear  hall  is  a  dumb  waiter  of 
smaller  dimensions  for  the  accommodation  of  the  laboratorj^  wing. 

"The  warming  and  ventilation  of  the  building  are  provided  for  by  steam 
boilers,  each  fifty-four  inches  in  diameter  by  sixteen  feet  in  length.  From 
these  boilers  steam  is  supplied  to  the  heating  coils  in  four  air  chambers  sit- 
uated in  the  basement  of  the  middle  building.  Four  fans  and  fan-engines 
drive  the  air  past  the  heating  coils,  through  as  many  systems  of  distributing 
air  ducts,  to  the  rooms  above.  The  first  of  these  systems  supplies  air  to  the 
first,  second  and  third  floors  of  the  front  building ;  the  second,  to  the  dissect- 
ing room  floor;  the  third,  to  the  lecture  room  and  amphitheater  in  the  mid- 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE. 


207 


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2o8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

die  building,  and  the  foiu-th,  to  the  laboratory  wing.  The  air  chamber  of 
the  third  system  is  provided  with  valves  by  which  it  may  be  made  to  com- 
municate, at  will,  with  either  the  lecture  room  or  the  amphitheater,  or  with 
both.  Under  a  moderate  speed  of  the  fan  engine,  either  of  these  rooms  may 
be  supplied  with  750,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per  hour. 

"The  ventilating  flues  for  the  escape  of  air  from  all  rooms  of  the  front 
building  terminate  in  two  main  ducts,  v^-hich  open  in  the  interior  of  a  brick 
shaft  surrounding  the  iron  smokestack  of  the  boiler  furnace.  One-half  the 
space  of  this  shaft  is  appropriated  to  the  duct  from  the  dissecting  room 
floor;  the  other  half,  to  that  from  the  rest  of  the  front  building.  The  ducts 
from  the  lecture  room  and  amphitheater  discharge  by  a  common  ventilator 
above  the  roof  of  the  middle  building;  and  those  from  the  laboratory  wing 
by  brick  shafts  above  the  roof  of  the  rear  building. 

"The  front  and  middle  buildings  are  lighted  by  electric  lamps  of  sixteen 
candle  power  each,  run  by  a  dynamo-electric  machine  and  machine  engine 
in  the  basement.  The  machine  also  supplies  electricity  to  an  automatic  arc 
light  in  the  lecture  room,  for  magic  lantern  demonstrations.  Illuminating 
gas  and  gas  burners  are  distributed  in  all  three  buildings." 

By  way  of  an  interpolatory  note  it  may  be  here  stated  that  a  small  but 
very  necessary  piece  of  property  was  acquired  in  1889.  This  was  a  lot  (25 
by  100  feet)  bounding  the  eastern  limit  of  the  College  property  on  Fifty- 
ninth  street.  The  owner  had  begun  the  work  of  excavation  preparatory  to 
the  building  of  a  lofty  apartment  house  which  could  not  but  prove  to  be  an 
annoyance  to  the  College.  Dr.  McLane,  as  Executive  Manager,  after  con- 
sultation with  several  of  the  Trustees,  effected  the  purchase  of  the  lot  in  ques- 
tion, for  which  was  exacted  the  large  sum  of  $20,000.  This  outlay  was  at 
once  met  through  the  generosity  of  Messrs.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  William 
K.  Vanderbilt,  Frederick  W.  Vanderbilt  and  George  Vanderbilt,  each  of 
whom  contributed  one-fourth  of  the  amount. 

In  1895,  out  of  a  liberal  benefaction  made  by  the  sons  of  Mr.  William 
H.  Vanderbilt,  an  important  addition  Avas  made  to  the  College  building 
proper  in  order  to  provide  additional  facilities  for  anatomical  teaching  and 
for  practical  work  in  Pathology  and  Bacteriology.  This  addition  comprised 
a  southern  extension  on  Fifty-ninth  street,  fifty-five  feet  in  length,  with  a 
depth  of  eighty  feet,  and  four  stories  in  height. 

The  Vanderbilt  Clinic  was  built  with  a  frontage  of  sixty  feet  on  Tenth 
avenue,  and  a  depth  of  one  hundred  feet.  It  was  of  three  stories,  with 
wiadows  in  front  and  on  both  sides,  and  was  similar  in  appearance  to  the 
other  College  buildings.  Having  been  found  inadequate  for  its  purposes  by 
the  great  numbers  of  students  seeking  it  soon  after  its  opening,  in  1895  the 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE. 


209 


sons  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt  united  in  an  additional  gift  of  $350,000,  enabling  the 
size  of  the  building  to  be  doubled. 

The  equipment  of  these  admirable  buildings  includes  all  modern  appli- 
ances for  the  treatment  of  every  class  of  injury  and  disease,  enabling  the 
student  to  explore  the  entire  range  of  medical  and  surgical  science. 

The  Anatomical  Building  contains  basement  apartments  set  apart  as 
casting  and  modeling  rooms,  the  corrosion  room  and  the  reference  osteolog- 


VANDERBILT    CLINIC. 


ical  collection.  The  first  and  second  stories  are  occupied  by  the  Museum  of 
Human  and  Comparative  Morphology,  the  first  floor  being  provided  with  a 
gallery,  greatly  increasing  the  available  floor  space.  The  laboratory  for  ad- 
vanced morphological  research  occupies  the  third  story.  This  is  provided 
with  admirable  facilities,  and  considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  the 
preparation  of  a  Museum  of  Human  and  Comparative  Anatomy,  the  ulti- 


210  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

mate  design  of  which  is  to  present,  in  as  complete  a  manner  as  possible,  a 
view  of  the  evolution  of  the  forms  of  animal  life,  and  of  their  natural  rela- 
tions, both  in  series  of  natural  groups,  and  in  the  comparative  and  relative 
position  of  organs  and  systems.  The  fourth  floor  forms  an  extension  to  the 
original  dissecting  room,  and  now  accommodates  more  than  four  hundred 
students.  The  north  end  of  the  floor  is  occupied  by  a  small  auditorium  for 
anatomical  demonstrations.  It  has  overhead  light  and  an  arrangement  of 
seats  carefully  planned  so  as  to  bring  each  member  of  the  sections  close  to 
the  object  of  the  demonstration. 

The  plant  for  the  production  of  artificial  cold  by  the  anhydrous  ammonia 
process  has  enabled  the  Department,  through  the  means  offered  for  the 
indefinite  preservation  of  fresh  subjects  by  the  cold  storage  system,  greatly 
to  increase  the  amount  of  material  available  for  laboratory  work,  and  has 
also  rendered  it  possible  so  to  regulate  the  temperature  of  the  general  lab- 
oratory that  the  work  can  be  carried  on  without  difficulty  during  the  warmer 
months  at  the  beginning  and  close  of  the  academic  year. 

The  two  upper  floors  of  the  new  building  over  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  ex- 
tension are  made  continuous  with  the  space  formerly  occupied  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Patholog}',  and  the  whole  is  devoted  to  the  work  of  this  department 
in  Pathology,  Bacteriology  and  Hygiene,  Clinical  Pathology,  Normal  His- 
tology, and  Photography,  and  to  such  an  extension  of  these  as  the  plans  of 
the  four  years"  course  recjuire.  There  is  on  the  fifth  floor,  in  addition  to  the 
large  class  laboratories,  a  series  of  larger  and  smaller  rooms  for  advanced 
students  and  research  work  in  Bacteriology.  On  the  fourth  floor  there  is  a 
large  laboratory  for  special  advanced  students  in  Pathology  and  for  research, 
a  series  of  private  rooms  for  the  Instructors,  and  a  Departmental  Library. 

VANDERBILT  CLINIC. 

The  Vanderbilt  Clinic  supplies  a  fully  ecjuipped  dispensary  service  for 
the  sick  poor,  and  this  has  proven  of  incalculable  value  to  suffering  human- 
ity. In  1 90 1  an  army  of  47,156  patients  were  treated,  and  their  visits  num- 
bered 153,446. 

The  Clinic  also  affords  ample  opportunity  for  extended  instruction  in 
the  various  departments  of  medicine  and  surgery,  the  Professors  of  the 
College,  with  their  clinical  assistants,  having  entire  charge  of  its  practice. 
Necessary  space  is  provided  not  only  for  the  reception  of  the  constantly  in- 
creasing number  of  patients,  but  also  for  the  instruction  of  the  students  in 
small  classes  in  each  of  the  eleven  different  departments.     Two  large  dark 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  211 

rooms  with  twenty  stalls  are  provided  for  instruction  in  the  use  of  the 
ophthalmoscope  and  laryngoscope.  Each  department  has  a  room  for  the 
practical  instruction  of  small  groups  of  students,  in  addition  to  the  rooms 
devoted  to  the  treatment  of  patients.  There  is  a  large  theater  for  the  clin- 
ical lectures,  accommodating  about  four  hundred  students,  and  a  smaller  lec- 
ture hall  where  one  hundred  can  be  seated.  All  modern  appliances  for  the 
treatment  of  diseases  have  been  introduced,  enabling  students  to  learn  thor- 
oughly the  use  of  all  methods  in  each  department,  and  thus  acc|uire  a^ prac- 
tical knowledge  of  all  the  specialties  in  medicine  and  surgery. 

The  Department  of  Laryngology  is  particularly  well  ecjuipped.  It  com- 
prises two  large  clinic  rooms  for  the  separate  registration,  examination  and 
treatment  of  the  sexes; -an  operating  room  for  cases  requiring  anesthesia; 
a  hall  divided  into  stalls  with  instruments  and  conveniences  for  instruction 
in  the  practical  use  of  the  laryngoscope  and  rhinoscope;  a  demonstration 
room  for  pathological  cases;  and  the  amphitheater  of  the  clinic. 

The  equipment  includes  a  complete  collection  of  the  modern  electric 
illuminating  apparatus  for  the  examination  of  patients ;  the  electric  laryngo- 
scope ;  apparatus  for  the  transillumination  of  the  accessory  cavities  of  the 
face ;  dilators,  canuls,  and  other  instruments  used  in  the  treatment  of  laryn- 
geal stenosis;  operative  instruments  by  Pfau  of  Berlin  arranged  in  cases  and 
catalogued;  laryngoscopic  "phantoms"  by  Bock  of  Leipsic,  for  exercising  the 
students  in  the  use  of  the  various  instruments  preliminary  to  the  examination 
of  the  living  subject;  one  hundred  anatomical  models  of  the  healthy  and 
diseased  larynx  by  Steiger  of  Leipsie  and  Tobold  of  Berlin;  models  of  the 
normal  larynx  by  Bock  of  Leipsic  and  by  Auzoux  of  Paris ;  physiological 
models  to  illustrate  the  normal  movements  and  the  various  paralyses  of  the 
vocal  cords ;  a  diagrammatic  model,  to  illustrate  the  mechanical  interference 
of  laryngeal  neoplasms  with  the  act  of  phonation ;  photographs  of  the  living 
larynx,  in  health  and  disease;  four  hundred  wall  plates,  in  color,  by  Wright 
of  New  York,  of  the  pathological  conditions  of  the  larynx,  pharynx,  naso- 
pharynx, and  nasal  passages.  These  drawings  are  of  large  size,  42x36,  to 
illustrate  the  clinical  lectures.  A  collection  of  large  drawings,  illustrating 
the  anatomy  of  the  accessory  sinuses  of  the  nose.  Also  illustrated  by  a 
series  of  sections  of  the  skull,  made  by  \'Vard  of  Rochester,  and  by  a  series 
of  models  of  frozen  sections  of  the  human  head,  prepared  by  Odo  Betz  and 
Elkins.  Frankel's  photogravures  of  the  same  subjects.  Drawings  and  in- 
struments to  illustrate  the  operation  of  intubation.  Reproductions  of  all 
the  earlier  tubes  for  laryngeal  catheterization  and  intubation.  This  last 
collection  is  historically  interesting  as  illustrating  the  evolution  of  the  in- 
tubation tube.     A  special  manikin,  upon  which  the  procedure  of  intubation 


212  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

may  be  practically  demonstrated  to  a  large  number  of  students  at  one  time. 
Wet  preparations  of  the  larynges  of  children,  demonstrating  in  situ  the 
proper-sized  intubation  tube,  and  its  exact  position  in  the  larynx  at  different 
ages  (1-15),  and  a  series  of  models,  by  Elkins,  of  laryngeal  diphtheria.  A 
collection  of  skulls,  demonstrating  the  various  lesions  of  the  nasal  septum, 
abnormalities  of  the  nasal  chambers,  etc.,  and  a  manikin,  upon  which  the 
operation  of  plugging  the  anterior  and  posterior  nasal  passages,  with  the 
naso-pharyngeal  space,  for  hemorrhage,  can  be  practically  illustrated  before 
the  class. 

The  pathological  and  anatomical  museum  of  the  Department  contains 
at  present  one  hundred  and  fifty  carefully  prepared  and  mounted  wet  prepara- 
tions of  the  larynx  and  its  diseases.  This  collection  is  especially  rich  in 
the  rare  specimens,  such  as  benign  neoplasms  of  the  larynx,  intrinsic  and  ex- 
trinsic laryngeal  cancer,  and  others. 

The  Vanderbilt  Clinic  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  and  the 
instruction  of  the  college  students  under  the  following  corps  of  Professors, 
Chiefs  of  Clinics  and  Clinical  Assistants : 

STAFF    OF    THE    VANDERBILT    CLINIC. 
MEDICINE. 

Francis  Delafield,  M.  D.,  Professor. 
Frank  W.  Jackson,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
Charles  D.  Scudder,   M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
George  R.  Lockwood,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Walter  B.  James,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

SURGERY. 

William  T.  Bull,  M.  D.,  Professor  Adjunct. 
Richard  J.  Hall,  M.  D.,  Professor  Adjunct. 
Robert  F.  Weir,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor. 
George  S.  Huntington,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 

A.  J.  Magnin,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

B.  B.  Gallaudet,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
James  R.  Hayden,  M.  D..  Clinical  Assistant. 

DISEASES    OF    WOMEN. 

T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecology. 
George  M.  Tuttle,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 
Charles  Ware,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
James  B.  Hunter,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

DISEASES    OF    CHILDREN. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor. 
Francis  Huber,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  21- 


Abram  Brothers,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Albert  F.  Brugman,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Alexander  B.  Pope,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Willis  W.  French,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
D.  Brown,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
H.  N.  Vineberg,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

GENITO-URINARY    DISEASES. 

Fessenden  N.  Otis,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor. 
L.  Bolton  Bangs,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
William  K.  Otis,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
George  E.  Brewer,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

DISEASES    OF    THE   EYE. 

Herman  Knapp,  M.  D.,  Professor. 
David  Webster,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
Frank  W.  Ring,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Walter  B.  Johnson,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
William  O.  Moore,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
John  H.   Claiborne,  M.  D.,   Clinical  Assistant. 
N.  J.  Hepburn.  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Thomas  T.  Janeway,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Charles  H.  May,  M'.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

DISEASES  OF  THE   EAR. 

Albert  H.  Buck,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor. 
Huntington  Richards,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
Gorham  Bacon,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  THROAT. 

George  M.  Lefferts,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor. 
D.  Bryson  Delavan,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
Urban  G.  Hitchcock,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Charles  H.  Knight,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
S.  O.  Vander  Poel,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
William  J.  Swift,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
William  K.  Simpson,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Francis  J.  Ouinlan,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Frank  E.  Miller,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    SKIN. 

George  H.  Fox,  M.  D.,   Chnical  Professor. 
George  T.  Jackson,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic. 
Charles  A.  Kinch,   Clinical  Assistant. 
Frank  B.   Carpenter.  M.  D.,   Clinical  Assistant. 


214 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

M.  Allen  Starr,   M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor. 
Henry  W.  Berg,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Barney  Sachs,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
Tames  A.  Booth,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 
"G.  a.  Dixon,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Assistant. 

In   1 89 1,  the  first  year  under  the  University  organization,  the  clinical 
instruction  was  given  by  the  following  named  staff: 


CHIEFS    OF    CLINIC. 


B.  Farquhar  Curtis,  M.  D. 
D.  Bryson  Delavan,  M.  D. 
James  R.  Hayden,  M.  D. 
Francis  Huber,  M.  D. 
Frank  W.  Jackson,  M.  D. 


George  T.  Jackson,  M.  D. 
Hersey  G.  Locke,  M.  D. 
Charles  H.  May,  M.  D. 
Frederick  Peterson,  M.  D. 
Huntington  Richards,  M.  D. 


CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 


Charles  L.  Allen,  M.  D. 
Joseph  D.  Aspinwall.  M.  D. 
Joseph  A.  Blake,  M.  D. 
John  W.  Brannan,  M.  D. 
John  Cabot,  M.  D. 
William  H.  Caswell,  M.  D. 
John  H.  Claiborne,  Jr.,  M.  D. 
Christopher  J.  Colles,  M.  D. 
Roswell  P.  Collin,  M.  D. 
William  Cowen,  M.  D. 
Walter  B.  James.  M.  D. 
George  W.  Jarman,  M.  D. 
Charles  A.  Kinch,  M.  D. 
Samuel  W.  Lambert,  M.  D. 
Walter  E.  Lambert,  L.R.C.P.,  S.E. 
Robert  Lewis,  M.  D. 
Albert  H.  Leyton,  M.  D. 
George  R.  Lockwood,  Jr.,  M.  D. 
George  B.  McAulifYe,  M.  D. 
James  McEvoy,  M.  D. 
Ferdinand  S.  MacHale,  M.  D. 
Wilbur  F.  Martin,  M.  D. 
Frank  E.  Miller,  M.  D. 
Jackson  M.  Mills,  M.  D. 
Louis  R.  Morris,  M.  D. 


D. 


William  L.  Culbert,  M.  D. 
Charles  N.  Dowd,  M.  D. 
Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr.,  M.  D. 
William  C.  Gihey,  M.  D. 
Robert  H.  Greene,  M.  D. 
Calvin  L.  Harrison,  M.  D. 
•Edmund  Y.  Hill,  M.  D. 
Urban  G.  Hitchcock,  M. 
Ward  A.  Holden,  M.  D. 
Joseph  Huber,  M.  D. 
George  R.  Newby,  M.  D. 
William  H.  Park,  M.  D. 
Charles  C.  Ransom,  M.  D. 
George  A.  Richards,  M.  D. 
John  F.  Ridlon,  M.  D. 
Nathan  S.  Roberts,  M.  D. 
Edward  V.  Silver,  M.  D. 
William  K.  Simpson,  M.  D. 
William  J.  Swift,  M.  D. 
Francis  Torek,  M.  D. 
Samuel  G.  Tracy,  M.  D. 
Henrv  H.  Tyson,  Jr.,  M 
Walter  Vought,  M.  D. 
Walter  C.  Wood,  M.  D. 


D. 


In  1893  the  Clinical  Corps  was  more  completely  organized  with  Dr. 
Frank  W.  Jackson  as  Chief  of  Clinic,  and  instructor  in  the  departments  of 
Medicine,    Surgery,    Neurology,    Gynecolog}',    Ophthalmology,   Laryngology,. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE. 


215 


Otology,  Dermatology,  and  Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal  Diseases.  In 
1894  the  Department  of  Diseases  of  Children  was  added,  and  in  1895  that 
of  Orthopedic  Surgery  was  created. 

In  the  year  1903  the  Clinical  Instructors  and  Clinical  Assistants  were 
as  follows : 

DEPARTMENT    OF     MEDICINE. 

Albert  E.  Sumner.  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  of  Physical 
Diagnosis. 

Instructors  in  Physical  Diagnosis:  Van  Home  Norrie,  M.  D.,  Arthur 
M.  Shrady,  M.  D. 

Clinical  Assistants :  Arthur  R.  Braunlich.  M.  D.,  Edmund  L.  Dow. 
M.  D.,  Chas.  M.  Williams.  M.  D.,  T.  Stuart  Hart.  M.  D.,  Henry  S.  Patter- 
son, M.  D..  Hughes  Dayton.  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    SURGERY. 

Edward  M.  Foote.  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Minor  Sur- 
gery. 

Clinical  Assistants:  D.  S.  D.  Jessup.  M.  D.,  F.  R.  Cook.  M.  D.,  J. 
C.  Ayer,  M.  D.,  H.  E.  Meeker,  M.  D..  A.  S.  Taylor,  M.  D.,  W.  P.  Herrick. 
M.  D.,  J.  B.  Clark.  M.  D.,  H.  H.  Pelton,  M.  D.,  Rowland  Cox,  M.  D.,  Ar- 
thur H.  Gardner,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ORTHOPEDIC  SURGERY. 

Royal  Whitman,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Orthopedic 
Surgery. 

Clinical  Assistants :  Louis  R.  Welzmiller,  M.  D.,  Russell  Pemberton, 
M.  D.,  Charlton  Wallace,  M.  D.,  Charles  H^  Jaeger,  M.  D.,  Shirley  E. 
Sprague,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    NEUROLOGY. 

Frederick  Peterson,  M.  D..  Chief  of  Clinic,  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Psy- 
chiatry, and  Instructor  in  Neurolog}'. 

Pearce  Bailey.  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Neurology. 

Clinical  Assistants:  Charles  E.  Atwood.  M.  D..  R.  H.  Cunningham. 
M.  D.,  B.  E.  Krystall,  M.  D.,  S.  E.  Jelliffe,  M.  D.,  S.  P.  Goodhardt,  M.  D., 
L.  M.  Gibson,  M.  D.,' Walter  Timme,  M.  D.,  G.  E.  Neuhaus,  M.  D.,  T. 
Stuart  Hart,  M.  D.,  E.  L.  Hunt.  M.  D,  J.  E.  Clark.  M.  D.,  Arthur  B.  Wright, 
M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    GYNECOLOGY. 

Geo.  W.  Jarman,  M.  D..  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Gynecology. 

William  S.  Stone.  M.  D..  Instructor  in  Gynecology. 

Edward  L'H.  McGinnis,  M.  D.,  Electro-Therapeutist. 

Clinical  Assistants:  Chas.  I.  Proben,  M.  D.,  John  M.  Kennedy,  M. 
D.,  Geo.  E.  Mallet.  M.  D..  Benj.  W.  Stiefel,  M.  D..  E.  Pierre  Mallet.  M.  D., 
J.  J.  Higgins,  M.  D.,  William  L.  Bradley,  M.  D.,  Frank  R.  Oastler,  M.  D., 
J.  Ives  Edgerton,  M.  D. 


2i6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


DEPARTMENT    OF    OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

Charles  H.  May,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Ophthalmol- 
ogy- 
John  H.  Claiborne,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Ophthalmology. 
Clinical  Assistants:     Henry  H.  Tyson,  M.  D.,  Ward  A.  Holden,  M.  D., 
Jackson  M.  Mills,  M.  D.,  EdwaVd  B.  Coburn,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   LARYNGOLOGY. 

(Including  Diseases  of  the  Larynx,  Pharynx,  and  Nasal  Passages.) 
William  K.  Simpson,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Laryn- 
gology. 

Richard  Frothingham,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Laryngology. 
Clinical  Assistants:     Arthur  P.  Coll,  M.  D.,  Lee  M.  Hurd,  M.  D.,  Jo- 
seph E.    Fuld,  M.  D.,  Jonathan  Dwight,  Jr.,  M.  D..  John  J.  McCoy,  M.  D., 
John  Leshure,  M.  D.,  Samuel  W.  Thurber,  M.  D.,  Paul  F.  Sondern,  M.  D., 
Daniel  W.  Layman,  M.  D.,  F.  Conger  Smith,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF   OTOLOGY. 

William  Cowen,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Otology. 
Robert  Lewis,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Otology. 

Clinical  Assistants:  Allan  G.  Terrell,  M.  D.,  Mathew  L.  Carr,  M.  D., 
Alfred  Michaelis,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT   OF  DERMATOLOGY. 

George  T.  Jackson,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Dermatol- 
ogy. 

Clinical  Assistants:  [ohn  Cabot,  M.  D.,  John  H.  P.  Hodgson,  M.  D., 
John  Aldrich,  M.  D.,  Charles  T.  Dade,  M.  D..  S.  Dana  Hubbard,  M,  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    DISEASES    OF    CHILDREN. 

Francis  Ruber,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Diseases  of 
Children. 

Clinical  Assistants:  Joseph  Huber,  M.  D.,  Ferdinand  S.  McHale,  M. 
D.,  Louis  M.  Silver,  M.  D.,  Albert  F.  Brugman,  M.  D.,  Bernard  Sour,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  GENITO-URINARY  DISEASES. 

James  R.  Hayden,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Genito-Urin- 
ary  Diseases. 

Clinical  Assistants:  William  C.  Gillev,  M.  D.,  John  B.  Stein,  M.  D., 
Edmund  Y.  Hill,  M.  D.,  Walter  B.  Brouner,  M.  D.,  Walter  D.  Trenwith,  M. 
D.,  W.  S.  Reynolds,  M.  D.,  S.  W.  Fowler,  M.  D.,  Fellowes  Davis,  Jr.,  M.  D., 
James  R.  Whiting  M.  D.,  Edward  L.  Kellogg,  M.  D.,  Harold  Barclay,  M.  D. 

OFFICERS    OF    ADMINISTRATION. 

James  D.  Voorhees,  M.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine. 
Edward  T.   Boag,  Assistant  Register  of  the  University. 
W.  H.  G.  Peters,  Assistant  Bursar  of  the  University. 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  217 

UNIVERSITY    OFFICERS    OF    ADMINISTRATION. 

James  H.  Canfield,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  Librarian  of  the  University. 
F.  P.  Keppel,  A.  B.,  Secretar}'  of  the  Universit)'. 

The  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  was  built  sixty-five  feet  on  Fifty-ninth 
street  by  seventy-five  feet  in  Tenth  avenue,  and  is  of  three  stories  and  an 
attic.  It  harmonizes  well  with  the  College  building",  the  brick  surfaces  being 
relieved  with  facings  and  mouldings  of  granite  and  terra  cotta.  Internally, 
the  construction  is  fireproof  throughout.  The  flooring  of  the  halls  and  the 
wainscoting  of  the  stairways  are  of  white  marble.  In  the  wards  the  floor- 
ing is  of  vitrified  tiles,  with  a  marble  base  for  the  side  walls.  The  surfaces 
of  the  walls  and  partitions  are  in  hard  finish.  The  basement  contained  the 
laundry,  the  kitchen,  the  servants'  dining  room,  the  coil  chamber  and  fan 
for  warming  and  ventilation,  and  a  bath  room  for  newly  admitted  patients, 
with  lockers  tor  the  deposit  and  safe-keeping  of  their  personal  clothing  and 
effects  while  inmates  of  the  hospital.  On  the  first  floor  were  the  janitor's 
room,  an  examination  room  for  patients  applying  for  admission,  rooms  for 
the  Board  of  Managers,  the  House  Physician,  the  x\ssistant  House  Physician 
and  the  Matron ;  also  a  dining  room  and  a  general  reception  room.  The  sec- 
ond floor  had  three  wards,  one  of  six  beds  and  two  of  four  beds  each ;  a  de- 
livery room,  where  the  patients  were  confined  and  from  which  they  were 
transferred  to  the  wards  after  delivery ;  sleeping  rooms  for  ward  nurses,  and 
the  drug  room  of  the  establishment.  The  third  floor  liad  three  wards,  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  the  second.  It  also  contained  the  apartment  of  the  head 
nurse;  sleeping  rooms  for  ward  nurses,  and  two  isolating  wards,  of  one  bed 
each.     The  attic  was  occupied  by  servants'  sleeping  rooms. 

The  first  year  in  the  history  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  afforded 
bright  promise  of  the  vast  importance  which  the  institution  soon  was  to  at- 
tain. During  the  first  twelve  months  there  were  four  hundred  cases  of  de- 
livery. The  number  rapidly  increased,  however,  and  had  more  than 
doubled  when  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sloane  entered  upon  their  self-appointed  task 
of  adding  to  the  capacity  of  the  Hospital.  The  new  and  more  ample  advan- 
tages for  the  treatment  of  patients  and  the  accommodation  of  students 
favored  a  yet  larger  growth,  and  in  each  of  the  two  years  just  past  nearly 
fifteen  hundred  confinements  had  taken  place  within  the  hospital  walls,  af- 
fording numerous  examples  of  all  the  operations  peculiar  to  obstetrics  which 
modern  skill  had  devised  for  the  relief  of  women  in  labor.  The  statistics  of 
the  results  obtained  were  also  unsurpassed,  so  that  today  the  Hospital,  splen- 
didly equipped  and  with  work  in  its  wards  a  prescribed  portion  of  the  curricu- 
lum of  the  College,  stands  easily  first  among  similar  maternity  hospitals  in  this 
countrv  and  in  the  world. 


2i8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

As  the  years  have  passed,  the  composition  of  the  resident  staff  has  been 
materially  modified.  In  1890  it  was  found  necessary  to  increase  the  staff 
and  to  provide,  in  addition  to  the  permanent  resident  obstetrician,  a  junior 
interne,  a  day  senior  and  a  night  senior,  a  new  man  coming  on  duty  the  first 
of  every  month  and  serving  for  a  month  in  each  of  the  three  divisions  of  the 
service. 

The  position  of  resident  obstetrician  has  been  tilled  by  men  especially 
qualitied  for  the  work.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  list  includes  Dr.  James 
W.  Markoe  (1887-1889),  Dr.  N.  E.  Norfleet  (1889),  Dr.  G.  W.  Bratenahl 
(1889),  Dr.  C.  W.  Hayt  (1890),  Dr.  A.  Abrams  (1890),  Dr.  Ervin  A. 
Tucker  (1890-1895),  Dr.  George  L.  Brodhead  (1895-1897),  Dr.  James  D. 
Voorhees  (1897-1900),  and  Dr.  Eranklin  A.  Dorman,  whose  service  began 
in  1900  and  who  left  in  1902,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Ralph  W.  Loben- 
stine. 

The  standard  set  for  internes  has,  from  the  first,  been  an  extremely  high 
one,  as  but  few  vacancies  exist  and  there  are  many  applicants  from  whom  to 
choose.  With  few  exceptions,  all  of  the  men  have  been  college  graduates, 
in  many  cases  with  a  Master's  degree.  Of  necessity  they  must  have  grad- 
uated from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  After  they  have  re- 
ceived their  medical  degree,  each  applicant  must  have  served  a  full  term  of 
service  in  some  general  hospital,  and  then  only  are  they  eligible  for  an  ap- 
pointment on  the  Sloane  staff.  It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  in  practically 
all  cases,  each  applicant  has  had  at  least  ten  years  of  college  and  hospital  in- 
struction before  he  can  be  appointed.  Of  the  men  tluis  qualified,  six  are 
chosen  semi-annually  by  the  hospital  council,  consisting  of  the  Professor 
of  Obstetrics  and  the  Assistant  Attending  and  the  Resident  Obstetricians  of 
the  Hospital.  As  a  result  of  this  unusual  care,  it  is  probable  that  in  no 
alumni  society  in  the  country  is  the  general  average  in  the  way  of  medical 
proficiency  so  high,  a  statement  borne  out  by  the  result  of  the  recent  examina- 
tion for  the  position  of  Police  Surgeon  of  New  York  City,  in  which,  with 
over  four  hundred  applicants,  five  of  the  first  six  men — Frank  R.  Oastler, 
Charles  A.  Elsberg,  Henry  P.  de  Forest,  Walter  B.  Brouner  and  Walter  M. 
Brickner — are  alumni  of  the  Sloane  Hospital. 

The  Matron  of  the  Hospital  performs  the  duties  of  housekeeper ;  provid- 
ing for  the  supplies  and  other  daily  requirements  of  the  institution,  the  hir- 
ing and  management  of  servants,  and  the  care  and  preservation  of  the  furni- 
ture. The  ward  nurses  are  supplied  from  the  Training  School  of  the  New 
York  Hospital,  being  selected  from  those  who  have  already  received  general 
instruction  for  one  year  or  more.  Each  nurse  remains  in  the  Maternity 
Hospital   for  thre  months,   learning  the  duties   and  performing  the  service 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  219 

of  obstetrical  nursing  under  the  instruction  of  the  head  nurse,  who  is  per- 
manentl}-  attached  to  the  institution  and  is  known  as  the  Principal  of  the 
Training  School. 

The  administjation  of  the  Hospital  is  committed  to  a  Board  of  Man- 
agers, five  in  number,  to  consist  of  the  President  of  the  College,  Mr.  Sloane 
or  some  one  named  by  him,  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Col- 
lege and  two  members  of  the  Faculty. 

The  conduct  of  the  Hospital  is  under  the  exclusive  direction  of  the 
Professor  of  Obstetrics  in  the  College,  an  Instructor  in  Obstetrics  being  the 
Resident  Physician.  The  wards  cf  the  Hospital  furnish  one  hundred  and 
sixteen  beds.  The  operating  room  is  equipped  with  all  modern  surgical 
and  obstetrical  conveniences  and  has  seating  accommodations  for  tifty-one 
students.  The  number  of  deliveries  averages  over  fourteen  hundred  a  year. 
These,  with  the  obstetric  operations  and  the  subsequent  treatment  of  women 
and  infants,  afford  invaluable  practical  experience,  such  as  is  offered  at  no 
other  medical  school  in  the  country. 

As  a  principal  object  of  the  Hospital  is  to  afford  instruction  in  the  prac- 
tice of  obstetrics,  each  of  the  members  of  the  College  graduating  class  is  re- 
quired to  attend  at  the  Hospital  a  certain  number  of  cases  of  labor,  and  to  ob- 
serve the  after  treatment  of  the  patients,  the  puerperal  condition,  and  the 
caring  for  infants.  For  this  purpose  the  students  of  the  fourth  year  are 
divided,  at  the  beginning  of  the  academic  year,  into  sections  of  six,  each  sec- 
tion remaining  on  duty  for  two  weeks,  the  first  week  being  spent  in  day  duty, 
the  second  week  in  night  duty.  During  the  week  of  night  duty  they  are 
furnished  with  lodgings,  free  of  charge,  in  the  Hospital,  in  order  that  they 
may  be  summoned  quickly  to  cases  of  emergency.  Daily  bedside  instruction 
is  given  by  the  Instructor,  and  an  examination  on  the  work  of  the  week  is 
held  there  by  him  every  Saturday.     A  daily  clinical  lecture  is  also  given. 

In  1897,  through  the  further  munificence  of  Mr.  Sloane,  the  Hospital 
accommodations  were  materially  enlarged  by  the  erection  of  an  addition  ex- 
tended eastward  from  the  original  building,  along  Fifty-ninth  street.  It  is 
six  stories  in  height,  and  conforms  to  the  original  design  of  the  edifice  to 
which  it  was  attached.  The  new  portion  affords  room  for  seventy-two  addi- 
tional beds  for  patients,  and  contains  an  operating  room  accommodating 
fifty  students. 

Mrs.  Sloane,  who  provided  for  the  maintenance  of  the  original  Sloane 
Hospital,  after  her  death  as  well  as  during  her  lifetim.e,  made  similar  ar- 
rangements with  reference  to  the  enlarged  establishment. 

The  Roosevelt  Hospital  has  long  been  the  seat  of  thorough  clinical 
work,  and  has  become  of  special  importance  in  this  respect  from  its  position 


220 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


immediately  opposite  the  buildings  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, but  is  not  governmentally  connected  with  the  institution.  Its  grounds 
comprise  the  entire  block  from  Ninth  avenue  to  Tenth  avenue  and  from 
Fifty-eighth  street  to  Fifty-ninth  street.  The  building  and  endowment  fund 
was  a  bequest  by  James  H.  Roosevelt,  who  died  in  November,  1863.  The 
property,  amounting  in  value  to  nearly  one  million  dollars,  was  placed  under 
the  management  of  nine  trustees,  among  whom  was  to  be  the  President  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  ex  oMcio.  These  were  to  found 
and   maintain  a   hospital  for  the  reception  and   relief  of  sick  and  diseased 


ROOSEVELT     HOSPITAL. 


persons.  In  February.  1864,  the  institution  was  incorporated  under  the 
name  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital;  the  corner  stone  of  the  building  was  laid 
October  29,  1869,  and  the  building  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients 
November  2,   1871. 

The  hospital  consists  of  a  central  administrative  building  fronting  on 
Fifty-ninth  street,  with  an  extension  in  the  rear,  flanked  by  three  parallel 
pavilions,  two  on  the  eastern  and  one  on  the  western  side.  The  central 
building,  four  stories  in  height,  contains  offices,  reception  and  examination 
rooms,  the  apothecary's  laboratory  and  dispensing  room,  the  superintend- 
ent's apartments,  rooms  for  the  meetings  of  the  Trustees  and  the  Medical 
Board,  an  operating  theater,  and  two  surgical  wards  for  women  and  chil- 
dren.    The  rear  building  is  occupied  by  steam  boilers  and  the  warming  and 


THE  NEW  COLLEGE.  221 

ventilating  machinery,  the  laundry,  bakery,  kitchen  and  servants'  sleeping 
rooms. 

The  pavilion  next  the  administration  building  on  the  east  is  four  stories, 
containing  medical  wards  for  male  and  female  patients,  nurses'  rooms,  and 
apartments  for  the  house  staff;  that  still  farther  to  the  east,  near  Ninth 
avenue,  is  a  one-story  building  for  surgical  patients,  and  that  on  the  west, 
also  one-story,  is  for  the  treatment  of  outdoor  cases. 

Some  years  ago  the  hospital  received  a  bequest  of  several  hundred 
thousand  dollars  for  the  erection  and  endowment  of  the  Syms  Operating 
Theater,  which  offers  unrivalled  facilities  for  instruction  in  operative  sur- 
gery. The  McLane  Operating  Theater  is  one  of  the  most  thoroughly 
equipped  buildings  in  this  country  for  instruction  in  the  surgery  of  gynecol- 
ogy. The  cases  upon  which  operations  are  demonstrated  are  taken  from  the 
gynecological  wards  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  which  are  under  the  exclusive 
direction  of  the  Professor  of  Gynecology,  of  the  College,  and  the  cases  in 
which  are  all  available  for  the  instruction  given  by  him. 

The  institution  is  a  general  hospital  having  two  hundred  beds  for  ward 
patients,  besides  a  separate  pavilion  in  which  there  are  thirty-eight  rooms 
for  private  patients ;  it  also  possesses  an  extensive  and  well-cared-for  Out- 
Patient  Department. 


CHAPTER  X. 

DR.     JAMES     W.     MCLAXE     CALLED     TO     THE     PRESIDENCY     OF     THE     COLLEGE. 

UNION    WITH    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY. 

The  vacancy  in  the  Presidency  of  the  College,  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  the  lamented  Dr.  John  C.  Dalton,  was  filled  in  a  manner  which  was  the 
."highest  possible  tribute  that  could  be  paid  to  the  eminent  teacher  and  prac- 
titioner who  was  called  to  be  his  successor. 

At  the  same  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  at  which  action  was 
taken  with  reference  to  the  death  of  President  Dalton,  as  previously  narrated, 
the  following  letter  was  received : 

^'College   of   Physicians  and  Surgeons  in   the   City   of   New   York, 
Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College. 

"February  21,    1889. 
"'To  the  Registrar: 

"Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  communicate  through  vou,  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  that,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Faculty  held  this  day,  it  was  unanimously 
voted  that  it  be  earnestly  recommended  to  the  Trustees  that  James  Woods 
McLane,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  be  elected  President  of  the  College, 
vice  John  Call  Dalton,  M.  D.,  deceased. 

"At  the  above  meeting  of  the  Faculty,  every  member  was  present  except- 
ing Dr.  McLane  and  one  other,  which  latter  sent  a  letter  strongly  expressing 
what  proved  to  be  the  wish  of  the  Faculty. 

"It  is  respectfully  submitted  to  the  Trustees  that  the  appointment  afore- 
said would  subserve  the  highest  interests  of  the  College  by  the  advancement 
of  one  who  has  served  the  College  and  the  profession  as  a  teacher  with 
eminent  distinction  for  twenty-two  consecutive  years;  who  has  long  shown 
extraordinary  skill  and  zeal  in  important  and  wearisome  tasks  of  organiza- 
tion and  administration;  and  to  whose  sound  judgment  and  unsparing  work 
it  is  largely  due  that  the  College  has  been  able  to  give  such  full  effect  to  the 
wishes  of  its  recent  benefactors. 

"Should  the  above  recommendation  commend  itself  to  the  judgment  of 
the  Trustees,  the  Faculty  cannot  but  feel  that  qualities  which  have  proved 
so  valuable  in  the  past  will  prove  still  more  valuable  at  the  head  of  the 
College  for  many  years  to  come. 

"Respectfully  submitted,  by  order  and  in  behalf  of  the  Facult}-. 

"John  G.  Curtis,  M.  D..  Secretary." 

Following  the  reading  of  the  communication,  a  resolution  was  adopted 
directing  the  Registrar  to  notify  all  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  that 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.        223 

at  the  next  quarterly  meeting  a  motion  would  be  made  for  the  suspension  of 
the  by-laws  in  order  to  permit  the  nomination  and  election  of  a  President 
at  that  meeting,  and  that,  if  such  motion  prevailed,  an  election  would  then 
be  held. 

At  the  quarterly  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  held  on  May  7th, 
following,  a  motion  for  the  suspension  of  so  much  of  the  by-laws  as  pre- 
scribed the  time  of  election  was  adopted.  Mr.  Remsen  then  nominated 
Dr.  James  Woods  McLane  for  President,  and  a  ballot  resulted  in  his  election 
by  a  unanimous  vote. 

Dr.  McLane  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  August  19,  1839.  His 
parents  were  James  Woods  and  Ann  Huntington  (Richards)  McLane;  the 
father  was  of  an  old  North  Carolina  family,  and  the  mother  was  a  native  of 
Connecticut.  He  received  his  early  education  through  private  tuition,  and 
prepared  for  college  in  the  Phillips  Academy  at  Andover,  Massachusetts ; 
was  graduated  from  Yale  College  with  the  class  of  1S61.  He  studied 
for  his  profession  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  was  grad- 
iiated  therefrom  in  1864,  with  more  than  the  average  reputation  for  dili- 
gence. 

He  at  once  entered  upon  the  active  practice  of  his  profession  in  New 
York  City.  Three  years  later  (in  1867)  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  made  Professor  of  Materia  Medica.  Li  1872  he  was  promoted 
to  the  Professorship  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of  Children.  In  1882  the 
Department  of  Gynecology  was  attached  lo  this  department,  and  then  de- 
tached from  it  in  1885,  while  tlie  department  of  Diseases  of  Children- was  de- 
tached from  it  in  1891.  In  1898  he  became  Emeritus  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics, a  position  which  he  has  adorned  to  the  present  time.  During  his 
professional  career  he  has  occupied  many  responsible  professional  positions. 
He  was  appointed  Attending  Physician  to  St.  Luke's  LTospital  in  1872 ;  At- 
tending Physician  to  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  New  York  City,  in 
1871;  Attending  Physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital  in  1867;  Consulting 
Physician  at  the  Emigrant  Hospital  and  Ward's  Island,  New  York  Harbor, 
in  1882;  Consulting  Physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital  in  1885;  z^ttending 
Physician  to  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  in  1888.  He  is  President  of  the 
Vanderbilt  Clinic  of  the  Sloane  Hospital,  a  Trustee  of  the  Roosevelt  Hos- 
pital, a  member  of  the  Union  League  Club,  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society, 
the  Physicians' Mutual  Aid  Society,  and  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

While  yet  serving  as  one  of  the  Professors,  Dr.  McLane  rendered  to 
the  College  services  of  a  peculiarly  far-reaching  nature,  since  as  the  physician 
of  Mr.   William   H.     Vanderbilt    their    associations    with   each   other   were 


224  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

intimate  and  confiding.  It  was  to  Dr.  McLane  that  the  greathearted  phil- 
anthropist turned  for  counsel  when  he  conceived  the  plan  of  providing  a  new 
College  edifice.  As  a  result  of  their  consultations,  it  became  apparent  that 
Mr.  Vanderbilt's  original  purpose  of  erecting  a  new  building  upon  the 
Twenty-third  street  site  was  injudicious,  and,  accordingly,  the  location  at 
Fifty-ninth  street  was  determined  upon,  although  involving  a  far  larger 
outlay  than  at  first  intended.  The  narrative  relating  to  this  important  under- 
taking is  presented   in   other   chapters   of   this   work. 

The  eighty-second  Annual  Commencement  of  the  College  was  held  in 
the  lecture  hall  on  the  evening  of  Thursday,  June  13,  1889.  Dr.  Thomas 
M.  Markoe,  Vice  President,  conducted  the  exercises,  and  delivered  the  ad- 
dress to  a  graduating  class  comprising  one  hundred  and  forty-six  members. 

In  their  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  i,  1889,  made  to 
the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  the  Trustees  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  reported  the  attendance  of  seven  hundred 
and  one  students,  of  whom  two  hundred  and  ninety-eight  were  from  states 
other  than  New  York,  and  twenty-five  were  from  foreign  countries.  The 
total  number  of  medical  graduates  was  one  hundred  and  sixty-six.  The  in- 
come of  the  College  had  increased  to  the  sum  of  $91,011.62,  and  the  ex- 
penses of  instruction  had  increased  to  $58,307.62.  The  value  of  the  College 
property,  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  included,  had  increased  to  $1,- 
147,202.71. 

In  May,  1889,  Dr.  Thomas  Markoe,  Dr.  William  T.  Bull  and  Dr. 
Charles  McBurney  were  appointed  Professors  of  Surgery,  and  Dr.  Edward 
L.  Partridge  was  appointed  Adjunct  Professor  of  Obstetrics.  In  June  fol- 
lowing. Dr.  Richard  J.  Hall  resigned  his  position  as  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Anatomy,  and  Dr.  George  S.  Huntington  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  for  two  years  and  also  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  for  one  year. 

In  October  following.  Dr.  T.  Gaillard  Thomas  resigned  the  chair  of 
Clinical  Gynecology,  and  he  was  appointed  Emeritus  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics and  Gynecology.  At  the  same  time  was  created  a  chair  of  Mental 
and  Nervous  Diseases,  and  it  was  stipulated  that  the  permanent  incumbent 
thereof  should  be  styled  Professor,  that  he  should  deliver  didactic  lectures, 
and  that  he  be  given  a  seat  with  the  Faculty  and  be  empowered  to  take  part 
in  the  examination  of  candidates  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
Dr.  Moses  A.  Starr,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Ner- 
vous System,  was  appointed  Didactic  Lecturer  upon  the  same  subjects  for 
the  remainder  of  the  year,  ending  September  15,  1890. 

Various  Faculty  changes  were  made  in  the  following  year  of  1890.  The 
title  of  the    Clinical    Chair   of   Genito-Urinarv   and    Venereal  Diseases   was 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND   UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.         225 

changed  to  that  of  Venereal  Diseases.  Dr.  F.  N.  Otis,  who  had  resigned 
this  chair,  was  appointed  Emeritus  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal 
Diseases,  and  Dr.  Robert  W.  Taylor,  of  the  class  of  1868,  was  appointed 
Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Venereal  Diseases  for  one  year.  Dr.  Moses  A.  Starr 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System,  and 
Dr.  George  S.  Huntington  was  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

An  important  change  was  made  in  the  creation  of  the  office  of  Demon- 
strator of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  to  which  position  Charles  Ernest  Pellew, 
E.  M.,  was  appointed.  It  was  provided  that  the  Demonstrator  should  be 
next  in  rank,  in  his  department,  to  the  Professor,  or  the  Adjunct  Professor, 
and  that  he  should  hold  the  same  general  relation  to  his  chief  as  was  then 
held  to  the  Professor  of  Anatomy  by  the  Demonstrator  in  that  Department. 

On  May  5,  1890,  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Markoe  tendered  his  resignation  of 
the  position  of  Professor  of  Surgery.  In  taking  this  step,  he  assured  the 
Trustees  that  his  withdrawal  would  not  in  any  way  affect  the  deep  interest 
he  had  always  felt  for  the  institution  which  he  had  served  during  so  many 
years,  and  gave  as  his  sole  reason  the  fact  that  -his  advancing  years  would 
not  permit  him  to  participate  in  the  work  of  the  future  then  opening  so 
brightly.  The  resignation  was  accepted,  and  Dr.  Markoe  was  at  the  same 
time  appointed  Emeritus  Professor  of  Surgery. 

In  the  same  year  (1890)  the  enrollment  list  of  students  numbered  six 
hundred  and  nineteen,  of  which  number  three  hundred  and  fifty-five  were 
from  New  York,  one  hundred  and  sixty-six  were  from  the  North  Atlantic 
States,  twenty-two  were  from  the  South  Atlantic  States,  thirteen  were 
from  the  South  Central  States,  thirty-two  were  from  the  North  Central 
States,  five  were  from  the  Mountain  States  (Kansas,  Montana  and  Colo- 
rado), and  five  were  from  the  Pacific  States.  Included  in  the  aggregate 
number  were  also  twenty-two  from  foreign  countries — nine  from  British 
America,  eight  from  Central  America,  one  from  the  West  Indies,  two  from 
Europe  and  one  from  Asia.  The  total  number  of  degrees  conferred  from  the 
beginning  of  the  College,  was  given  at  4,846. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  College  was  most  gratifying.  The  total 
value  of  College  property  was  estimated  at  $1,352,818.13;  of  this  amount 
$961,000  was  the  value  of  the  grounds,  buildings  and  equipment  owned  and 
used  by  the  College,  and  $391,818.13  was  in  investment  property  income- 
producing.  There  was  no  existing  indebtedness.  The  receipts  arriounted 
to  $83,938.09,  and  the  expenditures  were  $79,783.02,  of  which  amount  $51,- 
224.20  was  for  instruction. 

The  report  to  the  Regents,  from  which  the  foregoing  statement  is  made, 
also    contained    the    following   estimate    of   the   average   expenses    for    each 


226  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

student  during  the  collegiate  year;  annual  tuition  fees,  $200;  table  board, 
thirty-five  weeks,  $125  to  $140;  lodgings  for  same  period,  $105:  text  books, 
society  fees,  etc.,  $15;  total  average  annual  expenses,  not  including  clothing, 
travel  and  purely  personal  expenses,  $445  to  $460.  It  is  believed  that  this 
estimate  is  equally  accurate  for  the  present  time. 

Almost  from  the  moment  when  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
was  removed  to  its  present  location,  was  set  in  motion  that  chain  of  circum- 
stances which  found  a  fitting  culmination  in  the  reorganization  of  Columbia 
College  upon  broad  and  comprehensive  university  plans,  with  the  medical 
school  as  one  of  its  most  important  component  parts.  It  is  to  be  said,  in 
order  that  this  consummation  may  be  properly  comprehended  and  appre- 
ciated, that  the  assimilation  of  the  Medical  School  with  the  University  grew 
out  of  the  necessity  on  the  part  of  the  former  named  institution.  The  Medi- 
cal School  was  complete  in  itself,  and  was  in  excellent  financial  circum- 
stances. 

In  1889,  Hon.  Seth  Low,  an  alumnus  of  Columbia  College,  in  the  class 
of  1870,  was  chosen  to  the  presidency  of  his  alma  mater,  and  his  installa- 
tion took  place  on  February  3rd,  in  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House.  An 
annalist  of  that  day  pronounced  the  ceremonial  to  be  dignified  and  impressive. 
"The  vast  and  sympathetic  audience  and  the  distinguished  assembly  of  guests, 
which  was  probably  as  notable  a  gathering  of  men  most  eminent  in  institutions 
of  learning  as  has  been  seen  in  the  country,  except,  perhaps,  at  the  two  hun- 
dred and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  Harvard,  listened  with 
unflagging  sj-mpathy  to  a  series  of  admirable  addresses,  in  which  not  only 
the  highest  proprieties  of  the  occasion  were  observed,  but  in  the  more  im- 
portant of  which  the  tone  was  significant  and  unmistakable." 

Among  the  most  significant  utterances  upon  this  occasion  were  those 
contained  in  the  address  of  President  Low,  who  expressed  his  entire  sym- 
pathy with  the  desire  to  see  the  College  continue  its  development  into  a  com- 
plete University  adapted  to  the  largest  possible  service  to  American  needs. 
He  soon  applied  himself,  with  energy  and  ability,  to  give  to  the  College  the 
attributes  of  a  University. 

In  May  (1890)  the  Trustees  declared  that  "our  graduate  work  shall 
hereafter  be  called  university  work,"  various  faculties  were  formed  and  a 
University  Council  was  established,  the  latter  body  comprising,  among  oth- 
ers, the  Dean  and  one  elected  member  from  each  of  the  Faculties  of  Philos- 
ophy, Political  Science,  Mines  and  Law.  Under  this  body  the  various 
teaching  bodies  coalesced,  and.  as  was  remarked  by  President  Low  in  his 
first  annual  address,  "at  one  stroke,  Columbia  ceased  to  be  divided  into 
fragments,  and  took  upon  herself  the  aspect  of  a  LTniversity,  wherein  each 
department  was  related  to  every  other,  and  every  one  strengthened  all." 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.         227 

The  Universit}'  was,  however,  incomplete.  It  is  true  that  for  nearly 
one-third  of  a  century,  beginning  in  i860,  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons had  been  known  as  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College. 
Harmonious  as  was  the  relationship,  it  was  so  anomalous  as  to  be  little  more 
than  nominal.  With  the  development  of  the  University  idea,  measures  were 
taken  for  the  perfect  union  of  the  medical  school  with  the  greater  institution 
which  had  grown  out  of  Columbia  College,  and  in  their  furtherance  was 
entire  community  of  interest  on  the  part  of  both  bodies. 

The  Eighty-third  Annual  Commencement  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  was  held  on  the  evening  of  June  11,  1890,  in  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House.  The  change  of  scene  from  the  hall  of  the  College  building 
was  in  consonance  with  the  arrangement  previously  made  with  the  Trustees 
of  Columbia  College,  and  was  of  significance  in  view  of  the  intimate  asso- 
ciation of  the  Trustees  of  the  two  institutions  and  the  informal  conferences 
by  some  of  their  number  who  sought  to  effect  a  close  union  between  them. 
The  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  had,  by  a  unani- 
mous vote,  adopted  the  recommendation  of  their  Faculty  that  a  proposition 
be  made  to  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  looking  to  the  future  holding 
of  the  Commencement  exercises  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
conjointly  with  those  of  the  Departments  of  Arts,  of  Mines,  etc.,  of  Columbia 
College.  This  action  was  communicated  by  Dr.  J.  W.  McLane,  President 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  to  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, who 'replied  with  a  resolution  setting  forth  that  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  as  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College,  would 
be  most  welcome  as  a  participant  in  the  exercises  of  Commencement  Day 
upon  the  condition  that  the  exercises  of  that  occasion  should  be  presided 
over  by  the  President  of  the  Columbia  College  (Hon.  Seth  Low),  who 
should  present  the  diplomas  to  the  graduates  in  Medicine  as  well  as  to  the 
graduates  of  the  other  schools.  The  details  were  communicated  to  the 
Presidents  of  the  two  institutions,  who  met  and  made  ail  necessary  arrange- 
ments in  the  most  cordial  and  self-abnegatory  spirit. 

The  Commencement  exercises  were  conducted  under  the  direction  of 
President  Low,  of  Columbia  College,  who  presented  diplomas  to  a  class  of 
one  hundred  and  sixty  graduates,  announced  and  distributed  the  prizes,  and 
delivered  an  address  to  the  graduating  classes  of  the  various  departments. 
That  portion  of  President  Low's  remarks  which  was  particularly  addressed 
to  the  graduates  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  as  follows : 

"Columbia  speaks  to  you  tonight  with  a  new  voice,  but  her  ancient  spirit 
animates  her  still.  Founded  in  1754,  the  College  established  in  1767  the 
first  medical  school  in  the  State  of  New  York.         Two  years  before  this, 


228  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


in  1765,  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  had  estabhshed  the  first  medical 
school  in  the  country.  Thus  from  these  twin  sisters,  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  King's  College,  so  closely  and  singularly  allied  in  their  early 
history,  came  the  first  systematic  attempts  in  this  country  to  educate  physi- 
cians in  the  science  of  their  profession.  At  the  College  Commencement  held 
May  16,  1769,  when  the  first  degree  in  medicine  was  conferred,  Dr.  Samuel 
Bard,  of  the  Medical  Faculty,  took  occasion  to  point  out  the  great  need  ol 
a  hospital  in  the  City  of  New  York.  So  forcibly  did  he  portray  the  need, 
that  a  public  movement  was  at  once  begun  to  supply  it.  The  New  York 
Hospital  was  the  outgrowth  of  that  movement.  Truly  Columbia  should  be 
dear  to  New  York  for  her  early  care  to  minister  to  the  bodily  ills  which 
flesh  is  heir  to. 

"In  1807  the  College  of  Ph}"sicians  and  Surgeons  was  established,  and 
in  181 3  the  staff  of  the  Columbia  Aledical  Faculty  were  allowed  to  resign 
in  order  to  become  Professors  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
From  that  date,  for  nearly  fifty  years,  the  two  institutions  remained  distinct, 
but  in  i860  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  itself  became  by  joint 
resolution  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College.  This  year,  for 
the  first  time  in  their  histor}-,  their  Commencement  is  held  together,  the 
happy  augur}',  as  I  trust,  of  a  union  that  shall  be  closer  still.  For  what  is 
it  that  has  brought  them  together  now  ?  Is  it  not  the  impalpable  but  in- 
evitable power  of  the  determination  in  New  York  that  there  shall  be  a  Uni- 
versity complete  and  worthy  in  all  its  parts  of  America's  greatest  city?  * 
*  *  She  is  an  alina  mater  worth}'  of  your  highest  regard,  who  holds 
in  her  hands  the  keys  of  so  many  doors  into  the  realms  of  knowledge. 
Through  each  open  door  is  caught  a  fascinating  vista,  far-reaching,  and 
bright  with  the  achievements  of  humanity  from  the  beginning  until  now. 
Out  beyond  the  utmost  bonds  of  human  knowledge,  in  every  direction, 
stretches  the  vast  unknown.  Now  and  again,  as  we  look,  we  see  a  light 
planted  a  little  farther  out  than  the  outermost  light  before,  and  behold, 
something  has  been  added  to  what  is  known  by  men.  Some  physician  has 
discovered  a  way  of  coping  successfully  with  an  hitherto  unmanageable  dis- 
ease; some  historian  has  thrown  upon  the  path  a  light  which  explains  what 
hitherto  has  been  without  meaning ;  some  scientist  has  wrested  another  secret 
from  nature;  some  philosopher  has  contributed  to  the  thought  of  his  time 
reflections  which  have  made  the  world  wiser  than  before. 

"Through  these  open  doors,  gentlemen,  Columbia  sees  you  pass  to- 
night. She  hopes  you  have  caught  at  least  that  portion  of  her  spirit  which 
will  keep  you  teachable  through  all  the  years.  As  she  herself  is  not  content 
today  with  the  learning  which  she  illustrated  in  the  days  gone  by,  so  she 
expects  of  you  that  the  acquirements  which  satisfy  you  tonight  shall  not 
satisfy  you  a  year  from  now.  If  in  that  spirit  you  will  tread  the  pathway 
which  lies  before  your  feet,  some  day  it  shall  be  Columbia's  happiness  to  see 
one  and  another  of  you  carrying  the  light  which  you  liave  lit  at  her  shrine, 
in  this  direction  or  that,  out  beyond  the  furthest  light  yet  planted  by  the 
hand  of  man.  And  where  there  was  darkness,  because  of  vou  there  shall  be 
fight." 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.  229 

President  McLane,  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  admin- 
istered the  Hippocratic  Oath  to  the  medical  graduates.  The  religious  ser- 
vices were  conducted  by  the  Right  Rev.  Henry  C.  Potter,  chaplain  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

This  was  the  last  Commencement  to  witness  the  instant  bestowal  of 
diplomas  upon  the  graduates.  On  October  17,  1890.  the  Trustees'  adopted 
a  recommendation  made  by  the  Faculty  to  the  effect  that  '"hereafter  no 
diplomas  be  distributed  at  the  Commencements  of  the  College,  but  that  they 
shall  be  distributed  as  soon  as  convenient  thereafter,  under  the  authority  and 
direction  of  the  President." 

The  way  being"  now  well  prepared,  the  first  formal  o\ertures  looking 
to  the  establishment  of  a  more  intimate  relationship  between  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  Columbia  College  came  from  Hon.  Seth  Low, 
President  of  the  latter  named  institution.  That  he  was  heartily  in  sympathy 
with  the  movement  is  evidenced  from  the  spirit  of  gratification  which  he 
manifested  in  his  report  for  the  year  1890  to  the  Regents  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  New  York.  Referring  to  the  auspicious  event  previously 
narrated  in  these  pages,  he  wrote:  "One  of  the  most  interesting  incidents 
of  the  year  just  closed  was  the  fact  that  for  the  first  time  the  commencement 
exercises  included  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  as  the  Medical 
Department  of  Columbia,  as  well  as  the  other  departments  of  the  University. 
This  incident  of  the  joint  commencement,  resulting  as  it  did  from  approaches 
on  the  part  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  may  well  suggest 
an  inquiry  as  to  whether  the  time  has  not  come  for  a  more  vital  connection 
between  the  two  institutions." 

President  Low,  on  October  20th,  1890,  addressed  to  Dr.  James  W.  Mc- 
Lane, President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  a  letter  in 
which  he  conveyed  the  information  that,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of 
Columbia  College,  a  committee  consisting  of  the  chairman  of  the  Board, 
Hon.  Hamilton  Fish;  the  chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee,  Mr.  William 
C.  Schermerhorn.  and  himself  (President  Low),  had  been  appointed  to  take 
into  consideration  the  question  of  a  closer  union  betv/een  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  Columbia  College,  with  power  to  ask  for  a 
conference.  At  the  request  of  his  associates.  President  Low  was  author- 
ized to  act  as  chairman  of  the  committee,  and  in  that  capacity  he  addressed 
President  McLane,  expressing  a  belief  that  a  basis  could  be  found  for  such 
a  true  union  between  the  two  institutions  as  would  result  in  substantial 
advantage  to  both.  President  Low  continued :  "Encouraged  by  an  in- 
formal conversation  to  believe  that  you  share  this  opinion,  I  have  the  pleas- 
ure to  ask  that  you  will  lay  the  matter  before  your  Trustees,  in  the  hope 


230  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

that  they  will  take  such  action  as  will  enable  us  to  consider  together  the  de- 
tails of  an  agreement  to  be  submitted  to  the  Trustees  of  the  two  institutions 
for  their  approval."  The  communication  was  received  with  favor,  and  a 
committee  of  consultation  was  appointed,  of  which  President  McLane  was 
made  chairman,  with  authorization  to  select  the  two  other  members,  where- 
upon he  named  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Choate  and  Dr.  George  G.  Wheelock,  the 
Registrar. 

After  various  conferences  between  the  representatives  of  the  two  bodies 
— Columbia  College  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons — the  fol- 
lowing provisional  agreement  looking  to  union  was  entered  into,  and  was 
certified  by  George  G.  Wheelock,  M.  D.,  Registrar  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  and  by  John  B.  Pine,  Esq.,  Clerk  of  the  Trustees  of 
Columbia  College,  on  February  4,  189 1  :  By  the  terms  of  this  instrument 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  agreed  to  convey  to  Columbia  College 
all  its  property,  real  and  personal,  and  Columbia  College  was  to  maintain  the 
property  for  the  uses  and  purposes  connected  with  medical  education.  There 
were  explicit  stipulations  for  safeguarding  the  medical  school  in  its  integrity, 
and  its  instructors  in  all  their  necessary  rights  and  privileges. 

Legislative  action  being  indispensable  to  the  consummation  of  these 
plans  for  union,  application  was  made  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  which,  on  March  24,  1891,  enacted  a  brief  but  comprehensive  law 
authorizing  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with  the 
trustees  of  Columbia  College. 

Under  the  authority  of  this  law,  which  became  operative  on  May  i  of 
the  same  year,  the  two  colleges  ratified  their  previous  provisional  agreement, 
with  an  additional  stipulation  providing  "that  the  persons  who  under  the 
said  agreement  and  under  the  statutes  of  Columbia  College  shall  be  the 
Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College,  shall  be  the  Managing  Board,  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  as  such  shall  have  power  and  au- 
thority to  elect  from  their  number  a  President,  who  shall  be  President  of  the 
Managing  Board  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  But  such 
Managing  Board  and  the  President  thereof  shall  only  have  such  duties, 
powers  and  authority  as  shall  be  expressly  conferred  by  the  Trustees  of  Co- 
lumbia College;  provided,  however,  that  such  President  and  his  successors 
shall  and  may  fill  all  the  offices  and  execute  all  the  trusts  and  duties  which 
may  heretofore  have  been  conferred  upon  the  President  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  or  of  its  Managing  Board,  by  virtue  of  his  office 
as  such  President." 

The  instrument  above  mentioned  was  executed  on  June  5,    1891,  and 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.         231 
>> 

was  attested  by  the  signatures  of  the  same  officers  of  the  respective  institu- 
tions who  had  subscribed  their  names  to  the  pro\isional  agreement  upon 
which  it  was  based.  This  happy  consummation  of  long  cherished  plans  was 
referred  to  as  follows  by  Hon.  Seth  Low,  President  of  Columbia  College,  in 
his  report  to  the  Trustees,  made  October  5,  1891  : 

The  most  notable  achievement  of  the  year  is  the  fortunate  consolida- 
tion with  Columbia  College  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
Since  i860  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  has  been,  by  joint  reso- 
lution of  the  two  boards  of  trustees,  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia 
College,  but  the  relation  has  been  purely  nominal.  The  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  had  its  own  board  of  trustees  and  has  relied  upon  its 
own  resources.  The  trustees  of  Columbia  have  not  had,  nor  has  the  Presi- 
dent of  Columbia  had,  saving  the  obligation  of  signing  the  medical  diplomas, 
either  duty  or  authority  as  towards  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
That  College  has  been  a  proprietary  medical  school,  in  effect  conducted  by  its 
Faculty  and  sustained  by  the  fees  received  from  its  students.  It  is  greatly 
to  the  credit  of  the  Faculty  that  they  have  constantly  raised  the  requirements 
of  the  school  until  the  school  stands  to-day  certainly  among  the  best  in  the 
country,  although  every  advance  in  the  requirements  has  involved  a  lessened 
return  in  money  to  the  members  of  the  Faculty. 

By  an  agreement  unanimously  entered  into  by  the  two  boards  of  trus- 
tees in  February  of  the  present  year,  legislative  authority  was  sought  for  an 
actual  union  of  the  two  institutions.  The  act  authorizing  this  union  became 
a  law  by  the  governor's  signature  on  March  24,  1891,  and  is  known  as  Chap- 
ter loi  of  the  Laws  of  1891.  For  the  first  time,  therefore,  since  1814,  Co- 
lumbia has  a  medical  faculty  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name.  Historically  this  is 
as  interesting  as  in  result  it  is  important.  The  first  medical  faculty  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  the  second  in  the  United  States,  was  established  by 
Columbia,  then  King's  College,  in  1767.  In  1807  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Stu'geons  was  founded  as  an  independent  medical  school.  The  last  de- 
gree in  medicine  granted  by  Columbia,  in  course,  through  its  own  Faculty, 
was  granted  to  Robert  Morrell,  in  18 10.  In  18 14  the  medical  faculty  of 
Columbia  was  allowed  to  resign  in  order  to  become  the  Faculty  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  The  union  thus  begun  through  division 
in  18 14  has  become  permanent  through  consolidation  in  1891.  By  the  terms 
of  agreement  the  separate  charter  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
is  surrendered,  and  the  College  itself,  retaining  its  honorable  and  valued 
name,  becomes  an  integral  part  of  the  university  system  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, coming  under  the  control  of  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College,  and  be- 
coming, in  consequence,  a  sharer  in  the  endowments  of  Columbia.  The 
right  of  nomination  is  guaranteed  to  the  medical  faculty,  and  the  right  to 
refuse  instruction  to  women  unless  the  Faculty  consent.  There  are  no  other 
limitations  upon  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College.  By  this  union  the  estate 
of  Columbia  College  has  been  increased  as  follows : 


232  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

4 

Thirty  lots  of  land,  free  and  clear,  value   $450,000 

College  buildings,   laboratories  and   furniture    384,000 

Vanderbilt  Clinic    200,000 

Sloane   Maternity    Hospital    225,000 

Sloane    Maternity   Hospital    Endowment    250,000 

Harsen  Fund,   in   round  figures    29,000 

Swift   Museum   Fund    10,000 

Stevens    Fund    '. 850 

McClelland  Fund,   in  round  figures    19,000 

General  Fund,   in  round  figures    85,000 


$1,652,850 

The  buildings  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  and  of  the  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital  are  on  the  land  thus  made  over  to  Columbia.  The  Clinic  also  has  a 
special  endowment  fund  of  $100,000,  which  is  in  the  hands  of  special  trustees, 
which  bodies  include,  in  each  case,  representatives  of  their  donors  and  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  By  this  arrangement  the  Univer- 
sity has  the  full  use  of  these  institutions  for  purposes  of  instruction,  without 
either  the  care  or  the  expense  of  conducting  them. 

The  buildings  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  of  the  Van- 
derbilt Clinic  and  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  were  all  of  them  the 
gift  of  different  members  of  the  Vanderbilt  family.  The  late  William  H. 
Vanderbilt  gave  the  land  and  the  greater  part  of  the  cost  of  the  College 
buildings.  Two  of  his  sons,  William  K.  and  Fred  W.  Vanderbilt,  united  with 
their  brothers  to  give  the  Clinic  and  its  endowment.  His  son-in-law,  Mr. 
William  D.  Sloane,  gave  the  Maternity,  and  Mrs.  Sloane  endowed  all  the 
beds  in  perpetuity.  It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that,  without  the  consent  of 
the  surviving  donors  and  of  the  representatives  of  the  late  William  H.  Van- 
derbilt, the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with  Columbia 
College,  so  happily  consummated,  could  not  have  been  carried  out.  Under 
these  circumstances  the  consent  so  given  amounts  in  reality  to  a  gift  on 
their  part  to  Columbia  College,  assuring  Columbia  of  their  good  will,  and 
pointing  out  to  the  community  the  way  to  the  development  in  New  York  of 
a  University  which  shall  be  worthy  of  the  great  city.  The  development  of 
such  a  University  calls  for  a  wise  concentration  of  efforts  and  for  the  co- 
operation of  all  who  can  aid  towards  it.  Columbia,  already  ranking,  by  its 
age  and  honorable  history  and  by  its  endowments,  among  the  great  Univer- 
sities of  the  country,  may  certainly  be  made  to  take  the  pre-eminence  char- 
acteristic of  the  city,  if  the  community  as  a  whole  will  take  a  pride  in  con- 
tributing to  its  growth.  I  take  this  opportunity  of  expressing  my  high  ap- 
preciation of  this  generous  consent  on  the  part  of  the  benefactors  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  which  has  added  so  much  to  the  strength 
of  Columbia,  and  I  felicitate  those  who  have  given  it  that  their  hitherto  lib- 
eral giving  is  made  instantly  more  effective  by  its  association  with  the  his- 
toric foundation  of  Columbia  College.  Already  the  medical  school  has  been 
importantly  strengthened  in  those  directions  which  make  for  more  thorough 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.         233 

teaching,  and  in  the  laboratories  which  are  to  conduct  original  research, 
while  the  multiplied  opportunities  of  a  great  Universitjr  are  thrown  open  at 
once  to  the  students  of  medicine.  The  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  view  of  this  union,  have  determined  to  provide 
annually  for  three  fellowships  in  the  medical  department,  which  the  trustees 
of  Columbia  College,  at  their  request,  have  established  from  and  after  July 
I,  1892.  These  fellowships  are  open  to  graduates  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  who  have  shown  special  aptitude  for  scientific  research 
in  the  departments  of  anatomy,  physiology  and  pathology.  They  are  to  be 
held  for  two  years,  and  have  an  annual  value  of  $500  each.  The  appoint- 
ments to  these  fellowships  are  to  be  made  by  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  from  candi- 
dates who  may  be  presented  to  them  by  the  Professor  of  Anatomy,  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology  and  the  Director  of  the  Pathological  Laboratory. 

In  this  general  connection,  as  illustrating  anew  the  advantages  to  the 
medical  students  of  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
with  Columbia,  and  also  as  illustrating  the  great  return  to  be  secured,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  gift,  by  gifts  that  add  to  Columbia's  resources,  it  is  proper  to 
call  attention  to  the  use  which  has  been  made  of  the  DaCosta  bequest  of 
$100,000,  paid  into  the  treasury  in  May  last.  By  the  unanimous  vote  of 
the  trustees  the  generous  legacy  of  the  late  Charles  M.  DaCosta  has  been 
used  to  lay  the  foundations  of  an  entirely  new  department  in  the  University, 
a  department  of  biology.  Besides  the  opportunities  for  advanced  University 
work  which  this  department  will  offer,  it  forms  the  connecting  link  between 
the  work  of  the  medical  school  and  the  other  work  of  the  University.  To 
accomplish  this  object,  the  sum  of  $20,000  has  been  set  aside  from  the  Da- 
Costa bequest  for  the  erection  of  a  laboratory  to  be  known  as  the  DaCosta 
Laboratory  of  Biology,  leaving  $80,000  for  the  endowment  of  the  chair  of 
the  head  of  the  department,  who  will  be  known  as  the  DaCosta  Professor  of 
Biology.  This  laboratory  is  to  be  built  on  the  ground  coming  to  Columbia 
through  the  union  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  the 
building  to  be  erected  is  to  be  made  to  cover  still  other  uses,  even  more  di- 
rectly serviceable  to  the  medical  department,  by  the  addition  to  the  building 
fund  of  the  McClelland  bequest  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
amounting  to  something  more  than  $ig,ooo.  The  trustees  of  Columbia, 
out  of  their  general  endowment,  provide  the  remaining  equipment  of  the  de- 
partment of  biology,  which,  in  its  personnel,  is  to  consist,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, of  a  professor  and  an  instructor  on  the  side  of  vertebrate  Zoology, 
and  of  an  adjunct  professor  and  a  tutor  on  the  invertebrate  side.  Dr.  Prud- 
den,  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  Dr.  Julien,  in  the  School 
of  Mines,  are  already  doing  much  and  are  likely  to  do  more  in  the  study  of 
bacteriology,  and  Dr.  Britton.  with  the  unique  herbarium  of  the  late  Dr. 
Torrey  at  his  command,  is  rapidly  developing  the  department  of  botany.  Dr. 
Newberry's  researches  in  paleontology,  especially  in  fossil  fishes,  have  long 
been  the  pride  of  the  University. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  outline  that,  when  the  new  depart- 
ment of  biology  goes  into  operation,  in  October,  1892,  Columbia  will  be  at 


234  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

work  in  the  whole  wide  field  of  biological  research.  For  such  work  as  is 
contemplated  in  the  new  department  of  biology,  there  is  at  the  present  time 
no  opportunity  open  in  the  City  of  New  York.  For  such  study,  when  taken 
in  connection  with  related  subjects  on  either  hand,  there  will  be  no  better 
opportunity  available  in  the  country.  In  the  meanwhile,  this  is  clear :  Mr. 
DaCosta's  bequest  of  $100,000  has  enabled  Columbia  to  accomplish,  in  con- 
nection with  her  other  resources,  a  notable  result,  which,  without  this  be- 
quest, she  could  not  have  been  likely  to  undertake  at  the  present  time.  It  is 
pleasant  to  be  able  to  state  that  Mr.  DaCosta's  brother.  Dr.  J.  M.  DaCosta, 
of  Philadelphia,  has  shown  his  interest  in  the  department  of  biology,  and 
his  sympathy  with  the  use  to  which  his  brother's  bequest  has  been  put,  by 
giving  to  the  department  a  number  of  valuable  books,  and  some  slides  pre- 
pared by  the  celebrated  Professor  Hyrtl,  of  Vienna. 

The  final  official  act  was,  however,  to  be  somewhat  longer  deferred, 
notwithstanding  the  actual  union  of  the  two  time-honored  institutions  had 
been  already  accomplished.  The  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Phy 
sicians  and  Surgeons  held  its  final  meeting  on  November  3d,  1891.  At  this 
time  was  received  from  Mr.  John  B.  Pine,  clerk  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
Columbia  College,  a  notification  of  the  confirmation  by  that  body  of  the 
agreements  for  union,  accompanied  by  the  document  referred  to,  fully  exe- 
cuted, and  attested  by  the  signature  of  the  clerk  and  bearing  the  corporate 
seal  of  the  Columbia  College.  The  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  on  their  part,  authorized  the  Registrar,  Dr.  George  G.  W'heel- 
ock,  to  complete  the  transaction  by  the  execution  and  delivery  of  the  agree- 
ment of  union,  attested  by  his  signature  and  by  the  seal  of  the  College. 

Subsequently,  it  became  apparent  that  legislative  sanction  was  neces- 
sary to  give  legal  effect  to  certain  provisions  contained  in  the  supplemental 
agreement  made  between  the  united  institutions,  as  quoted  in  a  previous  par- 
agraph of  this  chapter.  Application  was  accordinglv  made  to  the  State 
Legislature,  which  (in  1894)  provided  the  necessary  safeguard  by  passing 
"An  Act  to  ratify  the  union,"  and  "to  define  certain  rights,  duties  and  powers 
of  the  Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College." 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  agreement  between  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  and  Columbia  College,  the  former  named  institution 
had  surrendered  its  charter,  and  had  become  an  integral  part  of  the  Univer- 
sity organization.  The  venerable  old  medical  school  maintained  a  perfect 
autonomy  and  retained  its  original  designation  as  given  it  by  its  original 
charter  granted  in  1807,  and  which  it  had  borne  through  all  the  years  of  its 
little  more  than  nominal  connection  with  Columbia  College.  It  transferred 
to  the  Trustees  of  the  University  its  various  properties  amounting  in  value 
to  $1,652,580.     It  also  afforded  to  the  University  a  certain  increased  pres- 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA. 


•^ii 


tige  through  its  own  ancient  and  honorable  history  and  its  finely  organized 
Faculty,  and  found  immediate  recognition  as  a  highly  important  part  of  the 
University  organization.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Medical  College  also  gained 
in  importance  through  its  association  with  the  University  body,  while  its 
students  gained  the  larger  instructional  advantages  afforded  by  various 
schools  under  the  University  management  in  sciences  allied  to  that  of  med- 
icine. 

To  this  point  Columbia  had  been  variously  mentioned  as  a  College  and 
a  University.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  original  official  designation  of  Co- 
lumbia College  has  remained  unchanged  to  the  present  time.  In  1890,  as 
may  be  seen,  a  University  Council  was  established  as  an  advisory  body.  It 
was  not,  however,  until  in  February,  1896,  that  the  title  of  University  was 
adopted  by  a  resolution  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  reciting  that  "in  all  offi- 
cial publications  hereafter  issued  by  or  under  the  authority  of  the  trustees, 
all  the  departments  of  instruction  and  research  maintained  and  managed  by 
this  corporation  may,  for  convenience,  be  designated  collectively  as  Colum- 
bia University  in  the  City  of  New  York,  or  the  University." 

In  1892,  the  year  following  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  with  Columbia  University,  the  Trustees  of  the  latter  named  insti- 
tution adopted  a  series  of  statutes  which  need  only  be  here  mentioned  in  so 
far  as  they  relate  to  the  medical  school. 

To  the  President  of  the  University  was  given  power,  when  the  statu- 
tory requirements  were  satisfactorily  fulfilled,  to  confer  medical  as  well  as 
all  other  degrees. 

The  various  schools  included  in  the  University  establishment,  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  among  them,  were  to  be  represented  in  the 
University  Council  by  the  Dean  of  each  Faculty  and  by  a  representative  to 
be  chosen  by  and  from  each  such  Faculty.  Such  Council  was  charged, 
among  other  things,  with  the  duty  of  securing  the  correlation  of  courses 
offered  by  the  several  University  Faculties,  with  a  view  to  increasing  the 
efficiency  and  enlarging  the  range  of  University  work;  to  make  such  recom- 
mendations to  the  trustees  and  to  the  several  faculties  concerning  the  educa- 
tional administration  of  the  University  as  may  seem  to  it  proper,  and  to  pre- 
scribe the  form  for  commencement  exercises. 

To  each  Faculty  was  preserved  the  following  powers :  To  fix  the  re- 
quirements of  admission,  the  course  of  study,  and  the  conditions  of  gradua- 
tion; to  establish  rules  for  ascertaining  the  proficiency  of  students,  and  for 
the  assignment  of  honors;  to  establish  the  rules  of  conduct  to  be  observed 
bv  the  students ;  to  fix  the  times  of  examinations  other  than  the  entrance  and 
final  examinations ;  to  prepare  and  publish  from  time  to  time  a  statement  of 


236  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  course  of  study,  specifying  the  studies  to  be  pursued  in  each  year,  and 
in  each  of  the  departments  of  instruction,  and  to  make  all  such  regulations  of 
their  own  proceedings,  and  for  the  better  government  of  the  College  and 
their  respective  Schools,  as  shall  not  contravene  the  Charter  of  the  corpora- 
tion, the  Statutes,  or  any  resolution  of  the  Trustees  or  Council. 

By  specific  enactment,  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  was  made  to  consist  of  the  President  and  of  the  occupants  of  the 
eight  chairs  of  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Chemistry,  Pathology,  Materia  JMed- 
ica  and  Therapeutics,  Practice  of  Medicine,  Surgery,  and  Obstetrics,  and 
these  officers  of  instruction  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Uni- 
versity after  nomination  by  the  Faculty. 

The  Faculty  was  to  elect  from  among  its  own  members  a  Dean,  who 
should  hold  office  for  a  term  of  five  years,  and  who  should  be  eligible  for  re- 
election, but  should  receive  no  additional  compensation  for  his  services  in 
such  office.  The  Dean  is  the  executive  officer  of  the  Faculty,  and  it  is  his 
duty  to  report  to  the  President  annually,  and  as  occasion  shall  require,  the 
conditions  and  needs  of  the  departments  included  in  such  Faculty.  It  is  also 
his  duty  to  enforce  its  rules  and  regulations  and  those  of  the  Trustees  and 
Council  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  Faculty  represented  by  him.  The  Dean 
is  also  a  delegate  to  the  University  Council,  ex  officio.  Under  the  plan  of 
college  union,  the  office  of  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons was  abrogated.  Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  who  was  then  serving,  was 
at  once  elected  Dean,  and  has  occupied  that  position  to  the  present  time. 

Under  the  provisions  of  one  of  the  University  Statutes,  the  graduating 
exercises  were  to  be  held  by  all  the  assembled  schools,  under  the  direction  of 
the  University  Council,  on  such  day  as  that  body  may  appoint.  Commence- 
ment week  begins  on  the  Sunday  preceding  Commencement  day,  with  re- 
ligious services  in  which  the  officers  and  students  of  all  the  various  schools 
are  desired  to  participate,  but  their  attendance  is  not  compulsory.  Such 
services  are  to  consist  of  the  reading  of  the  morning  or  evening  service,  as 
set  forth  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
and  the  delivery  of  a  baccalaureate  sermon  by  a  clergyman  to  be  selected  by 
the  Trustees  of  the  University. 

The  students  are  privileged  to  wear  the  following  described  academic 
costume,  upon  all  appropriate  occasions,  as  indicating  the  several  degrees 
and  the  Faculties  to  which  they  pertain : 

Gowns. — i.  Pattern. — Those  commonly  worn,  with  pointed  sleeves  for 
the  Bachelor's  degree,  with  long  closed  sleeves  for  the  Master's 
degree,  and  with  round  open  sleeves  for  the  Doctor's  Degree.  2. 
Material. — Worsted  stuff  for  the  Bachelor's   degree:   silk   for  the  Master's 


PRESIDENT  MCLANE  AND  UNION  WITH  COLUMBIA.  237 

and  Doctor's  degrees.  3.  Color. — Black.  4.  Trimmings. — For  the  Bach- 
elor's and  Master's  degrees  the  gowns  are  to  be  untrimmed.  For  the  Doctor's 
degree  the  gown  is  to  be  faced  down  the  front  with  black  velvet,  with  bars 
of  the  same  across  the  sleeves ;  or  the  facings  and  crossbars  may  be  of  velvet 
of  the  same  color  as  the  binding  or  edges  of  the  hood,  being  distinctive  of 
the  Faculty  to  which  the  degree  pertains. 

Hoods. —  i.  Pattern. — The  pattern  usually  followed  by  colleges  and 
universities  save  as  modified  below.  2.  Material. — The  same  as  that  of  the 
gown.  3.  Color. — Black.  4.  Length. — The  length  and  form  of  the  hood 
will  indicate  the  degree,  as  follows :  For  the  Bachelor's  degree,  the  length 
shall  be  three-fourths  that  of  the  Master's  degree.  The  Master's  degree 
shall  be  of  the  customary  length,  not  exceeding  four  feet;  and  the  Doctor's 
degree  shall  be  of  the  same  length  but  have  panels  at  the  sides.  5.  Linings. 
— The  hoods  shall  be  lined  with  the  official  colors  of  the  University ;  light 
blue  and  white.  6.  Trimmings. — The  binding  or  edging, 'not  more  than 
six  inches  in  width,  to  be  of  silk,  satin  or  velvet,  the  color  to  be  distinctive 
of  the  Faculty  to  which  the  degree  pertains,  thus :  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Let- 
ters, white.  Faculty  of  Theology,  scarlet.  Faculty  of  Law,  purple.  Fac- 
ulty of  Medicine,  green.  Faculty  of  Philosophy,  dark  blue.  Faculty  of  Sci- 
ence, yellow.     Faculty  of  Fine  Arts,  brown.     Faculty  of  Music,  pink. 

Caps. — The  caps  shall  be  of  the  material  and  form  generally  called 
mortar-board  caps.  The  color  shall  be  black.  The  Doctor's  cap  may  be  of 
velvet.  Each  cap  shall  be  ornamented  with  a  long  tassel  attached  to  the 
middle  point  at  the  top.  The  tassel  of  the  Doctor's  cap  may  be,  in  whole  or 
in  part,  of  gold  thread. 

Members  of  the  governing  body  are  entitled,  during  their  terms  of 
office,  to  wear  the  gown  of  highest  dignity — that  of  the  Doctor's  degree — 
together  with  the  hood  appropriate  to  the  degree  which  they  may  have  sev- 
erally received.  Members  of  the  Faculties,  and  any  persons  officially  con- 
nected with  the  University  who  have  been  recipients  of  academic  honors 
from  other  universities  or  colleges  in  good  standing,  may  assume  the  aca- 
demic costume  corresponding  to  their  degree,  as  described  in  the  foregoing 
section,  provided,  that  such  right  shall  terminate  if  such  persons  shall  cease 
to  be  connected  with  the  LTniversity.  The  President  and  Deans  of  Faculties 
may  adopt  distinctive  badges,  not  inconsistent  with  the  costume  hereinbe- 
fore described. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

PROGRESS    OF    THE    COLLEGE    SINCE    THE    UNION    WITH    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY. 

Having  followed  the  various  steps  which  led  up  to  the  real  union  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with  Columbia  Universit}-,  return  is 
now  made  to  the  narrative  proper  of  the  institution  with  which  is  the  principal 
concern  of  its  alumni. 

In  189 1  the  Anatomical  and  Philosophical  Departments  were  given  a 
larger  importance  through  provisions  made  for  more  ample  instructional  ad- 
vantages. The  Faculty  of  the  College  had  presented  to  the  Board  of  Trustees 
a  Memorial,  in  which  were  made  the  following  recommendations : 

That  after  July  ist,  1891,  there  be  created  the  office  of  Demonstrator 
of  Physiology  in  the  Medical  Department,  and  that  the  duties  of  said  Dem- 
onstrator, until  otherwise  ordered  by  the  Trustees,  be  as  follows : 

1.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Professor  of  Physiology  to  prepare  and 
assist  in  performing  the  experiments  shown  at  the  lectures  upon  that  subject. 

2.  To  prepare  and  perform  such  other  experiments  as  the  Professor 
shall  direct  for  the  instruction  of  the  students. 

3.  To  give  such  assistance  as  the  Professor  shall  direct  in  the  practi- 
cal work  of  the  Physiological  Laboratory. 

4.  To  carry  on  such  original  researches  as  the  Professor  shall  approve. 

5.  To  devote  his  entire  working  time  to  the  stud}^  teaching  and  ad- 
vancing of  Physiology  at  Columbia  College. 

That  after  July  ist,  1891,  there  be  created  the  office  of  Demonstrator 
in  Chemistry  in  the  Medical  Department. 

That  after  July  ist,  1891,  there  be  created  the  offices  of  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy,  and  of  six  Assistant  Demonstrators  of  Anatomy  in  the  Medi- 
cal Department. 

These  recommendations  were  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and 
that  body  at  once  elected  the  candidates  presented  by  the  Faculty.  These 
were  as  folloAvs :  Frederic  Schiller  Lee,  Ph.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Physiology, 
for  the  term  of  three  years ;  Joseph  Albert  Deghuee,  Demonstrator  of  Chem- 
istry, for  the  term  of  one  year;  and  the  following  Assistant  Demonstrators 
of  Anatomy,  each  for  the  term  of  one  year:  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr.,  class 
of  1887;  Dr.  Lucius  W.  Hotchkiss,  class  of  1884;  Dr.  Franklin  Dexter, 
class  of  1887;  Dr.  Frederick  J.  Brockway,  class  of  1887;  Dr.  Joseph  A. 
Blake,  class  of  1888;  and  Dr.  Robert  A.  Sands,  class  of  1888. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  239 

With  the  changes  hereinbefore  noted,  the  Medical  Facuhy  for  the  year 
1891-92  was  as  foHows : 

James  VV.  McLane,  M.  D.,  Dean  of  the  Facnity,  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics. 

Thomas  M.  Alarkoe,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Surgery. 

William  Detmold,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  and  Military 
Surgery. 

T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Gyn- 
ecology. 

John  T.  Metcalfe,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Charles  F.  Chandler,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Medical  Juris- 
prudence. 

Edward  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics. 

Francis  Delafield,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Practical  Med- 
icine. 

John  G.  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 

George  M.  Tuttle,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology,  Secretary  of  the 
Faculty. 

George  L.  Peabody,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics. 

William  T.  Bull,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Charles  McBurney,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Edward  L.  Partridge,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

M.  Allen  Starr,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous 
System. 

George  S.  Huntington,  M.  D..  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Other  officers : 

William  H.  Draper,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children. 

Fessenden  N.  Otis,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Dis- 
eases. 

George  M.  Lefferts,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Laryngoscopy  and 
Diseases  of  the  Throat. 

George  H.  Fox,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Skin. 

T.  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.,  Director  of  the  Laboratories  of  Histology, 
Pathology  and  Bacteriology'. 

Robert  F.  Weir,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Albert  H.  Buck,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Ear. 

Herman  Knapp,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology. 

Robert  W.  Taylor,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Venereal  Diseases. 

Frank  Hartley,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Operative  Surgery  and  Clinical 
Lecturer  upon  Surgery. 

J.  West  Roosevelt,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Medicine. 

Francis  H.  Markoe,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Surgery. 

Charles  E.  Pellew,  E.  M.,  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  and  Physics. 


240  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Bern  B.  Gallaudet  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Lec- 
turer upon  Surgery. 

George  C.  Freeborn,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Normal  Histology. 

Ira  T.  Van  Gieson,  M.  D.,  First  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology. 

Eugene  Hodenpyl,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Pathology. 

Timothy  M.  Cheesman,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Bacteriology. 

John  S.  Ely,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Pathology,  and  Assistant  Curator  of 
the  Museum. 

Walter  B.  James,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Medicine. 

John  B.  Lynch,  M.  D.,  Second  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology. 

Ervin  A.  Tucker,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Practical  Obstetrics. 

Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Lucius  W.  Hotchkiss,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Frederic  S.  Lee,  Ph.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Physiology. 

Franklin  Dexter,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Frederick  J.  Brockway,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Joseph  A.  Blake,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Robert  A.  Sands,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Joseph  A.  Deghuee,  Ph.  B.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  and 
Physics. 

The  eighty-fourth  Commencement  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  was  the  last  held  under  its  charter,  and  prior  to  its  union  with  Co- 
lumbia University — in  every  sense  a  union  which  had  been  accomplished 
save  with  respect  to  the  necessary  legal  formalities. 

The  Commencement  exercises  were  held  in  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  in 
conjunction  with  the  various  departments  of  Columbia  College,  on  the  even- 
ing of  June  loth,  189 1.  Hon.  Seth  Low,  President  of  Columbia  College, 
presided  and  delivered  an  address  to  the  various  graduating  classes,  and 
conferred  the  medical  degree  upon  a  class  of  one  hundred  and  nineteen  can- 
didates. The  Hippocratic  Oath  was  administered  by  Dr.  James  W.  McLane, 
who  on  this  occasion  made  his  last  appearance  in  the  capacity  of  President  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

A  number  of  important  Faculty  changes  were  made  in  1892.  Dr. 
Charles  McBurney  resigned  the  Professorship  of  Surgery  and  was  at  once 
appointed  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery.  This  change  was  made  necessary 
through  the  exactions  of  his  personal  practice,  and  the  great  pressure  of  his 
new  duties  as  director  of  the  Syms  Operating  Theatre  of  the  Roosevelt  Hos- 
pital, then  just  completed.  Dr.  Robert  F.  Weir  was  transferred  from  the 
position  of  Clinical  Professor  to  the  chair  of  Surgery,  and  Dr.  Herman 
Knapp  was,  at  his  own  request,  relieved  from  his  didactic  lectures  on  Oph- 
thalmology in  the  College,  and  was  permitted  to  give  clinical  instruction  in 
the  Vanderbilt   Clinic.     At  the  same  time,  the  designation  of  the  chair  of 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  241 

Pathology  and  Practical  Medicine  was  changed  to  that  of  Practice  of  Med- 
icine. There  was  also  created  the  new  chair  of  Pathology,  to  which  was 
appointed  Dr.  T.  Mitchell  Prudden,  Director  of  the  Laboratories  of  Histol- 
ogy, Pathology  and  Bacteriology,  with  the  title  of  Professor  of  Pathology, 
with  the  stipulation  that  his  duties  were  to  be  unchanged  in  consequence  of 
his  change  of  title.  The  scope  of  the  curriculum  was  enlarged  and  the  exac- 
tions were  to  match. 

During  the  year  ending  June  30,  1892,  there  were  five  hundred  and 
seventy  students  enrolled  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  an  in- 
crease of  thirty-six  over  the  previous  year.  The  high  grade  of  preliminary 
scholarship  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  of  this  number  two  hundred  and 
thirty-nine,  or  more  than  one-half,  came  bearing  college  degrees,  viz. : 
Bachelor  of  Arts,  131;  Bachelor  of  Science,  36;  Doctor  of  Medicine,  20; 
Bachelor  of  Philosophy,  20;  Master  of  Arts,  6;  Master  of  Arts  and  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  3 ;  Bachelor  of  Philosophy  and  Doctor  of  Medicine,  2 ;  Mining 
Engineer,  2 ;  Bachelor  of  Science  and  Master  of  Arts,  i ;  Civil  Engineer  and 
Mining  Engineer,  i  ;  Bachelor  of  Laws,  i  ;  Bachelor  of  Arts  and  Bachelor 
of  Philosophy,  4;  Graduate  in  Pharmacy,  11,  and  Bachelor  of  Dentistry, 
I.     The  graduating  class  numbered  one  hundred  and  sixteen  members. 

Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, made  an  exhaustive  report  covering  every  department  of  the  in- 
structional and  clinical  work.  The  instruction  in  Anatomy  was  given  by 
lectures,  of  which  three  were  delivered  each  week  by  the  Professor,  or  by 
blackboard  demonstrations  and  section  teaching  as  well  as  by  systematic 
work  in  the  dissecting  room,  rendered  possible  by  well  preserved  cadavers. 
The  entire  course  was  made  to  extend  over  two  years  and  to  cover  the 
ground  not  included  in  the  anatomical  demonstrations  to  sections.  The 
demonstration  and  teaching  introduced  by  Professor  Huntington  in  1889 
continued  to  be  an  attractive  feature  and  was  more  than  popular  with  the 
eager  crowd  upon  the  benches.  Even  at  this  early  date  other  provisions  for 
the  future  were  discussed  in  the  face  of  the  growing  demand  for  still  more 
available  facilities. 

The  work  of  the  class  in  Practical  Anatomy  was  characterized  as  re- 
markably thorough,  due  in  large  degree  to  the  increase  in  the  number  of 
demonstrators,  and  for  this  result  Dr.  McLane  ascribed  the  credit  to  the 
union  with  Columbia  College.  Before  that  time  the  practical  instruction  in 
Anatomy  was  given  by  the  Demonstrator  and  two  assistants,  but  under  this 
the  new  regime  the  number  of  assistants  had  been  increased  to  six.  The 
dissecting  room,  antiseptically  clean,  was  kept  open  the  entire  day  and  even- 
ing,   while   the   arrangements   for   procuring   anatomical   and   embryological 


242  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

material  never  disappointed.     The  students  worked  in  unison  and  in  groups. 

In  the  Department  of  Physiology  the  enlargement  of  the  instructional 
staff  was  productive  of  the  best  results,  making  possible  the  enrichment  of 
lecture  room  teaching  by  means  of  new  demonstrations.  In  work  of  re- 
search, valuable  fields  were  opened  for  the  study  of  physiological  methods 
or  problems  connected  with  clinical  medicine. 

Instruction  in  Practical  Normal  Histology  was  given  by  Dr.  George  C. 
Freeborn,  with  Dr.  Ira  Thompson  Van  Gieson  and  Dr.  John  B.  Lynch  as 
assistants,  to  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  students  four  times  each  week,  in 
two  hour  sessions,  the  class  working  in  two  sections,  each  occupying  about 
one-half  of  the  school  year. 

In  Bacteriology,  instruction  was  given  by  Dr.  Timothy  AI.  Cheesman, 
who  had  immediate  charge  of  the  laboratory,  while  Dr.  Alexander  Lambert, 
the  incumbent  of  the  Alumni  Association  Fellowship  in  Pathology,  taught 
in  a  new  department  concerning  the  chemical  products  of  bacterial  life. 

Practical  instruction  in  Pathology  was  given  b}'  Dr.  T.  Mitchell  Prud- 
den,  the  Director  of  the  Department,  assisted  by  Dr.  Eugene  Hodenpyl  and 
Dr.  John  S.  Ely.  Their  classes  numbered  one  hundred  and  thirt3'-nine  gradu- 
ates and  other  students,  and,  in  all,  three  hundred  and  thirty-seven  students  re- 
ceived instruction  in  the  entire  department  of  Pathology.  During  the  scholastic 
year,  a  large  amount  of  special  research  work  was  accomplished  by  the  in- 
structors and  advanced  students,  and  the  results  \vere  placed  in  preservable 
form  in  papers  on  the  following  subjects :  "The  Etiology  of  Typhus  Fever," 
by  Dr.  Timothy  ]\I.  Cheesman  and  Dr.  John  Winters  Brannan;  "New  Material 
for  Histological  Models,"  Dr.  George  C.  Freeborn;  "Traumatic  Myelitis; 
Lesions  Induced  by  -Strong  Electrical  Currents;  A  study  of  Artefacts  of  the 
Nervous  System,"  Dr.  Ira  T.  Van  Gieson;  "The  Effects  of  Certain  Mechan- 
ical Influences  on  Bacteria,"  Dr.  S.  J.  Aleltzer;  "Diphtheria  and  Other  Pseu- 
do-Membraneous Inflammations,"  (Alumni  Prize  Essay),  Dr.  William  H. 
Park;  "Experimental  Pneumonitis:  The  Element  of  Contagion  in  Tubercu- 
losis; Ice  and  Its  Structure,"  Dr.  Timothy  M.  Prudden. 

In  the  Departments  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  the  didactic  lectures 
in  the  College  were  effectively  supplemented  by  clinical  instruction  in  the 
Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  and  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  A  summer  course 
in  Practical  Obstetrics,  for  physicians  and  advanced  students,  was  also  in- 
augurated. 

The  courses  of  lectures  on  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica,  Surgery  and 
the  Practice  of  Medicine  were  continued  without  interruption  throughout 
the  year,  and  the  work  of  the  students,  who  were  also  daily  improving  in 
the  art  of  precisely  dividing  their  time,  although  satisfactory  to  their  teach- 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  243 

ers,  barely  approached  their  own  ideals.  However,  all  seemed  jocund  in  their 
atmosphere  of  enthusiasm,  and  the  only  dread  of  their  preceptors  was  that 
the  sources  of  knowledge  might  tempt  away  from  art  to  science  or  perhaps 
from  the  practical  to  the  transcendental. 

In  1893  the  number  of  students  enrolled  was  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
one,  an  increase  of  ninety-one  over  the  year  preceding.  Of  this  number 
two  hundred  and  fifty-nine  held  degrees,  and  twenty-five  held  diplomas  as 
Doctors  of  Medicine.  The  graduating  class  numbered  one  hundred  and 
four.  The  year  was  one  of  great  industry  and  large  results.  The  Dean  of 
the  Medical  Faculty,  Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  said  in  his  report:  "The 
growth  of  the  school  since  its  union  with  Columbia  has  been  steady  and 
healthy.  Not  only  have  our  classes  increased  in  number,  but  thev  have  im- 
proved in  qualit}-.  There  has  been  marked  progress  in  even,-  department, 
and  as  the  long  desired  goal  of  a  four  years"  course  is  now  distinctly  in  view, 
the  future  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  seems  brighter  and 
more  full  of  promise  than  ever  before  in  its  histor}^" 

The  ^Medical  Faculty  now  numbered  eleven  Professors  and  forty-two 
other  instructors  of  various  grades.  Large  as  was  this  force,  the  teachers 
found  their  abilities  taxed  to  the  utmost.  Particularly  was  this  true  in  the 
Department  of  Practical  Anatomy,  the  large  number  of  students  making  it 
difficult  to  afford  them  adequate  opportunity-  for  dissection.  This  want  was, 
however,  soon  remedied,  for  in  the  same  year  an  appropriation  of  $7,500 
was  made  for  a  new  refrigerating  plant,  which  was  installed  the  next  sea- 
son, to  supplement  the  advantages  of  the  Laboratory  for  Anatomical  Re- 
search and  a  new  plant  for  Osteological  preparations  had  been  recently  erected 
but  was  not  quite  ready  for  use. 

The  industry  of  the  teachers  may  be  adequately  appreciated  in  some 
degree  as  set  forth  in  the  report  of  the  Dean,  Dr.  George  S.  Huntington, 
Professor  of  Anatomy,  since  they  express  the  results  of  his  research  work 
in  a  number  of  papers  which  were  read  before  the  American  Academy  of 
Sciences,  viz. :  "The  Ileocolic  Junction  of  Procyon  Lotor  and  Allied  Forms" ; 
"^Muscular  \'^ariations.  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Reversions  of  the  Pec- 
toral Group":  "The  Anatomy  of  the  Kidney  of  Elephas  Indicus:  Studies  in 
Visceral  Embryolog}- :  Development  of  the  Caecum  and  Appendix  A'ermi- 
formis."  Unusual  success  was  attained  in  obtaining  embr\-onic  and  compar- 
ative material  for  research  in  dealing  with  the  central  and  peripheral  nervous 
sj'stems.  Dr.  Frederick  J.  Brockway.  the  incumbent  of  the  Alumni  Associa- 
tion Fellowship,  made  special  researches  in  Comparative  !Myolog}'  and  the 
shoulder-joint,  and  Dr.  J.  L.  j\Iason  performed  special  work  in  Anthropoid 
Myolog}-.     The  well-equipped  ^luseum  of  Human  and  Comparative  Anat- 


244  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

omy,  with  its  large  contents  of  foreign  models  and  preparations,  nearly  four 
thousand  in  number,  afforded  particular  advantages  to  students.  In  the 
Department  of  Physiology  the  instruction  was  by  the  Professor,  through  the 
customary  lectures  and  exhibitions,  to  which  was  added  the  work  of  the 
Demonstrator  before  sectional  portions  of  the  class.  In  the  Physiological 
Laboratory  research  was  carried  on  upon  the  following  subjects:  The  Sig- 
nificance of  Certain  Features  of  the  Pulse  Curve ;  The  Sense  of  Equilibrium ; 
The  Cerebro-Spinal  Fluid:  The  Action  of  Phloridzine:  The  Circulation  in 
the  Kidney,  and  Intestinal  Anastomosis.  The  Demonstrator,  Dr.  Frederick 
S.  Lee,  gave  through  the  press  two  strong  papers,  "Study  of  the  Sense  of 
Equilibrium  in  Fishes"  and  "L^eber  den  Gleichgewichtssinn,"  the  latter  of 
which  was  published  in  the  C entralblatt  fiir  Physiologie. 

Practical  Laboratory  instruction  was  given  to  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  students  in  Pathology  and  Bacteriology',  and  to  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
three  students  in  Normal  Histology.  Nine  others,  post-graduates  and  prac- 
ticing physicians,  made  the  Department  a  field  for  special  study  and  re- 
search, and  as  many  more  of  this  class  were  denied  admission  for  want  of 
accommodations.  Special  detailed  examinations  and  reports  were  made  on 
more  than  four  hundred  pathological  specimens  sent  to  the  laboratory,  the 
greater  number  coming  from  the  hospitals  wherein  the  instructors  were 
serving  as  pathologists.  Under  the  charge  of  Dr.  Edward  Leaming  notable 
photographic  work  was  performed  in  the  Pathological  Department.  Various 
instructors  and  workers  made  careful  report  of  their  labors,  and  the  follow- 
ing monographs  were  issued  from  the  press : 

"Diphtheria  and  Other  Pseudo-iSIembranous  Inflammations;  A  Clin- 
ical and  Bacteriological  Study"   (second  paper),  Dr.  William  H.  Park. 

"Observations  on  a  Case  of  Recurrent  Amoebic  Dysentery,"  Dr.  John 
W,  Brannan. 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Pathology  of  Traumatic  Epilepsy,"  Dr.  Ira  T. 
Van  Gieson. 

"Report  of  a  Recent  Sanitary  Inspection  of  One  of  the  Sources  of  the 
Croton  Water  Supply,"  Dr.  Timothy  M.  Cheesman. 

"The  Public  Health — the  Duty  of  the  Nation  in  Preserving  It,  and  a 
Bacterial  Study  of  Exudative  Pleuritis,"  Dr.  Timothy  M,  Prudden, 

"Sterilization  of  Milk  at  a  Low  Temperature,"  Dr.  Rowland  G.  Free- 
man. 

Professor  Charles  F.  Chandler  was  in  charge  of  the  Department  of 
Chemistry.  Medical  and  Physiological  Chemistry  was  taught  by  C.  E.  Pel- 
lew,  E.  M.,  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  assisted  by  Joseph  A. 
Deghuee,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  and  Physics.  The  labora- 
tory work  was  greatly  advanced  through  use  of  a  special  volume  on  "Med- 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  245 

ical  and  Physiological  Chemistr}-,"  by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Pellew,  a  work  that 
has  received  the  compliment  of  adoption  as  a  text-book  by  a  number  of  other 
medical  colleges. 

In  the  Departments  of  Materia  Medica,  Surgery  and  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine, the  usual  didactic  lectures  were  given  by  Professors  Peabody,  Bull, 
Weir,  Delafield  and  Starr,  in  the  College  building.  Clinical  instruction  was 
given  to  the  medical  students  in  Roosevelt  Hospital  and  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital by  Professors  Delafield  and  Peabody,  Bull  and  Weir.  Medical  clinics 
were  held  by  Professor  Jacobi,  Dr.  Roosevelt  and  Dr.  James,  in  Bellevue 
Hospital,  and  surgical  clinics  by  Dr.  Markoe  and  Dr.  Gallaudet.  Excep- 
tional advantages  were  afforded  students  under  the  clinical  instruction  in 
Operative  Surgery  by  Professor  Charles  j\IcBurney,  in  the  Syms  Operating 
Theatre  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  Didactic  lectures  on  Obstetrics  and 
Gynecology  were  given  by  Professors  McLane,  Tuttle  and  Partridge,  and 
the  students  were  privileged  to  attend  systematic  bedside  examinations 
in  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital.  During  the  year  there  were  seven  hun- 
dred and  forty-seven  confinements  in  the  institution,  and  it  is  worthy  of  re- 
mark that  of  this  great  number  but  two  patients  died,  and  both  of  these  we're 
ambulance  cases. 

An  interesting  incident  of  this  year  was  a  visit  paid  to  the  College,  in 
October,  by  Professor  Dr.  von  Helmholz.  who  gave  before  the  Professors 
and  students,  in  the  College  building,  an  account  of  his  discovery  of  the 
ophthalmoscope,  and  he  subsequently  gave,  at  Forty-ninth  street,  an  inter- 
esting address  upon  the  development  of  modern  science,  and  particularly 
along  the  lines  of  his  Own  personal  investigation.  The  privilege  of  listening 
to  so  distinguished  a  scientist  was  highly  appreciated  by  all  his  hearers,  and 
served  as  a  stimulus  to  greater  effort  in  various  fields  of  research.  The 
notes  used  by  Professor  Helmholz  in  the  delivery  of  his  address  are  pre- 
served in  the  library  of  Columbia  College,  as  a  cherished  memento  of  his 
brief  visit  to  this  Continent. 

The  following  year  (1894)  was  one  of  great  prosperity,  the  students 
numbering  seven  hundred  and  sixty-six,  a  gain  of  one  hundred  and  twelve 
as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  and  the  graduating  class  numbering  one 
hundred  and  fifty-three  members,  an  increase  of  fifty-one  over  the  previous 
year,  and  the  largest  number  graduated  from  the  College  in  any  one  year 
up  to  that  time.  Dr.  James  ^^^  JNIcLane.  in  his  annual  report,  vouched  for 
the  work  of  the  students  as  having  been  faithfully  and  satisfactorily  per- 
formed. Said  he:  "Our  numbers  increase,  as  our  advantages,  through  the 
generous  support  of  Columbia,  multiply,  taxing  the  accommodations  in  some 
of  our  departments  to  the  utmost." 


246  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Instruction  was  carried  on  during  the  academic  year,  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Anatomy,  by  Professor  Huntington.  His  course  dealt  with  the  de- 
scriptive and  topographical  anatomy  of  the  body-cavities,  and  he  supple- 
mented his  lectures  with  lantern  demonstrations.  The  second  year  students 
were  instructed  by  Dr.  Bern  Budd  Gallaudet,  and  the  first  year  students  by 
Dr.  Henry  B.  Sands.  The  uncommonly  large  first  year  and  second  year 
classes  made  the  work  of  instruction  in  Practical  Anatomy  a  matter  of  some 
difficulty,  yet  excellent  results  were  obtained.  The  wisdom  of  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  space  of  the  dissecting  room  by  the  addition  of  the  six  tables, 
and  the  establishment  of  the  cold-storage  svstem,  were  m.ore  than  vindicated. 
In  the  latter  case  it  is  to  be  particularly  noted  that  the  new  advantages  en- 
abled the  work  of  the  class  in  practical  anatomy  to  be  continued  until  May 
26th,  while  in  former  years,  on  account  of  the  antagonizing  temperature  of 
the  room,  anatomical  studies  could  not  be  continued  much  beyond  the  mid- 
dle of  April.  The  gain  in  time  was  much  prized  by  the  students  from  a 
distance,  who  claimed  to  be  the  model  economists  of  time. 

The  Department  of  Research  was  represented  by  several  exhibits  in  the 
First  Annual  Exhibition  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  held  in  the 
Library  of  Columbia  in  March.  The  accessions  to  the  Museum  of  Human 
and  Comparative  Morphology  were  numerous  and  important,  six  hundred 
and  nineteen  preparations  having  been  added  during  the  year.  Among  these 
was  the  liberal  gift  of  President  Low — a  portion  of  the  German  Educational 
Exhibit  at  the  Columbia  Exposition  in  Chicago,  in  1893,  which  included 
the  giant  microtom  of  Schultze,  the  cast  of  the  Virchow-Waldeyer  "Muskel- 
mann,"  and  the  fish-hatching  apparatus  of  Valette,  all  of  which  he  purchased 
and  bestowed  upon  the  College.  President  Low  also  brought  into  close  con- 
nection the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  College,  and  the 
latter  was,  as  a  result,  placed  in  possession  of  much  valuable  material.  . 

The  mechanical  equipment  of  the  Physiological  Laboratory  was  in- 
creased by  the  purchase  of  a  larger  lathe  than  that  in  use,  and  by  the  installa- 
tion of  largely  increased  steam  power. 

In  the  Department  of  Pathology  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  stu- 
dents pursued  studies  in  Pathology  and  Bacteriology,  and  two  hundred  and 
seventy  in  Normal  Histology.  Five  post-graduate  students  received  instruc- 
tion in  advanced  Pathology,  and  four  in  Bacteriology.  Three  students,  of 
whom  two  were  Alumni  Fellows,  studied  along  special  lines  of  research, 
and  two  candidates  for  higher  degrees  in  the  School  of  Pure  Science  were 
afforded  opportunity  for  special  studies  in  Bacteriology.      " 

In  the  Departments  of  Materia  IMedica  and  Practical  Medicine  the  usual 
didactic  lectures  were  given  by  Professors  Peabody,  Delafiekl  and  Starr,  in 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  247 

the  College.  In  addition,  clinical  instruction  in  medicine  was  gi\'en  in  the 
New  York  Hospital  by  Dr.  Delaiield.  In  Surgery,  didactic  instruction  was 
given  by  Professors  Bull  and  Weir,  in  the  College,  and  practical  instruction 
was  given  in  the  Ampitheatre  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic.  Professor  Mc- 
Burney  performed  numerous  surgical  operations  in  tlie  Syms  Operating 
Theatre  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  The  clinical  field  v.'as  further  enlarged 
during  the  year  by  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Andrew  J.  McCosh  as  Clinical 
Lecturer  on  Surgery  in  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  the  surgical  instruc- 
tion given  by  Dr.  Markoe  and  Dr.  Gallaudet  in  Bellevue  Hospital. 

In  the  Department  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  didactic  lectures  were 
given  by  Professor  McLane  and  Professor  Tuttle,  and  this  instruction  was 
supplemented  by  gynecological  operations,  performed  in  presence  of  the 
class,  in  the  McLane  Operating  Room  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  by  Professor 
Tuttle,  and  systematic  bedside  instruction  and  carefully  conducted  examina- 
tions made  by  Dr.  Ervin  Alden  Tucker.  Instructor  in  Obstetrics,  at  the 
Sloane  Maternity  Hospital. 

Various  important  contributions  to  medical  literatm-e  were  made  dur- 
ing the  year,  among  which  were  the  following : 

"Morphology  of  the  Biceps  Flexor  Cubiti,  and  the  Significance  of  Some 
of  Its  Variations,"  George  S.  Huntington,  M.  D.,  Annals  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences. 

"The  Tibio-Femoral  Articulation  of  Elephas  Indicus,"  F.  J.  Brockway, 
M.  D.  Presented  to  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons. 

"A  Study  of  the  Sense  of  Equilibrium  in  Fishes,"  "Scope  of  Modern 
Physiology,"  Frederick  S.  Lee,  M.  D. 

"Studies  Upon  Phloridzin  Glycosuria,"  P.  A.  Lavene. 

"The  Cardio-Pleurogram,  and  the  Nature  of  the  Cardio-Pneumatic 
Movements,"  "Eine  Luftdichte  Pleuralcanule,"  S.  J.  MeUzer,  M.  D. 

"The  Importance  of  Vibration  to  Cell  Life,"  S.  J.  Meltzer,  M.  D. 

"A  Study  of  the  Leucocytosis  of  Lobar  Pneumonia,"  James  Ewing, 
M.  D. 

"The  Etiology  of  Appendicitis,"  Eugene  Hodenpyl,  M.  D. 

"A  Consideration  of  Artesian  Well  and  Surface  Waters  from  the 
Standpoint  of  Bacteriology  and  Public  Health,"  Timothy  M.  Cheesman, 
M.  D. 

"Tuberculosis  and  Its  Prevention,  and  the  Need  of  a  National  Health 
Bureau  in  the  United  States,"  Timothy  M.  Prudden.  M.  D. 

In  the  same  year  (1894)  an  important  upward  step  was  taken  in  the 
establishment  of  a  Department  of  Orthopedics,  in  connection  with  the  Chair 
of  Surgery,  and  to  which  was  appointed  Dr.  Ernest  Carson  Gibney  as  Lec- 
turer, and  Dr.  Royal  Whitman  as  Instructor.     Other  appointments  were  as 


248  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

follows :  Dr.  Edwin  Matthews  Kitchel,  of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  Second  As- 
sistant in  Normal  Histology;  Dr.  Pearce  Bailey,  Third  Assistant  in  Pathol- 
ogy; Dr.  Andrew  J.  McCosh,  Clinical  Lecturer  Upon  Surgery,  and  Dr.  John 
W.   Brannan,   Clinical   Lecturer  Upon   Contagious   Diseases. 

The  year  1895  was  one  of  great  accomplishments.  To  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  were  added  two  important  enlargements — the  one, 
the  addition  to  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  the  other  that  to  the  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital.  These,  the  benefactions  of  large-hearted  people,  amounting  in 
value  to  $600,000,  are  referred  to  elsewhere  in  this  work. 

In  the  same  year,  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  were  en- 
rolled eight  hundred  and  three  students,  an  increase  of  twenty-one  over  the 
previous  year.  Of  this  number  two  hundred  and  ninety-one  were  holders 
of  collegiate  degrees,  and  among  them  were  one  hundred  and  seventy-three 
Bachelors  of  Art,  forty  Bachelors  of  Science  and  eighteen  Doctors  of  Medi- 
cine. The  graduating  class  numbered  two  hundred  and  four,  an  increase 
of  fifty-one  over  the  previous  year.  The  results  were  hailed  with  pleasure 
by  the  friends  of  the  time-honored  institution.  President  Low  said  in  his 
annual  report : 

"It  is  a  cause  for  rejoicing  to  be  able  to  note  that  Columbia  is  becom- 
ing every  year,  more  and  more,  a  national  force  in  the  educational  world. 
This  is  shown  by  the  increasing  number  of  our  graduates  who  are  called  to 
professional  chairs  in  different  parts  of  the  countr}' ;  and  this,  in  turn,  is  the 
result  of  the  important  development  of  the  last  few  years  in  the  graduate 
or  university  work  of  the  College.  In  the  last  century,  while  New  York 
was  a  small  place,  no  American  college  contributed  more  or  more  famous 
men  to  the  National  life  of  the  Colonies  and  the  young  states.  The  College, 
throughout  its  long  history,  has  never  been  without  its  graduates  of  national 
reputation.  But  as  the  city  closed  about  the  College,  it  almost  seemed  for 
a  generation  or  two  as  though  the  College  were  destined  to  exert,  for  the 
most  part,  only  a  local  influence  in  the  metropolis  of  the  countrj^.  The  char- 
acteristic of  a  metropolis  is  to  draw  to  itself,  not  to  give  out;  and  so  the  stu- 
dents of  Columbia  for  a  long  period  not  only  came  from  the  locality,  but,  for 
the  most  part,  they  remained  in  the  locality.  It  is  true  that  during  this  in- 
terval the  professional  schools  of  Columbia  drew  many  students  from  a  dis- 
tance who  afterwards  returned  to  their  homes  to  practice  their  profession. 
But  then  the  professional  schools  of  Columbia  were  so  largelv  things  apart, 
so  slightly  in  touch  with  the  present  College,  that  the  professional  students 
acquired  hardly  more  than  a  sentimental  knowledge  of  Columbia's  name. 
Now,  however,  all  this  is  changed.  The  professional  schools  are  'bone  of 
our  bone  and  flesh  of  our  flesh.'  No  one  can  attend  any  of  them  without  a 
consciousness  of  the  constant  influence  upon  him  of  the  university  of  which 
his  school  is  an  integral  part.  *  *  *  Thus  it  is  that  at  the  end  of  the 
nineteenth  century  Columbia  is  becoming  a  national  force,  by  turning  to  its 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  249 

own  use  the  very  city  whose  effect  upon  it  during  the  early  decades  of  the 
century  was  to  make  it  local,  even  if  metropolitan,  in  character,  rather  than 
national.  *  *  *  Some  consciousness  of  this  destiny  seems  to  have  been 
in  the  mind  of  the  College  from  the  beginning.  The  first  announcement, 
issued  in  1754,  catalogues  among  the  subjects  that  it  is  expected  to  teach 
'mines  and  mining,'  and -almost  every  other  subject  now  included  in  our 
curriculum,  together  with  some,  like  agriculture,  to  which  we  have  not  yet 
attained.  Before  King's  College  was  fifteen  years  old  it  had  established  a 
medical  faculty. 

"The  large  entering  class  in  the  medical  school  made  it  apparent  early 
in  the  year  that  a  great  enlargement  was  necessary  in  all  the  laboratories 
and  in  the  provisions  for  section  teaching  in  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  if  the  en- 
gagements entered  into  with  the  incoming  class  were  to  be  successfully  met. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  situation  was  called  to  the  attention  of  the 
Messrs.  Vanderbilt,  who,  with  their  father,  the  late  William  H.  Vanderbilt, 
had  been  the  donors  of  the  buildings  now  in  use.  As  a  result  of  their  gen- 
erosity, two  new  buildings  are  now  being  erected  on  the  grounds  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons — one  to  be  known  as  an  extension  of  the 
Vanderljilt  Clinic,  and  the  other  of  the  Medical  School.  By  these  splendid 
additions  the  teaching  facilities  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  and  the  laboratories 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  including  the  dissecting  room, 
are  doubled.  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  is  thus  in  position  to 
give  better  and  more  thorough  instruction  than  ever  before.  '■'  '■''  *  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  William  D.  Sloane  have  likewise  responded  to  the  growing  needs 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with  equal  liberality.  The  Sloane 
Maternity,  hitherto  built  and  endowed  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sloane,  is  now  being 
enlarged  by  them  upon  the  same  basis." 

Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, pronounced  the  results  of  the  first  year  of  the  newly  adopted  four 
years'  course  as  most  gratifying,  while  the  existing  accommodations  had 
been  taxed  to  the  utmost  capacity,  especially  in  the  laboratories.  He  ex- 
pressed the  conviction  that  in  no  department  in  the  University  was  progress 
made  more  rapidly  than  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which 
looked  forward  to  even  better  results  when  the  completion  of  the  new  build- 
ings then  in  course  of  construction  would  afford  enlarged  facilities. 

In  the  academic  year  of  1894-95,  Dr.  Robert  A.  Sands  resigned.  Ap- 
pointments were  made  as  follows;  Dr.  Frederick  S.  Lee,  Adjunct  Pro- 
fessor and  Demonstrator  of  Physiology ;  Dr.  Virgil  P.  Gibney,  Professor  of 
Orthopedic  Surgery;  Dr.  George  H.  Brodhead,  Instructor  in  .Practical  Ob- 
stetrics; Dr.  Ervin  A.  Tucker,  Tutor  in  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology;  Dr. 
Douglas  Ewell,  Dr.  John  Rodgers,  Jr.,  and  Dr.  Howard  D.  Collins,  Assist- 
ant Demonstrators  of  x\natomy;  Dr.  Richard  H.  Cunningham,  Assistant 
Demonstrator  of  Physiology;  Dr.  Frederick  R.  Bailey,  z\ssistant  in  Normal 
Histology,  and  Dr.  Van  Home  Norrie,  Assistant  in  Pathology. 


250  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Dr.  Henry  Berton  Sands,  deceased,  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
surgeons  of  his  day,  an  incomparable  instructor  in  his  department  of  his  pro- 
fession, a  dexterous  operator  and  most  judicious  prognostician. 

He  was  a  native  of  New  York  City,  born  September  27,  1830.  He  was 
educated  in  the  pubhc  schools,  but  his  attendance  throughout  a  very  excellent 
high  school  course  was  indeed  ec^uivalent  to  a  liberal  academical  curriculum. 
He  studied  for  his  profession  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York  City,  and  in  1854  was  graduated.  He  at  once  entered  upon  a 
general  practice,  specializing  surgery,  and  immediately  made  a  beginning 
with  the  institutions  to  which  he  devoted  so  much  of  his  attention  during 
many  years.  In  1854-55  he  was.  in  turn.  House  Physician  and  House  Sur- 
geon to  Bellevue  Hospital.  He  then  visited  Europe,  in  order  to  observe 
hospital  work  there,  and  witnessed  operations  by  some  of  the  most  accom- 
plished specialists  of  the  times.  From  i860  to  1870  he  practiced  in  associa- 
tion with  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  between  whom  and  himself  existed  a  warm 
personal  friendship,  as  well  as  professional  interests  and  tastes.  In  1856 
Dr.  Sands  became  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  served  as  such  until  his  appointment  as  Professor  of 
Anatomy,  in  which  chair  he  sat  from  1867  to  1879.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  made  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Surgery,  and  his  occupancy  of  the 
place  was  only  terminated  by  his  death.  From  1862  to  1877  he  was  Visiting 
Surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  he  served  in  the  same  capacity  to  Char- 
ity Hospital  from  1865  to  1866,  and  later  to  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital.  He  was 
also  Visiting  Surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  from  1862  to  1870,  and  Con- 
sulting Surgeon  from  1870  to  1884;  Visiting  Surgeon  to  the  New  York 
Hospital  from  1864  to  1881,  and  Consulting  Surgeon  from  1881  to  1884; 
Visiting  Surgeon  to  the  Strangers'  Hospital  from  1871  to  1872,  and  simi- 
larly to  the  Roosevelt  Hospital  from  1872  to  1888. 

Many  of  the  original  papers  given  by  Dr.  Sands  to  the  professional 
press,  or  which  appeared  in  the  printed  proceedings  of  medical  associations, 
were  in  the  form  of  reports  upon  operations  performed  by  himself.  Among 
his  contributions  were  the  following :  "Case  of  Cancer  of  the  Larynx  Success- 
fully Treated  by  Laryngotomy,"  in  N'ezu-  York  Medical  Journal,  May,  1861; 
"Aneurism  of  the  Sub-Clavian,  Treated  by  Galvano-Puncture,"'  "Notes  on 
Perityphlitis,"  in  Annals  of  Anatomical  and  Surgical  Society  of  Brooklyn, 
18S0;  "The  Question  of  Trephining  in  Injuries  of  the  Head,  in  Mediial 
Neii's  of  Philadelphia,  April  28,  1883 ;  "On  the  Use  and  Abuse  of  Passive 
Motion,"  in  Nezi'  York  Medical  Journal,  January,  1887.  Dr.  Sands  was  a 
member  of  the  leading  local,  state  and  national  professional  bodies.  In 
1883  Yale  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  ^Master  of  x\rts,  causa 
honoris. 


HEHRY  B.  SAHDS. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  251 

Dr.  Sands  was  married  in  1859  to  ^liss  Sarah  ^I.  Curtis.  After  her 
death,  in  1875.  he  married  ^liss  J-  Reamey.  Dr.  Sands  died  in  New  York 
City.  November  17,  1888. 

In  the  Department  of  Anatomy  more  subjects  were  dissected  during 
the  session  than  in  any  previous  college  year.  This  was  due  to  the  increased 
advantages,  to-wit,  the  increase  of  available  tables  to  the  number  of  seventy- 
six  and  the  cold-storage  facilities.  The  Museum  of  Human  and  Compara- 
tive Morphology  was  more  than  doubled,  and  now  contained  one  thousand 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  specimens,  as  compared  with  six  hundred  and 
nineteen  in  the  previous  year.  The  value  of  this  equipment,  for  purposes  of 
under-graduate  instruction  and  for  scientific  research  work  was  now  incal- 
culable. The  accessories  of  material  during  the  year  had  been  abundant  and 
extremely  valuable.  Among  the  more  notable  exhibits  were  a  considerable 
number  of  individuals  of  various  species  of  Cynomorphous  monkeys,  repre- 
senting a  fairly  complete  series ;  several  rare  forms  of  Cebus,  Mycetes, 
Ateles  and  Lagothrix ;  a  valuable  consignment  of  mammals  in  alcohol  from 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  various  specimens  of  Caribou  and  Moose. 
In  the  Departments  of  Casts  and  Reproductions  were  life  models  of  Orang, 
Macacus  Nemestrimus,  Cynocephalous  Hamadryas,  Porcarius  and  Mormon, 
and  of  the  great  chimpanzee,  "Chicco";  casts  of  the  American  Manatee  and 
Tapir,  and  of  the  hand  and  foot  of  Orang  and  Macacus,  and  various  brain 
and  muscle  casts.  A  case  of  some  of  these  reproductions  was  sent  to  Pro- 
fessor Virchow,  of  the  University  of  Berlin,  for  exchange.  The  work  of 
the  Museum  had  a  place  in  the  second  annual  exhibition  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences  by  virtue  of  a  series  dealing  with  the  evolution  and 
morphology  of  the  Cecum  and  the  Vermiform  Appendix,  representing  in 
the  main  more  than  two  hundred  preparations.  These  last  won  much  at- 
tention. 

In  the  Department  of  Physiology,  studies  were  made  with  great  reg- 
ularity and  the  results  were  most  satisfactory.  The  investigator's  room  in 
the  ]\Iarine  Biological  Laboratory  at  Wood's  Hall,  Massachusetts,  sub- 
scribed for  by  Columbia  College  for  the  use  of  the  Department  of  Physiology, 
was  occupied  during  the  months  of  July,  August  and  September  by  Freder- 
ick S.  Lee.  Ph.  D.,  with  Mr.  Joseph  Cheesman  Thompson,  of  Clifton,  Long 
Island,  a  member  of  the  medical  class,  as  assistant. 

In  the  Department  of  Physics  and  Chemistiy,  a  lecture  course  was 
given  by  Professor  Chandler.  The  Experimental  Physics  were  conducted 
by  Professor  Ogden  N.  Rood,  Professor  William  Hallock  and  Messrs.  Hol- 
brook  Cushman,  Reginald  Cordon  and  Otty  B.  Barker.  Mr.  Charles  E. 
Pellew  gave  instruction  in  laboratory  work  in  Medical   Chemistry,  assisted 


252  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

by  Dr.  Deghnee  and  Mr.  Johnson,  and  Mr.  Pellew,  assisted  by  Dr.  Deghuee 
and  Mr.  Johnson,  gave  a  course  in  Experimental  Toxicology.  The  Depart- 
ment of  Patholog}',  including  Bacteriology  and  Normal  Histology,  were  fully 
maintained,  and  the  results  of  several  lines  of  research  were  given  to  the 
press.  Great  advancement  was  made  in  Ophthalmology.  In  the  Depart- 
ment of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  didactic  lectures  -were  regularly  given 
by  Professor  McLane  and  Professor  Tuttle,  and  the  various  clinical  and  hos- 
pital advantages  were  utilized  to  the  utmost. 

During  the  year,  many  notable  contributions  were  made  to  the  litera- 
ture of  the  profession.     The  titles  were  as  follows : 

"The  Convolutions  of  the  Hemisphere  of  Elephas  Indicus,"  Dr.  George 
S.  Huntington,  in  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  of  Anatomy, 
December,  1894. 

"The  Significance  of  Muscular  Variations,  as  Illustrated  by  Reversions 
in  the  Antibrachial  Flexor  Group,"  Dr.  George  S.  Huntington,  in  Transac- 
tions New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  February,   1895. 

"The  Cervical  Plexus  of  the  Cynomorphous  Monkey."  Dr.  George  S. 
Huntington,  in  Transactions  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,   May,   1895. 

"The  Preparation  of  Aseptic  Catgut  by  Means  of  Formalin,"  Dr.  Rich- 
ard H.  Cunningham,  in  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  April  20,  1895. 

"A  Study  of  the  Sense  of  Equilibrium  in  Fishes,"  Dr.  Frederick  S. 
Lee,  in  Journal  of  Physiology,  October,  1894. 

"Carl  Ludwig,"  Dr.  Frederick  S.  Lee,  in  Science,  June  7,  1895. 

"Studies  in  Phloridzin  Glycosuria."  P.  A.  Levene,  in  Journal  of 
Physiology,  October  15,  1894. 

"Die  Zuckerbildeude  Function  des  Nervus  Vagus,"  P.  A.  Levene,  in 
Journal  of  Pliysiology,  October  15,  1894. 

"Die  Zuckerbildeude  Function  des  Nervus  Vagus,"  P.  A.  Le\'ene,  in 
Centralblatt  fiir  Physiologie,  August  11,   1894. 

"Fine  Luftdichte  Pleura-Kanule,"  Dr.  S.  J.  ]\Ieltzer,  in  Zcitschrift 
fiir  Instrnnientenkunde ,  December,   1894. 

"A  Case  of  Pyaemia  Following  the  Incision  of  an  Urethral  Stricture, 
with  a  Note  of  Certain  Biological  Peculiarities  in  the  Staphylococcus  Pyo- 
genes Aureas,"  Dr.  T.  Mitchell  Prudden. 

"Van  Gieson's  Picro-Acid  Fuchsin  as  a  Selective  Stain  for  Connective 
Tissue,"  Dr.  George  C.  Freeborn. 

"On  the  New  Relations  of  Pathology  and  Practical  Medicine  as  Bear- 
ing Upon  the  Pathological  Departments  of  Our  Hospital,"  Dr.  John  S.  Ely. 

"Some  Considerations  on  Different  Types  of  Exudative  Inflammation," 
Dr.  Charles  N.  Dowd. 

"Pasteurized  Milk  as  Supplied  to  the  P(X)r  by  the  Strauss  IMilk  Depot  of 
New  York."  Dr.  Rowland  G.  Freeman. 

"Acute  Pneumonia  in  Childhood,"  Dr.  Thomas  S.  Southworth. 

"Toxic  Hypoleucocytosis,"  Dr.  James  Ewing. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  253 

"Three  Cases  of  Brown-Sequard  Paralysis,  with  Remarks  on  the  Sen- 
sory Tract  in  Human  Spinal  Cord,"  Dr.  Pearce  Bailey. 

"Notes  on  the  Preparation  of  Diphtheria  Antitoxine,"  Dr.  Charles  B. 
Fitzpatrick. 

In  1896  there  was  somewhat  of  a  falling  off  in  att-endance,  the  number 
of  students  enrolled  being  seven  hundred  and  nine,  as  compared  with  eight 
hundred  and  three  in  the  preceding  year.  This  decrease  was  regarded  as 
but  temporary,  and  as  mainl)'  incident  to  the  process  of  installing  the  four- 
year  curriculum  in  place  of  the  three-year  course.  Again,  the  comparison 
is  less  disturbing  when  it  is  taken  into  mind  that  for  two  years  previous  the 
school  was  swollen  by  an  influx  of  students  who  sought  to  avoid  the  exac- 
tions of  the  lengthened  course.  The  graduating  class  numbered  two  hun- 
dren  and  twenty-one,  an  increase  of  seventeen  over  the  previous  year. 

The  Faculty  changes  during  the  year  were  unusually  numerous.  One 
death  occurred — that  of  Dr.  James  West  Roosevelt,  class  of  1880,  Clinical 
Lecturer  upon  Medicine,  at  the  age  of  thirty-seven  years,  when  in  the  prime 
of  his  activity  and  at  the  outset  of  a  most  promising  career. 

The  following  named  instructors  resigned;  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr., 
and  Dr.  John  Rogers,  Jr.  Dr.  Theodore  C.  Janeway  letired  on  account  of 
expiration  of  term  for  which  he  was  appointed. 

Dr.  Walton  Martin  was  appointed  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy, 
and  the  following"  promotions  were  made :  Professor  Samuel  A.  Tucker, 
Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Toxicology ;  Dr.  Van  Home  Norrie,  Instructor 
in  Physical  Diagnosis;  Dr.  John  S.  Thacher,  Demonstrator  of  Pathology; 
Dr.  William  H.  Rockwell,  Jr.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy;  Dr. 
George  W.  Jarman,  Instructor  in  Gynecology;  Dr.  William  S.  Stone,  In- 
structor in  Gynecology;  Dr.  George  R.  Lockwood,  Instructor  in  Physical 
Diagnosis ;  Dr.  William  K.  Draper,  Instructor  in  Physical  Diagnosis ;  Dr. 
Alexander  B.  Johnson,  Instructor  in  Minor  Surgery  in  Roosevelt  Hospital ; 
Dr.  Royal  Whitman,  Instructor  in  Orthopedic  Surgery ;  Dr.  James  R. 
Hayden,  Instructor  in  Venereal  and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases ;  Dr.  Robert 
Lewis,  Jr.,  Instructor  in  Otology;  Dr.  William  Cowen,  Instructor  in  Otol- 
ogy; Dr.  Charles  H.  May,  Instructor  in  Ophthalmology;  Dr.  John  H.  Clai- 
borne, Instructor  in  Ophthalmology;  Professor  Reid  Hunt,  Tutor  in  Phys- 
iology; Dr.  John  H.  Larkin,  Assistant  in  Patholog}-;  Dr.  Philip  H.  Hiss,  As- 
sistant in  Bacteriology ;  Professor  Arthur  P.  Van  Gelder,  Assistant  in  Chem- 
istry; Dr.  Vanderpoel  Adriance,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology;  Dr.  Ed- 
ward, H.  L.  McGinnis,  Electro-Therapeutist  to  Department  of  Diseases  of 
Women. 

The  instructional  work  was  most  admirably  conducted.     Dr.  James  W. 


254  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

McLane,  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  particularly  commended  the  Department  of 
Anatomy  as  presenting  results  of  unusual  importance,  and  the  new  system 
of  anatomical  instruction  under  the  four  years'  course.  The  average  stand- 
ing of  the  second-year  class,  as  determined  by  the  final  examination,  was  un- 
usually high,  and  only  one  student  was  conditioned.  This  result,  gratify- 
ing beyond  all  expectation,  was  ascribed  to  the  changes  effected  by  the  new 
curriculum,  which  made  a  complete  separation  of  first  and  second-year  stu- 
dents for  purposes  of  anatomical  instruction,  and  largely  increased  the  fa- 
cilities for  demonstrative  teaching  to  small  sections  of  the  class.  The  sec- 
tion teaching  of  the  first-year  class  was  by  Dr.  Frederick  J.  Brockway,  Dr. 
Joseph  A.  Blake  and  Dr.  George  E.  Brewer.  The  work  of  the  class  in 
Practical  Anatomy  in  the  Dissecting  Room  was  also  of  increased  usefulness. 

The  Department  of  Physiology  was  greatly  advantaged  by  the  assign- 
ment of  an  additional  room  for  laboratorj-  purposes,  and  an  admirable 
physiological  apparatus,  much  of  which  was  designed  and  constructed  hy 
the  mechanic  connected  with  the  department.  This  department,  provided 
to  meet  an  increasing  demand  for  practical  work  in  Physiology  by  candi- 
dates for  advanced  degrees,  fully  demonstrated  its  necessity  m  this  its  first 
year,  and  was  thronged  by  students  in  excess  of  its  ncrmal  capacity.  In- 
struction in  the  Department  of  Physiology  was  given  by  Professor  John  G. 
Curtis,  Professor  Frederick  S.  Lee  and  Dr.  Richard  Hoop  Cunningham. 

In  the  Department  of  Physics  and  Chemistry,  an  illustrated  lecture 
course  was  given  b}'  Professor  Charles  F.  Chandler;  Experimental  Physics 
was  taught  by  Professor  Roland  G.  Rood,  Professor  William  Hallock.  Ph. 
D.,  Mr.  Reginald  Gordon  and  Mr.  Herschel  C.  Parker,  Ph.  B.,  and  Mr. 
Charles  E.  Pellew,  E.  M.,  gave  instruction  in  laboratory  work  in  Medical 
Chemistry,  assisted  by  Dr.  Joseph  Deghuee  and  Mr.  Samuel  A.  Tucker, 
Ph.  B.  Subsequently  Dr.  Deghuee  resigiied  his  position  as  Assistant  Dem- 
onstrator to  enter  the  Health  Department,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  labora- 
tory by  Mr.  Winfield  Johnson.  The  instruction  in  Toxicology,  which  had 
been  optional,  was  now  placed  as  a  portion  of  the  regular  second-year  course. 
Instruction  in  this  department  was  conducted  by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Pellew, 
E.  M.,  assisted  by  Dr.  Deghuee  and  Mr.  Winfield  Johnson.  Dr.  Deghuee 
was  succeeded  l^y  Mr.  Winfield  Johnson,  and  Mr.  Samuel  A.  Tucker,  Ph. 
B.,  was  promoted  to  be  Assistant  in  Toxicology. 

In  the  Department  of  Pathology  greatly  increased  instructional  facili- 
ties were  provided  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  stories  of  the  new  extension  to  the 
Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  here  were  conveniently  provided  such  apparatus  as 
was  necessary  for  the  under-graduate  class  in  Bacteriology  and  Clinical 
Microscopy,  and  for  post-graduate  students  in  Pathology,  Histologj'  and 
Bacteriology.     Eager  students  ampl}'  justified  the  wisdom  of  the  provision. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  255 

In  the  Department  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecolog}',  didactic  lectures  were 
given  by  Professor  James  W.  McLane  and  Professor  George  M.  Tuttle, 
who  also  held  examinations  upon  these  subjects  at  the  close  of  the  respective 
terms.  For  the  first  time  in  the  new  four  years'  curriculum,  instruction  in 
both  these  branches  was  given  in  the  form  of  recitations  and  demonstrations 
to  second-year  students.  These  classes  were  in  charge  of  Dr.  Ervin  A. 
Tucker,  who  was  more  than  conscientious  in  devotion  to  his  work. 

The  bililiography  of  the  year  was  voluminous,  and  covered  a  wide 
range  of  subjects.     The  papers  were  as  follows : 

"The  Myology  of  the  Anterior  Extremity  of  the  Lemur  Bruneus,"  Pro- 
fessor George  S.  Huntington,  read  before  the  Association  of  American 
Anatomists,  Philadelphia. 

"The  Fossa  Capitis  of  the  Femur,"  Dr.  Brockway,  read  before  same 
body  as  above. 

"Myology  of  the  Pectoral  Girdle  of  Lagothsis  Hum.boldtii,"  Mr.  H.  M. 
Lee,  read  before  the  Biological  Section  of  the  New  York  z^cademy  of 
Sciences. 

"The  administration  of  Thymus  in  Exophthalmic  Goitre,"  Dr.  H.  Cun- 
ningham, in  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  June  15,  1895. 

"Photo  Medical  Notes  on  Formalin,"  Dr.  H.  Cunningham,  in  British 
Journal  of  Photography,  June  28,  1895. 

"An  Experimental  Study  of  Direct  and  Lidirect  Faradization  of  the 
Digestive  Canal  in  Dogs,  Cats  and  Rabbits,"  Dr.  Samuel  J.  Meltzer,  in 
Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  June  15,   1895. 

"Volumetric  Copper  Determination  in  Application  to  Sugar  Analysis," 
by  P.  A.  Levene. 

"The  Leucocytosis  of  Diphtheria  Under  the  Influence  of  Serum  Ther- 
ap3',"  Dr.  James  Ewing. 

"On  Certain  Bacteria  from  the  Air  of  New  York  City,"  Dr.  Harrison 
G.  Dyar. 

"A  Machine  for  Tubing  Bacterial  Media,"  Dr.  Harrison  G.  Dyar. 

"Observations  on  an  Uncommon  Form  of  Cutaneous  Tuberculosis," 
Dr.  Charles  C.  Ranson  and  Dr.  Ira  Van  Gieson. 

"Papilloma  and  Papillomatous  Cysts  of  the  Ovary,"  Dr.  George  C. 
Freeborn. 

"Notes  on  the  Fixation  of  Nerve  Fibres  by  Formalin,"  Dr.  Edwin  M. 
Kitchel. 

"Malignant  Adenoma  of  the  Uterus,"  Dr.  William  S.  Stone. 

"Gonococcus  (Niesser),  A  Clinical  and  Bacteriological  Study  of  the 
Gonococcus  as  Found  in  the  Male  Urethra  and  in  the  Vulvo-Vaginal  Tract 
of  Children,"  Dr.  Henry  Heiman. 

"Milk  as  an  Agency  in  the  Conveyance  of  Disease,"  Dr.  Rowland  G. 
Freeman. 


256  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"Report  Upon  Two  Cases  of  Tumor  of  the  Spinal  Cord,"  etc.,  Dr. 
Pearce  Bailey. 

Professor  Edward  Curtis  and  Professor  Frederick  S.  Lee  were  in  the 
same  year  engaged  upon  the  completion  of  their  contributions  to  the  Ameri- 
can Text-Book  of  Physiology,  the  former  named  writing  on  "The  iNIechanics 
of  the  Circulation,"  and  the  latter  upon  "Reproduction."  This  work  was 
published  under  the  joint  authorship  of  ten  representative  American  Phys- 
iologists. Professor  Lee.  in  Augaist  of  the  same  year,  delivered  two  lectures 
upon  "The  Physiology  of  the  Ear,"  before  the  students  at  the  Marine  Biolog- 
ical Laboratory  at  Woods  Hall,  Massachusetts. 

During  the  academic  year  ending  Jime  30,  1897.  th.e  number  of  students 
enrolled  was  639.  The  decrease  of  seventy  as  compared  with  the  previous 
year  was  undoubtedly  attributable  to  the  inauguration  of  the  four  vears' 
course,  and  the  added  rigor  which  attended  the  entrance  examinations.  The 
graduating  class  consisted  of  the  phenomenally  small  number  of  twent^'-nine. 
But  nevertheless,  instruction  in  all  departments  was  carried  on  with  a  self- 
sustaining  enthusiasm,  and  the  results  were  especially  satisfactory.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  session  the  Department  of  Anatomy  was  put  into  running 
order  in  the  new  building  prepared  for  it.  and  the  facilities  for  laboratory 
work  and  for  the  instruction  by  demonstration  to  small  sections  of  the  class 
were  triumphantly  tested.  The  Museum  of  Human  and  Comparative  Anat- 
omy was  enriched  by  a  series  of  casts  of  the  adult  thoracic  cavity  with  con- 
tents, prepared  by  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Blake,  and  by  various  completed  prepara- 
tions accurate  in  minute  details.  These  casts  of  Dr.  Blake's  at  the  fourth 
annual  exhibition  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences  attracted  deserved 
attention.  Invaluable  service  was  also  rendered  by  Dr.  Edward  Learning, 
by  his  lantern-slide  views  of  many  of  the  preparations,  for  the  utilization  of 
the  material  before  large  classes. 

Again,  while  all  these  industrial  departments  were  maintained  without 
loss  by  friction,  much  research  work  was  performed,  and  lectures  given 
which  were  not  included  in  the  curriculum  of  the  College.  Dr.  Joseph  A. 
Blake,  Alumni  Association  Fellow  in  Anatomy,  began  morphological  studies 
of  the  Endyma,  with  particular  reference  to  the  Metapore.  He  also  com- 
pleted his  investigation  of  the  topographical  relations  of  the  adult  mediasti- 
num and  the  upper  thoracic  aperture,  and  his  interesting  conclusions  were 
published  in  the  Procedings  of  the  Association  of  American  Anatomists.  Dr. 
Richard  H.  Cunningham,  Alumni  Association  Fellow  in  Physiology,  carried 
on  a  diligent  investigation  of  acromygalia,  the  restoration  of  co-ordinated 
vokuitary  movement  after  nerve-crossing,  the  cortical  centers  of  the  brain 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  257 

of  the  oppossum.  and  the  effect  produced  by  the  division  of  some  of  the  asso- 
ciation tracts  of  the  brain.  Mr.  Charles  E.  Pellew  debvered  four  public  lec- 
tures in  the  Columbia  University  Course,  in  co-operation  with  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  on  the  general  subject  of  Alcohol,  treating  upon 
its  history,  its  uses  and  its  abuses,  and  the  preparation  and  properties  of  va- 
rious alcoholic  be\'erages.  [Mr.  Pellew"s  lectures  were,  to  say  the  least,  pro- 
fusely illustrated,  and  besides  being  reported  were  complimented  by  both  the 
newspaper  and  the  magazine  press,  in  addition  to  afterwards  appearing  in 
the  Popular  Science  Journal.  In  the  same  year,  [Mr.  Samuel  A.  Tucker, 
Ph.  B.,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Pine  Van  Gelder,  under  the  direction  of  IMr.  Pellew, 
conducted  an  interesting"  series  of  experiments  on  late  developments  in 
Electro-Chemistry.  They  also  exhibited  before  the  Xew  York  Academy  of 
Sciences  a  large  number  of  rare  compounds,  such  as  the  carbides  of  various 
metals;  crystallized  silica,  lime  and  magnesia,  and  artificial  rubies.  Mr.  Ben- 
jamin ]M.  Jacc^uish.  B.  S.,  and  [Mr.  George  [Muller.  Ph.  B.,  also  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Pellew,  before  the  [Microscopical  Society,  made  an  interest- 
ing exhibit  of  tea,  coft'ee  and  cocoa,  along  with  their  various  alkaloids  and 
derivative  products.  All  these  specimens  were  guaranteed  as  the  unaided 
work  of  the  College  and  the  steps  in  the  processes  were  explained  with  a 
painstaking  care. 

In  the  same  academic  year  occurred  the  deaths  of  two  valued  members 
of  the  medical  teaching  staff — Dr.  Douglas  Ewell,  class  of  1891,  Assistant 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  and  [Mr.  W'infield  Johnson,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant 
Demonstrator  in  Chemistry  and  Physics.  During  the  larger  part  of  the 
session  Dr.  George  L.  Peabody,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeu- 
tics, was  obliged  to  relinquish  his  duties  on  account  of  a  serious  illness.  In 
order  that  instruction  in  this  department  should  be  uninterrupted.  Dr.  [Henry 
A.  Griffin,  class  of  1889,  was  appointed  Lecturer  in  the  branches  included  in 
Dr.  Peabody's  professorship,  and  rendered  highly  useful  service. 

The  resignations  during  the  same  year  were :  Dr.  Charles  F.  Chandler, 
Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Medical  Jurisprudence;  Dr.  George  L.  Brod- 
he.id.  Instructor  in  Obstetrics;  Dr.  John  S.  Ely,  Assistant  in  Pathology;  and 
Mr.  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  Assistant  in  Bacteriology. 

Dr.  Chandler  had  been  connected  with  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  A  native 
of  Massachusetts,  born  in  1836,  he  had  pursued  studies  in  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School  of  Harvard  College.  He  afterwards  studied  in  the  LTni- 
versities  of  Berlin  and  Gottingen,  from  the  latter  named  of  which  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1856.  In  1857  he  became  As- 
sistant in  Chemistrv  at  Union  College,  and  he  was  made  Professor  the  next 


258  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

year.  In  1864,  with  Professors  Egleston  and  Vinton,  he  estabUshed  the 
Columbia  School  of  Mines  in  New  York  City,  and  he  became  Dean  of  the 
Faculty.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  Chemist  of  the  New  York  City  Board 
of  Health,  became  President  in  1873,  ^"^  ^^'^^  reappointed  to  the  same  posi- 
tion in  1877.  Among  his  services  of  distinguished  usefulness  were  a  rigid 
system  of  inspection  of  milk  in  the  metropolis;  the  procurement  of  legisla- 
tion against  food  and  kerosene  adulterations,  and  providing  for  light  and 
ventilation  in  tenement  houses ;  and  most  of  all,  the  investigations  regarding 
the  water  supply  of  New  York  City.  Brooklyn  and  Albany.  In  1873  he  re- 
ceived from  Union  College  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  and  from 
the  New  York  University  the  honorar}-  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  He 
was  President  of  the  Congress  of  Chemists  which  assembled  in  England,  in 
1864,  to  celebrate  Joseph  Priestlj-'s  discovery  of  oxygen.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  various  scientific  societies  in  America  and  in  Europe,  and  he  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  scientific  journals  and  a  much  sought  for  lecturer 
upon  water,  photography  and  kindred  topics. 

Dr.  Chandler  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Chemistry  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  1876.  and  to 
the  Professorship  of  Chemistry  in  Columbia  College  in  1877.  His  depart- 
ment in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  known  as  that  of  Cheni- 
istr}'.  Physiological  Chemistry  and  Physics,  while  laboi'atory  instruction  in 
Physics  had  been  latterly  given  by  the  Department  of  Physics  at  Forty-ninth 
street.  Believing  that  General  Chemistry  and  Physics  did  not  properly  be- 
long to  the  medical  curriculum,  and  desiring  to  give  greater  prominence  to 
Physiological  Chemistry,  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  changed 
the  title  of  Professor  Chandler's  department  to  that  of  Physiological  Chemis- 
try, and  arranged  to  more  fully  develop  the  subject  pertaining  to  it,  in  the 
interest  of  not  only  the  medical  students,  but  of  the  students  of  the  entire 
University.  In  the  meantime  provision  was  made  for  giving  instruction  in 
General  Chemistry  and  in  Physics  to  medical  students  in  the  Department  of 
Chemistry  and  that  of  Physics,  while  laboratory  work  in  General  Chemistry 
was  to  be  conducted  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  order  to 
utilize  its  excellent  laboratory  equipment. 

That  he  might  enter  upon  the  enlarged  duties  of  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  the  University,  Dr.  Chandler  therefore  retired  from  the  Faculty  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  his  new  position  he  was  an  im- 
portant factor  in  expanding  the  single  course  in  Chemistry  into  the  three 
courses  of  Analytical  Chemistry,  Industrial  Chemistry  and  Organic  Chemis- 
try, and  in  utilizing  the  splendid  opportunities  afforded  by  the  spacious  and 
amplv  equipped  laboratories  of  Havemeyer  Hall  for  instruction  in  the  broad- 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  259 

est  fields  of  its  department  of  science,  and  in  the  proper  training  of  chemists. 
Many  of  his  colleagues  referred  to  him  as  the  embodiment  of  unflagging  zeal 
and  energ}". 

The  3'ear  of  1896-97  witnessed  an  unusual  number  of  Facult}-  changes, 
involving  the  following  names  :  Dr.  \'anderpoel  Adriance,  Assistant  in  Nor- 
mal Histolog)%  retired;  Dr.  Henry  A.  Griffin,  Lecturer  in  ^Materia  ^ledica 
and  Therapeutics,  retired;  Mr.  George  Miiller,  Ph.  B.,  Lecturer  on  Chemis- 
try, resigned:  and  ]\Ir.  Alexander  R.  Cushman,  Ph.  B..' Assistant  in  Chemis- 
try, retired  by  reason  of  expired  term  of  appointment. 

Promotions  to  date  from  July  i,  1897.  were  as  follows:  Charles  E. 
Pellew.  E.  !^L,  former  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  to  Adjunct 
Professor  of  Chemistry :  Dr.  Alexander  Bryan  Johnson,  from  Instructor  in 
Minor  Surgery  to  Lecturer  on  ]Minor  Sui"gery  in  Roosevelt  Hospital :  Her- 
mann Theodore  Vulte,  Ph.  D.,  from  Tutor  to  Instructor  in  General  Chemis- 
tr}',  and  Dr.  James  Ewing,  from  Tutor  in  Normal  Histolog}'  to  Instructor 
in  Clinical  Microscopy. 

Appointments  were  as  follows :  Dr.  George  W.  ]\IcCrary.  Assistant 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy;  Dr.  A.  Braj-ton  Hall,  Professor  of  Clinical  ■Med- 
icine; Dr.  Erank  ^^^  Jackson.  Instructor  in  General  Diagnosis;  Dr.  James 
D.  A'^oorhees,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology;  Dr.  D.  Bryson  Dele- 
van,  Instructor  in  Laryngology ;  Dr.  George  T.  Jackson,  Instructor  in  Der- 
matolog}-;  Dr.  Erancis  Huber,  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  Children;  Dr.  Fred- 
erick Peterson,  Instructor  in  Neurology;  Dr.  John  B.  \A'alker,  Assistant  In- 
structor in  Operative  Surgery :  Dr.  Charles  Norris,  Tutor  in  Pathology :  Dr. 
William  R.  \\'illiams.  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology,  and  Dr.  Erancis  C. 
Wood,  Assistant  in  Clinical  Microscopy. 

The  changes  of  title  included  the  following :  Dr.  Erancis  H.  ]\Iarkoe 
from  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Surger}^  to  Instructor  in  Surger)-  at  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital ;  Dr.  A\'alter  B.  James  from  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Medicine  to  In- 
structor in  General  Diagnosis ;  Dr.  John  S.  Thacher  from  Demonstrator  in 
Pathologv-  to  Demonstrator  in  Pathological  Anatomy:  Dr.  Bern  R.  Gallau- 
det  from  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  to  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and  In- 
structor in  Surgery;  Dr.  Lucius  W.  Hotchkiss  from  Assistant  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy  to  Instructor  in  Surgery  in  Bellevue  Hospital;  Dr.  Richard  H. 
Cunningham  from  Assistant  Demonstrator  to  Demonstrator  in  Physiologv; 
Dr.  lohn  W.  Brannan  from  Clinical  Lecturer  upon  Contagious  Diseases  to 
Instructor  in  General  Diagnosis;  Oliver  S.  Strong,  Ph.  D..  from  Tutor  in 
Comparative  Neurologv-  to  Tutor  in  Comparative  NeurologA"  and  Assistant 
in  Normal  Histology  of  the  Nervous  System;  and  Dr.  Henr^-  Larkin  from 
Assistant  in  Pathology  to  Assistant  in  Pathology-  and  Curator  of  the  ]\Iuseum. 


26o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  titles  of  papers  written  during  the  College  work  of  the  year  were  as, 
follows : 

"Cerebral  Fissures  and  Gyres  of  Two  Brains  from  Natives  of  New 
Guinea,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington. 

"Corrosion  Anatomy,  Technique  and  I\Iass,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington. 

"Ventral  Version  of  Secondary  Fore-Brain,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington. 

"Topography  of  the  [Mediastinum  and  Superior  Thoracic  Aperture," 
Dr.  J.  A.  Blake. 

"On  Some  Points  in  the  Formati(jn  and  Distribution  of  the  Cervical 
Plexus  in  Cynomorphous  ]\Ionkeys,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington.  Transactions 
New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  Volume  XVL  March  3.   1897. 

"Contribution  to  the  Myology  of  Lemur  Bruneus,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Hunting- 
ton, Anatomical  Anccigcr,   1897. 

"Topographical  Anatomy  of  the  Lungs  and  ^lediastinum  in  the  Foetus 
at  Term  and  in  the  New  Born  Child."  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington,  Report  New 
York  Lying-in-Hospital,  1897. 

"The  ]vlechanics  of  the  Circulation,"  Dr.  J.  G.  Curtis,  in  "An  American 
Text-Book  of  Physiology,"  Philadelphia,  AA'.   B.  Saunders. 

"Physiology:  The  Vital  Processes  in  Health,"  F.  S.  Lee,  Ph.  D.,  in 
"In  Sickness  and  in  Health,"  New  York,  D,  Appleton  &  Co. 

"Reproduction.""  F.  S.  Lee.  Ph.  D.,  in  "An  American  Text  Book  of 
Phj^siology,"  Philadelphia. 

"Review  of  'A  Manual  of  Physiology,"  by  G.  N.  Stewart."  F.  S.  Lee, 
Ph.  D.,  in  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  Volume  63. 

"Review  of  'The  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the  Cerebral  Circulation,' 
by  L.  Hill,'"  F.  S.  Lee,  Ph.  D..  in  Ncn"  York  Medical  Joiirnal.  Volume  64. 

"Review  of  'Physiology'  for  Beginners,'  by  M.  Foster  and  L.  E.  Shores." 
F.  S.  Lee,  Ph.  D.,  in  Nen'  York  Medical  Joiirnal,  Volume  65. 

"Experiments  on  the  Relation  of  the  Inhibitory  to  the  Accelerator  Nerves 
of  the  Heart,"  R.  Hunt,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.  Journal  of  Experimental  Medicine, 
Volume  II. 

"On  Absorption  of  Strychnine  and  Hydrocyanic  Acid  from  the  Mu- 
cous Membrane  of  the  Stomach,"  Dr.  S.  J.  ^leltzer.  Journal  of  Experi- 
mental Medicine,  Volume  I,  the  same  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Association 
of  American  Physicians,  Volume  NI. 

"Ueber  die  L^nfiihigkeit  des  Schleimhaut  des  Kaninchenmagen  Strych- 
nin zu  resorbiren,"  Dr.  S.  J.  [Nleltzer.  Ccnfralblatt  fiir  Pliysiologie,  August 
8,  1896. 

"Experiments  on  the  Faradization  of  the  Stomach  of  Animals."  Dr.  S. 
J.  Meltzer.     New  York  Medical  Journal.  April  24.  1897. 

"I'eber  Reizversuche  mit  Inductionsstrome  am  Thiermagen,"  Dr.  S. 
J.  Meltzer.     Archiv  fiir  Verdauungskrankheiten,  [May,   1897. 

"The  Influence  of  Phloridzin  in  the  Blood  and  Lymph,"  Dr.  P.  A. 
Levene.    Journal  of  Experimental  Medicine,  Volume  II. 

"Restoration  of  Co-ordinated  Volitional  Movement  After  Nerve-Cross- 
ing," Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  261 

"Acromegaly  in  a  Dog,"  Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham. 

"The  Cortical  Centers  of  the  Oppossmii"  ( Didelphys  Virginiana),  Dr. 
R.  H.  Cunningham. 

"The  Physiology  of  the  Cardiac  Nerves  of  the  Opossum"  (Didelphys 
Virginiana),  R.  Hunt,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  and  Dr.  D.  W.  Harrington. 

"Notes  on  the  Physiology  of  the  Cardiac  Nerves  of  the  Calf,"  R.  Hunt, 
M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  and  Dr.  D.  W.  Harrington. 

"Einige  allgemeine  Eigeinschaften  des  Herzmuskels  vom  Amerikan- 
ischen  Hummer,"  R.  Hunt,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  A.  Bookman,  A.  B.,  and  M.  J. 
Tierney,  A.  B. 

"On  the  Physiology  of  the  Cardiac  Nerves  of  the  Guinea  Pig,"  Dr.  D. 
W.  Harrington. 

"Low  Temperature  Pasteurization  of  Milk,"  Dr.  Rowland  G.  Freeman. 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Acute  Ascending  (Landry's)  Paraly- 
sis," Pearce  Bailey,  A.  M..  M.  D.,  and  James  Ewing,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 

"A  Further  Study  of  the  Biology  of  the  Gonococcus  (Niesser),"  Dr. 
Henry  Heiman. 

"Bacterial  and  Allied  Tests  as  .\pplied  to  the  Clinical  Diagnosis  of  Ty- 
phoid Fever,"  Dr.  John  S.  Ely. 

"Dangers  of  the  Domestic  Use.  Other  than  Drinking,  of  Contaminated 
Water,  with  Sjiecial  Reference  to  ]^.lilk  and  Oysters  as  Carriers  of  Bacteria," 
Dr.  Rowland  G.  Freeman. 

"Common  Causes  of  the  Contamination  of  Drinking  Water,"  Dr.  Tim- 
othy M.  Cheesman. 

"Notes  on  Polychromatic   Photo-Micrography,"  Dr.   Edward  Learning. 

"The  Toxic  Basis  of  Neural  Diseases,"  Dr.  Ira  Van  Gieson. 

The  College  of  Ph}'sicians  and  Surgeons  entered  upon  the  academic 
year  beginning  June  30th,  1898,  under  the  most  favorable  auspices.  The 
falling  off  in  number  of  students  had  not  only  been  arrested,  but  there  had 
been  a  substantial  gain,  the  enrollment  amounting  to  766  as  against  639  in 
the  pre\-ious  year.  There  was  further  reason  for  gratulation  so  far  as  the 
entering  students  were  concerned  in  the  matter  of  general  education.  This 
augured  much  for  a  keener  sense  of  the  responsibilities  as  applicable  to  their 
future  careers.  It  had  been  feared  that  the  lengthening  of  the  medical  course 
would  tend  to  decrease  the  percentage  of  students  who  had  taken  a  college 
course  before  entering  upon  a  course  of  medical  study.  On  the  contrary, 
there  was  a  marked  improvement,  inasmuch  as  the  matriculating  class  had 
not  only  the  largest  number,  but  the  largest  percentage  of  well  prepared  stu- 
dents since  the  adoption  of  the  four-year  plan.  Reduced  to  iigures,  the  per- 
centage in  the  class  of  those  students  who  had  taken  degrees  signifying  a 
liberal  education  was  thirty-nine,  as  against  twent3'-nine  in  1894-95,  and 
twenty-eight  each  in  the  academic  years  of  1895-96  and   1896-97. 

The  graduating  class  of  this  year   (1897-98),  the  first  under  the  new 


262  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

four-year  curriculum,  numbered  136  as  against  twenty-nine  in  the  preceding 
year.  It  receiA'ed  the  uncjuahfied  commendation  of  the  Faculty.  Only  five 
members  of  the  class  failed  to  pass  the  examination  necessary  for  gradua- 
tion at  the  Commencement,  and  fifty-four  of  the  graduates,  after  competitive 
examinations,  received  hospital  appointments  where  only  fifty-eight  such 
positions  were  to  be  filled. 

There  were  numerous  changes  in  the  Faculty  during  the  year.  Dr. 
Edwin  Matthews  Kitchel,  an  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology,  died  on  Aug- 
ust 26th.  1897.  as  the  result  of  an  accident.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  Col- 
lege, class  of  1893,  and  his  professional  career,  brief  as  it  was.  had  given 
promise  of  high  success  in  his  chosen  field. 

In  March,  1898,  Dr.  James  W.  McLane  tendered  his  resignation  as 
Professor  of  Obstetrics,  to  take  effect  at  the  expiration  of  the  academic  year. 
It  was  felt  that  Dr.  McLane  was  justly  to  be  relieved  from  the  obligations  of 
constant  teaching,  in  view  of  his  long  service  and  his  many  accumulating 
duties.  For  thirty  years  he  had  served  as  a  teacher,  yet  was  willing  to  con- 
tinue as  Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty,  as  well  as  the  representative  of  the  Col- 
lege on  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  ihe  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital  and  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  His  resignation  was  regretfully  ac- 
cepted, with  the  provision  that  he  add  to  his  honors  that  of  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor of  Obstetrics,  the  same  to  date  from  the  day  of  his  retirement  from 
the  Chair  of  Obstetrics.  His  colleagues  of  the  ^sledical  Faculty  Portly  af- 
terwards presented  to  Columbia  University  a  fine  portrait  of  Dr.  McLane, 
by  Mr.  Daniel  Huntington,  and  this  fine  work  of  art  graces  the  large  lec- 
ture room  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  the  goodly  company 
of  others  who  had  served  the  institution  with  the  same  unselfish  zeal. 

In  accordance  with  a  delicate  usage  in  such  cases  provided,  the  chair 
so  long  occupied  by  Dr.  McLane  was  not  immediately  filled.  Dr.  Edwin 
B.  Cragin  was  chosen  Lecturer  in  Obstetrics  for  the  ensuing  academic  year, 
with  a  view  to  his  appointment  to  the  Professorship  at  the  end  of  that  pe- 
riod. Dr.  Cragin  was  a  graduate  of  the  College,  class  of  1886,  and  what 
told  most  in  his  favor,  he  had  been  for  several  years  the  Secretary  of  the 
Medical  Faculty.  Therefore,  he  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  school 
in  all  its  conditions,  and  had  manifested  his  aptitude  for  the  department  to 
which  he  had  been  assigned. 

In  June  of  the  same  year  (1898)  Dr.  William  Henry  Draper  tendered 
his  resignation  as  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  to  take  effect  at  the  end  of 
the  academic  year.  AYhile  never  a  member  of  the  Faculty  as  such.  Dr. 
Draper  had  taught  in  the  College  for  forty  years,  and  was,  without  gainsa}^- 
ino-,  the  peer  of  his  colleagues,  one  of  whom.  Professor  Alonzo  Clark,  accorded 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  263 

him  tlie  rank  of  the  literary  laureate  of  the  profession.  In  accepting  his  res- 
ignation the  Trustees  gave  him  the  title  of  Professor  Emeritus  of  his  Depart- 
ment. 

Dr.  Draper  was  born  in  Brattleboro,  Vermont,  October  14,  1830;  was 
graduated  from  Columbia  College  in  185 1,  and  pursued  his  studies  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was  graduated  four 
years  later  with  the  accompanying  degree  of  A.  M.  from  his  alma  mater. 
After  taking  advanced  medical  courses  in  London  and  Paris,  he  returned  to 
New  York  City  and  engaged  in  family  practice  without  any  leanings  to  a 
specialty,  so  far  as  claimed  by  himself.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  Lecturer 
on  Diseases  of  the  Kidneys  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and 
he  was  subsequently  appointed  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  which 
position  he  held  until  1879.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  Clinical  Medicine.  In  1889  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees,  and  that  position  he  occupied  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
From  1859  to  1868  he  was  visiting  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  its 
consulting  physician  until  his  death.  In  1862  he  became  Visiting  Physician 
to  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  in  1889  he  was  made  Consulting  Physician, 
and  was  also  for  several  years  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital.  He  was  Attending"  Physician  to  Roosevelt  Hospital  from  its 
foundation  until  shortly  before  his  death,  and  he  was  similarly  connected 
with  Trinity  Infirmary,  the  Northwestern  Dispensary  and  the  House  of 
Mercy.  He  was  for  several  years  President  of  the  Alumni  Association  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  was  a  member  of.  various  pro- 
fessional societies,  and  was  the  author  of  numerous  papers  upon  protessional 
topics  which  were  published  in  the  leading  medical  journals.  His  death 
occurred  on  April  26,  1901.  As  an  instructor  no  person  could  well  have 
been  more  accurate  or  sch(ilarly. 

Other  resignations  from  the  corps  of  teachers  were  as  follows,  and 
all  by  reason  of  expiration  of  term ;  Dr.  Richard  H.  Cunningham,  Demon- 
strator in  Physiology;  Dr.  Reid  Hunt,  Tutor  in  Physiology;  Dr.  Frederick 
S.  Ward  and  Dr.  Frederick  H.  Floy,  Assistants  in  Normal  Histology.  Dr. 
Alexander  B.  Johnson,  Clinical  Lecturer  at  Roosevelt  Hospital,  was  desig- 
nated as  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Minor  Surgery  in  the  same  institution. 

The  following  appointments  were  made :  Dr.  Arthur  S.  Vosburgh, 
Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy ;  Dr.  George  P.  Biggs,  Demonstrator 
of  Pathology;  Dr.  Frederick  H,  Floy,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology;  Dr. 
William  F.  Neumann.  Assistant  in  Bacteriology;  Dr.  Charles  T.  Poore, 
Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery,  St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Children ;  Dr. 
Robert  Abbe,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery ;  Dr.  William  J.  Gies,  Instructor 


264  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

in  Physiological  Chemistry;  Dr.  William  K.  Simpson,  Instructor  in  Laryn- 
gology; Dr.  Charles  N.  Dowd,  Instructor  in  Surgery,  St.  Mary's  Free  Hos- 
pital for  Children;  Dr.  George  M.  Swift.  Instructor  in  Medicine,  St.  Mary's 
Free  Hospital  for  Children;  Colin  C.  Stewart,  Ph.  D..  Tutor  in  Physiology; 
Alfred  N.  Richards,  A.  B.,  and  Henry  E.  McDermott,  A.  B.,  Assistants  in 
Physiological  Chemistr\-;  Dr.  Clarence  A.  McWilliams  and  Dr.  D.  Stuart  D. 
Jessnp,  Assistants  in  Normal  Histology;  Russell  H.  Chittenden,  Ph.  D., 
Director  of  Department  of  Physiological  Chemistry  and  Lecturer. 

Educational  work  in  all  departments  was  prosecuted  with  thoroughness 
and  excellence  of  result.  The  spirit  which  characterized  the  students  was 
manifest  in  the  two-fold  increased  attendance  upon  the  University  courses 
afforded  in  the  School  of  Pure  Sciences.  In  the  Museum  of  Human  and 
Comparative  Anatomy  nearly  one  thousand  new  preparations  were  added 
to  the  collection,  and  a  departmental  library  was  established  in  connection 
with  the  research  laborator}-.  In  the  Department  of  Pathology  nearly  one 
thousand  five  hundred  specimens  were  received  from  hospitals,  dispensaries 
and  practitioners  during  the  year.  A  new  practical  course  in  Clinical 
Microscopy,  was  organized  for  fourth  year  students. 

During  the  year  many  valuable  contributions  were  made  to  the  literature 
of  the  profession.     The  list  of  papers  is  as  follows : 

"The  Eparterial  Bronchial  System  of  the  Mammalia,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Hunt- 
ington, Annals  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  XI,  1898. 

"Comparative  Anatomy  and  Embryology  as  Aids  in  Teaching  Human 
Anatomy  in  the  Medical  Course,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington,  American  Jo<uniaI 
of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1898. 

"The  Teaching  of  Anatomy,"  Dr.  G.  S.  Huntington,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity Bulletin.  No.  XX,  June,  1898. 

"Removal  of  a  Sub-Cortical  Cerebellar  Tumor,"  etc.,  Dr.  George  E. 
Brewer,  Medical  Record,  May   15th,    1898. 

"A  Fatal  Case  of  Gonorrhoeal  Infection,  with  .\utopsy  Report,"  Dr. 
George  E.  Brewer,  Joitrn-ail  of  Cittaneoiis  and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  fune, 
1898. 

"Some  Observations  Upon  the  Surgical  Anatomy  of  the  Kidney,"  Dr. 
George  E.  Brewer,  Medical  News,  July  31st,  1898. 

"Operative  Surgery  at  the  City  Hospital,  with  a  Completed  Report  on 
the  Study  of  Wound  Infection,"  Dr.  George  E.  Brewer,  Medical  Record, 
March  13th,  1898. 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Topographical  Anatomy  of  the  Mediastinum  and 
the  Superior  Aperture  of  the  Thorax,"  Dr.  J.  A.  Blake,  Proceedings  of  the 
Association  of  American  Anatomists,  Ninth  Annual  Session. 

"Fractures  in  the  New  Born,"  Dr.  Churchill  Garmalt,  Medical  Report, 
Societv  of  the  Lying-in-Hospital  of  New  York,  1897. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  265 

■■Physiolog)'  at  the  British  Association,"  F.  S.  Lee,  Ph.  D.,  Science, 
October  8,  1897. 

"The  Functions  of  the  Ear  and  of  the  Lateral  Line  in  Fishes,"  F.  S. 
Lee,  Ph.  D.,  American-  Journal  of  Physiology,  January'  3,   1898. 

"A  Case  of  Acromegal}'  in  a  Dog,"  Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham,  Journal  of 
Comparative  Medicine  and  V eterinary  Archives,  Jul}-,   1897. 

"Aseptic  Formahn  Catgait,"  Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham,  Medical 
Register,    (Virginia),   January    15,    1898. 

"The  Cortical  Motor  Centers  of  the  Opossum  (Didelphys  Virginiana)," 
Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham,  Journal  of  Physiology,  February  17,  1898. 

"The  Restoration  of  Co-ordinated  Volitional  Movement  After  Xerve- 
Crossing,"  Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham,  American  Journal  of  Ph\siolog\',  i\Iarch 
I,  1898. 

"Experimental  Thyroidism,"  Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham,  Joninml  of  Ex- 
perimental Medicine,  Volume  III,  No.  2,  1898. 

"Review  of  ]\Iarcet's  'A  Contribution  to  the  Histor}-  of  the  Respira- 
tion of  ]\Ian.'  "  R.  Hunt,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  Xezc  York  Medical  Journal,  August. 

"Einige  allgemeine  Eigenschaften  des  Herzmuskels  des  Amerikanischen 
Hummer  (Homarus  Americanus),"  R.  Hunt,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D._,  A.  Bookman, 
A.  B.,  and  M.  J.  Tierney,  A.  B.,  Centralblatt  fi'ir  Physiologic,  July,  1897. 

"Notes  on  the  Cardiac  Nerves  of  the  Opossum  (Didelphys  Virginiana)," 
R.  Hunt.  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  and  D.  W.  Harrington,  M.  D.,  Journal  of  Experi- 
mental Medicine,  November,   1897. 

"Notes  on  the  Cardiac  Nerves  of  the  Calf,"  R.  Flunt,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D., 
and  D.  W.  Harrington,  M.  D.,  Ibid.,  November,   1897. 

"Contributions  to  the  Physiology  of  the  Cardiac  Ner\-es  in  the  Guinea 
Pig,"  Dr.  D.  W.  Harrington,  American.  Jonnml  of  Physiology,  May  i,  1898. 

"L'eber  Reizversuche  mit  hiductionsstromen  am  Tiermagen,"  Dr.  S.  J. 
Meltzer,  Archi\-  fiir  Verdauungskrankheiten,  Band  HI,  Heft  2. 

"A  Further  Experimental  Contribution  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  JNIechan- 
ism  of  Deglutition,"  Dr.  S.  J.  Meltzer,  Journal  of  Experimoital  Medicine, 
Volume  II,  No.  5. 

"The  Bactericidal  Action  of  Lymph  Taken  from  the  Thoracic  Duct  of 
the  Dog,"  Dr.  S.  I.  ]\Ieltzer,  Journnl  of  Experimental  Medicine,  Volume 
II,.  No.  6. 

"On  the  Paths  of  Absorption  from  the  Peritoneal  Ca\^ity,"  Dr.  S.  J. 
Meltzer,  Journai  of  Physiology,  Volume  XXII. 

"On  the  Nature  of  the  Cardio-pneumatic  Movements,"  Dr.  S.  J.  Melt- 
zer, American  Journal  of  Physiology,  Volume  I,  page  117. 

"Ether-Anaesthesia  by  the  Rectum,"  Dr.  S.  J.  Meltzer,  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Physiological  Society,  American-  Jcinrnal  of  Physiology,  Vol- 
ume I,  No.  2. 

"A  Simple  ^Method  for  the  Redistention  of  the  Collapsed  Lung,"  Dr.  S. 
J.  Meltzer,  Ibidem. 

"Physiological  Experiments  with  Intestinal  Irrigation  on  Pulse  Ten- 
sion, Temperature, . Renal  Secretion,  and  Intestinal  Absorption,"  Dr.  R.  C. 
Kemp,  N'ezi'  York  Medica-l  Journal,  January  29,  1898. 


266  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


"A  Contribution  to  the  Physiology  of  Fat  Absorption,"  Dr.  R.  H.  Cun- 
ningham. 

■'Thyro-Colloid  in  Myxoedema,"  a  critical  experimental  study  of  the 
active  principles  of  the  thyroid  gland  (Provisional  title).  Dr.  R.  H.  Cunning- 
ham. 

"The  Influence  of  Fasting  Upon  the  Bactericidal  Action  of  the  Blood," 
Dr.  S.  J.  Meltzer. 

"Bacterial  and  Allied  Tests  as  Applied  to  the  Clinical  Diagnosis  of 
Typhoid  Fever,"  Dr.  John  S.  Ely. 

"Report  Upon  Two  Cases  of  Tumor  of  the  Spinal  Cord,""  Dr.  Pearce 
Bailey. 

"The  Lymphatic  Constitution  and  Its  Relation  to  Some  Forms  of  Sud- 
den Death,"  Dr.  James  Ewing. 

"Some  Laboratory  Moulds,""  Dr.   Smith   E.  Jelliffe. 

"On  a  Method  of  Isolating  and  Identifying  Bacillus  Typhosus  Based  on 
a  Study  of  Bacillus  Typhosus  and  Members  of  the  Colon  Group  in  Semi- 
Solid  Culture  Media,""  Dr.  Philip  H.  Hiss,  Jr. 

"The  Bacterial  Action  of  Lymph  Taken  from  the  Thoracic  Duct  of  the 
Dog,"  Dr.  S.  J.  [Nleltzer  and  Dr.  Charles  Xorris. 

"On  the  Occurrence  of  Typhoid  Fever  Without  Characteristic  Lesions 
of  the  Small  Intestine,"'  Dr.  Eugene  Hodenpyl. 

"Modification  of  Cullen"s  Method  of  Preparing  Fresh  Sections  for 
Microscopic  Work,"  Dr.  Eugene  Hodenpyl. 

"Further  Stu<lies  (Third  Series)  on  the  Gonococcus  (Xiesser).""  Dr. 
Henry  Heiman. 

"A  Case  of  Acute  Leukaemia,""  Dr.  W.  H.  Thonipson  and  Dr.  James 
Ewing. 

"Suture  of  the  Cornea  After  Removal  of  the  Lens.""  Dr.  AW  H.  Bates. 

"Studies  of  Ganglion  Cells — A  Preliminary  Communication,""  Dr. 
James  Ewing. 

"On  the  Therapeutic  Value  of  Blood  Letting — An  Experimental  Study," 
Dr.  Isaac  Levin. 

"Haemorrhagic   Pancreatitis   with   Liver    Abscess."'   Dr.    F.    H.    Larkin. 

"An  Experimental  Study  of  the  Direct  Inoculation  of  the  Spleen  with 
Micro-organisms;  and  a  Contribution  to  Our  Knowledge  of  the  Importance 
of  the  Lesion  of  a  Body  Tissue  for  the  Settlement  and  Development  of  Bac- 
teria Within  It,"  Dr.  T.  M.  Cheesman  and  Dr.  S.  J.  Meltzer. 

Volume  V  of  the  "Studies  from  the  Department  of  Pathology"  was  is- 
sued, in  two  parts,  during  the  year. 

During  the  war  with  Spaiin  the  following  named  persons  entered  the 
militarv  service  of  the  Nation,  and  the  list  is  a  veritable  Roll  of  Honor : 

First  year  students:  Harry  A.  Bubb,  military  duty  in  Pennsylvania; 
Carl  Fulda,  Second  Division.  Second  Naval  Battalion,  New  York;  Arthur 
J.  Schneidenbach,  private.  L^.  S.  S.  Nahant;  S.  M.  Strong,  Navv,  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  267 

Second  year  students :  Ralph  A.  Hayt,  private  in  Hospital  Corps,  U. 
S.  A.;  H.  S.  Satterlee,  private,  Squadron  A,  Troop  3,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  R.  S. 
Bamberger,  private.  Hospital  Corps,  Twelfth  Regiment,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  Lester 
L.  Roos,  private.  Company  E,  Ninth  Regiment,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  Maurice  H. 
Krebs,  private.  Seventy-first  Regiment,  Company  B,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  Wm.  de 
F.  Ireland,  Hospitail  Corps,  Twelfth  Regiment,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. 

Third  year  students :  Jonathan  M.  Wainwright,  Captain  First  Regi- 
ment, Connecticut  N.  G. ;  Edward  A.  Aronson,  private.  Eighth  Regiment 
Infantry,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  Arthur  M.  Line,  private.  Troop  A,  N.  Y.  V.  C. 

Fourth  year  students :  M.  G.  Burgess,  received  his  diploma  April  27, 
1898,  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon,  U.  S.  A. ;  Samuel  J.  Kopetzky, 
received  his  diploma  April  29,  1898,  Hospital  Steward,  Eighth  Regiment 
Infantry,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  Wm.  P.  Earl,  received  his  diploma  June  8,  1898, 
Thirty-first  Separate  Company,  N.  G.,  N.  Y..  Assistant  Surgeon;  A.  H. 
Busby,  received  his  diploma  April  29,  1898,  Hospital  Corps,  Seventy-first 
Regiment,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  Emil  A.  Midler,  received  his  diploma  April  29, 
1898,  Acting  Apothecary,  First  Naval  Battalion  of  New  York,  U.  S.  S.  New 
Hampshire;  Letchworth   Smith,  military  duty. 

Old  Curriculum :  Thomas  A.  Rothwell,  Company  A,  Twenty-second 
Regiment,  N.  G.,  N.  Y. ;  John  H.  Claiborne,  Instructor  in  Ophtlialmology, 
Adjutant  in  one  of  the  regiments  from  this  state. 

In  the  academic  year  ending  on  June  30,  1899,  the  number  of  students 
was  738,  as  against  765  in  1898,  and  the  entering  class  was  reduced  from 
220  to  194.  This  decrease  was  due  to  a  strenuous  competition.  In  the 
previous  year,  a  medical  school  had  been  founded  in  the  city  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  Cornell  University,  and  its  Faculty  enjoyed  a  high  prestige,  being 
in  greater  part  identified  with  that  of  the  old  New  York  LTniversity  Medical 
School,  while,  on  its  part,  the  latter  named  institution  had  drawn  to  its  ser- 
vice the  Faculty  of  the  Bellevue  Medical  School.  If,  however,  there  had 
been  a  loss  of  numbers,  there  had  been  a  slight  gain  in  quality  of  material. 
Of  the  738  students  enrolled,  302  had  already  taken  degrees,  180  that  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  and  fifty-three  of  Bachelor  of  Science.  Reduced  to  figures, 
the  percentage  of  liberally  educated  students  was  something  larger  than  forty, 
as  against  thirty-nine  in  the  previous  year,  when  the  percentage  had  grown 
from  twenty-nine.  The  number  of  graduates  was  140,  a  gain  of  four  over 
the  previous  year. 

By  a  change  made  in  the  LTniversity  Statutes,  the  students  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  were  now  placed  upon  the  same  footing 
with  students  in  other  departments  of  Columbia  University.  Heretofore 
the  medical  students  had  been  required,  on  entrance,  to  make  payment  of  the 
entire  tuition  fee  for  the  year.  They  were  now  privileged  to  divide  the  fee 
into  two  payments,  one-half  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  and  the  remainder 
in  Februarv  following. 


268  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

This  3'ear  witnessed  a  number  of  important  additions  to  the  resources 
of  the  College.  Among  these  were  the  transfer  to  it  of  the  Sloane 
Maternity  Hospital,  the  founding  of  the  Abraham  Jacobi  ^^"ard  for  Children 
in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  the  creation  of  the  O'Dwyer  Scholarship,  to 
all  of  which  reference  has  been  made  in  the  chapter  on  Prizes  and  Bequests. 
In  the  Department  of  Pathology  more  than  1.600  specimens  were  added  to 
the  collection  of  demonstration  material.  In  the  Photographic  Section  the 
negatives,  more  than  2.000  in  number,  were  card-catalogued  and  rearranged, 
while  many  additions  to  the  collection  deserve  special  mention. 

The  corps  of  teachers  lost  one  member  by  death.  Henry  E.  ]\IcDermott, 
A.  B.,  Assistant  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  The  following  named  teach- 
ers resigned :  Dr.  Timothy  ~Si.  Cheesman,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology :  and 
Dr.  D.  Br}-son  Delevan,  Instructor  in  Laryngology.  Those  retiring  by  rea- 
son of  expiration  of  term  were :  Dr.  James  Ewing.  Instructor  in  Clinical 
Microscopy;  Dr.  Charles  Xorris.  Tutor  in  PathologA-;  Dr.  Clarence  A.  ]\Ic- 
Williams,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology;  Allan  C.  Eiistis,  B.  S..  Ph.  B., 
Assistant  in  Physiological  Chemistry. 

The  promotions  and  appointments  were  numer'His.  Dr.  Edwin  B. 
Cragin.  who  had  ser\-ed  during  the  preceding  year  as  Lecturer  in  Obstetrics, 
was  appointed  to  the  Professorship  of  that  Department  and  retired  from  the 
Secretaryship  of  the  Faculty,  in  which  position  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Frederick  J.  Brockway.  Promotions  were  as  follows :  Dr.  Philip  H.  Hiss 
to  Instructor  in  Bacteriology ;  Dr.  Francis  C.  \\'ood  to  Instructor  in  Clinical 
^Microscopy  and  Demonstrator  in  Pathology.  The  following  named  re- 
ceived new  .  designation  of  title :  Dr.  Livingston  Farrand.  Instructor  in 
Psychology;  Dr.  James  D.  Voorhees,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics.  Appoint- 
ments were  as  follows:  Dr.  August  J.  Lartigau.  Tutor  in  Patholog}":  Dr. 
Ernest  X.  Wilcox  and  Dr.  Eli  Long.  Assistants  in  Normal  Histology;;  Dr. 
Evan  !M.  Evans,  Assistant  in  Clinical  ]Microscopy ;  Dr.  \Allliam  D.  Cutter, 
Assistant  in  Physiological  Chemistry. 

The  work  of  instruction  was  well  maintained  in  all  the  various  depart- 
ments. In  that  of  Anatomy  excellent  results  had  been  procured  through 
the  employment  of  a  number  of  the  old  undergraduates  as  Student  Demon- 
strators. The  plan  had  been  introduced  two  years  before,  and  the  increase 
in  the  teaching  force  had  been  of  particular  ^•alue  in  the  prosecution  of  prac- 
tical anatomical  work. 

In  December  of  1898  the  Association  of  American  Anatomists  met  at 
Columbia  Lniversity  in  association  with  the  affiliated  scientific  societies. 
Upon  that  occasion  Dr.  George  S.  Huntington  presented  six  papers  on 
Anatomical  topics,  and  papers  were  also  presented  by  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Blake. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  269 

Dr.  A\'alton  K.  IMartin  and  Dr.  George  E.  Brewer.  Tlie  Association,  in  re- 
sponse to  a  request  received  from  the  editors  of  the  Journal  of  Anatomy  and 
Phxsiology  (British),  nominated  Dr.  Huntington  as  American  editor  of  that 
pubhcation. 

The  Department  of  Physiological  Chemistry,  organized  in  the  previous 
vear.  amply  vindicated  its  necessity  and  usefulness.  The  course  included 
didactic  lectures,  conferences  and  recitations,  and  practical  work  in  the  lab- 
oratorv.  The  course  was  open  to  all  second  year  students,  to  the  number  of 
151,  and,  besides  these,  three  graduate  students  took  the  course  in  its  en- 
tiretv.  while  a  number  of  special  and  research  students  made  use  of  the  lab- 
oratory. The  instructors  were  Professor  Russell  H.  Chittenden  as  Lec- 
turer, Dr.  A\'illiam  J.  Gies  in  conferences,  and  Dr.  Gies,  [Mr.  A.  X.  Rich- 
ards and  ^Ir.  A.  C.  Eustis  in  laboratory  work. 

The  Department  of  Pathology  was  conducted  with  great  industry.  In- 
struction in  Pathology  was  given  to  174  students,  divided  into  two  sections, 
and  sixteen  others  were  engaged  in  research  in  Pathologv"  and  [Medical 
Bacteriology.  The  class  in  Clinical  [Microscopy,  numbering  140  regular 
students  and  three  special  students,  was  divided  into  four  sections.  The 
class  in  Bacteriology  numbered  156  students,  and  was  taught  in  four  sec- 
tions. The  first  year  class  in  Normal  Histology,  numbering  166  students, 
was  taught  in  two  sections,  and  the  second  year  class  numbered  159  students. 
In  all.  instruction  in  the  various  classes  of  the  Department  of  Pathology  was 
given  to  798  students,  and  twenty-one  were  engaged  in  special  advanced 
studies  and  in  research  work. 

In  the  Department  of  Obstetrics,  instruction  was  given  to  second  year 
students  by  Dr.  Ervin  A.  Tucker.  A  slight  change  was  made  in  the  method 
of  instruction  given  to  third  year  students.  Instead  of  three  didactic  lectures 
each  week,  two  didactic  lectures  and  one  clinical  lecture  were  given  each  week 
by  Dr.  Edwin  B.  Cragin.  the  clinical  lectures  being  given  in  the  Vanderbilt 
Clinic. 

The  Clinical  instruction  in  Surgery  had  become  increasingly  valuable 
under  Professor  \A"illiam  T.  Bull  and  Professor  Robert  F.  Weir.  The  prac- 
tical details  of  [Minor  Surgery  were  entrusted  to  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot.  Jr..  in 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  the  hospital  bedside  instruction  at  Bellevue.  to 
Drs.  Francis  H.  [Markoe.  Bern  B.  Gallaudet  and  Lucius  W.  Hotchkiss. 

In  the  Department  of  Diseases  of  Children,  the  instruction  was  supple- 
mented by  two  weekly  clinics  in  the  Jacobi  AA'ard  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital. 

The  bibliography  of  the  year,  much  of  which  was  based  upon  special  re- 
search in  the  laboratory,  presented,  as  usual,  a  varied  array  of  topics.  Such 
publications  had  now  become  a  particular  feature  of  work  in  various  depart- 


270  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ments,  and  the  papers  which  have  annually  since  been  placed  in  preservable 
and  accessible  form,  constitute  an  invaluable  addition  to  scientific  literature, 
and  find  place  in  college  and  scientific  liliraries  the  world  over. 

The  academical  year  which  ended  on  June  30,  1900,  opened  with  a  con- 
siderably increased  number  of  students,  in  all  801,  as  against  738  in  the  pre- 
vious year.  Of  this  number,  315  had  degrees,  and  twenty-six  had  graduated 
from  one  or  another  of  the  departments  of  Columbia  University.  It  is  to 
be  noticed  that  of  matriculants  the  percentage  of  those  which  received  liberal 
degrees  was  not  as  large  as  in  the  previous  year,  but  that  there  was  a  de- 
crease to  twenty-eight,  the  identical  point  at  which  it  had  stood  in  the  first 
two  classes  which  entered  under  the  four  year  curriculum. 

The  number  of  graduates  at  the  Commencement  m  June  was  165.  an 
increase  of  twenty-five  over  the  previous  year.  Of  these,  ninety-one  re- 
ceived hospital  appointments  and  five  received  appointments  as  alternates. 
These  were  made  as  a  result  of  competitive  examinations,  and  the  number 
of  successful  contestants  justified  Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  the  Dean,  in  re- 
marking that  it  made  an  extremely  creditable  showing. 

This  year  the  College  was  deprived  by  death  of  a  useful  member  in 
the  person  of  Dr.  Fessenden  Nott  Otis.  Emeritus  Professor  of  Genito-Urin- 
ary  Diseases.  He  was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  born  in  Ballston, 
May  6,  1825.  The  famih'  from  which  he  is  descended  settled  in  New  York 
state  prior  to  the  American  Revolution,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  Otis  family 
which  came  from  England  towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  centurv  and 
settled  at  Hingham,  Massachusetts.  Oran  Gray  Otis,  Esq.,  the  father  of 
Dr.  Otis,  was  one  of  the  early  graduates  of  Union  College,  Schenectady, 
New  York.  He  became  prominent  as  a  lawyer,  advocate  and  legislator,  al- 
though dying  at  the  age  of  forty-one  years.  He  was  selected  to  deliver  the 
oration  on  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of  Washington, 
before  the  joint  legislative  bodies  of  the  state  of  New  York,  at  Albany,  in 
1836.  On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Otis  is  descended  from  another  well  known 
New  England  family  of  English  origin,  his  father  having-  married  Lucy, 
daughter  of  David  Kingman,  a  leading  citizen  and  shipping  merchant  of 
Bridgewater,  Massachusetts. 

The  early  education  of  Dr.  Otis  was  begun  in  the  school  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Babcock,  of  Ballston  Springs,  New  York,  and  carried  on  in  the  academies  of 
Canandaigua  and  Fairfield,  New  York,  and  others,  up  to  1843,  'when  he  met 
with  a  severe  accident  which  prevented  the  continuance  of  his  systematic 
study  for  several  years.  He,  however,  as  he  was  alile,  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  landscape  drawing  and  perspective,  with  such  success  as  to  re- 
sult in  the  subsequent  publication,  through  the  house  of  D.  Appleton  &  Com- 


(E^cc<2^o-^^.^^?6^^  cyf^^ 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  271 

pany.  Xew  York,  of  several  books  on  these  subjects.  Their  excellence  and 
his  reputation  as  a  lecturer  and  teacher  -were  recognized  by  the  Faculty  of 
Union  College  in  the  presentation  to  him  of  the  honorary  degree  of  ^Master 
of  Arts  in  1849.  He  was  also  elected  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
society  of  Union  College  during  the  same  year. 

Dr.  Otis  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  1848.  and  came  to  Xew  York 
City,  matriculating  in  the  medical  department  of  the  Xew  York  University; 
also  entering  the  office  of  Dr.  John  Whittaker.  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  as 
a  private  student.  Subsequently  he  left  the  University  with  Dr.  \Miittaker, 
who  had  received  an  appointment  to  the  chair  of  anatomy  in  the  X'ew  York 
Medical  College,  just  then  organized.  In  1852  Dr.  Otis  was  graduated  in 
medicine  from  that  college,  receiving  the  competitive  gold  medal  for  his 
graduating"  thesis,  as  well  as  prizes  in  the  departments  of  phvsiologv  and 
practice. 

Immediately  after  his  graduation  Dr.  Otis  was  appointed  one  of  the 
resident  assistant  physicians  of  Charity  Hospital.  X'ew  York,  on  BlackwelFs 
Island,  then  in  charge  of  \Villiam  Kelly.  ]\I.  D.,  as  surgeon  in  chief.  At  the 
close  of  this  service  (1S53)  he  received  an  appointment  as  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  ]\Iail  Steamship  Company,  the  service  of  which  covered  that 
portion  of  the  route  between  Xew  York  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Sub- 
sequently he  continued  in  this  and  in  the  Pacific  ^^lail  service  up  to  1859, 
when  he  left  the  ocean,  and  settled  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Xew 
York  City  in  i860.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  a  police  surgeon  in  X'ew 
York  City,  in  which  capacity  he  served  upwards  of  ten  years,  and  occupied 
the  position  of  President  of  the  ]\Iedical  Board  of  the  Police  Department  dur- 
ing the  last  two  years. 

In  January,  1862,  Dr.  Otis  was  appointed  to  a  lectureship  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  X'ew  York,  which  he  continued  to  fill  until 
1871,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  clinical  professorship  of  the  department  of  ■ 
Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal  Diseases.  This  chair  he  occupied  until  his 
resignation,  on  account  of  failing  health,  in  1890.  when  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  Professor  Emeritus.  In  186 1  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  X'ew 
York  Academy  of  ^ledicine.  and  subsequently  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Xew  York  County  ]\Iedical  Society,  and  also  of  the  X'ew  York  State  Medical 
Society,  the  British  ^ledical  Association  and  the  Societv  of  American 
Genito-Urinary  Surgeons.  He  had  also  become  a  member  of  the  medical 
board  of  Charity  Hospital,  and  was  attending  surgeon  at  Blackwell's  Island 
Hospital  for  over  ten  years,  when  he  resigned,  and  \\as  appointed  to  the 
■consulting  stafif.  He  was  also  on  the  consulting  board  of  the  ^Manhattan 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  Xew  York,  and  of  the  X'ew  York  Skin  and  Cancer 


272  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Hospital.     In  1892  the  honoi"ary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred 
upon  Dr.  Otis  by  Columbia  College. 

In  some  of  the  ^•iews  advanced  by  Dr.  Otis  in  his  public  teachings  he 
was  opposed  by  leading  authorities  at  home  and  abroad.  This  resulted  in 
much  spirited  discussion  in  the  various  medical  societies  and  journals,  and 
also  in  the  publication  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York,  in  1878,  of  a 
volume  of  about  three  hundred  pages,  "Otis  on  the  Radical  Cure  of  Urethral 
Stricture,"  in  which  some  of  the  discussions  were  reproduced;  this  was 
soon  after  republished  in  London.  Previous  to  this  publication.  Dr.  Otis, 
by  invitation  of  Professor  Berkeley  Hill,  had  addressed  the  profession  from 
Professor  Hill's  chair  in  the  L'niversity  ^ledical  College  of  London,  and  in 
1875  h^*^l  '^Iso  presented  his  advanced  views  at  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Medical  Association  at  Edinburgh,   Scotland. 

In  the  cotu'se  of  his  practice  (and  in  order  to  carry  out  his  special  pro- 
cedure most  completely)  Dr.  Otis  invented  various  instruments  of  precision 
which  came  into  very  general  use.  A  case  containing  them  was  ordered 
in  1889,  by  the  surgeon  general,  United  States  Army,  to  each  post  of  the 
United  States  Army.  In  1883  "Practical  Lessons  on  Syphilis  and  the  Gen- 
ito-Urinary  Diseases,"  by  F.  N.  Otis,  M.  D.,  pp.  600,  was  published  by 
Bermingham  &  Company.  Xew  York,  and  reprinted  in  1886  by  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons,  New  York.  In  1880  a  series  of  lectures  "On  the  Physiological 
Pathology  of  Syphilis"  was  published  in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  and  reprinted  in  book  form  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  New  York, 
1881.  Subsequently  the  following  brochures  were  published:  (i)  "On 
the  Limitations  of  the  Contagious  Stage  of  S3'philis,  Especially  in  Its  Rela- 
tions to  Marriage,"  read  before  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  February  3,  1886,  and  reprinted  from  the  transactions  of  that  year; 
(2)  "On  some  Important  Points  in  the  Treatment  of  Deep  L^rethral.  Stric- 
ture," read  before  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and  reprinted  from 
the  Neii'  York  Medical  loiirual  of  February  19,  1887;  (3)  "On  Temporary 
Overstrain  of  the  Bladder,  Producing  Localized  Atony  and  Chronic  Reten- 
tion of  Urine,"  read  before  the  Society  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons  of 
America,  and  reprinted  from  the  Nezu  York  Medical  Record  of  May  28, 
1887;  (4)  "Resume  of  the  Experience  of  Seventeen  Years  in  the  Operation 
of  Dilating  L^rethrotomy,"  read  before  the  American  Society  of  Genito- 
Urinary  Surgeons  at  the  Triennial  Meeting,  A\'ashington,  1888,  and  re- 
printed from  the  7Vctw  York  Medical,  Record,  July  20,  1889;  (5)  "On  the 
Perfected  Evacuator,  for  Removal  of  Debris  in  the  Operation  of  Lithotrity," 
read  before  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  reprinted  from  the 
New  York  Medicai  Journal  of  August  24,  1889;  (6)  "On  Refle.x  Irritations. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  273 

and  Neuroses  Caused  by  Stricture  of  the  Urethra  in  the  Female,"  read  before 
the  American  Society  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons  at  the  Triennial  Meet- 
ing held  in  \\'ashingtnn,  D.  C,  September  22.  1891  :  in  the  absence  of  the 
author  (then  President  of  the  Society)  it  was  read  by  his  son.  Dr.  William 
K.  Otis;  reprinted  from  the  Nezu  York  Medical  Record  of  January  9,  1892. 

Dr.  Otis  was  a  pleasing  writer,  and  as  the  author  of  works  in  other 
lines — "Lessons  in  Drawing,"  "History  of  the  Panama  Railroad,"  and  "Trop- 
ical Journeyings" — he  achieved  not  a  little  reputation.  Dr.  Otis  was  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Century  Association,  of  the  New  York  University 
Club  and  the  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical  Society;  a  member  in  per- 
petuity of  the  New  York  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  medical  examiner 
and  honorary  member  of  the  New  York  Artist  Fund  Society  and  a  life 
member  of  the  New  England  Society.  Dr.  Otis  spent  the  winter  of  1900 
in  New  Orleans,  where  in  the  early  part  of  April  he  was  attacked  by  a 
double  pneumonia.  During  his  convalescence  a  carbuncle  appeared,  and,  in 
his  already  debilitated  state  of  health,  resulted  fatally.  May  24,   1900. 

In  the  same  year  occurred  several  changes  in  the  educational  staff.  The 
most  notable  of  these  bore  an  important  relation  to  Roosevelt  Hospital.  This 
was  the  retirement  of  Dr.  McBurney  from  the  position  of  Surgeon.  In  the 
reorganization  which  became  necessary,  .Dr.  Robert  F.  Weir  and  Dr.  Wil- 
liam T.  Bull  were  appointed  Surgeons  to  the  Hospital,  and  Dr.  George  E. 
Brewer  and  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Blake  were  appointed  Junior  Surgeons.  The  twc 
latter  named,  on  account  of  the  exactions  of  their  new  position  were  con- 
strained to  retire  from  the  Anatomical  Department  of  the  College,  in  which 
they  had  served  as  Assistant  Demonstrators.  They  were  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Walton  Martin  and  Dr.  Howard  D.  Collins,  who  were  promoted  from  sub- 
ordinate positions  to  which  Dr.  Victor  C.  Pederson  and  Dr.  A.  Van  S.  Lam- 
bert were  appointed  as  their  successors.  Dr.  George  W.  Crary,  Assistant 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  was  long  absent,  and  Dr.  H.  E.  Hale  was  given 
an  acting  appointment  in  his  stead.  In  consequence  of  the  rearrangement 
under  which  these  changes  were  made.  Dr.  Frank  Hartley  and  Dr.  Francis 
H.  Markoe  were  designated  to  fill  the  places  in  the  New  York  Hospital  va- 
cated bv  Professor  Weir  and  Professor  Bull.  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr.,  was 
promoted  to  the  position  of  Demonstrator  of  Surgei^y  on  the  College  staff, 
Dr.  E.  Milton  Foote  was  appointed  an  Instructor  'in  Surgery  in  the  Vander- 
bilt  Clinic,  and  Dr.  Walton  Martin  was  given  charge  of  the  Surgical  Division 
of  the  Out-Patient  Department  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital. 

In  the  Department  of  Physiology,  Dr.  Colin  C.  Stewart  resigned  his 
position  as  Tutor,  and  in  place  of  that  office  the  Trustees  created,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the   Faculty   of   Medicine,   two  Assistant  Demonstratorships.      To 


274  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

these  new  places  were  called  Dr.  Nathan  W.  Green  and  Dr.  Robert  A.  Bud- 
dington,  both  of  whom  now  came  as  instructors  to  the  selfsame  school  and 
department  in  which  they  had  received  their  professional  training. 

In  the  Department  of  Pathology,  Dr.  Timothy  M.  Cheesman  retired, 
Dr.  James  Ewing  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Pathology,  and  Dr.  Charles 
Norris  went  to  the  Cornell  Medical  School  as  an  instructor. 

In  the  Department  of  Laryngology,  two  additional  assistants  were  ap' 
pointed — Dr.  Samuel  W.  Thurber  and  Dr.  Paul  F.  Soudern,  both  gradu- 
ates of  the  College. 

Aside  from  the  prescribed  instructional  work,  the  }'ear  was  prolific  in 
results  which  redounded  to  the  best  interests  of  the  scientific  world  at  large, 
as  much  as  to  the  University  itself.  In  various  departments  much  original 
research  was  carried  on  by  members  of  the  corps  of  teachers  and  other  inves- 
tigators, and  in  many  instances  the  data  and  conclusions  were  given  to  the 
scientific  press. 

In  April,  1900,  on  the  invitation  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Dr.  John  G.  Curtis  delivered  the  biennial 
course  of  three  Cartwright  Lectures,  in  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine building,  on  "The  Discovery  of  the  Nerves  and  Their  Function,"  and 
these,  with  important  additions,  were  subsequently  placed  in  printed  form. 
Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham  published  several  papers  embodying  the  results  of  his 
studies  upon  the  catises  of  death  by  electricity,  and  these  commanded  wide 
attention  throughout  Europe  as  well  as  in  America.  Professor  Frederick 
S.  Lee  wrote  a  number  of  valuable  papers,  and  published  a  revised  edition  of 
T.  H.  Huxley's  "Lessons  in  Elementary  Physiology."  The  original  work 
was  first  published  in  1866,  and  through  all  the  following  years  it  was  rec- 
ognized as  one  of  pre-eminent  merit  and  had  held  sway  as  a  leading  text- 
book. The  only  edition  subsequent  to  the  first,  until  that  of  Professor  Lee, 
was  one  produced  by  Huxley  himself  in  1885.  Professor  Lee  was  in  the 
same  year  chairman  of  the  Biological  Section  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  presented  before  that  body  several  papers  containing  the  re- 
sults of  his  investigations.  He  and  Dr.  Curtis  also  revised  their  articles — the 
one  on  "The  Mechanics  of  the  Circulation,"  and  the  other  on  "Reproduc- 
tion"— for  a  second  edition  of  "An  American  Text-Book  of  Physiology," 
published  the  year  afterward.  Other  publications  might  be  catalogued  but 
for  their  number. 

The  Department  of  Physiology  was  represented  in  the  meetings  of  the 
leading  professional  societies  and  commanded  the  close  attention  of  listeners 
to  the  discussions.  At  Yale  University,  in  December,  1899,  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  American  Physiological  Society,  four  papers  emanated  from 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  275 

the  Department  of  Physiology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
to-wit :  "The  Use  of  Excised  Mammalian  Muscles  for  Purposes  of  Demon- 
stration," by  Dr.  John  G.  Curtis;  "The  Survival  of  Mammalian  Muscle 
After  Somatic  Death,"  by  Professor  Frederick  S.  Lee;  "Physiological  Studies 
on  Mucin,"  by  Dr.  Isaac  Levin,  and  "Mammalian  Smooth  Muscle,"  by  Dr. 
Colin  C.  Stewart. 

The  academic  year  ending  June  30,  1901,  was  another  one  of  substan- 
tial prosperity,  the  total  number  of  students  enrolled  being  ten  in  excess  of 
the  previous  year,  and  still  giving  no  evidence  of  deterioration  in  the  material, 
while  the  percentage  of  matriculants  who  had  taken  literary  or  other  de- 
grees had  risen  again  to  thirty-nine,  and  faith  in  the  future  exceeded  the 
hopes  of  the  past.  The  graduating  class  numbered  one  hundred  and  forty- 
seven,  and  an  unusually  large  number  (one  hundred  and  three)  secured  hos- 
pital appointments  after  the  required  competitive  examinations. 

The  most  important  changes  in  the  corps  of  teachers  were  those  wrought 
by  death  and  resignation. 

On  January  30,  1901,  occurred  the  death  of  Dr.  John  T.  Metcalfe, 
Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  whose  long  career  was  distin- 
guished by  eminent  service  to  the  community,  the  College  and  the  profession 
at  large. 

Dr.  Metcalfe  had  received  a  West  Point  education  and  was  popular  in 
every  circle  in  which  he  moved.  He  was  born  in  Natchez,  Mississippi,  July 
10,  18 1 8,  and  died  in  Thomasville,  Georgia,  January  30,  igoi.  Long  known 
in  New  York,  where  he  enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice,  he  was  recognized  as  a 
cultured  gentleman  of  attractive  manners  and  was  especially  valued  by  the 
profession  as  an  acute  diagnostician.  As  a  clinician  also  he  had  the  confi- 
dence of  both  patient  and  pupil,  attracting  the  one  by  his  kindly  manners  and 
the  other  bj^  his  characteristic  elegance  of  diction.  An  early  friend  of  the 
late  Professor  T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  he  sent  his  congratulations  to  him  on 
the  occasion  of  the  seventieth  anniversarj^  of  his  birth,  which  were  read  at 
the  banquet  given  by  their  mutual  friends. 

Dr.  Frederick  J.  Brockway,  of  the  educational  staff,  died  April  21, 
1901,  at  Brattleboro,  Vermont.  He  was  born  in  South  Sutton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, February  24,  i860,  and  was  a  descendant  in  the  paternal  line  of  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Lyme,  Connecticut,  in  1640.  His  education  was  acquired 
chiefly  through  his  own  effort.  He  began  his  studies  in  a  country  school, 
and  continued  them  in  a  seminary  in  Tilton,  New  Hampshire.  After  serv- 
ing for  some  time  as  a  school  teacher,  he  entered  the  University  of  Boston  as 
a  freshman.  In  1879.  when  nineteen  years  of  age,  he  entered  the  Sophomore 
Class  of  Yale  College,  and  was  graduated  in  1882.     For  two  years  following 


276  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

he  was  a  teacher  in  an  academy  in  Stamford,  Connecticut,  and  in  1884  he 
entered  upon  liis  professional  studies  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York  City,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1887.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Surgical  staff  of  Roosevelt  Hospital  from  1887  to  1889,  and 
from  May  of  the  latter  year  to  October,  1890,  he  was  House  Surgeon  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  to 
the  Roosevelt  Dispensar}',  and  in  the  same  year  he  was  called  to  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  capacity  of  Assistant  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy.  Until  his  health  failed  he  was  a  most  capable  teacher.  For  sev- 
eral years  prior  to  his  death  he  was  also  Secretary  of  the  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine, and  he  was  succeeded  in  that  position  by  Dr.  James  D.  Voorhees. 

Thomas  Masters  Alarkoe,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Sur- 
gery, died  on  August  26th  following.  He  had  been  eminent  for  many  years 
as  a  practicing  surgeon  in  the  City  of  Xew  York  and  prominently  associated 
throughout  his  career  with  the  teaching  service  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  with  the  leading  hospitals  of  the  city,  as  attending  or 
consulting  surgeon.  He  was  descended  from  a  French  Huguenot  family, 
which  took  refuge  in  the  Island  of  St.  Croix  in  the  Danish  AA'est  Indies  and 
before  the  revolutionary  war  emigrated  to  this  country  and  settled  in  Phil- 
adelphia. He  was  born  in  that  city  on  September  13,  1819,  and  died  in 
New  York  August  26,  1901.  After  preparation  at  a  private  school  in  Pitts- 
field,  Massachusetts,  he  entered  Princeton  College  and  was  graduated  in 
1836.  Having  decided  to  adopt  the  medical  profession,  he  studied  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  took  his  degree  in  1841.  Two 
years  before  his  graduation  he  began  his  service  to  the  New  York  Hospital, 
which  lasted,  with  brief  intervals,  throughout  his  life.  After  a  short  experi- 
ence he  became  a  member  of  the  house  staff  and  for  four  years,  from  1845  ^'^ 
1848,  acted  as  curator  of  the  Pathological  Museum.  In  1852  he  became  at- 
tending surgeon  at  that  institution  and  held  the  place  for  forty  years,  after- 
wards acting  as  consulting  surgeon  until  the  end  of  his  life. 

Still  more  conspicuous  was  his  long  and  useful  association  with  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  began  his  career  as  a  medical  lec- 
turer and  teacher,  in  which  he  became  so  distinguished,  as  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  the  Castleton  Medical  College  (1846-49),  and  from  1852  to 
1855  was  Professor  of  Pathological  Anatomy  in  the  Universit}'  of  the  City 
of  New  York.  He  began  to  lecture  in  the  department  of  surgery  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1859,  and  the  next  year  became  Adjunct 
Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery.  After  an  experience  of 
eleven  years  in  this  position  he  was  made  full  professor  of  the  department. 
Upon  its  division  in  1879  he  became  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery, 


:'  ^-  nf.I^-  C-zuzp  a  ^^Z.  ^'I'^h-Vj-j'/c 


Knn  cE^w^-^^— Z^^Ay, 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


'// 


and  on  retiring  from  the  chair  in  1888  held  the  honored  place  of  Professor 
of  Surgery.  Emeritus,  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  As  a  lecturer  and 
teacher  Dr.  ]^Iarkoe  was  noted  for  his  ready  and  fluent  speech,  lucid  exposi- 
tion, clear  demonstration  and  for  his  impressive  manner,  which,  with  a 
genial  and  attractive  personality,  made  him  exceedingly  popular  not  only 
with  students  but  with  audiences  generally.  For  more  than  a  generation  he 
was  an  eminent  figure  in  the  ranks  of  great  medical  educators  and  one  of 
the  pillars  of  the  famous  institution  with  which  he  was  connected. 

In  his  private  practice  he  was  no  less  successful  and  highly  appreciated. 
He  was  early  associated  with  the  celebrated  Dr.  Edward  Delafield  and  after- 
wards with  his  son,  Dr.  Francis  Delafield.  The  former  connection  lasted 
from  1849  to  1865  and  the  latter  from  1865  to  1882,  when  he  associated 
his  own  sons  with  his  professional  practice.  He  continued  in  practice  as  a 
consulting  surgeon  until  near  the  close  of  his  life.  In  addition  to  his  service 
to  the  Xew  York  Hospital,  already  mentioned,  he  was  almost  continuously 
associated  as  attending  or  consulting  surgeon  with  several  other  hospitals 
in  the  City  of  New  York.  He  was  attending  surgeon  at  the  ]\It.  Sinai  from 
1854  to  1859,  at  the  Bellevue  from  1868  to  1877  and  at  the  Roosevelt  from 
1871  to  1891.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  for  some  years  been  Con- 
sulting Surgeon  at  the  New  York,  Mt.  Sinai.  Roosevelt,  A\'oman's,  Ortho- 
pedic, Nursery  and  Child's,  St.  Mary's  and  other  hospitals. 

During  the  civil  war  Dr.  JNIarkoe's  busy  professional  life  was  varied 
with  surgical  service  in  the  army.  He  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morgan, 
April  7,  1862,  to  the  special  corps  of  Volunteer  Surgeons,  organized  in  re- 
sponse to  a  request  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  went  first  to  Fortress  yion- 
roe  and  afterwards  to  Yorktown.  He  was  made  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Examiners  of  Contract  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  May  12,  1862.  and  the  next 
year  Governor  Seymour  selected  him  as  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Soldiers' 
Depot  and  the  Barracks  Hospital  in  Xew  York  City.  In  1864  he  was  or- 
dered for  duty  to  Fredericksburg  and  Belle  Plain. 

Dr.  Markoe  was  too  busy  with  his  varied  practice  and  teaching  to  be 
a  prolific  writer,  but  besides  clinical  reports  and  various  articles  in  the  medi- 
cal journals  he  published  "A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  Bone"  (D.  Appleton 
&  Co.,  1880),  which  was  long  held  in  high  esteem  as  the  leading  authority 
on  the  subject.  His  interest  in  literature  and  art  brought  him  into  important 
associations  outside  of  his  profession.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Astor  Library 
from  1863  until  it  was  absorbed  in  the  great  Public  Library  of  New  York 
City  and  for  the  last  four  years  was  president  of  the  board.  He  acted  as 
one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Consolidated  Library  until  his  infirmities  shortly 
before  his  death  caused  his  retirement.     He  was  an  enthusiastic  amateur  of 


278  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


'-/ 


music  and  when  residing  in  the  Xew  York  Hospital  in  1841-42  organized  a 
musical  club  of  stringed  instruments,  of  which  he  remained  an  active  mem- 
ber until  his  death.  He  attended  the  first  concert  of  the  Philharmonic  So- 
ciety and  was  one  of  its  constant  subscribers  and  cordial  supporters.  In  ad- 
dition to  several  social  clubs,  Dr.  ]\Iarkoe  belonged  to  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders  and  the  first  librarian, 
the  New  York  Pathological  Society,  of  which  he  was  an  original  member, 
the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  the  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical  Soci- 
ety, the  New  York  County  Medical  Society  and  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of 
the  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Medical  ;\Ien.  He  was  also  an  annual  member 
of  the  Metropolitan  INIuseum  of  Art,  the  Botanical  Garden  and  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society.  He  married  Charlotte  Atwell  How,  whose  ancestors 
were  English  settlers  in  New  England,  November  20,  1650,  and  left  two 
sons  and  two  daughters,  one  other  son  having  died  in  infancy. 

In  the  same  year  a  member  of  the  Eaculty,  Dr.  Francis  Delafield,  ten- 
dered his  resignation,  to  take  effect  at  the  end  of  the  academic  year.  Dr. 
Delafield  had  long  contemplated  this  step,  having  determined  to  cease  teach- 
ing, at  least  continuously,  on  arriving  at  the  age  of  sixty  years.  His  service 
in  connection  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  began  with  his 
graduation  therefrom  in  1S63.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  the 
Practice  of  Medicine  and  he  served  in  this  capacity  until  his  resignation  was 
regretfully  accepted  by  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  University,  who  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the  Committee  on  Honors,  appointed  him  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Practice  of  Medicine.  Hon.  Seth  Low,  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity, in  his  annual  report,  voiced  the  sentiments  expressed  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Faculty  as  well  as  by  himself  when  he  said :  "Dr.  Delafield  is 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  men  who  have  given  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  its  great  reputation,  and  his  retirement  from  active 
dut}',  although  it  has  been  well  earned,  marks  an  epoch  in  the  historj'  of  the 
Medical  School." 

In  accordance  with  the  much  observed  custom  the  vacant  Professor- 
ship was  not  immediately  filled,  but  the  needs  of  the  Department  were  pro- 
vided for  by  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Walter  B.  James,  of  the  class  of  1883, 
as  Lecturer.  This  Alumnus  entered  upon  his  duties  with  enthusiasm  and 
suggested  some  noticeable  innovations,  which  met  the  hearty  approval  of 
his  predecessor  in  office.  At  the  expiration  of  his  year's  lectureship,  Dr. 
James  was  appointed  to  the  full  Professorship. 

The  same  year  (1901)  was  marked  by  the  retirement  from  the  College 
of  two  of  its  most  useful  teachers — Professor  Abraham  Jacobi,  Clinical  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Diseases  of  Children,  who  was  at  once  appointed  Emeritus  Pro- 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  279 

fessor  in  the  same  Department,  and  Professor  Herman  Knapp,  Professor  of 
Oplithalmology.  These  two  still  abide  with  the  profession,  with  their  fame 
still  secure  amid  their  many  well-wishers,  who  trust  that  their  obituaries  and 
epitaphs  may  long  remain  unwritten. 

A  merited  accession  to  the  staff  of  the  College  was  made  in  the  ap- 
pointment of  Dr.  L.  Enimett  Holt  as  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of 
Children.  The  new  member  had  done  much  good  work  and  his  merit  was 
held  to  have  been  duly  recognized. 

Other  changes  in  the  corps  of  teachers  were  as  follows : 

By  Resignation — Dr.  Alexander  B.  Johnson,  Instructor  in  Surgery ;  Dr. 
John  L  Middleton,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology ;  Dr.  Philip  S.  Sabine, 
Assistant  in  Pathology. 

By  Expiration  of  Term — Dr.  George  W.  McCrary,  Assistant  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy;  William  D.  Cutter,  A.  B.,  Assistant  in  Physiological 
Qiemistry;  Dr.  Ernest  N.  Wilcox,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology;  Dr.  Vic- 
tor C.  Peterson,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy;  Dr.  William  H.  Rock- 
well, Jr.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Promotions — Dr.  Evan  M.  Evans,  to  Tutor  in  Medicine  and  Assistant 
in  Clinical  Pathology;  Dr.  Frederick  Paterson,  to  Clinical  Lecturer  on 
Psychiatrv  and  Instructor  in  Nevu'ology. 

Changes  of  Title — Dr.  Walton  Martin,  to  Instructor  in  Surgery ;  Dr. 
D.  Stuart  Dodge  Jessup,  to  Assistant  in  Clinical  Pathology;  Dr.  Frederick 
R.  Bailey,  to  Tutor  in  the  Normal  and  Pathological  Histology  of  the  Nerv- 
ous System. 

Appointments — Dr.  Henry  A.  Griffin,  Instructor  in  Medical  Diagnosis; 
Dr.  Rolf e  Floyd,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy ;  Dr.  Carleton  P.  Flint, 
Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy;  Dr.  Charles  E.  Banker,  Assistant  in 
Normal  Histology;  Dr.  Ernest  V.  Hubbard,  Assistant  in  Pathology;  Holmes 
C.  Jackson,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant  in  Physiological  Chemistry ;  Dr.  James  A. 
Miller,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology;  Dr.  David  Bovaird,  Dr.  Nathaniel 
B.  Potter,  Dr.  Frederick  P.  Solley  and  Dr.  Edmund  L.  Dow,  Tutors  in  Med- 
icine. 

This  summary  of  the  history  of  the  College  closes  with  the  Academic 
year  ending  June  30,  1902.  The  number  of  students  enrolled  was  eight 
himdred  and  nine.  The  graduating  class  numbered  one  hundred  and  forty- 
five,  two  less  than  in  the  year  before,  and  of  the  number  one  hundred  and 
one  after  the  competitive  examination  were  appointed  to  hospital  positions 
in  New  York  City  or  elsewhere.  Thus  far  the  statistics  practically  maintain 
their  normal  standard. 

Instructional  work  in  all  departments  was  honestly  carried  on  and  with 
a  trend  toward  the  practical.  In  the  Department  of  Medicine  several  important 
changes  were  made  and  without  much  dallying  with  the  experimental.     The 


28o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEOXS. 

number  of  didactic  lectures  was  reduced  to  one  each  week,  in  order  to  give 
opportunity  for  the  bi-weekly  recitations  by  the  third  year  class,  held  by 
the  appointed  special  tutors,  and  for  a  course  of  bedside  duties  in  the  Roose- 
velt and  Presb}-terian  Hospitals,  for  the  sake  of  awakening  an  interest  in 
the  natural  history  of  acute  disease,  iledical  Clinics  at  the  Vanderbilt 
Clinic  were  increased  to  two  each  week,  one  by  Professor  Francis  Delafield 
and  one  by  Professor  Walter  B.  James,  also  professor  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt, 
at  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  gave  bedside  instruction  twice  each  week  m- 
stead  of  once  as  formerly.  Dr.  Henry  W.  Berg  gave  instruction  in  infec- 
tious diseases  in  the  Willard  Parker  and  Riverside  Hospitals. 

In  the  Department  of  Pathologv  two  special  assistants  were  appointed 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  first  year  students  in  Xornial  Histolog}".  Im- 
portant original  researches  in  Pathology  and  Bacteriology  were  carried  on 
by  teachers  and  other  investigators. 

In  the  Department  of  Physiology,  original  research  became  the  vogue 
and  was  pursued  with  the  usual  fascinating  delight.  Professor  John  G.  Curtis 
continued  his  historical  studies  of  the  physiology  of  ancient  times.  Professor 
Frederick  S.  Lee  further  extended  his  investigations  of  the  action  of  alcohol 
on  the  muscular  tissue,  working  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  AA'illiam  Salant, 
and  with  the  ulterior  view  of  publication  of  the  unprejudiced  results  ob- 
tained. Mr.  Robert  A.  Budington  completed  his  investigations  of  the  physi- 
ological characteristics  of  the  muscle  of  the  earthworm,  and  wrote  a  paper 
upon  the  subject,  which  was  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Physiol- 
ogy. Dr.  Richard  H.  Cunningham  further  prosecuted  his  studies  of  the 
action  of  strong  electrical  currents,  with  especial  reference  to  their  action 
upon  the  sciatic  nerve,  and  gave  much  time  to  investigating  the  dangers 
incident  to  shock  received  from  the  X-ray  machine,  and  the  recognition  and 
differentiation  of  internal  diseases  by  means  of  the  stereoscopic  radioscope. 
Professor  Robert  T.  IMorris  was  engaged  in  a  course  of  original  experiments, 
including  the  unique  operation  of  transplanting  o\"aries  with  a  view  to  de- 
termining the  resemblance  of  progeny  to  parent.  Dr.  Robert  C.  Kemp  and 
Dr.  Arthur  H.  Gardner  continued  their  investigations  of  resuscitation  after 
impending  or  apparent  death  from  the  inhalation  of  chloroform,  giving  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  medico-legal  phases  of  the  administration  of  that 
agent  in  fatal  doses. 

The  work  of  the  Department  of  Physiology  was  reported  upon  before 
various  scientific  bodies  during  the  year.  Professor  Frederick  S.  Lee,  in 
the  summer  of  1901,  visited  several  laboratories  in  Great  Britain  and  upon 
the  continent,  and  in  Septeml^er  of  the  same  year  he  attended  the  Fifth  In- 
ternational  Congress  of  Physiologists  in  Turin.     Before  this  last  bodv  he 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  281 

presented  three  papers  in  which  were  embodied  the  results  of  his  investiga- 
tions, one  on  the  action  of  alcohol  on  muscle,  one  on  the  cause  of  muscle 
fatigue,  and  one  on  rigor  mortis.  He  also  made  a  report  upon  his  investiga- 
tions with  reference  to  Alcohol  and  its  Effects,  before  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Physiological  Society  held  in  Chicago,  and  before  the  Xew 
York  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Professor  ^^'illiam  J-  Gies.  who  had  been  advanced  to  the  position  of 
Adjunct  Professor  of  Physiological  Chemistry,  and  who  was  also  made 
Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Xew  York  Botanical  Garden,  conducted  unique 
experiments  with  spermatozoa  in  the  ^Marine  Biological  Laboratory  at  Wood's 
Hole,  [Massachusetts.  In  his  department  of  the  College  he  brought  into  use 
an  additional  room  for  experimental  work  involving  the  use  of  animals. 
His  private  library  of  about  one  thousand  volumes,  shelved  in  his  department, 
was  accessible  to  students  at  all  times.  He  had  a  capable  ally  in  Dr.  Alfred 
N.  Richards,  who  had  been  advanced  to  the  position  of  Tutor  in  Physiological 
Chemistry,  and  who  performed  a  large  amount  of  work  in  the  Rockefeller 
Institute  for  ^Medical  Research. 

Additional  interest  was  given  to  the  studies  in  the  Department  of  Sur- 
gery by  the  introduction  in  the  third  year  class  of  z  series  of  short  papers  on 
subjects  not  discussed  in  cxtetiso  in  the  regular  course  of  instruction,  and 
based  upon  living  cases  which  had  ccme  under  the  observation  of  the  writer, 
who  must  be  a  selected  student  of  the  class,  in  an  immediately  preceding 
clinic.  Each  paper  was  limited  to  eight  minutes,  and  fifteen  minutes  were 
given  to  its  discussion  by  the  Professor  and  members  of  the  class.  This 
method  suggested  the  current  phase  of  a  long  felt  want. 

Anotlier  interesting  innovation  was  also  made  for  the  benefit  of  the 
fourth-year  class  under  instruction  in  the  Roose\"elt  Hospital.  Twenty-four 
hours  prior  to  the  Saturday  Clinic  held  by  the  resourceful  Professor  Robert 
F.  Weir,  three  or  four  members  of  the  class  were  notified  of  one  or  two 
cases  requiring  operation,  the  expedients  which  they  were  expected  to  de- 
scribe, before  the  class  in  session,  what  operation,  if  necessary,  should  be 
performed,  after  what  manner  and  for  what  reason.  These  students  then 
attended  the  operation,  and,  when  practicable,  were  permitted  to  assist.  This 
plan  was  copied  by  other  teachers  as  an  ideal  union  of  the  scholarly  with  the 
practical,  as  it  proved  that  the  eye  was  a  sharper  critic  than  the  ear,  notwith- 
standing that  the  functions  of  both  were  evanescent. 

The  Facult}-  of  iledicine  for  the  year  1903-1904,  so  far  as  announced 
at  the  time  of  this  volume  being  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  printer,  is  as  fol- 
lows : 


282  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

FACULTY   OF   MEDICINE. 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  President. 

James  W.  McLane,  M.  D.,  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  ex-officio  Delegate  to 
the  University  Council,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

Edward  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics. 

Francis  Delafield,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  the  Practice 
of  Medicine. 

John  G.  Curtis,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology,  Delegate  to  the  Uni- 
versity Council. 

George  M.  Tuttle,  J\L  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Gynecology^ 

George  L.  Peabody,  ]\I.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics. 

William  T.  Bull,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

M.  Allen  Starr,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Mind  and  Nervous  System. 

George  S,  Huntington,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Robert  F.  Weir,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  S.  (Hon.),  Professor  of  Surgery. 

T.  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology;  Director 
of  the  Laboratories  of  Pathology,  Clinical  Pathology,  Bacteriology  and  Hy- 
giene, and  Histology. 

Edwin  B.  Cragin,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

Walter  B.  James,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine. 

CLINICAL    PROFESSORS    AND   LECTURERS. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  ]\L  D.,  LL.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of 
Children. 

George  Morewood  Lefferts.  M.  D.,  M.  Sc,  Clinical  Professor  of  Laryn- 
gology and  Rhinology. 

Charles  McBurney,  J\L  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery. 

George  H.  Fox,  j\I.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin. 

Albert  H.  Buck,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Ear. 

Herman  Knapp,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Ophthalmology. 

Robert  W.  Taylor,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Dis- 
eases. 

Francis  P.  Kinnicutt,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 

Virgil  P.  Gibney,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Sur- 
gery. 

Andrew  J.  McCosh,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  283 

Frank  Hartley,  J\I.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Instructor  in 
Operative  Surgery. 

Francis  H.  Markoe,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery. 

A.  Brayton  Ball,  LI.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine. 
•    L.  Emmett  Holt,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children. 

AVilliam  Hallock,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Physics. 

Charles  T.  Poore,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery. 

Robert  Abbe,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery. 

William  B.  Coley,  'M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery. 

Ellsworth  Eliot.  Jr.,  il.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Surgery  and  Demon- 
strator of  Surgery. 

Frederick  Peterson,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Psychiatry,  and  In- 
structor in  Neurology. 

John  S.  Thatcher,  ]\I.  D.,  Clinical  Lecturer  in  Medicine  and  Demon- 
strator in  Pathological  Anatomy. 

James  D.  Voorhees,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  and  Instructor  in  Obstetrics,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Faculty. 

Arnold  H.  Knapp,  AI.  D.,  Lecturer  in  Ophthalmology. 

ADJUNCT  PROFESSORS. 

Frederic  S.  Lee,  Ph.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  and  Demonstrator  of  Phys- 
iology. 

Charles  E.  Pellew,  E.  M.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

William  J.  Gies,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Physiological 
Chemistry. 

DEMONSTRATORS. 

Bern  B.  Gallaudet,  LI.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and  Instructor  in 
Surgery. 

Howard  D.  Collins,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Charles  C.  Carmalt,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Arthur  Seymour  Vosburgh,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

George  Patten  Biggs,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  in  Pathological  Anatomy. 

Henr)'  E.  Hale,  ]\I.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Adrian  Van  Sinderen  Lambert,  ]\I.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy. 

Carleton  P.  Flint,  j\I.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Rolfe  Floyd,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatom3^ 

Eugene  H.  Pool,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Haven  Emerson,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Physiology. 

Russell  Burton-Spitz,  S.  M.,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Phys- 
iology. 


284  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


INSTRUCTORS. 

George  C.  Freeborn,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Normal  Histology. 

Eugene  Hodenpyl,  M.  D..  Instructor  in  Pathology. 

Edward  Learning,  M.-  D.,  Instructor  in  Photography. 

Hermann  T.  Vulte,  Ph.  D.,  Instructor  in  General  Cheinistry. 

Frank  W.  Jackson,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Medical  Diagnosis. 

George  R.  Lockwood,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Medical  Diagnosis. 

Lucius  W.  Hotchkiss,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

Joseph  A.  Blake,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

George  E.  Brewer,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

Charles  N.  Dowd,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

George  Montague  Swift,  M.  D..  Instructor  in  Medicine. 

Francis  C.  Wood,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Clinical  Pathology. 

Philip  H.  Hiss,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology  and  Hygiene. 

Walton  Martin,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

William  K.  Draper,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Medical  Diagnosis. 

James  D.  Voorhees,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics  and  Secretary  of 
the  Faculty  of  Medicine. 

Charles  H.  Peck,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Instructor  in  Operative  Surgery. 

W.  S.  Bickham,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Instructor  in  Operative  Surgery. 

A.  S.  Taylor,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Instructor  in  Operative  Surgery. 

Augustus  J.  Lartigau,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Pathology. 

Frederick  R.  Bailey,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  the  Normal  and  Pathological 
Histology  of  the  Nervous  System. 

John  H.  Larkin,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Pathology  and  Curator  of  the 
Museum. 

Richard  H.  Cunningham,  M.  D.,  Instructor  .in  Electro-Physiology. 

Ralph  W.  Lobenstine,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics. 

Henry  Woolfe  Berg,  M.  D..  Instructor  in  Infectious  Diseases. 

L.  E.  La  Fetra,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  Children. 

A.  Emil  Schmitt,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Instructor  in  Operative  Surg•er^^ 

TUTORS. 

Charles  A.  Whiting,  M.  D.,  Tutor  in  Gynecology. 

David  Bovaird,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  Tutor  in  General  Medicine. 

Evan  M., Evans,  M.  D.,  Tutor  in  General  Medicine. 

Nathaniel  B.  Potter,  M.  D.,  Tutor  in  General  Medicine. 

Fred  P.  Solley,  M.  D.,  Tutor  in  General  Medicine. 

Edmund  L.  Dow,  M.  D.,  Tutor  in  General  Medicine. 

Alfred  Newton  Richards,  Ph.  D.,  Tutor  in  Physiological  Chemistry. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  285 

ASSISTANTS. 

Oliver  S.  Strong,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D..  Assistant  in  the  Normal  Histology  of 
the  Nervous  System. 

D.  Stuart  D.  Jessup,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Clinical  Pathology. 

Augustus  B.  Wadsworth,  M.  D..  Assistant  in  Bacteriology  and  Hy- 
giene. 

Charles  Everett  Banker,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology. 

Philip  B.  Hawk,  M.  S.,  Assistant  in  Physiological  Chemistry. 

William  C.  Clarke,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology. 

Charles  Norris,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Bacteriology  and  Hygiene. 

Norman  E.  Ditman,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Clinical  Pathology. 

Linsley  R.  Williams,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology. 

A.  S.  Chittenden,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Pathology. 

Ralph  E.  Buffington,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Normal  Histology. 

CLINICAL  INSTRUCTORS  AND  CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS  AT 
THE  VANDERBILT  CLINIC. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    MEDICINE. 

Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Physical  Diagnosis,  Albert  E.  Sum- 
ner, M.  D. 

Instructors  in  Physical  Diagnosis,  Van  Home  Norrie,  M.  D.,  Arthur 
M.  Shrady,  M.  D. 

CLINICAE    ASSISTANTS. 

Arthur  R.  Braunlich,  M.  D.  Hughes  Dayton,  M.  D. 

Edmund  L.  Dow,  M.  D.  Charles  S.  Fischer,  M.  D. 

T.  Stuart  Hart,  M.  D.  D.  S.  D.  Jessup,  M.  D. 

Henry  S.  Patterson,  M.  D.  Lewis  F.  Frissell,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   SURGERY. 

Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Minor  Surgery,  Edward  M.  Foote, 
M.  D. 

CEINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

D.  S.  D.  Jessup,  M.  D.  H.  H.  Pelton,  M.  D. 

F.  R.  Cook,  M.  D.  Rowland  Cox,  M.  D. 

J.  C.  Ayer,  M.  D.  Arthur  H.  Gardner,  M.  D. 

H.  E.  Meeker,  M.  D.  James  H.  Kenyon,  M.  D. 

A.  S.  Taylor,  M.  D.  A.  H.  Cochran,  M.  D. 

VV.  P.  Herrick,  M.  D.  E.  T.  McKenzie,  M.  D. 

J.  B.  Clark,  M.  D.  Lewis  G.  Cole. 


286  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   ORTHOPEDIC   SURGERY. 

Chief  of  Clinic   and   Instructor   in   Orthopedic   Surgery,   Royal  Whit- 
man, M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Charlton  Wallace,  M.  D.  Newton  B.  Waller,  M.  D. 

Charles  H.  Jaeger,  M.  D.  Edward  J.  Parish,  M.  D. 

Shirley  E.  Sprague,  M.  D.  Carl  R.  Keppler,  M.  D. 
Daniel  B.  Brinsmade,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    NEUROLOGY. 

Chief  of  Clinic,  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Psychiati-y,  and  Instructor  in  Neu- 
rology, Frederick  Peterson,  M.  D. 

Instructor  in  Neurology,  Pearce  Bailey,  M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Charles  E.  Atwood,  M.  D.  E.  L.  Hunt,  M.  D. 

R.  H.  Cunningham,  M.  D.  J.  E.  Clark,  M.  D. 

B.  E.  Krystall,  M.  D.  Arthur  B.  Wright,  M.  D. 

S.  E.  Jelli£fe,  M.  D.  L.  P.  Clark,  M.  D. 

S.  P.  Goodhardt,  M.  D.  L.  S.  Manson,  M.  D. 

L.  M.  Gibson,  M.  D.  H.  R.  Humphries,  M.  D. 

Walter  Timme,  M.  D.  A.  F.  Witmer,  M.  D. 
T.  Stuart  Hart,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   GYNECOLOGY. 

Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Gynecolog}',  George  W.  Jarman,  M.  D. 
Instructor  in  Gynecology,  William  S.  Stone,  M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Edward  L'H.  McGinnis,  M.  D.  E.  Pierre  Mallet,  M.  D. 

Chas.  I.  Proben,  M.  D.  J.  J.  Higgins,  M.  D. 

John  M.  Kennedy,  M.  D.  William  L.  Bradley,  M.  D. 

Geo.  H.  Mallet,  M.  D.  Frank  R.  Oastler,  M.  D. 

Benj.  W.  Stiefel,  M.  D.  J.  Ives  Edgerton,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

Chief   of  Clinic  and   Instructor   in   Ophthalmolog}-,   Charles   H.    May, 
M.  D. 

Instructor  in  Ophthalmology,  John  H.  Claiborne,  M.  D. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  287 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Henry  H.  Tyson,  M.  D.  Edward  B.  Cobum,  M.  D. 

Ward  A.  Holden,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    LARYNGOLOGY. 

(Including  Diseases  of  the  Larynx,  Pharynx,  and  Nasal  Passages.) 
Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Laryngology,   William  K.   Simpson, 
M.  D. 

Instructor  in  Laryngology,  Richard  Frothingham,  M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Arthur  P.  Coll,  M.  D.  John  J.  McCoy,  M.  D. 

Lee  M.  Hurd,  M.  D.  John  Leshure,  M.  D. 

Joseph  E.  Fuld,  M.  D.  Samuel  W.  Thurber,  M.  D. 

Jonathan  Dwight,  Jr.,  M.  D.  Paul  F.  Sondern,  M.  D. 

F.  Conger  Smith,  M.  D.  F.  A.  Schneider,  M.  D. 
C.  D.  Van  Wagenen,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  OTOLOGY. 

Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Otology,  William  Cowen,  M.  D. 
Instructor  in  Otology,  Robert  Lewis,  Jr.,  M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Allan  G.  Terrell,  M.  D.  Alfred  Michaelis,  M.  D. 

Mathew  L.  Carr,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   DERMATOLOGY. 

Chief   of    Clinic   and   Instructor   in   Dermatology,    George   T.   Jackson, 
M.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

John  H.  P.  Hodgson,  M.  D.  Charles  T.  Dade,  M.  D. 

John  Aldrich.  M.  D.  S.  Dana  Hubbard,  M.  D. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    DISEASES    OF    CHILDREN. 

Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  Children,  Linnaeus  E.  La 
Fetra,  M.  D. 


288  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


CLINICAL   ASSISTANTS. 

Louis  AI.  Silver,  AI.  D.  Henry  E.  Hale,  M.  D. 

Albert  F.  Brugman,  M.  D.  A.  B.  Yard,  M.  D. 

Berna-rd  Sour,  AI.  D.  S.  V.  Haas,  A'l.  D. 

John  Howland,  AI.  D.  Frank  S.  Aleara,  M.  D. 

R.  H.  AlcConnell.  AI.  D.  W'm.  L.  Hartman,  A'l.  D. 

DEP.VRTMENT    OF    GENITO-URIXARY    DISEASES. 

Chief  of  Clinic  and  Instructor  in  Genito-Urinarv  Diseases,  Tames  R. 
Hayden,  AI.  D. 

CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS. 

William  C.  Gilley,  AI.  D.  W.  S.  Reynolds.  A'l.  D. 

Edmund  Y.  Hill,  A'l.  D.  S.  W.  Fowler,  A'l.  D. 

Walter  B.  Brouner,  AI.  D.  Fellowes  Davis,  Jr.,  AI.  D. 

Walter  D.  Trenwith,  AI.  D.  James  R.  AA'hiting,  AI.  D. 

OFFICERS    OF    ADMINISTRATION. 

James  D.  Voorhees,  AI.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Faculty  of  Aledicine. 
Edward  T.  Boag,  Assistant  Registrar  of  the  University. 
W.  H.  G.  Peters,  Assistant  Bursar  of  the  University. 

UNIVERSITY    OFFICERS    OF    ADMINISTRATION. 

James  H.  Canfield,  A.  AI..  LL.  D.,  Librarian  of  the  University. 
F.  P.  Keppel,  A.  B.,  Secretary  of  the  University. 

At  the  end  of  these  chapters,  which  brings  the  work  down  to  a  limit  only 
partial  in  its  nature,  not  much  need  be  rehearsed.  As  usual,  there  is  a  his- 
tory of  unrequited  toil,  perhaps  reacting  struggles  with  rivals  as  well  as  a 
modicum  of  envy  and  much  impugnment  of  motive.  After  some  vicissi- 
tudes, unjustl}'  magnified  at  the  time,  and  some  misunderstandings  regard- 
ing the  policies  of  the  future,  the  career  of  the  institution  has  been  credit- 
able. It  opened  and  shut  its  doors  in  times  of  trouble  and  sometimes  of  pil- 
lage, but  is  now  enjoying  a  well  earned  peace  without  dishonor,  besides 
making  a  most  judicious  use  of  its  endowments.  Its  Alumni  Association 
and  its  Faculty  have  been  welcome  coadjutors  in  the  present  enterprise,  which 
it  is  hoped  will  not  fall  short  of  the  usual  intentions  of  those  who  have  their 
hearts  in  their  work. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

INSTRUCTION   AND  EXAMINATIONS. PRESENT  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  present  elaborate  and  comprehensive  course  of  study  has  been  the 
resuh  of  a  gradual  development  through  all  the  years  of  the  College  history. 
That  history  covers  all  phases  of  instructional  work,  from  the  primitive  course 
of  the  early  days  to  the  present  system  with  its  spacious  lecture  and  clinical 
rooms  and  its  scores  of  instructors,  each  an  accomplished  master  in  his  spe- 
cial department. 

During  the  earlier  years  of  the  College,  much  of  the  instruction  afforded 
was  after  the  old-time  fashion,  when  the  physician,  seated  in  his  office,  acted 
as  preceptor  to  one  or  two  students.  The  College  proper  was  not  a  creation. 
It  grew  and  developed,  as  does  a  tree.  None  could  discern,  at  the  beginning, 
what  special  field  it  was  preparing  to  occupy.  It  was  for  those  of  one  day 
to  plant,  and  for  those  of  each  succeeding  year  to  nurture  and  train.  Those  of 
each  era  found  new  necessities  and  encountered  fresh  obstacles.  In  the  main, 
it  is  to  be  said  that  all.  in  their  particular  line,  were  equal  to  the  task  which 
came  upon  them,  and  that  all  bore  an  important  part  in  the  accomplishment 
of  a  gigantic  but  gracious  task. 

Until  the  year  1888,  more  than  eighty  years  after  the  founding  of  the 
College,  there  was  no  adequate  system  of  entrance  examinations.  Social  con- 
ditions were  such  in  the  earlier  days  that  those  presenting  themselves  as  stu- 
dents were,  with  very  rare  exceptions,  well  grounded  in  a  literary  education 
and  had  undergone  some  disciplinary  process  which  fitted  them  in  a  rea- 
sonable degree  to  enter  upon  the  systematic  study  of  a  science.  In  later  days 
the  College  was  sought  by  some  who  were  absolutely  wanting  in  such  knowl- 
edge as  is  afforded  by  a  collegiate  or  even  academical  course,  and,  as  a  con- 
sequence, entered  upon  their  professional  studies  in  such  a  state  of  unpre- 
paredness  as  to  seriously  handicap  them  in  their  studies,  to  the  impairment  of 
their  usefulness  through  all  their  future  career,  and,  in  not  a  few  cases, 
bringing  discredit  upon  the  institution  whose  credentials  they  bore.  It  is  not 
pretended  that  the  learned  professions  have  not  been  adorned  by  those  who 
attained  to  positions  of  usefulness  and  distinction  in  spite  of  educational 
shortcomings,  through  superior  talent  and  unusual  effort.  Yet  the  fact  re- 
mains that,  as  a  rule,. the  non-educated  are  wanting  in  those  methods  of  sys- 
tematic study  which  are  necessary  to  the  mastering  of  a  science,  and  so  it 


290  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

became  necessary  that  some  standard  of  preliminary  training  should  be  set 
up  as  a  pre-requisite  for  admission  to  the  Medical  School. 

Accordingly,  in  1887,  in  an  announcement  of  the  rules  go\erning  mat- 
riculation in  the  College,  it  was  provided  that  certain  applicants  should  be 
admitted  without  examination,  as  follows : 

1.  Applicants  who  shall  declare  themselves  not  to  be  candidates  for 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  this  College. 

2.  Applicants  who  shall  present  certificates  of  having  been  successful 
at  examinations  for  admission  to  the  School  of  Arts  or  School  of  Mines  of 
Columbia  College. 

3.  Applicants  who  shall  present  diplomas  or  certificates  of  graduation 
in  Arts,  Philosophy,  Science,  or  Medicine,  from  recognized  colleges  or  schools 
of  science. 

4.  Applicants  who  shall  present  certificates  from  recognized  colleges 
or  school  of  science,  to  the  effect  that  the)'  have  studied  satisfactorily  any  or 
all  of  the  subjects  recjuired  for  admission  to  this  College,  wiW  be  admitted 
without  examination  in  the  subjects  so  certified  to. 

All  others  were  to  pass  examinations  in  writing,  and  upon  the  subjects 
which  generally  enter  into  an  academical  literary  course. 

At  various  times  attempts  were  made  to  iniluce  the  College  authorities  to 
depart  from  the  rules  which  had  been  laid  down.  But  the  Trustees  and 
Faculty  were  jealous  of  the  reputation  of  the  College  and  were  proof  against 
all  that  would  seem  to  reflect  upon  the  integrit}-  of  the  institution  by  placing 
a  light  \-alue  upon  the  standards  which  had  been  set  up. 

Thus,  earljf  in  1888,  a  physician  made  request  that  a  young  man  be  ad- 
rhitted  as  a  student  without  undergoing  the  prescrilsed  exaniination.  He 
made  a  special  plea  for  his  candidate,  asking  that  his  failure  to  apply  until  a 
few  days  after  the  closing  of  the  list  of  matriculants  should  not  militate 
against  him.  He  set  up  that  the  candidate  would  not  claim  anj'  shortening 
of  his  course  on  account  of  any  preliminar}'  studv  with  some  practitioner, 
but  that  he  would  be  at  least  three  whole  years  under  the  preceptorship  of 
the  College  before  he  could  appear  for  graduation,  which  condition,  the  ap- 
plying physician  wrote,  "is  in  my  opinion  worth  as  much  toward  making  a 
good  doctor  as  being  able  to  pass  the  preliminar\f  examination,  and  places 
him  on  an  equal  footing  with  many  who  ha\-e  entered  this  term."  The  young 
man  was  nineteen  years  old,  bright  and  naturally  intelligent,  but  his  educa- 
tion was  simply  such  as  was  necessar}'  to  graduate  him  from  a  public  school. 
His  proposer  continued,  "I  am  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  the  system  of 
preliminary  examinations  before  entering  upon  a  course  of  stud}-.  From  mv 
acquaintance  with  this  case,  and  the  reasons  above  given,  I  am  willing  to  go 
on  record  as  favoring  a  suspension  of  the  rules  in  this  case.'' 

But  the  Trustees  declined  to  accede  to  the  request  contained  in  this  ap- 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  291 

plication,  and  their  action  in  tlie  matter  found  immediate  recognition  as  a  prec- 
edent, forbidding  further  attempt  to  set  aside  ihe  estabhshed  regulations 
governing  the  admission  of  students. 

The  Trustees,  at  the  same  time,  took  into  consideration  an  allegation 
that  in  some  instances  persons  had  matriculated  without  immediate  subsequent 
attendance  upon  any  of  the  courses  of  instruction,  and  the  matter  was  re- 
ferred to  the  Faculty  to  devise  and  recommend,  for  adoption  by  the  Trustees, 
a  method  of  matriculation  liy  which  such  an  alleged  abuse  might  be  prevented. 
Inasmuch  as  the  records  contain  no  further  entries  under  this  head,  except  a 
letter  from  the  Faculty,  it  is  presumable  that  the  charges  were  found  to  be 
rmwarranted,  or  that  a  remedy  was  promptly  and  effectually  applied.  Sub- 
sequentlv  examinational  requirements  were  prescribed  by  general  laws  of  the 
state  which  were  applicable  to  all  medical  colleges.  By  a  law  enacted  in 
1893  and  amended  in  1895-96.  it  was  provided  that  the  student  must  have 
been  graduated  from  a  registered  college,  or  have  satisfactorily  completed  a 
full  course  in  a  registered  academy  or  high  school,  considered  and  accepted 
by  the  Regents  as  fully  equivalent  thereto.  These  provisions  were  modified 
from  time  to  time,  and  came  to  whai  would  appear  to  be  an  almost  faultless 
elaboration  in  the  requirements  for  admission  formulated  in  1902,  and  which 
were  to  go  into  effect  on  July  i.  1903.  These  requirements  were  as  fol- 
lows : 

1.  A  certificate  of  having  successfully  completed  at  least  one  full  year's 
course  of  study  in  a  college  or  scientific  school  registered  by  the  Regents  as 
maintaining  a  satisfactory  standard. 

2.  A  certificate  of  graduation  from  any  registered  gymnasium  in  Ger- 
man}^  Austria,  or  Russia. 

3.  A  certificate  of  the  successful  completion  of  a  course  of  five  years  in 
a  registered  Italian  giiiiiaiso  and  three  years  in  a  licco  . 

4.  The  Bachelor's  degree  in  arts  or  science,  or  its  sulastantial  equivalent 
conferred  by  any  registered  institution  in  France  or  Spain. 

5.  Anv  credential  from  a  registered  institution,  or  from  the  govern- 
ment in  anv  State  or  Country,  which  credential  represents  the  completion  of  a 
course  of  study  equivalent  to  graduation  from  a  registered  Prussian  gymna- 
sium. 

6.  A  certificate  of  examination  conducted  in  June  of  any  year  by  the 
College  Entrance  Examination  Board,  or  of  an  examination  conducted  in 
September  of  anj^  j^ear  under  the  auspices  of  the  University  Committee  on 
Entrance  Examinations  of  Columbia  University,  or  in  part  for  both  of  these. 

The  latter  named  examination  must  conform  to  certain  regulations.  The 
applicant  must  attain  to  a  degree  of  proficiency  rated  as  fifteen  points,  in 
which  English  counts  as  three  points,  elementary  mathematics  as  three  points, 


29-'  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

elementary  Latin  as  two  points,  and  elementary  German  or  French  as  two 
points,  the  remaining  five  points  to  be  based  upon  botany,  chemistry,  drawing, 
physics,  physiolog)',  zoology,  or  advanced  work  in  the  languages.  Examina- 
tions are  held  in  June  of  each  year,  under  the  authority  of  the  College  En- 
trance Examination  Board,  at  a  large  number  of  places  throughout  the  United 
States  and  at  several  points  in  Europe.  The  examinations  in  September  are 
held  at  Columbia  University  under  the  authority  of  the  University  Committee 
on  Entrance  Examinations.  Both  the  examinations  of  the  College  Entrance 
Examination  Board  in  June,  and  those  of  Columbia  University  in  September, 
are  held  upon  the  same  requirements  and  are  substantially  the  same  in 
standard  and  in  administration.  Candidates  forward  the  credentials  received 
from  either  or  both  of  these  examining  authorities  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and,  if  they  aggregate 
the  necessary  fifteen  points,  receive  in  exchange  therefor  the  medical-student 
certificate  required  for  admission  to  the  College. 

The  original  medical  course  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
was  of  four  months'  duration,  beginning  on  the  first  of  November  and  con- 
tinuing through  the  month  of  February.  This  was  supplemented,  at  a  later 
day,  by  the  brief  spring  and  autumn  courses,  as  told  of  on  earlier  pages  of 
this  work.  In  1847,  at  the  close  of  the  first  College  decade,  the  course  was 
extended  to  four  and  a  half  months,  beginning  the  middle  of  October  and 
ending  on  the  first  of  March.  In  1868  the  course  was  further  arranged  to 
cover  a  period  of  five  months,  beginning  on  the  first  of  October,  and  this 
term  was  not  extended  until  1880,  when  it  was  increased  to  seven  months, 
beginning  on  the  first  of  October.  At  the  same  time  the  Faculty  declared 
that  it  would  be  to  the  advantage  of  the  students  to  attend  fewer  lectures  a 
day  and  to  have  more  time  for  clinical  instruction  and  laboratory  work. 

To  this  time  and  somewhat  afterward,  the  College  course  was  of  two 
years'  duration,  it  being  premised  that  the  student  must  also  study  under  the 
tutorship  of  a  practitioner  for  a  prescribed  term.  Thus,  in  1878,  a  requisite 
for  graduation  was  that  the  candidate  must,  besides  taking  the  two  years' 
collegiate  course,  "file  a  satisfactory  certificate  of  having  studied  medicine 
for  at  least  three  years  under  a  regular  graduate,  or  licentiate  and  practitioner 
of  medicine,  in  good  standing,  using  the  word  'regular'  in  the  sense  com- 
monly understood  in  the  medical  profession." 

In  the  following  year  (1879)  this  provision  was  replaced  by  the  require- 
ment that  candidates  must  have  studied  medicine  three  years,  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  regular  physician  or  surgeon,  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  years,  and  be  of  good  moral  character.  Full  certificates  attesting  these 
facts  must  be  furnished.     The  phrase  "regular  physician  or  surgeon!'  is  used 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  293 

in  the  sense  commonly  understood  in  tlie  medical  profession.  Certificates  of 
preceptorship  from-  Eclectic,  Homeopathic,  or  other  so-called  "irregidar" 
practitioners,  ivill  not  be  received^  even  if  such  practitioners  be  graduates  of 
regidar  m^edical  schools. 

In  1885  it  was  further  provided  that  the  three  years  of  medical  study- 
required  by  law  must  be  exclusive  of  any  time  spent  as  an  undergraduate  at 
a  non-medical  institution;  but  the  two  years'  course,  styled  "Preparatory  to 
the  Study  of  IMedicine,"  at  the  Cornell  Universit}',  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School  of  Yale  College,  or  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  is  accepted  in 
place  of  six  months'  study  with  a  preceptor,  in  the  case  of  a  student  who 
afterward  attends  tb.ree  sessions  at  this  College. 

COURSE   OF   STUDY. 

In  1888  a  movement  was  set  on  foot  looking  to  the  amendment  of  the 
existing  state  laws  with  reference  to  the  duration  of  the  Collegiate  year.  The 
end  sought  was  to  admit  of  the  provision  prescribing  the  course  of  study  to 
be  "three  years  in  a  chartered  medical  school,"  to  be  interpreted  as  three 
college  years  and  not  three  calendar  years. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  seek  the  enactment  of  such  an  amend- 
ment as  would  secure  the  end  desired,  but  it  made  no  report  until  February 
in  the  following  year.  In  its  report  the  committee  declared  that,  after  a  care- 
ful review  of  the  various  acts  regulating  the  practice  of  medicine,  from  the 
passage  of  the  Act  of  the  Legislature  in  1792  down  to  1889,  it  was  deemed 
unwise  to  disturb  the  interpretation  as  meaning  three  calendar  years.  "If 
the  Legislature  were  to  allow  us  to  interpret  the  Act  as  meaning  three  College 
years,  it  would  open  the  way  to  much  abuse,  as  other  Colleges  might  secure 
concessions  which  would  make  it  possible  so  to  shorten  the  period  of  study  as 
to  make  the  entrance  road  to  the  profession  shorter  and  easier  than  it  now 
is.  It  is  quite  probable  that  we  may  make  up  our  minds  ere  long  to  adopt 
the  four  j-ears'  requirement  for  length  of  study,  in  which  case  there  would  be 
no  difficulty  about  the  interpretation  of  the  present  law." 

The  committee,  in  conclusion,  recommended  that  the  proposed  amendment 
be  not  attempted,  and  asked  that  it  be  discharged  from  further  duty  in  the 
matter.  The  report  was  accordingly  received,  the  committee  was  permitted 
to  pass  out  of  existence,  and  the  proposition  was  abandoned. 

As  the  College  curriculum  became  more  comprehensive  and  specialized, 
it  came  to  be  seen  that  to  attain  the  best  results  the  College  should  take  upon 
itself,  to  the  utmost  degree  possible,  the  entire  labor  and  responsibility  of  pre- 
paring for  the  profession  those  who  came  to  it  for  any  portion  of  their  med- 
ical education.     Accordingly,   in    1887,  the  same  year  when  the  rules  pre- 


294  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

scribing  the  qualilications  of  matriculants  were  promulgated,  a  three  years' 
course  of  stucl_y  was  arranged,  and  this  went  into  effect  in  the  following 
year.  Under  this  schedule  the  first  year  was  to  be  given  to  didactic  lectures 
on  anatomy,  physiology,  physics  and  chemistry,  with  practical  laboratory 
work  in  dissection,  normal  histology  and  physiological  and  medical  chemistry ; 
the  second  year,  to  didactic  lectures  in  all  the  regular  courses,  with  continued 
dissection  work,  and  medical  and  practical  clinical  instruction ;  and  the  third 
year,  to  didactic  lectures  in  materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  pathology,  prac- 
tical medicine,  the  principles  and  practice  of  surgery,  obstetrics  and  gynecol- 
ogy, and  practical  clinical  instruction.  At  the  same  time  the  collegiate  year 
was  lengthened  by  one  month,  by  extending"  the  Commencement  date  from 
the  middle  of  May  to  the  middle  of  June. 

The  addition  of  a  fourth  year  to  the  medical  crjurse  was  now  to  be 
brought  about  through  the  instrumentalit}-  of  the  Faculty  of  the  College. 
That  body  (in  1893)  appointed  from  among  its  members  a  committee  con- 
sisting of  Dr.  John  G.  Curtis,  Dr.  George  M.  Tuttle,  Dr.  M.  Allen  Starr  and 
Dr.  George  S.  Huntington. 

The  report  made  by  this  committee  to  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College 
was  clear  and  comprehensi\e.  It  urged  that  a  year  be  added  to  the  then 
existing  three-year  course,  upon  the  ground  that  the  rapid  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  medical  knowledge  and  the  changes  m  methods  of  instruction 
which  had  resulted,  rendered  such  an  extension  an  absolute  necessity.  It  was 
shown  that  advancement  in  Surgical  knowledge,  theoretically  and  practically, 
was  due  to  innovators  who  had  discovered  that  the  suppuration  of  wounds  is 
owing  tO'  the  entrance  into  them  of  miscroscopic  plants  previously  floating 
in  the  air — in  a  word,  bacteria.  It  was  urged  that,  while  a  generation  before, 
the  stud}'  of  bacteria  concerned  no  one  but  the  botanist,  it  had  now  become  a 
science  in  itself,  for  which  were  provided  its  special  instructors  with  their 
own  special  ecjuipments  for  the  study  of  the  organisms  in  question.  This 
fact,  and  the  separation  of  the  departments  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and 
of  Pathology  from  the  Practice  of  Medicine,  had  been  productive  of  painstak- 
ing practical  work,  recjuiring  much  time  in  laboratories,  in  dispensaries  and 
in  hospitals,  taking  in  large  part  the  place  of  more  strictly  theoretical  instruc- 
tion. It  was  hence  asserted,  and  most  properly,  that  the  three  years'  cur- 
riculum was  insufficient  for  traversing  the  necessary  ground. 

This  report  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Finance  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege. That  body  conceded  the  fact  that  the  establishment  of  a  four  years' 
course  would  be  an  advanced  educational  step,  and  admitted  that  it  would 
soon  become  an  imperative  necessity  to  enable  the  medical  school  to  keep 
abreast  with  other  institutions  of  similar  standing.     However,  it  approached 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  295 

the  financial  features  involved  with  considerable  misgivings,  and  it  was  un- 
willing to  assume  the  responsibility  of  making  any  positive  recommendation 
upon  the  subject.  To  add  another  year  to  the  course,  so  long  as  other  medi- 
cal schools  were  willing  to  confer  degrees  after  a  three  years'  course,  would 
necessarily  tend  to  diminish  the  number  of  students  who  would  apply  to  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  for  instruction.  The  committee  con- 
ceded, howe\-er,  that  in  the  previous  history  of  the  College,  while  each  suc- 
cessive step  forward  had  been  taken  with  no  small  amount  of  anxiety  as  to  the 
financial  results,  each  progressive  movement  had,  contrary  to  general  expec- 
tation, been  accompanied  by  an  increase  rather  than  a  decrease  in  the  number 
of  students.  These  progressive  steps  were :  (  i )  Extending  the  course  of 
lectures  from  five  to  seven  and  then  to  eight  months;  (2)  establishing  a  strin- 
gent system  of  entrance  examinations  before  such  action  on  the  part  of  the 
Regents;  (3)  increasing  the  course  fees  from  $150  to  $200,  and  obliging 
the  student  to  take  three  full  courses  instead  of  distributing  the 
two  complete  coiu'ses  over  three  sessions.  In  the  further  course 
of  their  report,  the  committee  expressed  the  hope  that,  with  the  facilities 
and  opportunities  afforded  by  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (which, 
so  it  was  expressed,  "are  certainly  unsurpassed,  and  probably  unequalled  in 
the  country-"),  the  experience  of  past  years  would  be  repeated,  and,  should  the 
course  be  extended  as  proposed,  the  financial  results  would  prove  as  satis- 
factory as  would  be  commensurate  with  the  imposed  educatic^nal  advantages. 
The  committee,  despite  its  unwillingness  to  make  a  recommendation  either 
for  or  against  the  proposed  extended  medical  course,  made  what  was  really 
a  strong  argument  in  its  favor.  It  stated  that  the  number  of  intelligent 
medical  men  is  daily  increasing  who  appreciate  that  it  is  impossible  to  crowd 
the  requisite  amount  of  study  into  a  period  of  three  years,  and.  in  support  of 
the  assertion,  cited  the  fact  that  this  has  been  long  recognized  in  the  medical 
schools  of  Europe,  where  a  four  vears'  course  had  been  obligatory  for  prob- 
ably a  score  of  years,  while  in  England  the  medical  schools  had  found  it  nec- 
essary to  extend  the  course  from  fotir  years  to  fix'e  years.  An  appreciation 
of  these  facts  had  found  a  corresponding  willingness  on  the  part  of  parents 
to  meet  the  necessary  additional  expense  for  the  education  of  tlieir  sons,  and 
ft  was  also  shown  that  in  recent  vears  the  number  of  those  who  were  able  to 
pay  more  liberally  for  their  education  had  been  greatly  increased.  Finally, 
it  was  shown  that  of  the  three  medical  institutions  which,  for  many  years, 
were  the  onh'  American  medical  colleges  whose  diplomas  were  recognized  in 
Europe,  one  (Harvard)  had  in  the  past  }"ear  extended  its  course  to  four 
years;  the  second  (the  Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Pennsyh-ania) 
had  announced  that  a  four  years"  course  would  l^e  inaugurated  in  the  follow- 


296  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ing  autumn;  and  the  third   (the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons)  was 
the  onlj'  one  of  the  three  Avhich  was  clinging  to  antiquated  methods. 

Hon.  Seth  Low,  President  of  Columbia  College,  heartily  seconded  the 
movement  for  the  extension  of  the  medical  course.  In  his  report  for  the 
year  1893  he  expressed  his  gratification  in  hearing  from  the  Dean  of  the 
Medical  Faculty  (Dr.  James  W.  McLane)  ample  testimony  to  the  good  re- 
sults which  had  followed  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons with  Columbia  College  and  he  added: 

"In  accordance  with  the  action  of  the  Trustees,  the  announcement  has 
been  made  that  after  this  year  the  course  leading  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  will  occupy  four  years.  The  equipment  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  is  on  so  large  a  scale,  and  its  efficient  conduct  is  so  costly, 
that  it  hardly  seems  possible  that  a  four  years'  course  in  medicine  can  be 
inaugurated  there  without  increasing,  at  least  temporarily,  the  deficiency  in 
the  running  expenses ;  for  it  is  naturally  the  intention  of  the  College  to  make 
the  four  years"  course  as  complete  and  thorough  as  the  three  years"  course  has 
been.  The  pressure  upon  the  three  years'  course  has  been  greater  than  could 
be  borne.  There  has  not  been  time  enough  to  permit  adequate  instruction  in 
the  subjects  which  a  well  educated  physician  in  these  days  ought  to  be  familiar 
with.  Especially  is  this  the  case  in  the  subjects  admitting  of  clinical  instruc- 
tion. The  general  lengthening  of  the  course  in  the  best  medical  schools  of  the 
country  from  three  to  four  years  makes  an  important  movement  in  the  direc- 
tion of  providing  at  home  for  the  highest  grade  of  medical  education,  which 
hitherto,  in  many  departments,  has  had  to  be  sought  abroad.  With  the 
lengthening  of  the  course  there  should  come,  in  my  judgment,  a  broadening 
of  the  conception  of  the  function  of  the  medical  school.  It  ought  not  to  in- 
sist any  longer,  it  seems  to  me,  upon  putting  every  student  through  identi- 
cally the  same  course.  While  demanding  of  all  enough  of  the  fundamental 
things  to  lay  a  solid  foundation,  the  medical  school  ought  also  to  aim  to  give 
to  specialists  their  opportunity.  It  ought,  further,  to  do  more  and  more  to 
encourage  medical  research  and  to  teach  students  how  to  use  books  and  how 
to  profit  by  current  medical  literature.  In  a  word,  the  lengthening  of  the 
course  in  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  should  be 
marked  by  an  increase  of  those  functions  which  are  characteristic  of  the  Uni- 
versity as  distinguished  from  the  purely  professional  school.  The  scope  of 
the  student's  opportunity  should  be  enlarged  and  a  greater  liberty  of  election 
should  be  granted  to  advanced  students.  The  four  years'  course  should  be 
made  a  course  of  greater  privilege,  quite  as  much  as  a  course  of  added  obli- 
gation." 

The  subject,  however,  was  held  in  abeyance  until  February  5,  1894, 
when  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  adopted  a  resolution  providing  that 
the  four  years'  course  in  Medicine  as  adopted  by  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  be  approved,  subject  to  such  modifications  as  the 
Faculty  mav  hereafter  make  in  it  in  the  exercise  of  their  statutory  powers. 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  297 

The  course  of  study  was  accordingly  rearranged,  and  the  curriculum 
broadened  to  cover  the  departments  of  Anatomy,  Chemistry,  Dermatology, 
Diseases  of  Children,  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  Gynecology,  Laryngology,  in- 
ckiding  the  Disease  of  the  Larynx.  Pharynx,  and  Nasal  Passages,  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Neurology,  including  Diseases  of  the  Mind,  Ob- 
stetrics, Ophthalmology,  Orthopedic  Surgery,  Otology,  Pathology,  includ- 
ing Pathology,  Clinical  Pathology,  Bacteriology  and  Hygiene,  and  Normal 
Histology,  Physics,  Physiological  Chemistry,  Physiology,  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine, Surgery  and  full  clinical  courses. 

Provision  was  subsequently  made  for  advancing  the  standing  of  the 
students,  in  certain  cases,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  or  third  year.  The 
applicant  for  such  advancement  is  required  ( i )  to  present  satisfactory  evi- 
dence of  ha\'ing  attended,  in  a  recognized  medical  school  (or,  for  General 
Cliemisiry  or  Physics  in  a  recognized  college,  scientific  school,  or  university), 
courses  reasonably  equivalent  to  those  already  attended  by  the  class  to  which 
he  seeks  admission;  (2)  to  be  examined  for  admission,  in  all  the  subjects 
in  which  the  said  class  shall  have  been  examined  already. 

Studies  in  General  Physics,  including  lectures,  combined  with  demon- 
strations, and  laboratory  work,  which  are  required  of  candidates  for  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  their  first  year,  are  prosecuted  in  the  labora- 
tories and  lecture  rooms  of  the  Department  of  Physics,  in  Fayerweather 
Hall. 

A  summer  course  was  inaugurated  in  the  sumnaer  of  1903,  instruction 
to  begin  June  first  and  to  continue  until  August  24th.  The  departments  pro- 
vided for  were  those  of  Dermatology,  Diseases  of  Children,  Diseases  of 
Stomach  and  Intestines,  General  Medicine,  including  Clinical  Pathology, 
Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  Gynecology,  Laryngology,  Neurology,  Obstetrics, 
Ophthalmology  and  Otology.  These  courses  of  instruction  are  given  in  five 
different  buildings,  three  of  which  are  grouped  about  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons.  All  these  comprise  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  the  Sloane 
Maternity  Hospital,  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  Bellevue  Hospital,  St.  Mary's 
Free  Hospital  for  Children,  and  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Lifirmary. 

These  courses  were  established  for  the  benefit  of  practicing  physicians 
desiring  opportunities  for  additional  study  and  investigation,  as  well  as  for 
that  of  properly  qualified  students  of  medicine  and  surgery.  The  instruction 
in  each  course  is  thoroughly  practical  in  character,  and  the  number  of  stu- 
dents to  be  accepted  in  any  given  course  is  strictly  limited,  in  order  that  each 
one  may  gain  the  fullest  possible  benefit.  Practicing  physicians  may  register 
for  any  course  or  courses  that  they  select.  Students  of  medicine  will  only 
be  permitted  to  register  for  those  courses  which  their  standing  in  the  Col- 


2g8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

lege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  or  in  some  other  medical  school  of  equiva- 
lent rank,  would  permit  them  to  take.  Regular  students  in  the  College  of 
Phj'sicians  and  Surgeons,  who,  being  eligible  to  enter  any  practical  course 
or  courses  offered  at  the  Summer  Session,  satisfactorily  complete  such  course 
or  courses,  will  be  exempted  from  attendance  upon  equivalent  courses  given 
during  the  regular  academic  year. 

The  corps  of  instructors  appointed  for  the   initial  session  was   as  fol- 
lows : 

Pearce  Bailey,  M.  D..  Neurology. 

William  L.  Bradley,  M.  D..  Gynecology. 

Charles  T.  Dade,  M.  D.,  Dermatology. 

William  K.  Draper.  M.  D.,  General  Medicine. 

W^illiam  C  Gilley,  M.  D.,  Genito-Urinary  Diseases.  ^ 

Edmund  Y.   Hill.  ]\I.  D.,  Genito-Urinary  Diseases. 

John  H.  P.  Hodgsen.  M.  D.,  Dermatology. 

Ward  A.  Holdeu,  ^l.  D..  Ophthalmology. 

John  H.  Claiborne,  ]\I.  D.,  Ophthalmology. 

Richard  H.  Cunningham.  M.  D..  Xeurologv. 

Edmund  LeRoy  Dow.  ]\I.  D..  General  Medicine. 

Charles  S.  Fischer,  Jr.,  M.  D..  Diseases  of  Stomach  and  Intestines. 

Francis  Huber.  M.  D..  Diseases  of  Children. 

David  S.  D.  Jessup,  M.  D.,  General  Medicine. 

Linnaeus  E.  La  Fetra.   M.  D.,  Diseases  of  Children. 

Robert  Lewis,  Jr..  M.  D.,  Otology. 

Ralph  W.  Lobenstine.  M.  D.,  Obstetrics. 

Alfred  Michaelis,  M.  D.,  Otology. 

William  K.  Simpson,  M.  D.,  Laryngology. 

W^illiam  S.  Stone,  M.  D..  Gynecologv. 

Alfred  E.  Sumner.  M.  D..  General  ]\iedicine. 

Henry  H.  Tyson,  ^l.  D.,  Ophthalmology. 

Robert  Watts,  Jr..  M.  D..  Diseases  of  Children. 

Further  facilities  were  afforded  the  medical  students  under  a  provision 
made  by  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College.  That  body,  by  a  resolution 
adopted  April  ii,  iSrjo,  granted  permission  to  such  persons  as  might  be 
nominated  to  that  privilege  by  the  Deans  of  the  General  and  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminaries,  and  the  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
in  such  numbers  as  might  be  approved  by  the  President  of  the  College,  from 
each  institution,  to  attend  the  lectures  delivered  in  the  School  of  Political 
Science  on  Political  Economy  and  Sociology,  and  the  lectures  in  the  School 
of  Arts  on  the  Semitic  Languages.  Philosophy  and  Ethics,  without  the  pay- 
ment of  fees. 

The  University  Council  has  constituted  a  Standing  Committee  on  Em- 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  299 

ployment  for  Students.  It  is  the  design  of  the  Committee  to  put  students 
desiring  to  work  their  way  tlirough  College,  in  the  way  of  earning  their  par- 
tial support,  or  if  possible  to  extend  assistance  to  them  in  other  ways.  Some 
of  the  openings  likely  to  be  available  are:  Private  tutoring,  translating,  copy- 
ing of  various  sorts,  teaching  in  evening  schools,  traveling  companions,  sten- 
ography and  typewriting.  At  the  same  time,  as  a  result  of  long  experience, 
the  Employment  Committee  advises  INIeilical  and  Engineering  students  not 
to  undertake  outside  work  of  any  kind  during  the  academic  year.  The  de- 
mands of  the  courses  in  lectures  and  practical  work  are  so  exacting  and 
inflexible  as  to  make  additional  responsibilities  a  greater  burden  than  can  be 
wisely  assumed,  and  it  is  urged  that  it  would  even  be  better  for  such  students 
to  withdraw  from  the  University  for  a  year  in  order  to  earn  the  money  neces- 
sary to  enable  them  to  give  undivided  attention  to  their  work  while  in  at- 
tendance. 

As  time  passed,  the  original  plans  of  organization  revealed  weaknesses, 
and  the  principal  of  these  were  the  short  duration  of  the  scholastic  term  and 
the  multiplicity  of  duties  devolved  upon  the  Professors.  During  the  period 
considered  in  foregoing  pages,  the  College  curriculum  had  been  gradually 
broadened  by  the  separation  of  subjects.  In  the  early  days  the  occasional 
redistribution  of  subjects  was,  in  larger  measure,  due  to  the  personal  prefer- 
ences or  peculiar  qualiiications  of  the  individual  Professors,  and  the  arrange- 
ment was  not  necessarily  permanent.  In  the  course  of  College  development  it 
had  become  apparent  that  the  individual  teacher  was  unable  to  give  to  his  class 
sufiicient  attention  on  account  of  his  complex  duties,  and  that  the  student  was 
overburdened,  through  the  necessity  of  his  daily  listening  to  brief  lectures 
upon  a  multiplicity  of  topics,  to  such  a  degree  that  he  was  unable  to  grasp 
and  digest  matter  of  much  moment. 

These  several  conditions  had  been  fully  recognized  bv  the  Faculty, 
which,  at  various  times,  endeavored  to  apply  a  remedy.  Wt  have  already 
seen  how  a  beginning  was  made  by  the  appointment  of  the  Lecturer  who 
gradually  developed  into  the  Adjunct  Professor. 

The  Adjunct  Professor,  at  the  first,  occupied  an  extra-official  position. 
No  obligations  for  his  commissioning  rested  upon  the  Faculty.  He  grew  out 
of  urgent  necessity.  A  Professor  was  at  times  so  overburdened  with  duties 
that  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  give  due  attention  to  his  class ;  he  was  liable 
to  be  at  any  time  taken  with  an  illness  of  long  duration ;  his  chair  might  be- 
come vacant  through  death  or  resignation.  These  considerations  led  the 
Pi'ofessor  to  name  some  one  whom  he  deemed  capable  to  be  his  assistant 
or  substitute.  In  the  event  that  the  nominee  was  acceptable  to  the  Faculty, 
he  was  recommended  to  the  Trustees,  who  appointed  him  Lecturer  Adjunct 


300  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS.    ■ 

for  a  term  of  one  year,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time,  his  abihty  demon- 
strated, he  was  appointed  Professor  Adjunct.  His  duties  were  to  deHver 
such  lectures  as  his  chief  might  prescribe.  The  advantages  of  this  system 
were  manifest  from  the  outset.  The  students  were  afforded  more  regular, 
particular  and  systematic  instruction,  and  the  College  was  enabled  to  contrib- 
ute to  the  pi'actical  training  of  a  class  of  instructors  who  were  in  after  years 
to  serve  it  with  conspicuous  ability.  An  Adjunct  Professor  was  soon  assigned 
to  each  of  the  principal  chairs,  and,  in  most  cases,  he  succeeded  to  the  full 
Professorship  when  a  vacancy  occurred. 

Meantime  clinical  instruction  had  been  gradually  developing.  In  the  first 
collegiate  year  (1807)  the  students  were  admitted  to  the  New  York  Hospital, 
and,  later,  to  the  Almshouse  and  Bellevue  Hospital.  The  system  of  College 
Clinics  began  in  1841.  In  1856  the  clinics  had  increased  to  three  each  week, 
and,  ten  years  later,  to  ten  each  week.  These  were  conducted  by  the  didactic 
teachers  as  an  aside  to  their  instructional  duties  proper.  In  1869  was  created 
the  Clinical  Professor,  who  was  placed  in  charge  of  his  own  particular  clinic, 
and  was  empowered  to  appoint  such  assistants  as  he  might  deem  necessary. 
At  the  outset  the  Clinical  Professors  were  three  in  number,  and  this  number 
was  increased  in  succeeding  years  as  necessity  seemed  to  require,  until  they 
came  to  cover  the  entire  field  of  clinical  science. 

In  the  subdivision  of  the  didactic  departments,  the  first  important  step 
toward  the  specialization  of  the  present  day  was  (in  1879)  the  separation  of 
gjmecolog}'  from  obstetrics,  and  of  the  practice  of  surgery  from  the  principles 
of  surgery.  Dissecting  room  instruction  was  committed  to  a  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy,  to  whom  were  assigned,  at  a  later  day,  Assistant  Demonstrators, 
and  assistants  were  also  appointed  to  the  Director  of  the  Physiological  and 
Pathological  Laboratory  as  necessity  recjuired. 

The  primitive  customs  in  holding  examinations  and  in  conducting  com- 
mencement exercises  were  preserved  with  little  change  during  the  long  period 
of  a  half  century  and  more.  At  the  first  a  candidate  for  graduation  was  ex- 
amined orally  by  the  assembled  Professors,  who  determined,  by  a  majority 
vote,  as  to  his  proficiency.  If  found  worthy,  he  was  rec[uired  to  stand  an- 
other oral  examination  before  the  Faculty  and  Trustees  in  joint  session.  This 
second,  or  "Trustees'  Examination,"  as  it  is  called,  was  necessary  for  the 
reason  that  the  assent  of  the  Board  was  expected  for  the  granting  of  tlie 
diploma  by  the  Regents  of  the  University.  This  system  was  particularly 
objectionable  because  the  Professors  were  required  to  conduct  the  examina- 
tion of  the  same  candidates  on  two  separate  occasions,  and  so  it  was  abrogated 
in  1863.  In  lieu  of  the  second,  or  "Trustees'  Examination,'"  it  was  provided 
that  a  committee  comprising  five  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  who 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  3oi 

should  also  be  physicians,  should  be  appointed  each  year  and  should  attend  the 
examinations  conducted  by  the  Faculty,  thus  safeguarding  all  vital  interests, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  dispensing  with  what  was  inconvenient. 

There  still  remained  an  old  custom  coming  down  from  the  first  com- 
mencement— the  examination  in  which  the  candidate  for  graduation  was  re- 
quired to  defend  his  thesis  and  give  answer  to  wliatever  objection  might  be 
made  to  his  argument.  This  was  before  a  public  assembly,  in  the  College 
lecture  room,  and  had  become  a  perfunctory  ceremonial,  and  it,  too,  was 
abrogated  in  1864.  The  thesis  of  the  candidate  was,  however,  considered 
during  his  general  examination,  and  was  given  its  full  weight  in  estimating 
his  professional  knowledge. 

In  1856  the  number  of  students  had  become  so  large  that  the  examinations 
held  by  the  assembled  Professors  consumed  a  great  amount  of  time,  and  it 
was  sought  to  obviate  the  difficulty  by  each  Professor  privately  examining 
the  candidates,  after  which  the  Professors  assembled  and  each  cast  his  vote 
upon  the  acceptability  of  the  candidate.  This  plan  proved  objectionable,  in- 
asmuch as  it  Avas  possible  for  a  candidate  to  pass  examination  if  found  profi- 
cient in  four  of  his  branches,  no  matter  how  deficient  in  the  remaining  three. 
To  remedy  this  fault,  the  Faculty  (in  1861)  ruled  that  three  negative  votes 
out  of  the  seven  cast  by  the  members  of  the  Faculty  should  work  rejection, 
provided  that  two  of  such  negative  votes  should  be  cast  by  Professors  in  the 
practical  departments.  This  rule  was  superseded  (in  1876)  by  another  mak- 
ing successful  candidacy  dependent  upon  the  favorable  vote  of  five  profes- 
sors out  of  seven.  In  the  same  and  the  two  following  years  methods  of 
estimating  the  proficiency  of  the  candidate  were  adopted  by  means  of  a 
graduated  numerical  standard  for  each  of  the  branches,  and  a  minimum  ag- 
gregate. In  1877  the  study  of  practical  anatomy  was  named  as  a  prere- 
quisite to  graduation,  and  in  1879  examinations  were  brought  to  their  full- 
ness by  the  adoption  of  a  rule  making  graduation  depend  upon  a  satisfactory 
examination  in  each  of  the  seven  departments — anatomy,  physiology,  chemis- 
tr}^  materia  medica,  obstetrics,  surgery  and  practical  medicine.  In  the  same 
year  the  examinations  Avere  set  over  to  the  close  of  the  lecture  session,  and 
oral  examinations  were  dispensed  with.  The  former  of  these  changes  was 
of  marked  benefit.  The  students  were  unable  to  properly  pursue  their  studies 
and  at  the  same  time  undergo  day-to-daj'  examinations,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  the  inevitable  unrest  of  the  graduating  class  could  not  but  detrimentally 
affect  the  entire  school.  In  mode  of  examination  the  change  was  for  the 
better,  and  the  candidates  were  relieved  from  certain  embarrassments.  In 
oral  examinations  a  candidate  might  appear  at  a  disadvantage  through  his 
own  diffidence  or  through  a   misunderstanding  of  the  questions  addressed 


302  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

to  him.  He  was  at  his  best,  and  had  full  command  of  himself,  when,  with  his 
fellows,  he  was  seated  at  a  desk  to  answer  written  questions  placed  before  him, 
then  surrendering  his  manuscript,  on  lea\-ing  the  room,  to  the  Professor, 
who  would  soon  pass  upon  his  papers  solely  upon  their  merit.  Each  Pro- 
fessor thus  rendered  his  verdict,  and  the  aggregate  papers  from  each  depart- 
ment came  before  the  assembled  Faculty. 

In  1888  the  examinations  for  graduation  were  made  to  include  the  clin- 
ical studies  which  had  been  introduced  from  time  to  time.  A  time-honored 
(and,  in  some  instances,  abused)  custom  was  dispensed  with  in  the  relega- 
tion of  the  graduation  thesis  to  a  place  with  other  ancient  rubbish.  In  the 
days  of  oral  examinations  it  had  an  honored  place  upon  the  commencement 
program,  and  was  useful,  as  well,  in  affording  to  the  graduate  opportunity 
for  making  display  of  his  professional  knowledge  and  his  literary  ability. 
"Written  examinations  now  removed  all  necessit_\-  for  that  method.  Again, 
the  largely  increased  numbers  of  graduates  had  made  Commencement  Day 
a  protracted  and  wearisome  event  which  it  was  well  to  divest  of  all  unneces- 
sary features.  At  the  session  of  1886-87,  the  year  when  the  thesis  was 
abrogated,  and  the  last  year  of  the  ocupancy  of  the  old  College  building  on 
Twenty-third  street,  the  number  of  students  was  something  more  than  six 
hundred,  and  the  graduates  numbered  one  hundred  and  six. 

The  existing  requirements  for  admission  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  are  as  follows  : 


I.     To  present  satisfactory  evidence,  as  required  by  law,  of  good 


moral 


character,  and  of  having  attained  the  age  of  twentv-one  years. 

2,  To  present  e\'idence  of  having  complied  with  the  requirements  for 
admission. 

3.  To  have  attained  to  satisfactory  standing  in  the  required  studies  of 
the  four  years  of  the  curriculum. 

A  candidate  who  shall  have  been  admitted  to  advanced  standing  will  be 
required  to  have  spent  not  less  than  four  academic  years  at  the  studies  referred 
to  in  the  clause  next  preceding;  and  to  have  complied  successfully  with  the 
requirements  for  admission  to  advanced  standing. 

No  two  academic  years  which  shall  ha\-e  begun  during  the  same  calen- 
dar year  will  be  held  to  satisfy  the  requirements  of  the  above  clause. 

The  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  may  be  conferred  upon  students  holding 
college  degrees,  who  shall  have  completed  with  distinction  the  entire  course 
of  the  School  of  Medicine,  provided  that  in  each  case  the  candidate  present  a 
satisfactory  dissertation,  and  that  at  least  a  part  of  the  extra  work  required 
of  him  for  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  be  taken  under  the  direction  of  the 
Faculty  of  Philosophy,  Political  Science,  or  Pure  Science,  to  the  extent  of 
one  minor  course,  for  not  less  than  one  vear. 


INSTRUCTION  AND  EXAMINATIONS.  303 

Students  in  the  School  of  Medicine  who  are  candidates  for  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts,  in  accordance  with  the  above  paragraph,  are  subject  to  the 
regulations  of  the  Faculty  of  Philosoph}-,  Political  Science  or  Pure  Science, 
under  which  the  extra  work  is  taken,  and  which  finally  recommends  the  can- 
didates for  the  degree. 

In  the  true  ahna  mater  spirit,  the  College  has  provided  in  various  ways 
for  giving  her  sons  suitable  introduction  to  fields  of  usefulness.  Through 
its  procuring,  positions  on  the  house  staff  of  the  various  hospitals  in  the  cit}' 
are  filled  by  competitive  examinations,  open  to  graduates  of  this  College. 
Among  these  hospitals  are  Belle\-ue  Hospital ;  the  New  York  Hospital :  the 
Roosevelt  Hospital ;  the  Presbyterian  Hospital :  St.  Luke's  Hospital :  the  City 
Hospital;  Blackwell's  Island;  the  General  Memorial  Hospital;  St.  Vincent's 
Hospital;  St.  Francis'  Hospital;  the  German  Hospital;  the  Mount  Sinai  Hos- 
pital :  the  Woman's  Hospital :  the  Brooklyn  Hospital ;  St.  Catherine's  Hos- 
pital, Brooklyn;  St.  Peter's  Hospital,  Brooklyn;  the  King's  County  Hos- 
pital, Flatbush,  Long  Island ;  and  about  thirty  others. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

PRIZES   AND   SCHOLARSHIPS.^GIFTS   TO   THE    COLLEGE. 

The  first  prizes  offered  in  the  College  were  two  provided  by  the  Faculty, 
in  1858,  one  of  fifty  dollars  and  one  of  twenty-five  dollars,  to  be  awarded 
annually  for  the  best  graduating  thesis.  The  object  in  view  was  to  dispose 
of  the  idea  that  the  thesis  was  a  perfunctory  part  of  the  commencement  exer- 
cises, and  to  stimulate  the  students  to  a  meritorious  performance.  These 
prizes  were  awarded  as  follows : 

1859 — Robert  F.  Weir,  A.  M.,  George  W.  McCune. 

i860 — Erskine  Mason,  A.  B.,  Edmund  C.  Ver  Meulen. 

1861 — Maus  Rosa  Vedder,  Charles  Carter. 

1862— G.  P.  Andrews,  W.  W.  Bowlby. 

1863— A.  Brayton  Ball,  A.  B.,  James  H.  Wheeler. 

1864 — Thomas  T.  Sabine,  A.  B.,  Platon  Vallejo. 

1865 — Thomas  Haigh,  Edward  Constant  Seguin. 

1866 — J.  Williston  Wright,  Gerardus  PL  Wynkoop. 

1867 — Albert  H.  Buck,  A.  B.,  Ira  Remsen. 

1868 — Edward  Frankel.  Benjamin  P.  Swan. 

1869 — Eugene  B.  Murtha,  Joseph  J.  Reid. 

1870 — Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  Joseph  Freeman  Atwood. 

1871 — Frank  P.  Kinnicutt,  A.  B.,  John  O.  Ros,  M.  D. 

1872— Wilham  Tillinghast  Bull,  A.  B.,  Peter  A.  E.  Boetzkes. 

1873 — Landon  R.  Longworth,  A.  B.,  Daniel  H.  Smith. 

1874 — Henr}'  N.  Heineman,  B.  S.,  Charles  H.  Langdon. 

1875 — William  H.  Welch,  A.  B.,  Joseph  D.  Anway. 

1876 — Abraham  Mayer,  David  H.  Davison,  B.  S. 

During  the  same  period  numerous  other  prizes  were  offered.  In  1872, 
Professor  Fessenden  N.  Otis  established  an  annual  prize  of  $50  for  the  best 
Report  of  the  Clinical  and  Didactic  Lectures  on  Venereal  Diseases  given  dur- 
ing the  year  in  the  College.  The  awards  were  as  follows:  1873,  Edward 
J.  Bermingham,  M.  D. ;  1874,  Frederick  A.  Lyons,  A.  B.,  and  Edward  B. 
Foote,  Jr.;  1875,  John  E.  Stillwell ;  1876,  Charles  F.  Stillman,  B.  S. 

In  1873  Professor  T.  Gaillard  Thomas  established  an  annual  prize,  a 
case  of  obstetrical  and  gynecological  instruments,  for  the  best  written  report 
of  the  cases  presented  at  his  clinic  during  the  winter  session,  and  the  follow- 
ing awards  were  made:  1873,  Joseph  D.  Anway;  1874,  John  E.  Stillwell; 
1875,  Alonzo  Blauvelt;  1876,  Howard  E.  Wilson. 


PRIZES  AND  SCHOLARSHIPS.  305 

The  Seguin  prize,  a  microscope,  for  the  most  deserving  report  of  the  cases 
reported  during  the  winter  session  at  the  CHnicjue  of  Diseases  of  the  Nei'vous 
System,  was  awarded  as  follows:  1874,  William  H.  Welch,  A.  B. ;  1875, 
Alfred  Masters;  1876,  Edward  B.  Foote,  Jr. 

A  special  prize  of  $50,  offered  by  Dr.  S.  O,  Vanderpoel.  for  the  best 
examination  in  anatomy,  was  awarded  in  1876  to  Frederic  P.  Griswold.  In 
the  same  year  a  prize  of  $100,  offered  by  Professor  Abraham  Jacobi,  for  the 
best  public  examination  passed  by  a  member  of  the  graduating  class,  on  top- 
ics pertaining  to  the  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  Childhood,  was  awarded 
to  J.  Augustus  \\'alther,  B.  S. 

Other  prizes  were  also  offered  at  various  times,  and  in  one  year  there  were 
as  many  as  ten  prizes  offered  by  individual  teachers,  and  with  the  sanction  of 
the  Faculty.  The  effect  was  most  pernicious,  as  became  apparent  in  the  de- 
terioration of  the  general  examinations.  Many  of  the  prizes  offered  were 
for  essays  upon  special  topics,  necessitating  the  use  of  much  time  in  libraries. 
Even  the  thesis  writer  took  vip  some  theme  which  he  worked  out  elaborately 
at  the  cost  of  time  which  should  have  been  given  to  class  studies,  and  which 
he  placed  in  the  form  of  a  richly  bound  volume  containing  engravings  or 
colored  drawings  done  by  the  hand  of  a  professional  draughtsman.  The  abuse 
finally  became  so  great  that  in  1876  all  Faculty  prizes  were  abolished,  and  all 
professors  and  teachers  were  requested  to  withdraw  all  prizes  offered  by 
them,  the  request,  so  the  Faculty  resolutions  read,  being  made  "under  a  high 
appreciation  of  the  liberal  and  commendable  motives  which  have  prompted 
the  offering  of  these  prizes,  and  solely  from  the  conviction  that  they  are  un- 
expectedly operating  to  the  injury  of  the  medical  class." 

In  place  of  the  prizes  thus  discontinued,  the  Faculty  established  three 
prizes  for  members  of  the  graduating  class,  the  first  of  one  hundred  dollars, 
the  second  of  fifty  dollars,  and  the  third  of  twenty-five  dollars.  These  prizes 
were  thus  awarded :  The  ten  members  of  the  class  standing  highest,  examin- 
ation for  the  degree  and  character  of  thesis  both  being  considered,  were  to 
receive  a  diploma  conferring  "Examination  Honors,"  which  entitled  them  to 
enter  a  competitive  examination  for  the  Examination  Prizes.  This  contest 
was  conducted  in  public,  by  members  of  the  Faculty,  and  the  contestants  made 
their  answers  in  writing.  The  awarding  committee  comprised  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  College,  the  President  of  the  Alumni  Association  and  a  resident 
Alumnus  selected  by  the  two  before  named,  and  the  three  awards  were  made 
in  the  order  of  merit.  These  prizes  were  subsequently  merged  in  the  Harsen 
Prizes. 

The  Harsen  Prizes  were  founded  by  Dr.  Jacob  Harsen,  an  Alumnus  and 
a  devoted  friend  of  the  College.     He  was  a  descendant  of  early  Dutch  ances- 


306 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


tors,  and  was  a  native  of  the  city  of  Xew  York.  He  had  graduated  from  the 
academical  department  of  Columbia  College,  had  read  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Dr.  Alexander  H.  Stevens,  and  had  received  his  medical  de- 
gree from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1829.  He  engaged 
in  practice,  and  served  faithfully  as  a  district  physician  during  the  cholera 
epidemic  of  1832.  He  soon  afterward  abandoned  his  personal  practice,  but 
for  man)'  j-ears  devoted  his  attention  most  zealously  to  professional  and 
charitable  institutions.  The  Northern  Dispensary  was  the  special  object  of 
his  solicitude,  and  he  not  only  served  it  for  a  score  of  years  in  the  capacity  of 


THE    HARSEN    PRIZE, 


director,  but  he  contributed  generously  to  its  maintenance  out  of  his  private 
means.  He  was  also  a  director  of  the  Xew  York  Eye  Infirmary,  and  a  trus- 
tee and  counsellor  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  died  in  1862,  aged  fifty- 
four  years. 

In  1859  Dr.  Harsen  founded  the  Harsen  Prize,  a  gold  medal  and  Si 00 
in  money,  and  he  made  to  the  College  a  deed  of  trust,  on  ]\Iay  7,  conveying 
a  sufficient  amount  in  productive  securities  to  provide  for  its  maintenance. 
The  prize  was  to  be  awarded  each  year  to  the  undergraduate  who  presented  the 
most  meritorious  written  report  of  the  clinical  instruction  given  in  the  New 
York  Hospital  during  the  scholastic  session.  He  selected  the  Hospital  as  the 


PRIZES  AND  SCHOLARSHIPS.  307 

field  of  observation  for  the  reason  that  it  was  the  oldest  ( as  it  was  for  many 
years  the  only)  institution  of  its  class  in  the  city,  and  it  enjoyed  a  prestige 
which  drew  to  its  service  the  most  capable  local  professional  talent,  and  thus 
presented  to  the  student  exceptional  advantages.  At  the  same  time,  as  an 
Alumnus  of  the  College,  he  was  desirous  of  contributing  to  its  means  for  use- 
fulness, and,  to  use  his  own  language,  of  "increasing  the  spirit  of  emulation 
among  her  pupils."  The  prize  was  awarded  as  follows:  i860,  J.  Lawrence 
Hicks;  1861,  John  Shrady,  Jr.,  A.  M.,  John  Elderkin:  in  1862,  Henry  W. 
Cook,  George  M.  ^Veeks. 

Dr.  Harsen's  provision  was  gladly  welcomed  b}-  both  Faculty  and  Trus- 
tees, and  in  the  following  year  (i860)  he  made  provision  for  two  additional 
prizes  to  be  awarded  to  those  undergraduates  ranking  second  and  third  in 
the  contest  originally  provided  for.  The  three  prizes  were  now  designated 
as  the  Harsen  Prizes  for  Clinical  Reports,  and  were,  respecti\-ely,  one  hundred 
and  fifty  dollars,  seventy-fi\e  dollars  and  twenty-five  dollars  in  money,  and  each 
award  was  accompanied  by  a  Harsen  Medal  displaying  the  head  of  Dr.  Har- 
sen in  profile  and  a  diploma  bearing  the  signatures  of  the  awarding  committee. 
The  medals  were  gold,  sih-er  and  bronze,  and  were  all  struck  from  the  same 
die.     An  ornamental  certificate  or  parchment  accompanied  each  certificate. 

The  awards  were  as  follows : 

1864— James  W.  McLane,  A.  B.,  David  Magie,  Jr.,  A.  B. 
1865 — Gerardus  H.  Wvnkoop. 

1866— Neil  J.  Hepburn",  L.  H.  F.  D'Aguiar,  John  Petrie.  Jr. 
1867 — Jonathan  Ackerman  Coles,  A.  B.,  D.  Valentine  Lynch,  A.  B. 
1868— Charles  H.  Leonard,  A.  B. 

1869 — T-  Francis  Chapman,  Eugene  B.  Murtha,  A.  M.,  Frederic  C.  Cur- 
tis, A.  B. 

From  i86q  to  1879  no  prizes  were  awarded,  and  during  this  period  no 
clinical  instruction  was  given  in  the  New  York  Hospital,  the  institution 
standing  suspended,  having  vacated  its  property  on  Broadway  to  acquire 
more  ample  accommodations  elsewhere,  an  object  which  was  long  delayed 
through  unforeseen  difficulties.  During  this  period  the  Harsen  Prizes  could 
not  be  awarded  owing  to  the  legal  restriction  in  Dr.  Harsen's  deed  of  trust, 
which  provided  that  the  necessary  examinations  should  be  upon  clinical  re- 
ports of  the  New  York  Hospital  only.  The  prize  fund  had  been  founded 
upon  thirtv-five  shares  of  stock  in  the  United  States  Trust  Company  of  New 
York.  A  portion  of  the  accumulated  income  derived  from  these  shares  had 
been  used  for  the  purchase  of  additional  stock  in  the  same  corporation,  and 
there  was,  besides,  a  small  amount  in  other  securities,  altogether  aggregating 
about  $30,000  and  producing  an  annual  income  of  about  ?V-500. 


308 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICLiNS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Dr.  Harsen  had  never  contemplated  nor  provided  for  so  large  an  outlay 
for  prizes,  and  the  College  authorities  deemed  the  expenditure  of  the  amount 
unwarranted  as  being  wholly  disproportionate  to  the  reasonable  requirements 
laying  at  the  foundation  of  the  prizes.  Besides,  the  expenditure  of  any 
amount  beyond  the  sum  of  $250  for  the  three  prizes  would  be  manifestly  ille- 
gal under  the  terms  of  Dr.  Harsen's  deed,  and  might  work  the  reversion  to 
his  estate  of  his  entire  bequest.  To  set  all  questions  at  rest  and  protect  itself 
in  the  possession  of  the  Harsen  Prize  Fund,  the  College  applied  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  State  for  relief,  praying  that  it  be  empowered  to  expend 
the  accumulated  surplus  for  such  purposes  as  would  be  in  accordance  with 


THE    NEW     YORK    HOSPITAL    IX    i860. 


the  spirit  in  which  the  fund  was  established  and  would  best  subserve  the  inter- 
ests of  the  College.  The  Court  appointed  Hon.  Richard  O'Gorman  as  referee, 
and  his  report  was  accepted  and  confirmed  by  the  Court  on  February  25.  1879. 
Under  the  decision  based  thereon,  the  fund  was  to  be  devoted,  in  perpetuity, 
first,  to  carry  out  the  original  purpose  of  Dr.  Harsen  in  maintaining  three 
Harsen  Prizes  for  Clinical  Reports,  and,  secondly,  the  remainder  to  be  ap- 
plied to  the  maintenance  of  the  Harsen  Prizes  for  Proficiency  at  Examination. 
Awards  have  since  been  made  annually  after  competitive  examinations  gov- 
erned by  the  same  rules  which  were^  laid  down  for  the  Faculty  prizes  which 
they  supplanted.  These  examinations  consist  of,  first,  an  examination  in  writ- 
ing covering  all  the  branches  of  medical  teaching;  second,  an  examination 


PRIZES  AND  SCHOLARSHIPS.  309 

upon  the  cadaver  in  practical  anatomy,  conducted  b}^  the  Professor  of  Anat- 
omy; and  third,  of  practical  examinations  in  clinical  medicine  and  clinical 
surgery,  conducted  at  the  hospitals  by  the  Professors  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery respectivel}". 

The  Harsen  prizes  were  awarded  as  follows  from  and  after  the  year 
1879: 

HARSEN    CLIXICAL   PRIZES. 

1S79 — Frederic  Tilden  Brown,  A.  B.,  Clinton  Hart  Alerriam,  Wisner 
Robinson  Townsend,  A.  B. 

1880— John  Fletcher  Duffield.  A.  I\I.,  Judson  Colby  Brown,  Richard  Wil- 
kins  Saylor. 

1881 — William  Daniel  Dietz,  B.  S.,  \\'iniam  Dorr  Crosby,  B.  S.,  Edgar 
Alexander  ilearns. 

1882 — Hiram  Henry  Seelye,  A.  B.,  M.  D..  Charles  Humphreys  Good- 
win, Henry  Casper,  A.  B. 

1883— Charles  Henrv  Mav.  Abram  Brothers,  B.  S.,  Philo  D.  St.  John, 
B.  S. 

1884 — George  Sumner  Huntington,  A.  B..  Levi  Samuel  ]\Ianson,  George 
Washington  AVeld. 

1885 — Byron  Hudson  Searing,  Matthias  Lanckton  Foster,  A.  B.,  John 
Lincoln  Adams. 

1886 — Charles  William  Wolfertz,  B.  S.,  Abram  Mills  Fanning,  Jr.,  John 
Leader  Corian  and  Herman  Jarecky,  A.  B. 

1887 — Charles  Bramman  Meding,  Nathan  A\'illiam  Soble,  Paul  Shillock. 

1888 — Henry  Lawrence  Shively,  B.  S.,  Herbert  William  Cardwell,  M.. 
D.,  no  award. 

1889 — Francis  Julius  Le^NIoyne  Hupp,  A.  B.,  AMlliam  Benjamin  Hard- 
man,  A.  B.,  Joseph  Nagel. 

1890 — Henry  Hall  Forbes,  John  Henry  Richard  Barry,  B.  S.,  Herman 
Clarence  Riggs. 

1891 — Samuel  ]\Iax  Brickner.  A.  B..  Frederick  Charles  Roth,  Legrand 
Allen  Walker. 

1892 — Frank  S.  Fielder,  Ph.  D.,  David  Bovaird,  Jr.,  A.  B..  Aristides 
Agramonte. 

1893 — Charles  Albert  Elsberg,  A.  B.,  Joseph  Baum,  B.  S.,  Frederick 
Whitcomb  Hornick. 

1894 — Albert  Ashton  Berg.  A.  B.,  Emanuel  Libman.  A.  B.,  William 
Henry  Luckett,  B.  S.  A. 

1895 — Theodore  Israel  Jacobus,  B.  S..  Edward  Leland  Kellogg,  Francis 
Anthony  Kopecky. 

1896— Michael  Schiller,  B.  S.,  Adolph  Goldhammer.  B.  S.,  Charles  White 
Berr}^ 

1897 — No  awards  (third  year  of  four  year  course). 

1898 — Archibald  Henry  Busby,  Edward  Aaron  Rosenberg,  Ruben 
Johnson  Held. 


310  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

i899_\Villiam  [McDonald.  Jr..  B.  P.,  Russdl  Aber  Shirrefs.  Edward 
Aaron  Aronson. 

IQOO— Major  Gabriel  Seelig,  A.  B.,  D^vid  Henry  Orgel,  Marcus  Leo- 
pold Goodman. 

igoi  —  Tuliiis  Elmer  Alter.  Herbert  Richard  Cliarlton,  no  award. 

jgo2 — "Joseph  Erederick  Saphir.  Isaac  Seth  Hirsch.  Edward  Anthony 
Spitzka. 

PRIZES     FOR     GENERAL    PROFICtEXCV    IX     EX.-VMIXATIOX. 

Erom  1877  to  1879  the  ten  members  of  each  graduating-  class  who,  m 
their  examinations  before  the  Eaculty  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  in  Medicine, 
and  in  their  graduating  theses,  showed  the  highest  proficiency  m  all  the 
branches  combined,  received  each  a  diploma  of  "Examination  Honors."  and 
were  entitled  to  appear  at  a  special  public  competitive  examination  in  writing 
for  the  "Examination  Prizes,"  wdiich  were  awarded  to  the  three  successful 
competitors  m  the  order  of  their  merit.  The  awards  during  these  years 
were  as  follows : 

1877 — Ten  most  proficient  candidates:  Rudolph  Otto  Born.  Henry  L. 
Eisner,  A\'iliam  B.  Goldsmith.  A.  B..  William  S.  Halsted.  A.  B..  Frank  A. 
Langworthy,  A.  B..  Daniel  M.  MacAIartin.  Charles  X.  Raymond,  Thomas  L. 
Stechnan,  A.  B.,  John  W.  Sutton.  Luther  D.  Woodbridge.  A.  ^L 

The  three  Examination  Prizes  were:  Eirsi.  AVm.  S.  Halsted,  $100. 
Second,  Thomas  L.  Stedman,  $50.  Third,  Henry  I.  Eisner,  $.?5 ;  John  \V. 
Sutton,  $25. 

1878 — Ten  most  proficient  candidates:  John  Scott  Aitkin,  Talbot 
Roland  Chambers,  B.  S.,  Edward  Fridenberg.  Richard  John  Hall,  A.  B., 
Ellsworth  Eliot  Hunt,  A.  B..  Edward  Griffith  Maupin,  M.  D.,  AVilliam  Dun- 
can McKim,  A.  B.,  Charles  Davies  Scudder,  A.  B..  Isaac  Weil,  B.  S.,  Alexis 
Marcy  Leon,  A.  B. 

the  three  Examination  Prizes  Avere:  First.  Richard  John  Hall.  $100. 
Second.  Isaac  Weil.  B.  S.,  $50.  Third.  Edward  Fridenberg.  $25:  Ellsworth 
Eliot  Hunt,  $25. 

1879 — Ten  most  proficient  candidates:  Robert  Hall  Babcock,  M.  D., 
William  Sanderson  Cheesman.  Jr..  A.  B..  Theodore  AVellington  Corwin. 
Stephen  Decatur  Harrison,  Jr..  A.  B..  John  Ward  Hopper,  A.  B..  Frank  \A'at- 
son  Jackson.  Elisha  Frederick  Lanphear.  Francis  Hartman  J^Iarkoe.  A.  B., 
John  Bernard  McMahon,  A.  B..  George  Evertson  Moore. 

The  three  Examination  Prizes  were:  First,  John  AA'ard  Hopper,  A.  B.. 
$100.  Second,  John  Bernard  McMahon,  $50.  Third,  Theodore  AA'elling- 
ton  Corwin,  $25. 

These  prizes  were  discontinued  and  their  places  were  taken  by  the  Har- 
sen  Prizes  for  Proficiency  at  Examination.  There  were  a  first  prize  of  S500. 
a  second  prize  of  $300.  a  third  prize  of  $200  and  seven  lower  prizes  equal  in 
estimation  one  to  another,  and  each  consisting  of  one-seventh  of  the  available 
remainder  of  the  income  of  the  Harsen  Fund.  These  prizes  consisted  in  1880 
of  $25  each.     The  awards  have  been  as  follows: 


PRIZES  AND  SCHOLARSHIPS.  yi 


1880 — First:  George  Duljois  Parmly.  A.  M.  Second:  Henry  Judson 
Kelly.  Third:  Harry  [Mitchell  Sherman.  A.  B.,  John  Fletcher  Duffield,  A. 
]\L,  Luther  Emmett  Holt.  A.  B..  Harry  Hungerford.  Reuell  Baker  Kimball, 

A.  B..  Andrew  James  ^IcCosh,  A.  B..  Frank  Wisner  [Murray,  A.  B.,  William 
Morrison  Thallon,  A.  B. 

1881 — First:     Henry  Koplik,  A.  B.     Second:     Henry  Ling  Taylor,  Ph. 

B.  Third:  Thomas  Butler  Van  Alstyne,  ]\L  D..  Henry  Woulfe  Berg.  A. 
B..  Thomas  W'otton  Bickerton,  Robert  Hugh  Mackay  Dawl^arn,  Alexander 
Duane,  A.  B.,  James  Little  Kortright,  B.  S..  James  AV'illiam  Martin,  George 
Trowbridge.  A.  B. 

1882 — First:  Condict  Walker  Cutler.  S.  B.  Second:  James  Branch 
Taylor,  A.  B.  Third:  Julius  Hayden  ^Voodward.  S.  B.,  William  Francis 
Becker,  Arthur  Coles  Dougherty,  Charles  George  Koehler,  G.  P.,  Leopold 
Schiller,  Henry  De  Lacy  Sherwood,  Henry  William  Stevens,  A.  B..  Ezra 
Herbert  Wilson. 

1883 — First:  Charles  Henry  ]\Iay.  Second:  Jacob  Henry  Franken- 
berg.  B.  S.  Third :  Albert  Ferdinand  Brugman,  G.  P..  Hunter  Pope  Cooper, 
Arthur  William  Hurd,  A.  B.,  Richmond  Lennox,  James  Edward  Newcomb, 
A.  B..  Hamilton  Stanislaus  Quin.  Charles  Frederick  Roberts.  Frank  Louis 
Sevanoak.  A.  ]\L 

1884 — First:  George  Sumner  Huntingt(.)n,  A.  B.  Second:  George 
Roe  Lockwood.  Jr..  A.  B.  Third:  Edward  Kirtland  Morton.  John  Ham- 
mond Bradshaw,  Abram  Brothers.  B.  S..  Bern  Budd  Gallaudet.  A.  B.,  Lucius 
Wales  Hotchkiss,  A.  B.,  Alexander  Barnett  Pope,  Herman  James  Schiff,  J. 
Clark  Stewart,  B.  S. 

1S85 — First:  George  A\'oolsey.  A.  B.  Second:  Horatio  Bartholo- 
mew Sweetser,  Jr.  Third :  Benjamin  Lansing  Ten  Eyck,  Louis  Asta-Bur- 
uaga.  Christian  Archibald  Herter.  Alfred  Edwards  Hooker,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B., 
Henry  West  Hughes,  A.  M.,  Alexander  Bryan  Johnson,  Ph.  B.,  Samuel 
Wald'ron  Lambert,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B..  Alfred  Lewis  Scott. 

1886 — First:  Edwin  Bradford  Cragin,  A.  B.  Second:  Henry  Bea- 
man  Douglass.  Third:  Charles  North  Dowd.  A.  M.,  William  Clarence 
Braisted,  Ph.  B.,  Roscius  Youngs  Downs,  A.  B.,  John  Slade  Ely,  Ph.  B., 
Rowland  Godfrey  Freeman.  A.  B.,  W^illiam  Norris  Hubbard,  A.  B.,  George 
Albert  Tuttle.  A.'B.,  Aaron  Condit  Ward.  A.  B. 

1887 — First:  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr.,  A.  B.  Second:  Frederick  John 
Brockway,  A.  B.  Third :  Edward  W'ight  Clarke.  A.  M.,  Calvin  Linsley 
Harrison,  Ph.  B..  John  Alexander  Jackson.  Morris  ]Manges,  A.  B.,  William 
Hutchinson  ^Merrill,  A.  B..  Daniel  Russell  Phillips,  A.  B.,  Thomas  Shepard 
Southworth,  A.  B..  J.  Gardner  Smith. 

1888 — First:  Robert  Alfred  Sands.  A.  B.  Second:  Alexander  Lam- 
bert, A.  B..  Ph.  B.  Third :  Levi  Olmsted  AViggins.  A.  B.,  George  B.  Cowell, 
W'illiam  Kinnicutt  Draper,  A.  B..  John  Macauley  Eager,  George  Lawrence 
Nicholas,  Henr}^  Lawrence  Shively.  S.  B.,  Samuel  Louis  Weber,  Herbert 
AVright  AVootton. 

1889 — First :  Henry  Arthur  Griffin.  A.  B.  Second :  Ervin  Alden 
Tucker,  S.  B.,  A.  M.    Third:    Angier  Bailev  Hobbs,  A.  M.,  Frederick  W^insr 


312  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Burleigh,  A.  B.,  Robert  George  Cook,  A.  B..  Smith  Ely  Jelliffe,  Van  Home 
Norrie,  A.  B.,  James  Spofford  Reeve,  A.  B.,  Samuel  Smith,  A.  M.,  Levi 
Francis  Warner,  A.  B. 

1890 — First:  Austin  Wilkinson  Hollis.  Second:  Boiling  Anthony 
Pope,  Jr.,  B.  S.  Third :  Charles  Wilmot  Townsend,  Walter  Bensel,  Walter 
Adams  Dunckel,  Dagobert  Gumpert.  William  Charles  Guth.  A.  B.,  Charles 
Sherman  Jewett,  Ph.  B.,  Harry  Lucian  Palmer,  Edward  Wright  Peet,  A.  B. 

189 1 — First:  George  Reeves  White,  B.  S.  Second:  George  Marvine 
Tattle,  A.  B.  Third:  Douglass  Ewell,  Seth  Mabry  Morris,  B.  S.,  Augus- 
tus Edward  Bieser.  A.  B.,  Charles  Churchill  Carmal't,  Alexis  Victor  Mosch- 
cowitz.  Ph.  G.,  Edwin  Marion  Cox,  Jr.,  Albert  Kohn,  A.  B..  Thomas  Lin- 
coln Richards. 

1892 — First :  Charles  Howard  Peck.  Second :  Kingsley  Walton 
Martin,  Ph.  B.  Third:  Donald  McLean  Barstow,  A.  B.,  Frank  Sidney 
Fielder,  Ph.  B.,  David  Bovaird,  Jr.,  A.  B.,  Edward  Hamilton  Pershing,  B. 
S.,  William  Hayden  Rockwell,  Jr.,  A.  B.,  Fred  Palmer  Solley,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B., 
Thomas  Pinckney  Waring,  A.  B.,  Frederick  Leopold  Wachenheim,  A.  B. 

1893 — First:  Charles  Albert  Elsberg,  A.  B.  Second:  James  Ditmars 
Voorhees,  A.  B.  Third:  AA'illiam  James  Greanelle,  B.  S.,  Arthur  Melville 
Shrady,  A.  B.,  Vanderpoel  Adriance,  A.  B.,  John  Joseph  Cronin.  A.  B.,  Wil- 
liam Van  Valzah  Hayes,  Ph.  B.,  Joseph  Wiener,  A.  B.,  Joseph  Baum,  B.  S., 
Benjamin  Jerome  Sands,  A.  B. 

1894 — First:  Linnaeus  Edford  La  Fetra,  A.  B.  Second:  Charles 
Bartow,  A.  B.  Third:  Emmanuel  Libman.  A.  B.,  Albert  Ashton  Berg,  A. 
B.,  Henry  Robert  Gledhill.  A.  B.,  Frank  Richard  Oastler,  A.  B.,  Wihiam 
Steinach,  A.  B.,  Horace  J.  Whitacre,  B.  S.,  Arthur  Richard  Braunlich,  Ph.  G., 
Albert  Earl  Sumner,  A.  B. 

1895 — First :  Alfred  Simpson  Taylor,  A.  M.  Second :  William  Rob- 
ert Williams,  A.  M,  Third:  Edmund  Le  Roy  Dow,  M.  S.,  Theodore  Cald- 
well Janeway,  Ph.  B.,  Charles  Auguste  Valadier,  A.  B.,  Jacob  Sobel,  A.  B., 
William  Thomas  Charles  Klein,  Edward  Loughborough  Keyes,  A.  B.,  Samuel 
Morley  Evans,  Frank  Sherman  Meara,  A.  B.,  Ph.  D. 

1896 — First:  Joseph  Roby,  A.  B.  Second:  Samuel  Cochran,  A.  B. 
Third:  Francis  Oswald  Dorsey,  A.  B.,  Walter  Max  Brickner,  B.  S.,  William 
Judson  Lamson,  A.  B.,  George  Henry  Semken,  Hugo  Adolf  Levison,  Robert 
McEwen  Schauffler,  A.  B.,  Mortimer  Bvron  Downer,  Albert  Edwin  Koonz, 
D.  D.  S. 

1897 — No  awards    (third  year  of  the  four-year  course). 

1898 — First :  Victor  Cox  Pedersen,  A.  M.  Second :  Philip  Schieffelin 
Sabine,  A.  B.  Third:  Hughes  Dayton,  Ph.  B.,  Burton  James  Lee,  Ph.  B., 
Emil  Albin  Rundquist,  B.  S.,  Stanley  Owen  Sabel,  George  Alexander  Saxe, 
John  Mortimer  Taylor,  A.  B.,  William  Welch  Vibbert,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Charles 
Mallory  Williams,  A,  B.,  Ph.  B. 

1899 — First:  James  Alexander  Miller,  A.  B..  A.  M.  Second:  Ever- 
ett Willoughby  Gould,  A.  B.  Third:  Haven  Emerson,  A.  B.,  Rolfe  Floyd, 
A.  B.,  Eugene  Hillhouse  Pool,  A.  B.,  Edwin  Beer.  A.  B.,  George  Linius 
Streeter.  A.  B.,  Raymond  Lynde  Wadhams,  A.  B.,  Fellowes  Davis,  Jr.,  Fred- 
erick John  Hughes. 


PRIZES  AhW  SCHOLARSHIPS.  313 

igoo^First ;  Otto  Hensel,  Ph.  G.  Second :  Harry  Gaylord  Dorman, 
A.  B.  Third:  Arthur  Walker  Bingham,  A.  B.,  Edwin  Lorendus  Bebee, 
A.  B.,  Major  Gabriel  Seelig.  A.  B.,  Theodore  Jacob  Abbott,  A.  B.,  Adam  Wen- 
dell Hubschmitt,  A.  B.,  Eli  Moschcowitz,  A.  B.,  Karl  Max  Vogel,  Ph.  G., 
Paul  Ernest  William  Menk,  Ph.  G. 

1901 — First:  William  Darrach,  A.  B.  Second:  Charles  Hendee 
Smith,  B.  S.  Third:  James  Robert  Judd,  A.  B.,  Philip  Van  Ingen,  A.  B., 
John  Howard  Blue,  B.  S.,  Joseph  Dayton  Condit,  A.  B.,  Alfred  Carlyle 
Prentice,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Leo  Buerger,  A.  B.,  James  Percy  McKelvy,  Robert 
Willis  Shearman,  A.  B. 

1902 — First:  Charles  Edward  Webster,  Jr.,  A.  B.  Second:  Seward 
Erdman,  A.  B.  Third :  Hermann  Von  Wechlinger  Schulte,  A.  B.,  Alwin 
Max  Pappenheimer,  A.  B.,  Ralph  Munson  Beach.  William  Tillinghast  Bull, 
Ph.  B.,  James  Francis  Rice,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Austen  Fox  Riggs,  A.  B.,  Philip 
Bissell,  A.  B.,  Henry  Woodruff  Titus,  A.  B. 

The  Stevens  Triennial  Prize  was  established  by  the  late  Alexander  Hodg- 
son Ste\'ens,  M.  D.,  formerly  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  "for  the  encouragement  and  improvement  of  medical  literature." 
The  prize,  awarded  triennially,  consists  of  the  interest  yielded  by  the  princi- 
pal fund  during  three  years,  and  amounts  to  two  hundred  dollars.  The  ad- 
ministration of  the  prize  is  entrusted  to  a  commission,  consisting  of  the  Dean 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (ex-officio),  the  President  of  the 
Alumni  Association  (ex-officio)  and  the  Professor  of  Physiology  (ex-officio) 
in  the  same  institution.  The  prize  is  awarded  to  no  essay  unless  it  is  suffi- 
ciently meritorious  and  includes  the  results  of  original  research  1)}"  the  writer 
upon  the  subject  chosen. 

The  competing  essays  must  be  sent  in  to  the  Dean  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  Each  essay  must  be  designated  by  a  device  or 
motto,  and  contain  the  name  and  address  of  the  author.  The  envelope  be- 
longing" to  the  successful  essay  is  to  be  opened,  and  the  name  of  the  author 
announced  at  the  next  annual  Commencement  of  the  College.  This  prize  is 
open  for  universal  competition. 

Awards  were  made  in  1870  to  Lucius  D.  Bulkley,  A.  M.,  M.  D. ;  in  1873 
to  Edgar  Holden,  M.  D.,  and  in  1876  to  E.  Rosenberg,  M.  D.  No  awards 
were  made  afterwards  until  1897,  when  it  Avas  bestowed  upon  Ervin  A. 
Tucker,  M.  D.  The  successful  contestant  in  1900  was  James  Ditmars  Voor- 
hees,  M.  D. 

The  fund  for  the  Joseph  Mather  Smith  Prize  was  given  by  the  relatives, 
friends  and  pupils  of  the  eminent  practitioner  and  teacher  whose  name  it 
bears,  as  a  memorial  of  his  services  as  Professor  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  during  the  long  period  of  forty  years,  from  1826  to  1866.     To 


314  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEOXS. 

the  original  fund  was  added  (in  1887)  the  sum  of  Sioo,  a  contribution  from 
Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  trust,  an  annual  prize  of 
one  hundred  dollars  is  awarded  for  the  best  essay  on  the  subject  of  the  year, 
presented  by  an  alumnus  of  the  College.  The  competing  essays  are  to  be  sent 
to  the  Dean  of  the  College  on  or  before  ^larch  loth,  each  essay  signed  by  a 
device  or  motto  and  accompanied  by  a  sealed  envelope,  inscribed  with  the 
same  device  or  motto,  and  containing  the  name  of  the  author.  The  envelope 
of  the  successful  essayist  is  to  be  opened,  and  the  prize  awarded  at  the  annual 
Commencement  next  following. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  trust  no  award  can  be  made  unless  the  essay 
is  sufficiently  meritorious,  and  the  prize  has  been  given  only  seven  times  in 
twenty-seven  years.  It  was  awarded  in  1879  to  William  Oliver  Moore,  IM.  D.; 
in  1881  to  Etienne  Evetsky.  ^l.  D. ;  in  1886  to  William  Oilman  Thompson, 
M.  D.;  in  1890  to  Eugene  Hodenpyl,  ]\I.  D.,  and  in  1897  to  Pearce  Bailey, 
'M.  D.  Frederick  Randolph  Bailey.  ]\I.  D.,  received  the  prize  in  1899.  and 
again  in  1901. 

The  Alumni  Association  here  is  referred  to  in  the  chapter  pertaining  to 
that  bodv.  In  addition  to  the  Alumni  Fellowship,  written  of  in  the  same 
connection,  two  scholarships  exist,  known  as  the  Alonzo  Clark  Scholarship 
and  the  Proudfit  Fellowship  in  Medicine. 

By  a  bequest  made  in  the  will  of  the  late  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark,  LL.  D.,  for 
many  years  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Patholog}'  and  Practical  ]vledicine,  was  committed  to  the  Faculty  a 
fund,  the  income  of  which,  about  nine  hundred  dollars  a  year,  is  to  be  used 
in  bestowing  a  scholarship  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  discovery  of  new- 
facts  in  medical  science.  This  scholarship  is  held  for  a  period  of  one  year. 
Its  beneficiaries  have  been  the  following  named : 

1887-1890— T.  ^litchell  Prudden. 
1890-1891— T.  ^litchell  Prudden.  M.  D. 
1891-1894 — Ira  Van  Gieson.  'M.  D. 
1894-1897 — Ira  Van  Gieson.  'M.  D. 
1897-1899 — James  Ewing,  !M.  D. 
1899-1900 — Philip  Hanson  Hiss,  Jr.,  ^M.  D. 
1900-1901 — Augustus  Jerome  Lartigau,  M.  D. 
1901-1902 — Augustus  Jerome  Lartigau.  yi.  D. 
1902-1903 — Augustus  Jerome  Lartigau,  M.  D. 

During  the  years  1898-99  and  1899-1900,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  Medical  Faculty,  the  University  Trustees  maintained  a  scholarship  which 
was  designated  as  the  O'Dwyer  Scholarship.  This  creation  was  in  memory 
of  Dr.   Joseph   O'Dwyer's   distinguished  services   to  the  medical  profession 


PRIZES  AND  SCHOLARSHIPS.  315 

and  the  cause  of  humanity  in  the  invention  and  perfection  of  the  process  of 
■'intubation  of  the  larynx,'"  and  was  a  graceful  recognition  of  a  great  service 
to  humanity  and  of  a  lofty  spirit  which  placed  humane  effort  unreachably 
abo\'e  wealth  or  renown. 

It  was  within  the  power  of  Dr.  O'Dwyer,  lay  patenting  and  making  a 
commercial  article  ijf  his  device,  to  acquire  a  handsome  fortune,  but  his  pref- 
erence was  to  bestow  the  fruit  of  his  effort  upon  the  medical  profession  aud 
mankind  at  large.  The  scholarship  created  in  his  honor  was  awarded  to  his 
eldest  son. 

The  Maria  ^McLean  Proudfit  Fellowship  was  founded  b}"  the  bequest  of 
Alexander  Moncrief  Proudiit.  of  the  class  of  '92,  for  the  encouragement  of 
advanced  studies  in  medicine.  It  is  open  to  all  persons  who,  being  the  sous 
of  native-born  American  parents,  shall  pursue  ad\'anced  studies  in  internal 
medicine  under  the  direction  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  University,  and 
who  shall,  while  enjoying  such  fellowship,  remain  unmarried.  Such  Fellow 
shall  be  a  graduate  in  medicine  and  shall  be  appointed  by  the  University 
Council  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Faculty  of  Aledicine.  The  appoint- 
ment is  made  every  four  }'ears.  beginning  in  1904,  upon  terms  to  be  designated 
by  the  Faculty.  A  vacancy  may  be  filled  for  any  unexpired  term.  The  Fellow 
so  appointed  shall  be  entitled  to  receive,  during  his  incumbency,  the  net  in- 
come of  the  capital  sum  constituting  the  endowment  of  such  fellowship,  and 
he  shall  carrv  on  his  studies  and  research  a.t  Columbia  University,  or 
elsewhere,  under  the  direction  of  the  Faculty  of  ]\Iedicine. 

In  addition  to  the  gifts  and  bequests  above  mentioned,  those  made  by 
Dr.  John  IMcClelland  and  Mr.  James  T.  Swift  are  worthy  of  particular 
notice. 

Dr.  ^McClelland  was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  born  in  Sara- 
toga County,  and  he  was  reared  upon  the  paternal  farm.  From  his  early 
youth  he  was  ambitious  of  obtaining  a  liberal  education,  but  necessity  served 
to  curb  his  ambition  until  after  he  had  arrived  at  the  years  of  manhood. 
When  his  opportunity  came,  however,  he  applied  himself  so  assiduously  to 
his  studies  that  his  advancement  was  rapid.  In  1832  he  was  graduated 
from  Union  College.  Schenectady,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He 
then  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  and  subsec[uently  entered  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1838,  when 
thirty-three  years  of  age.  He  was  soon  afterwards  assigned  to  the  charge 
of  the  City  Lunatic  Asylum  on  Blackwell's  Island,  where  he  was  engaged 
for  four  years.  He  was  resident  physician  of  Bellevue  Hospital  in  1845-6, 
and  at  this  time  his  position  carried  with  it  the  entire  responsibility  of  the 
administration   as   well    as   the   medical    superintendence   of   the    institution. 


3i6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

For  nearly  thirty  years  he  practiced  his  profession  in  the  City  of  New  York. 
At  his  death  he  left  an  estate  of  nearly  $90,000. 

Dr.  McClelland,  with  keen  recollection  of  the  disadvantages  under  which 
he  had  labored  in  obtaining  an  education,  ever  maintained  feelings  of  sym- 
pathy for  those  who  were  similarly  situated,  and  of  warm  gratitude  to  the 
institutions  wherein  he  had  finally  obtained  what  he  had  long  desired.  Two 
years  prior  to  his  death  he  made  equal  bequests  to  Union  College,  wherein 
he  had  pursued  his  literary  course,  and  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  where  he  had  received  his  professional  training.  The  bequest  to 
the  latter  named  he  divided  into  two  equal  portions,  one  to  the  College  and 
the  other  to  the  Alumni  Association,  stipulating  that  each  was  to  use  the 
means,  in  its  own  discretion,  to  the  advancement  of  professional  education 
by  establishing  free  scholarships,  the  purchasing  of  medical  apparatus  and 
books  for  libraries,  or  aiding  in  the  erection  of  buildings  for  their  accom- 
modation and  convenience.  When  the  estate  of  Dr.  McClelland  was  finally 
settled,  in  1884,  the  amount  to  be  divided  between  the  College  and  the  Alumni 
Association  was  found  to  be  something  more  than  S30.000. 

The  Swift  Physiological  Cabinet  was  established  with  a  gift  made  by 
Mr.  James  T.  Swift,  a  resident  of  the  cit}-  of  New  York,  in  memory  of  a 
deceased  brother.  Dr.  Foster  Swift.  "With  this  purpose  Mr.  Swift  provided 
the  Foster  Swift  Memorial  Fund  of  Si 0,000  to  be  used  for  the  purchase  and 
maintenance  of  "expensive,  delicate  and  complicated  instruments  and  appli- 
ances, mainly  instruments  of  precision,  requisite  for  the  pursuit  of  physiolog- 
ical science."  This  was  to  be  designated  as  the  Sv/ift  Physiological  Cabinet, 
and  was  to  occupy  an  apartment  suitable  for  the  purpose,  the  whole  to  be 
for  the  use  and  in  the  custody  of  the  Professor  of  Physiology.  There  being 
no  room  in  the  antiquated  College  building,  the  fund  was  placed  at  interest 
until  the  new  and  stately  edifice  which  was  projected  the  next  year,  through 
the  liberality  of  Mr.  William  H.  Vanderbilt,  was  ready  for  occupancy,  in 
1887,  four  years  later. 

Dr.  Foster  Swift,  whose  memor}-  is  preserved  in  the  Department  which 
bears  his  name,  was  an  accomplished  practitioner  and  a  man  of  the  most 
winsome  graces  of  character.  He  was  graduated  from  tlie  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  in  1857,  and  he  served  in  the  institution  as  Assistant 
to  the  Professor  of  Obstetrics  from  1861  to  1865.  He  was  also  Attending 
Physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  the  Nurser)-  and  Child's  Hospital  and  the 
Woman's  Hospital,  and  he  was  subsequently  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases 
of  the  Skin  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  and  Professor  of  Obstet- 
rics in  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital  in  Brooklyn.  In  Obstetrics,  the 
department  to  which  he  was  particularly  devoted,  he  manifested  a  phenome- 


PRIZES  AXD  SCHOLARSHIPS.  317 

nal  skill  and  aptitude,  and  his  personal  traits  made  him  peculiarly  well  fitted 
for  the  delicate  duties  which  he  assumed.  Fame  and  advancement  in  his 
profession  were  immediately  awaiting  him  when  his  health  began  to  decline 
and  he  was  obliged  to  retire  from  practice.  He  sought  the  most  salubrious 
climes  in  quest  of  renewal  of  vigor,  but  without  avail,  and  he  died  on  the 
island  of  Santa  Cruz,  INJay  10.  1875,  at  the  early  age  of  forty-two  years. 

In  October,  1S90,  the  late  Charles  j\I.  DaCosta  made  a  bequest  of 
$100,000  to  Columbia  College.  In  his  will  Islr.  DaCosta  expressed  the  hope 
that  his  legacy  should  be  used  "for  the  endowment  of  some  new  professorship 
which,  in  the  good  judgment  ot  the  Board  of  Trustees,  may  be  needed  in  any 
of  the  schools  or  departments  of  the  College.'"  At  the  same  time,  so  read  the 
will,  ''this  expression  of  mine  is  in  no  way  to  limit  the  absolute  right  of  the 
said  corporation  to  use  the  said  sum  for  any  of  its  corporate  purposes."'  This 
legacy  was  paid  into  the  College  treasur}-  in  May,  1891. 

By  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  the  gener- 
ous legac}"  of  Mr.  DaCosta  was  used  to  lay  the  foundations  of  an  entirely 
new  department,  a  department  of  Biolog}-.  Accordingly  the  sum  of  $20,000 
was  set  aside  from  the  bequest  for  the  erection  of  a  laboratorj^  to  be  known 
as  the  DaCosta  Laboratory  of  Biology,  leaving  $80,000  for  the  endowment 
of  the  chair  of  the  head  of  the  department,  who  was  to  be  known  as  the  Da- 
Costa Professor  of  Biolog}-. 

ileantime  the  bequest  of  the  late  Dr.  John  [McClelland  had  become  avail- 
able, and  the  amount  ($19,136.94)  was,  by  resolution  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  College,  added  to  the  sum  set  aside  from  the  DaCosta  bequest  for 
the  purposes  of  erecting"  a  Laboratory  building  on  the  grounds  belonging  to 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

In  the  year  1898  a  gentleman  who  was  desirous  of  erecting  a  memorial 
to  his  wife,  and,  at  the  same  time,  of  paying  a  tribute  to  Dr.  Abraham  Jacobi. 
who  had  been  for  many  years  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children, 
presented  to  the  Trustees  of  the  University  the  munificent  stun  of  $50,000. 
The  gift  was  accompanied  by  specific  directions  for  its  use.  The  income  of 
the  fund  was  to  be  applied  to  the  maintenance  of  the  Abraham  Jacobi  Ward 
for  Children  in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  the  ward  to  contain  twelve  beds.  It 
was  also  a  condition  of  the  gift  that  the  Avard  should  be  used  for  purposes  of 
instruction  for  the  benefit  of  students  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. The  physician  in  charge  was  to  be  appointed  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
Hospital,  upon  the  nomination  of  the  ^ledical  Faculty,  and  the  first  incum- 
bent was  the  talented  man  for  whom  the  ward  was  named.  The  first  year's 
work  was  so  satisfactory  as  to  elicit  from  the  students  resolutions,  addressed 
to  Dr.  Jacobi.  expressive  of  their  appreciation  and  gratitude. 


3i8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  1888  Dr.  Thomas  T.  Sabine,  late  Professor  of  Anatomy,  by  his  last 
will  and  testament,  left  to  the  College,  for  the  nse  of  the  Department  of 
Anatomy,  all  the  diagrams,  models  and  preparations  which  he  had  made  use 
of  in  teaching.  This  was  a  valuable  and  unique  collection,  and  formed  a 
notable  addition  to  the  department  to  which  'it  was  becjueathed.  On  two  oc- 
casions, valuable  additions  were  made  to  the  lilirary  by  Dr.  Francis  H.  Mar- 
koe,  and  numerous  gifts  of  apparatus,  historic  documents  and  the  like  were 
made  by  friends  of  the  College.  In  addition,  the  halls  of  the  institution  con- 
tain manv  excellent  portraits  of  members  of  the  Faculty  and  Alumni,  of  all 
stages  in  the  life  of  the  College,  who  have  contrilnited  in  eminent  degree  to 
its  usefulness  and  fame. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

THE  ALU.MXI  ASSOCIATIONS. 

The  Association  of  the  Akimni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, which  has  contributed  so  materialh-  to  the  usefulness  and  prosperity 
of  the  institution  which  it  represents,  owes  its  founding  to  Dr.  Edward  Dela- 
field  and  a  number  of  his  associates,  prominent  among  whom  were  Theodore 
L.  ]\Iason.  John  Torrey.  John  Watson,  Gurdon  Buck,  Benjamin  A\'.  Mc- 
Cready,  Edward  L.  Beadle,  Thomas  M.  Alarkoe.  Abram  Du  Bois.  Chauncey 
L.  Mitchell.  Charles  ^I.  Allen.  Joseph  H.  Vedder,  \\'illiam  H.  Dudley  and 
Henry  B.  Sands. 

Early  in  1859  the  gentlemen  named  sent  out  to  the  graduates  of  the 
College  a  circular  couched  in  terms  as  follows : 

"Sir;  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  instituted  in  1807.  has 
now  been  in  existence  fiftv-two  vears.  and  numbers  more  than  eighteen  hun- 
dred graduates.  Among  them  are  to  be  found  men  of  all  ages  and  distin- 
guished in  every  department  of  the  profession.  It  has  been  thought,  by  some 
of  the  Alunmi,  that  an  Association  comprehending  both  the  graduates  of  the 
institution  and  those  who  have  been  connected  with  it.  either  in  its  Faculty 
or  as  medical  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  would  be  eminently  desir- 
able by  occasionally  bringing  together  those  who  from  feeling  or  association 
have  a  common  interest  in  its  welfare. 

"Besides  its  good  effects  in  bringing  together  those  who  have  pursued 
their  studies  at  the  same  time,  and  in  promoting  good  feeling  and  harmony 
among  the  graduates  of  the  College,  such  an  association,  properly  organized, 
could  not  fail  to  exercise,  in  a  variety  of  ways,  a  beneficial  influence. 

"At  the  recjuest  of  some  gentlemen  who  have  organized  temporarily,  and 
formed  the  nucleus  of  an  association.  Dr.  Alexander  H.  Stevens  has  con- 
sented to  deliver  an  address  to  the  Alumni  of  the  College  at  the  approaching 
Commencement.  As  an  Alumnus  of  the  College,  you  are  cordially  invited  to 
attend,  on  Thursday  evening  next.  ]\Iarch  loth.  at  half  past  seven  o'clock." 


In  response  to  the  circular  of  invitation,  on  the  evening  of  ^larch  1 1 
about  two  hundred  of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  assembled  at  the  residence 
of  Dr.  Delafield  and  perfected  the  organization  of  the  association.  The  fii^st 
officers  were:  Benjamin  Ogden.  president:  Theodore  L.  Mason,  vice-presi- 
dent; Joseph  H.  A'edder,  secretary,  and  Henry  B.  Sands,  treasurer.  There 
was  also  chosen  a  Board  of  Councillors,  in  which  was  vested  the  management 


320  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  the  affairs  of  the  Association.  This  organization  was  somewhat  informal 
when  compared  with  that  of  later  years,  yet  it  was  sufficient  for  the  time,  and 
under  it  the  Association  entered  upon  the  career  of  usefulness  which  aftet- 
ward  gained  for  it  an  enviable  influence  in  advancing  the  usefulness  and 
popularity  of  the  College.  During  the  first  five  years  of  its  history  the  Asso- 
ciation held  annual  meetings,  and  one  of  its  members  delivered  an  address  at 
the  College  Commencement. 

In  1864  Dr.  Delatield.  who  was  then  President  of  the  College,  made  an 
offer  of  a  prize  of  one  hundred  dollars  to  be  awarded  to  the  Alumnus  sub- 
mitting the  best  medical  essay  during  the  ensuing  year,  its  reading  to  take  the 
place  of  the  usual  anniversary  address,  and  the  subject  being  left  to  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  competitor.  This  prize  was  first  awarded  in  1866  to  Dr.  Samuel 
Rotton  Perc}^  but  was  not  awarded  during  the  following  year. 

The  founding  of  the  Delafield  Prize  led  to  the  founding  of  the  standing 
Alumni  Prize,  in  1866,  when  it  was  decided  that  the  Association  should  an- 
nuallv  provide  the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars  as  a  prize  to  be  awarded  to 
the  author  of  the  best  essay  on  a  medical  or  surgical  subject,  and  that,  in 
order  to  make  this  prize  perpetual,  the  sum  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  should 
be  raised  by  subscription  among  the  Alunmi  and  invested  as  a  fund,  the  inter- 
est of  which,  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  should  be  annually  appropri- 
ated to  such  purpose.  The  full  amount  was  immediately  presented  by  Dr._ 
Delafield,  and,  by  vote  of  the  Association,  the  prize  was  designated  as  the 
Delafield  Prize.  It  was  decided  the  next  year  to  increase  the  fund  to  $3,000, 
to  be  secured  from  the  Alumni,  the  interest  thereon  to  be  applied  as  an  annual 
prize  for  the  best  essay  upon  some  subject  connected  with  medicine  or  sur- 
gery, the  committee  having  the  prize  in  charge  recommending  this  enlarge- 
ment of  the  fund,  and  urging  as  a  reason  that  "it  would  encourage  among  the 
Alumni  a  spirit  of  emulation  and  devotion  to  scientific  research  that  must 
eventually  redound  to  the  honor  of  the  College  and  the  progress  of  medical 
art."  This  prize,  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  Dr.  Delafield,  was  to  be  desig- 
nated as  the  Alumni  Association  Prize  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. The  members  of  the  Association  manifested  a  heart}'  interest  and  re- 
sponded with  great  liberality.  In  1870  the  requisite  amount  of  $3,000  had 
been  secured,  in  1878  it  was  increased  to  nearly  $5,000,  and  in  1886  it 
amounted  to  $6,000.  Subsequent-  contributions  have  increased  the  total  fund 
to  about  $7,500. 

The  Alumni  Association  Prize,  as  now  constituted,  is  a  biennial  prize 
of  five  hundred  dollars,  open  for  competition  to  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  It  is  awarded  for  the  best  medical  essay  submit- 
ted upon  any  subject  the  writer  may  select,  and  is  open  to  competition  in  al- 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  321 

ternate  years  (since  1878)  with  the  Cartwright  Prize.  If  no  one  of  the  com- 
peting essays  be  deemed  sufficiently  meritorious  the  prize,  is  not  awarded. 
An  essay,  in  order  to  be  held  worthy  of  the  prize,  must  contain  the  result  of 
original  investigation  made  by  the  writer. 

This  prize  is  not  awarded  to  any  essay  which  is  the  work  of  more  than 
one  author,  or  which  is  at  the  same  time  submitted  for  another  prize.  Each 
competitor  is  required  to  send  with  his  essay  to  the  Prize  Committee  a  state- 
ment that  these  requirements  have  been  complied  with.  Competing  essays 
must  be  marked  with  a  device  or  motto,  containing  the  name  and  address  of 
the  author.  The  award  of  the  prize  is  made  by  the  Prize  Essay  Committee 
of  three  members  chosen  annually  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Alumni 
Association.  Since  it  was  established  in  1865  the  personnel  of  the  committee 
in  each  year  has  been  as  follows : 

Alumni  Prize  Committee. — 1865,  William  H.  Draper  reported  as  chair- 
man; 1866,  Alfred  C.  Post  reported  as  chairman;  1867,  Samuel  R.  Percy, 
George  B.  Banks,  William  C.  Roberts ;  1868-69,  William  H.  Draper,  William 
C.  Roberts;  1870,  Ellsworth  Eliot,  William  H.  Draper,  Alonzo  B.  Ball;  1871, 
Cornelius  R.  Agnew,  Ellsworth  Eliot,  William  H.  Draper;  1872-73,  Gurdon 
Buck,  Francis  Delafield,  Ellsworth  Eliot;  1874,  Ellsworth  Eliot,  George  A. 
Peters,  Gouverneur  M.  Smith;  1875,  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Robert  F.  Weir,  Alonzo 
B.  Ball;  1876,  Henry  B.  Sands,  Edward  C.  Seguin,  Ellsworth  Eliot;  1877, 
M.  D.  Mann,  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Thomas  E.  Satterthwaite;  1878,  William  H. 
Draper,  Henry  B.  Sands,  Frank  E.  Beckwith:  1880,  Robert  F.  Weir  reported 
as  chairman;  1882,  Albert  H.  Buck,  Charles  McBurney,  George  L.  Peabody; 
1884-86,  Moses  A.  Starr,  J.  A¥est  Roosevelt,  Edward  C.  Seguin;  1888,  An- 
drew J.  McCosh,  Moses  A.  Starr,  William  G.  Thompson;  1890,  David  B. 
Delavan  reported  as  chairman;  1892,  Tim.othy  M.  Cheesman  reported  as 
chairman;  1894,  Samuel  W.  Lambert,  Lucius  W.  Hotchkiss,  John  S.  Thacher; 
1896,  William  H.  Park,  Ellsworth  Eliot,  Jr.,  William  K.  Draper;  1898,  Sam- 
uel W.  Lambert,  James  Ewing.  AValter  Mendelson:  1900,  William  P.  North- 
rup,  Frederick  R.  Bailey,  David  Bovaird,  Jr. 

The  successful  competitors  for  the  Delafield  and  Alumni  Association 
Prizes  in  each  successive  year  have  been  as  follows :  Samuel  Rotton  Percy, 
1866;  no  award  in  1867:  Samuel  Rotton  Percy,  1868;  no  award  in  1869; 
Andrew  Heermance  Smith  and  Albert  Henry  Buck,  1870:  no  award  in  1871 ; 
Frank  Pierce  Foster,  1872 ;  Andrew  Heermance  Smith,  1873 ;  Albert  Henry 
Buck,  1874;  no  award  in  1875;  Thomas  Edward  Satterthwaite,  1876;  George 
Bingham  Fowler,  1877;  no  award  in  1878;  Royal  Wells  Amidon,  1880;  no 
award  in  1882;  Moses  Allen  Starr,  1884;  William  Gilman  Thompson,  1886; 
no  award  in  1888;  Eugene  Hodenpyl,  1890;  William  Hallock  Park,  1892; 
no  award  in  1894:  Alexander  Duane,  1896;  no  award  in  1898;  David  Bo- 
vaird, Jr.,  1900;  George  Alfred  Lawrence,  1902. 


122 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


The   Cartwright  Lecture  and  the   Cartwright    Prize,   Avhich  have  been 
such  important  factors  in  the  work  carried  forward  under  the  charge  of  the 
Alumni  Association,  were  founded  in   1878.     In  that  year  Benjamin  Cart- 
wright,  a  grateful  friend  of  the  Vice-President  of  the  Association,  Dr.  x\.  N. 
Dougherty,   whose  patient  he  had  been,  bequeathed  to  the  Association  the 
munificent  sum  of  $10,000,   with  the  stipulation  that  one-half  the  amount 
should  be  applied  to  the  maintenance  of  an  annual  or  biennial  prize,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  bequest  to  be  for  the  maintenance  of  the  biennial  Cartwright 
Lecture,  on  some  topic  of  general  interest  to  the  medical  profession,  to  be  de- 
livered biennially  under  the  auspices  of  the  Association.     A\'ith  these  aggre- 
gated funds  the  Association  was  enabled  to  provide  two  biennial  prizes  of 
five  hundred  dollars  each,  to  be  awarded  in  alternate  years.     The  Alumni  As- 
sociation Prize  is  open  for  competition  to  the  Alumni  of  the  College,  and  is 
awarded  for  the  best  medical  essay  upon  such  subject  as  the  writer  may  se- 
lect, and  must  contain  the  result  of  his  own  original  investigation,  and  be 
characterized  by  a  high  degree  of  literary  excellence.     The  same  rules  are 
prescribed  for  the  Cartwright  Prize  with  the  exception  that  it  is  open  to  uni- 
versal competition.     In  either  case  the  prize  may  not  be  awarded  should  no 
one  of  the  competing  essays  be  deemed  sufficiently  meritorious.     However, 
a  glance  at  the  records  of  the  Association  discloses  the  fact  that  the  Cart- 
wright Lecture  Prize  has  been  awarded  at  each  biennial  contest  since  it  was 
established  and  that  it  has  been  won  by  graduates  representing  several  differ- 
ent institutions  of  learning  in  the  country.     The  committee  upon  whom  de- 
volves the  sometimes  difficult  work  of  deciding  upon  the  successful  compet- 
itor for  the  Cartwright  Lecture  Prize  comprises  three  members  chosen  from 
the  Alumni  Association  by  the  Trustees  of  that  body. 

The  members  of  the  Cartwright  Lecture  committees  since  1880  have  been 
as  follows : 

Cartzvriglit  Lecture  Committee. — 1880-84.  A^'iHiam  H.  Draper,  Alonzo 
B.  Bah,  John  G.  Curtis;  1886-90.  records  not  kept;  1892,  Moses  A  Starr, 
William  P.  Northrup.  J.  AA'est  Roosevelt;  1894,  David  B.  Delavan,  William 
M.  James;  1896,  David  B.  Delavan,  Edward  W.  Lambert.  AMlliam  K.  Dra- 
per; 1898,  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt,  Andrew  J.  McCosh,  William  K.  Draper; 
1900,  George  S.  Huntington,  L.  Emmett  Holt,  Henry  A.  Griffin;  1902,  Beu- 
jamin  F.  Curtis,  George  L.  Peabody,  John  S.  Thacher. 

The  successful  competitors  in  the  Cartwright  Lectvu'e  contests  have  been 
as  follows : 

1881 — Prof.  Robert  Bartholow,  Jefferson  ]\Iedical  College,  Philadelphia. 
1882 — Prof.  John  C.  Dalton,  College  of  Phvsicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York. 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  323 

1883— Prof.  W.  T.  Belfield,  Chicago,  111. 
1884— Prof.  Burt  G.  Wilber,  Cornell  University. 
1886— Prof.  William  Osier.  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
1888— Prof.  AVilliam  H.  Welch,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
1890 — John  S.  Billings,  U.  S.  Army. 
1892 — Prof.  H.  F.  Osborn,  Columbia  University. 
■    1894 — Prof.  R.  H.  Chittenden,  Yale  University. 

1896 — Prof.  George  S.  Huntington,  Columbia  University. 

1898— Prof.  W.  W.  Keen,  Jefferson  JMedical  College,  Philadelphia. 

1900 — Prof.  John  G.  Curtis,  Columbia  University. 

1902 — Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot,  Harvard  ?^Iedical  School,  Boston. 

The  Cartwright  Prize  of  the  Alumni  Association,  offered  for  competi- 
tion in  alternate  years  with  the  Alumni  Association  prize,  is  judged  by  a 
committee  of  three  chosen  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Association, 
when  so  instructed  by  the  College  Faculty.  The  personnel  of  this  committee 
in  each  successive  contest  has  been  as  follows : 

Cartzvright  Prize  Cammittee.—i8Si,  Albert  H.  Buck,  William  T.  Bull, 
Joseph  E.  Janvrin:  1883,  Robert  F.  Weir,  Edward  C.  Segxhn,  Edward  L. 
Partridge;  1885,  Royal  W.  Amidon.  Walter  :SIend£lson,  Robert  Abbe;  1887, 
Henry  N.  Heinemaii,  C.  L.  Daner,  Richard  J.  Hall;  1889,  George  C  Free- 
born,'William  P.  Northrup,  Benjamin  F.  Curtis;  1891,  Eugene  Hodenpyl, 
Francis  W.  Murray,  Waher  J.  Vought;  1893.  George  L.  Peabody,  Frank 
Hartlev,  Walter  B.  James;  1895,  George  S.  Huntington,  George  R.  Lock- 
wood, 'John  S.  Ely;  1897,  George  M.  Tuttle,  Fred  J.  Brockway,  Edwhi  B. 
Cragin"  F.  Tilden  Brown;  1901,  Andrew  J.  McCosh,  William  R.  Williams, 
S,  Ely  Jelliffe ;  1903,  John  G.  Curtis,  George  S.  Huntington,  Walter  ^Mendel- 
son. 

Since  it  was  founded  the  Cartwright  Prize  of  the  Alumni  Association 
has  been  awarded  as  follows:  Frederick  Porteous  Henry,  1881 ;  Walter 
Mendelson,  1883;  William  Russeh,  1885:  Benjamin  Farquhar  Curtis,  1887; 
Ira  Thompson  Van  Gieson,  1889;  no  award,  1891 ;  Ward  A.  Holden,  1893; 
James  Ewing,  1895;  George  W.  Crile,  1897;  T.  Judson  Herrick  (Denison 
University,  Ohio),  1899;  no  award,  1901. 

In  1873,  the  year  of  its  incorporation,  the  Association  entered  upon  a 
work  which  was  destined  to  be  one  of  mighty  usefulness,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  an  enduring  monument  to  its  own  zealous  mterest  in  the  institution 
which  it  was  to  serve  so  well  and  a  constant  inspiration  to  similar  benefac- 
tions at  the  hands  of  succeeding  generations  of  Alumni.  Having  adopted  a 
resolution  declaring  it  to  be  a  prevailing  sentiment  among  the  graduates  of 
the  College  that  its  field  of  usefulness  should  be  extended  to  meet  the  con- 
tinued advance  in  medical  science,  the  Association  appointed  a  committee  to 
confer  with  the  faculty  for  the  purpose  of  devising  means  for  giving  practi- 


324  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

cal  effect  to  their  desires.  As  a  result  of  this  conference,  it  was  determined 
to  provide  a  fund  for  the  special  endowment  of  a  chair  of  Pathological  Anat- 
omy and  for  the  establishment  of  Laboratories  for  practical  and  experimental 
instruction  in  Chemistrj',  Physiology  and  Pathology. 

In  furtherance  of  this  plan,  the  Association  sent  out  to  the  Alumni  in 
New  York  and  its  immediate  vicinity  a  circular  in  which  its  desire  and  de- 
termination were  made  known,  and  in  which  it  was  declared  that  "there 
could  be  no  more  certain  way  of  advancing  the  standard  of  medical  education 
than  by  furnishing  the  most  ample  facilities  for  the  prosecution  of  studies  and 
investigations  in  the  purely  scientific  departments  of  medicine,"  and  that  such 
accessories  were  most  urgently  needed  b}^  the  College.  As  a  result,  in  Jan- 
uary following  $1,500  had  been  received,  and  this  was  increased  to  more 
than  $3,000  in  1875  and  to  $10,000  in  1877,  all  contributed  by  graduates  of 
the  College. 

The  necessity  for  carrying  out  the  original  plan  of  endowing  a  chair 
of  Pathological  Anatomy  had  now  been  obviated  through  certain  Faculty 
changes,  and  it  was  now  proposed  that  the  fund  should  be  applied  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  instructional  laboratories,  as  the  wisest  purpose  to  which  the 
means  and  energies  of  the  Association  could  be  devoted.  This  new  deter- 
mination was  accordingly  carried  into  effect  after  plans  formulated  b}^  Dr. 
Francis  Delafield,  who  was  then  adjunct  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Prac- 
tical Medicine.  The  moneys  contributed  were  now  designated  as  the  Labora- 
tory Fund  instead  of  the  Endowment  Fund.  Fifteen  hundred  dollars  were 
appropriated  for  the  equipment  of  the  lalsoratory,  and  the  income  derived  from 
the  remaining  $8,500  was  set  apart  for  its  maintenance  during  the  year.  For 
the  first  three  years  Dr.  Delafield,  who  was  among  the  foremost  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  laboratory,  acted  as  Director  and  bore  a  considerable  share 
of  the  incident  expense.  From  time  to  time  the  Laboratory  Fund  was  in- 
creased b}'  the  benefactions  of  the  Faculty  and  the  Alumni.  In  1884  the 
Councillors  of  the  Alumni  Association,  at  a  special  meeting  called  for  that 
purpose,  set  afoot  plans  for  placing  the  Laboratory  upon  a  basis  suited  to  the 
requirements  of  Physiology  and  Pathology. 

In  1 88 1,  while  the  Alumni  Association  was  giving  its  most  earnest 
thought  and  effort  to  the  founding  and  equipment  of  the  Laboratory,  a  com- 
mittee of  its  Councillors,  speaking  for  the  body  which  it  represented,  said: 
"The  Alumni  are  the  natural  guardians  of  our  Alma  Mater;  it  is  their  prov- 
ince and  their  privilege  to  maintain  her  honor,  to  stimulate  her  energy,  and 
to  aid  her  in  becoming  the  representative  of  progress  in  medical  education." 
These  objects  have  been  earnestly  and  successfully  labored  for,  and  the 
Alumni  are  well  deserving  of  the  encomium  paid  them  by  Dr.  John  C.  Dalton : 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  325 

"There  is  no  pait  of  the  organization  of  the  College  of  which  it  can 
more  justl}'  be  proud,  than  the  Association  of  the  Alumni.  Their  regard  for 
its  traditions,  and  their  interest  in  its  reputation  and  welfare,  form  the  surest 
guaranty  of  its  future  stability;  and  their  counsel  and  co-operation  must  be 
often  effective  in  guiding  its  policy  and  in  furthering  its  designs.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  highest  honor  which  can  attach  to  the  College  comes  from  the 
general  professional  standing  of  its  graduates.  This  is  the  real  purpose  of  its 
existence  and  the  ultimate  criterion  of  its  success.  Moreover,  the  College  and 
the  Association  react  upon  each  other  to  their  mutual  advantage.  The  more 
faithfulljf  the  College  performs  its  part  in  the  work  of  education  the  larger 
will  be  its  returns  in  the  esteem  and  attachment  of  its  Alumni ;  and  Alumni 
can  render  no  better  service  for  the  improvement  of  the  profession  than  by 
aiding  to  raise  the  character  and  increase  the  usefulness  of  their  Medical 
.School." 

The  establishment  of  the  Laboratory  fund,  the  beginning  of  work  in  that 
department,  and  the  excellent  results  achieved  through  that  medium  were  a 
source  of  gratification  and  material  benefit  to  all  who  were  identified  with 
the  undertaking,  and  particularly  to  the  Alumni  Association,  whose  members 
in  fact  founded  the  Laboratory  and  created  the  fund  by  which  it  was  sup- 
ported. On  July  I,  1 89 1,  upon  the  merger  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  with  Columbia  Luiiversity,  the  Laboratory  and  its  equipment  passed 
under  the  control  of  the  greater  institution,  and  since  that  time  has  been 
maintained  by  it;  but  the  interest  from  the  Laboratory  Fund  created  by  the 
Alumni  Association  was  and  still  is  used  for  the  maintenance  of  the  three 
Fellowships  established  in  the  year  mentioned.  The  fund  at  the  present  time 
aggregates  about  $44,000. 

The  Fellowships  of  the  Alumni  Association,  which  have  proven  one  of 
the  most  important  adjuncts  of  the  Association  itself,  and  also  to  the  College 
in  its  department  of  scientific  research  in  the  realm  of  Anatomy.  Physiology 
and  Pathology,  were  established  by  the  Trustees,  at  the  rec|uest  of  the  Alumni 
Association.  They  are  three  in  number  and  are  l-cnown  and  distinguished  as 
the  Fellowships  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons. 

These  Fellowships  are  open  to  graduates  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  who  have  shown  special  aptitude  for  scientific  research  in  the 
departments  of  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Pathology,  and  ha^•e  an  annual 
value  of  five  hundred  dollars  each.  Previous  to  1898  the  Fellowships  covered 
a  period  of  two  years,  but  since  that  time  they  have  been  held  for  one  year. 
Appointments  to  these  fellowships  are  made  by  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Alumni  Association  from  the  candidates  whose  names  may  have  been 
presented  to  them  by  the  Professor  of  Anatomy,  the  Professor  of  Physiology 
and  the  director  of  the  Pathological  Laboratorv. 


326  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

The  successful  candidates  for  Fellowships  are  expected  to  devote  them- 
selves to  scientific  research  in  the  department  which  ihty  may  respectively 
elect,  in  this  country,  either  in  the  schools  of  Columbia  College,  where  they 
are  entitled  to  free  tuition  and  the  privileges  of  the  laboratories,  or  in  other 
institutions  at  their  own  expense.  At  the  end  of  their  term  the  holders  of 
these  Fellowships  are  required  to  present  to  the  Association  a  thesis  containing 
evidence  of  independent  or  original  work  in  their  special  department. 

Appointments  to  Fellowships  were  made  for  the  first  time  in  1892.  The 
names  of  successful  candidates  for  this  honor  and  high  privilege — it  is  noth- 
ing less  than  that — are  announced  at  the  Commencement  following  their  se- 
lection, and  are  published  in  the  annual  catalogue.  Payments  on  account  of 
Fellowships  are  made  by  the  Treasurer  of  Columbia  College  according  to  the 
rules  adopted  for  the  government  of  other  Fellowships. 

Since  they  were  founded,  appointments  to  these  Fellowships  in  each  suc- 
cessive year  have  been  as  follows:  1892-93  and  1893-94,  Frederick  John 
Brockway.  Anatomy ;  William  Hallock  Park  and  Alexander  Lambert.  Path- 
ology. 1894-95  and  1895-96,  Frederick  John  Brockway,  Anatomy;  William 
Steven  Stone  (resigned  1895)  and  Philip  Hanson  Hiss  (appointed  1895), 
Pathology;  Richard  Hoop  Cunningham,  Physiolog}'.  1896-97  and  1897-98, 
Joseph  Augustus  Blake,  Anatomy;  Richard  Hoop  Cunningham,  Physiology; 
Charles  Norris,  Pathology.  1898-99,  Joseph  Augustus  Blake,  Anatomy; 
Frederick  Randolph  Bailey,  Pathology ;  Evan  Morton  Evans,  Pathology. 
1899-1900,  Joseph  A.  Blake.  Anatomy;  Frederick  R.  Bailey.  Pathology;  Au- 
gustus B.  Wadsworth,  Pathology.  1 900-1901,  Henry  E.  Hale,  Anatomy; 
Augustus  B.  Wadsworth,  Pathology;  Charles  Norris,  Pathology.  1901-02, 
Henry  E.  Hale,  Anatomy;  Augiistus  B.  Wadsvirorth,  Pathology;  Charles 
Norris,  Pathology.  1902-03,  Edward  Anthony  Spitzka,  .Anatomy;  Hughes 
Dayton,  Pathology :  August  B.  Wadsworth,  Pathology. 

Having  thus  reviewed,  in  a  general  way,  something  of  the  great  work 
accomplished  through  the  Alumni  Association,  it  is  proper  that  there  be  fur- 
nished in  this  connection  a  brief  tracing  of  the  history  of  that  organization. 
In  1873  the  Association  had  so  increased  in  numerical  strength,  and  had 
conceived  such  high  purposes  of  usefulness  for  the  future,  that  it  was  deemed 
expedient  to  secure  incorporation  according  to  the  laws  of  the  State,  under 
the  name  and  title  of  "The  Association  of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York."  The  certificate  of  incorpora- 
tion was  approved  by  Justice  Fancher  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  May  12, 
1873,  and  was  filed  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  County  of  New  York  on 
May  13,  not  C|uite  a  day  thereafter. 

The  articles  of  association  set  forth  the  fact  of  previous  existence  of  the 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  327 

organization  and  the  desii'e  of  the  proponents  to  incorporate  themselves  and 
their  associates  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the  general  law  of  April 
12,  1848,  entitled  "An  Act  for  the  Incorporation  of  Benevolent,  Charitable, 
Scientific  and  Missionary  Societies."  At  the  time  indicated  the  officers  of  the 
Association,  who  also  were  named  in  the  articles,  were  Cornelius  R.  Agnew, 
president;  Robert  A.  Barry,  vice-president;  Frederick  A.  Burrall,  secretary; 
George  Bayles,  assistant  secretary,  and  Timothy  M.  Cheesman,  treasurer.  The 
first  declaration  in  the  articles  described  the  name  of  the  proposed  corpora- 
tion, which  is  given  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  and  the  second  set  forth  the 
objects  for  which  the  corporation  was  formed;  the  collection  of  funds  by  con- 
tribution and  subscription,  and  the  holding,  investment  and  application  of 
the  same  for  the  establishment  and  endowment  of  professorships  and  fellow- 
ships, the  creation  of  prize  funds,  the  ecjuipment  of  laboratories,  the  acquisi- 
tion of  property,  bj'  lease  or  purchase,  and  for  such  other  purposes  of  medi- 
cal and  scientific  investigation  and  instruction  as  might  be  deemed  expedient, 
under  the  authority  vested  in  the  corporation.  The  trustees  mentioned  in  the 
certificate  at  the  time  of  incorporation  were  Gurdon  Buck,  D.  Tilden  Brown, 
Robert  A.  Barry,  Henry  C.  Eno  and  Thomas  E.  Satterthwaite. 

The  incorporation  of  the  Association  of  the  Alumni,  in  addition  to  the 
fact  that  it  was  in  itself  an  evidence  of  progress,  served  a  valuable  and  double 
purpose ;  it  gave  the  Association  a  new  and  more  permanent  character,  created 
it  a  body  politic  and  corporate,  with  power  to  lease,  buy  and  sell  property  and 
real  estate,  which  it  did  not  enjoy  under  the  previous  and  less  formal  organi- 
zation ;  and,  again,  under  its  new  character  the  Association  accjuired  a  higher 
standing  w-ith  tlie  public  and  was  enabled  to  carry  forward  its  great  work  of 
education  with  greater  ease  and  in  a  more  systematic  manner  than  tmder  the 
old  organization.  The  constitution  adopted  after  the  incorporation  declared 
that  "This  Association  is  established  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  work  of  medical  education,  and  to  culti- 
vate social  intercourse  among  the  Alumni." 

In  relation  to  membership,  .-Vrticle  III  of  the  constitution  pro\'ided  that 
"All  graduates  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  good  standing 
in  the  profession,  or  engaged  in  other  honorable  occupations,  are  hereby  de- 
clared to  be  members  of  this  Association" ;  and,  further.  "Members  of  the 
Faculty  who  are  not  graduates  of  the  College  and  such  other  persons  as  may 
be  elected  by  the  Managing  Officers  shall  be  honorary  members  of  tlie  Asso- 
ciation." 

Under  the  constitution  the  officers  of  the  Association  were  a  president, 
a  vice-president,  a  secretary,  an  assistant  secretary,  a  treasurer,  an  advisory 
committee,  a  laboratory  committee  and  a  board  of  councillors,  to  consist  of 


328  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

at  least  fort)-  members,  "who  shall,  within  thirty  days  after  their  election, 
choose  five  of  their  number  to  serve  as  trustees  of  the  Association  for  the  en- 
suing year,  and  five  others  of  their  members  to  serve  for  the  same  period  as 
an  executive  committee,  of  which  committee  the  president  and  treasurer  shall 
be  ex-o-fficio  members." 

However,  in  1897  the  Association  was  reorganized  and  several  radical 
changes  were  made  to  these  provisions  of  the  constitution,  as  well  as  in  the 
boards  of  officers.  Article  III  of  the  new  constitution,  instead  of  including 
all  graduates  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  its  membership, 
provided  that  all  such  "may  become  members  of  this  Association  upon  notify- 
ing the  Secretary  of  such  desire,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  and  upon  payment  of  annual  dues  of  three  dollars."  This  amend- 
ment had  the  effect  to  somewhat  reduce  the  aggregate  membership  in  the  As- 
sociation, especially  among  graduates  who  were  located  at  considerable  dis- 
tance from  their  Alma  Mater,  yet  it  in  no  sense  lessened  the  efficiency  of  the 
general  body  of  the  organization ;  on  the  contrary,  the  result  has  been  an  in- 
creased treasury  fund  and  more  earnest  interest  in  the  welfare  and  work  of 
the  Association. 

The  new  constitution  also  made  changes  in  the  officiary  of  the  Associa- 
tion, preserving  the  principal  offices  and  reducing  the  Councillors  from  forty 
to  sixteen  members  and  prescribing  for  the  latter  a  new  term  of  office.  Says 
Article  V :  "The  Council  shall  consist  of  the  President,  the  Vice-President, 
the  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  together  with  sixteen  Councillors.  At  the  an- 
nual meeting  in  1897,  sixteen  Councillors  shall  be  chosen  by  ballot.  There- 
after, at  the  end  of  each  year,  four  members,  selected  by  lot,  shall  retire  until 
all  of  the  originally  chosen  shall  be  disixised  of,  after  which  time  four  shall 
retire  each  year  in  the  order  of  election,"  etc.  It  is  made  the  duty  of  the 
Council  to  choose  annually  five  of  its  members  to  serve  as  Trustees  of  the 
Association,  and  three  of  its  members  to  serve  for  the  same  period  as  an 
Executive  Committee,  of  the  latter  of  which  the  President,  Secretary  and 
Treasvirer  of  the  Association  are  also  members. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Trustees  to  act  as  custodians  of  the  funds  of  the 
Association,  and  to  adjust  its  finances.  They  also  appoint  the  Cartwright 
Lecture  Committee.  The  Executive  Committee  has  power  to  make  such 
regulations,  not  inconsistent  with  the  constitution  and  by-laws,  as  shall  be 
necessary  for  the  protection  of  the  property  of  the  Association;  to  appoint  a 
committee  of  three  to  be  known  as  the  Prize  Essay  Committee,  and.  also, 
when  so  requested  by  the  Faculty  of  the  College,  to  appoint  the  Cartwright 
Prize  Committee.  But  the  Executive  Committee  has  not  the  power  to  bind 
the  Association  for  any  amount  exceeding  three  hundred  dollars  in  any  year. 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  329 

Of  the  graduates  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  who  served 
their  countrj?  during  the  late  war  with  Spain,  three,  John  Blair  Gibbs,  George 
Washington  Lindheim  and  Harry  Augustus  Young,  lost  their  lives.  As  a 
memorial  to  these  men  the  Association  of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  through  a  committee  consisting  of  Dr.  John  G.  Curtis, 
chairman,  and  Dr.  George  G.  Wheelock,  has  recently  placed  on  the  walls  of 
the  students"  reading-room  of  the  College  a  bronze  tablet,  attractively  de- 
signed and  made  by  the  Henry-Bonnard  Bronze  Co.  It  bears  the  following 
inscription : 

— Columbia  University  in  the  City  of  New  York — 

These  Graduates 

of  the 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

Died  in  the  Discharge  of  Duty 

During  the  War  with  Spain  1898- 1899 

John  Blair  Gibbs,  M.  D.,  1882 

Assistant  Surgeon  U.  S.  Navy 

Killed  in  Battle  at  Guantanamo  Ba}-.  Cu])a 

June  1 2th.  1898. 

George  Washington  Lindheim,  M.  D.,  1898 

Assistant  Surgeon  Eighth  N.  Y.  Vol.  Infantry 

Died  of  Disease  Contracted  in  the  Service 

September  i6th,  1898. 

Harry  Augustus  Young,  M.  D.,  1895 

Quartermaster-Sergeant  Battery  A 

Utah  Light  Artillery 

Killed  in  Battle  Near  Manila 

February  6th,  1899 

The  Association  of  the  Alumni  of  the 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

Erected  this  Memorial  in 

1902 

On  the  afternoon  of  May  8th.  1902.  in  the  presence  of  the  President  of  the 

University  and  a  considerable  body  of  Alumni  and  students,  the  tablet  was 

unveiled  and  presented  by  the  Alumni  Association  to  the  University.     Dr. 

Curtis,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  and  the  Association,  spoke  as  follows : 

Mr.  President :  It  is  to  hear  of  no  new  thing  that  you  meet  here  to-day, 
the  elder  and  the  younger  sons  of  this  house.  It  is  to  hear  that  which  has 
stirred  the  blood  of  countless  generations  in  the  past,  as  it  shall  stir  the  blood 
of  the  generations  yet  to  come. 


330  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSiaANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Tliese  men  died  for  their  country.  To  those  words  nothing  can  be 
added,  as  from  the  glory  of  these  who  have  deserved  them  nothing  can  be 
taken  away.  By  a  dramatic  chance  the  three  came  to  their  deaths  in  ways 
which  illustrate  the  varied  dangers  of  war. 

Gibbs  was  slain  in  the  act  of  removing  his  wounded  from  the  scene  of  a 
night  attack. 

Lindheim  died  of  the  typhoid,  which  cuts  down  c<jmbatant  and  non-com- 
batant alike. 

Young  had  received  no  medical  post;  but,  not  deterred  by  that,  went  to 
the  front  to  fight,  inasmuch  as  he  had  not  been  called  to  cure,  and  was  killed 
wearing  the  chevrons  of  a  non-commissioned  officer. 

Varied  as  were  these  deaths,  they  teach  the  same  lesson  of  fearless  de- 
votion. Therefore  it  is  not  merelv  a  nKjdest  memorial  of  three  modest  men 
which  we  graduates  in  medicine  now  offer  to  our  University  and  commit,  sir, 
to  the  keeping  of  yourself  as  its  head.  This  bronze  is  for  a  sign  to  all  who 
shall  use  this  room  that  their  elder  brothers  knew  and  claimed  the  ancient 
privilege  of  our  profession,  that  whithersoever  human  daring  penetrates — 
whether  to  where  men  die  of  pestilence,  or  to  the  edge  of  battle,  or  to  the 
darkness  of  the  polar  winter,  or  to  the  tropical  forest-path  where  the  poisoned 
arrow  strikes  like  a  serpent — no  matter  how  great  the  press  of  volunteers, 
a  place  is  reserved  for  one  of  our  calling.  May  those  who  shall  come  after 
heed  the  example  and  claim  the  pri^•ilege ! 

President  Butler,  in  accepting  the  tablet,  said : 

Dr.  Curtis  and  Gentlemen:  I  am  glad  to  accept  on  behalf  of  the  Uni- 
versity, from  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  through 
you  and  the  committee  which  you  represent,  this  memorial  of  three  of  the 
University's  sons  who  laid  down  their  lives  in  the  service  of  their  country. 
They,  like  many  others  who  have  preceded  them,  ennoble  and  distinguish  the 
profession  which  they  chose  as  a  life  work — a  profession  which,  during  the 
past  half  century,  has  come  to  occupy  the  very  foremost  place  as  an  agency 
of  civilization  and  enlightenment.  The  profession  of  medicine  is  pre-emi- 
nently the  profession  of  personal  and  public  service.  In  the  profession  whose 
representatives,  in  their  daily  walk,  come  most  closely  in  contact  with  every 
phase  of  human  nature,  human  suffering  and  human  sorrow.  It  is  the  lot 
of  the  true  physician  to  learn  to  serve  his  kind.  He  serves  while  student  and 
while  active  practitioner,  whether  he  will  or  not.  if  he  be  true  to  the  ideals 
which  inspire  his  calling  in  these  modern  days. 

It  has  been  given  to  this  profession  to  forward  civilization  in  countless 
wa)'S.  While  men  have  been  flocking  together  in  great  cities,  where,  under 
older  conditions,  life  would  have  been  dangerous  and  perhaps  impossible,  this 
profession  has  made  the  world  its  debtor  by  the  discovery  of  the  ways  and 
means  to  make  these  great  aggregations  of  humanity  centers  and  homes  of 
health  and  prosperity,  relatively  free  from  disease  and  suffering.  The  dis- 
covery and  application  of  the  germ  theory  of  disease;  the  control  of  the  older 
forms  of  pestilence"  which  ravaged  great  populations  and  took  thousands  and 
tens  of  thousands  of  lives  of  old  and  young;  the  development  of  the  science 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  331 

of  sanitation  and  all  that  it  means — these  are  some  of  the  most  distinguished 
and  most  noteworthy  services  of  medicine  to  our  modern  life.  ^Medicine  has 
gone  hand  in  hand  with  patriotic  service :  and  the  physicians  of  this  nation, 
in  particular,  have  from  its  foundation  gone  eagerly  and  speedily  in  response 
to  the  country's  call  whenever  there  has  been  need  of  their  skilled  service  in 
the  field,  at  home  or  half  way  round  the  world. 

I  need  not  pause  to  recount  to  you,  who  know  the  story  so  much  better 
than  I,  what  has  been  accomplished  by  physicians  and  surgeons  for  both 
arms  of  the  military  service  of  the  United  States.  The  three  men  to  whom 
this  memorial  tablet  has  been  erected  are  types  of  the  young  modern  physi- 
cian who  has  learned  well  the  lesson  of  his  calling,  and  who  unites  with  it 
the  lofty  spirit  of  patriotism  which  sends  him  to  serve  his  country  when  she 
calls  for  aid.  It  is  eminently  fitting  that  the  University  has  to-day  received 
and  unco\-ered  this  tablet  to  these  three  heroic  dead. 

This  memorial  tablet  will  bear  witness,  year  after  year,  from  its  place 
on  the  walls  of  the  University,  to  the  fact  that  these  men  were  true  phj'sicians 
and  zealous  patriots.  It  was  their  lot  to  serve,  and,  as  the  event  proved,  to 
die  for  their  country.  The  Universitj'  is  honored  in  honoring  these  noble 
sons. 

Accept,  sir,  for  yourself,  for  your  Committee,  and  for  the  Alumni,  the 
thanks  of  the  University  for  this  appropriate  gift. 

ALUMNI    ASSOCI.\TION    CIVIL    LIST. 

The  succession  of  principal  officers  of  the  Association  of  the  Alumni  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York : 

Presidents. — 1859-60,  Benjamin  Ogden,  "20;  1861,  Thomas  A\'.  Blatch- 
ford,  '17;  1862,  Gurdon  Buck,  "30:  1863,  Abraham  DuBois,  '35;  1864,  Jared 
Linsly,  '29;  1865,  John  G.  Adams,  '30;  1866,  Alfred  C.  Post,  '27;  1867, 
Gurdon  Buck,  '30;  1868,  Joseph  Mauran,  '19:  1869,  William  C.  Roberts, 
'32;  1870,  George  A.  Peters,  '46;  1871,  Ezra  M.  Hunt,  '52:  1872-73,  Cor- 
nelius R.  Agnew,  "52;  1874-75.  Charles  M.  Allin,  '51  ;  1876,  Alfred  S.  Purdy, 
'31:  1877-80,  William  H.  Draper,  '55:  1881-82,  Robert  F.  Weir,  '59;  1883- 
84,  William  H.  Draper,  '55;  1885-86,  Francis  Delafield.  '62;  1887,  Cornelius 
R.  Agnew.  '52,  died  Aprif  18,  1888:  1888-89.  Charles  McBurney,  "70;  1890- 
91.  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt,  '71 :  1892,  George  M.  Lefferts,  "70;  1893-94.  Albert 
H.'  Buck,  '67;  1895,  George  G.  Wheelock,  '64:  1896,  M.  Allen  Starr,  "80; 
1897-98,  John  G.  Curtis,  '70;  1899-1900,  L.  Bolton  Bangs,  'jz;  1901-03, 
George  Atherton  Spalding,  'j-,. 

^^ice-Presidents. — 1859-60.  Theodore  L.  Mason,  '25;  1861,  Richard  S. 
Kissam,  '30;  1862,  Abraham  DuBois,  "35;  1863,  Jared  Linsly.  '29;  1864, 
Chauncey  L.  Mitchell,  '36;  1865,  Alfred  C.  Post,  '27;  1866,  Gurdon  Buck, 
'30;  1867,  Galen  Carter,  "23:  1868,  John  Torrey,  '18:  1869-71,  Cornelius  R. 
Agnew,  "52;  1872-73,  Robert  A.  Barry,  "51;  1874-75,  Alfred  S.  Purdy,  '31; 
1876,  William  H.  Draper,  "55;  1877-79,  Alexander  N.  Dougherty,  45;  1880, 
Robert  F.  Weir,  "59;  1881-82,  Albert  H.  Buck,  '67-.  1883,  Andrew  H  Smith, 
'58:    1884,    Francis   Delafield,    '62:    1885-86,   Lewis  W.   Oakley,   "52;    1887, 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Charles  McBurne}-,  '70;  1888-89,  A.  Braj'ton  Ball,  '63;  1890-92,  George  INI. 
Lefferts,  '70;  1893,  Edward  W.  Lambert,  '57;  1894-95,  M.  Allen  Starr,  "80; 
1896,  James  W.  McLane,  '64;  1897,  George  L.  Peabody,  '73;  1898,  L.  Bol- 
ton Bangs,  '72;  1899,  L.  Emmett  Holt,  '80;  1900,  Frank  E.  Beckwith,  '71; 
1901-03,  Alfred  Meyer,  77. 

Secretaoies. — 1859-62.  Joseph  H.  Vedder,  '53;  1863,  John  H.  Vinton, 
'52;  1864,  Joseph  H.  Vedder,  "53;  1865-69,  Ellsworth  Eliot.  "52;  1870-72, 
John  Shrad}",  "61;  1873,  Frederick  A.  Burrah.  '57;  1874-78,  George  Bayles, 
'59;  1879-92,  Charles  Hitchcock,  '72:  1893-94,  Timothy  M.  Cheesman,  '78; 
1895-99,  George  C.  Freeborn.  ''/2,'.  1900-03,  Frederick  R.  Bailey,  "95. 

Assistant  Secretaries. — 1868-69,  John  Shrady,  '61 ;  1870-72,  Asahel  N. 
Brockway,  '61;  1873,  George  Bayles,  "59;  1874-75,  John  N.  Beekman,  '68; 
1876,  G.  N.  Buckner;  1877,  Charles  S.  Bull,  '68:  1878,  Charles  Hitchcock, 
'72;  1879.  John  N.  Beekman.  "68.  and  Frank  E.  Beckwith,  '71;  1880.  Frank 
E.  Beckwith,  '71;  1881-82,  George  L.  Peabody,  'jTi;  1883-87,  :Matthew  B. 
DuBois,  "68:  1888-92,  Frank  W.  Jackson.  '79:  1893-94.  Samuel  W.  Lambert, 
'85;  1895-96,  Ervin  A.  Tucker.  '89;  1897-98.  Henry  A.  Griffin,  "89:  1899- 
1900,  Charles  C.  Carmalt,  '91  ;  1901-03,  Alexis  V.  Moschcowitz.  '91. 

Treasurers. — 1859-67.  Henry  B.  Sands,  '54:  1868-69.  William  H.  Dra- 
per, "55;  1870-72,  James  L.  Banks,  "57;  1873-75,  Timothy  M.  Cheesman, 
'59;   1876-99,  George  G.  Wheelock,  '64;  1900-03.  George  C.  Freeborn,  'y^. 

Tru.stees. — 1873-76,  Gurdon  Buck,  D.  Tilden  Brown.  "44,  Robert  A. 
Barry,  "51,  Thomas  E.  Satterthwaite,  '67,  Henry  C.  Eno.  '64;  1877.  Robert 
A.  Barry.  Henry  C.  Eno,  George  A.  Peters,  "46,  Thomas  E.  Satterthwaite, 
Edward  C.  Seguin,  '64;  1878-79,  George  Bayles.  '59,  Henry  C.  Eno.  Watts 
C.  Livingston.  '52.  George  A.  Peters,  Thomas  E.  Satterthwaite;  1880.  George 
Bayles,  Alexander  N.  Dougherty.  "45.  Henry  C.  Eno,  AVatts  C.  Livingston, 
George  A.  Peters;  1881,  William  H.  Draper.  Alexander  N.  Dougherty,  Henry 
C.  Eno,  Watts  C.  Livingston,  George  A.  Peters;  1882.  \\^illiam  H.  Draper, 
Alexander  X.  Dougherty.  Watts  C.  Livingston.  George  L.  Peabody.  George 
G.  Wheelock;  1883-84,  \\'atts  C.  Livingston,  George  A.  Peters.  George  L. 
Peabody,  Andrew  H.  Smith,  '58.  Robert  F.  Weir,  '59;  1885-86.  Watts  C. 
Livingston.  Edward  L.  Partridge.  '75;  George  A.  Peters,  George  L.  Pea- 
body, Robert  F.  Weir;  1887-91,  Wafts  C.  Livingston.  Francis  Delafield.  '63, 
Edward  L.  Partridge,  George  A.  Peters,  George  G.  AMieelock,  '64:  1892-96, 
William  H.  Draper.  Francis  Delafield.  Albert  H.  Buck,  Edward  W.  Lambert,. 
'57,  George  G.  Wheelock;  1897-98,  William  H.  Draper.  Francis  Delafield, 
Albert  H.  Buck,  Alonzo  B.  Ball,  '63,  Edward  W.  Lambert:  1899,  Albert  H. 
Buck,  Alonzo  B.  Ball.  John  G.  Curtis,  '70,  Samuel  W.  Lambert,  "85.  Francis 
P.  Kinnicutt,  "71 ;  1900.  Albert  H.  Buck,  John  G.  Curtis,  W^alter  B.  James, 
'83,  Samuel  \\^.  Lambert.  George  G.  Wheelock;  1901.  John  G.  Curtis.  Sam- 
uel W.  Lambert.  George  G.  Wheelock,  Charles  N.  Dowd.  '86,  Alonzo  B. 
Ball;  1902,  John  G.  Curtis.  George  G.  Wheelock.  Alonzo  B.  Ball.  George  C. 
Freeborn.  Frank  W.  Jackson,  '79. 

Executive  Committee. — 1873,  George  A.  Peters.  Charles  M.  Allen.  Rob- 
ert F.  Weir.  William  H.  Draper.  Albert  H.  Buck:  1874-75.  George  A.  Peters, 
Albert  H.  Buck.  William  H.  Draper.  Timoth)^  I\I.   Cheesman,  Andrew  H. 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  333 

Smith;  1876,  George  A.  Peters,  Andrew  H.  Smith.  John  C.  Barron,  '61, 
Robert  F.  Weir,  Timothy  M.  Cheesman;  1877,  Andrew  H.  Smith,  John  C. 
Barron,  Albert  H.  Buck,  Alonzo  B.  Ball,  Robert  F.  Weir;  1878-79,  Alonzo 
B.  Ball,  Matthew  D.  Mann,  71,  Joseph  Wiener,  '74,  Joseph  E.  Janvrin,  '64, 
Watts  C.  Livingston;  1880-84,  Alonzo  B.  Ball.  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt,  Joseph 
Wiener,  Joseph  E.  Janvrin,  Albert  H.  Buck;  1885-86,  Alonzo  B.  Ball.  Fran- 
cis P.  Kinnicutt,  Joseph  Wiener,  William  H.  Draper,  Albert  H.  Buck;  1887- 
90,  VVillard  Parker,  '70,  William  H.  Draper,  Andrew  H.  Smith,  Moses  A. 
Starr,  "80,  Joseph  Wiener;  1891-92.  William  H.  Draper,  Joseph  Wiener, 
Moses  A.  Starr.  Charles  McBurney,  Robert  F.  Weir;  1893.  Alonzo  B.  Ball, 
Charles  McBurney,  Moses  A.  Starr,  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt,  Walter  B.  James ; 
1894,  Frank  P.  Kinnicutt,  David  B.  Delavan,  "75,  George  C.  Freeborn,  Frank 
W.  Jackson.  '79.  Walter  B.  James;  1897,  Andrew  J.  McCosh,  George  A. 
Spalding,  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt;  1898,  Andrew  J.  McCosh,  Benjamin  F.  Cur- 
tis, '81,  Charles  N.  Dowd;  1899-1900,  George  A.  Spalding,  Charles  N.  Dowd, 
George  T.  Jackson;  1901,  George  T.  Jackson,  William  F.  Mittendorf,  'jt,, 
Joseph  A.  Blake,  '89;  1902,  William  F.  Mittendorf,  Joseph  A.  Blake,  Otto 
H.  Schultze,  '89. 

TJic  Council  (under  the  reorganization  of  1897;  the  year  indicates  ex- 
piration of  term). — 1898,  L.  Bolton  Bangs,  L.  Emmett  Holt,  Otto  H.  Schultze, 
George  A.  Spalding;  1899,  Francis  Delafield,  Edward  W.  Lambert,  Andrew 
J.  McCosh,  Van  Home  Norris;  1900,  Alonzo  B.  Ball,  Benjamin  F.  Curtis, 
John  H.  Emerson,  '64,  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt;  1901,  Albert  H.  Buck,  Edwin 
B.  Cragin,  '86,  William  H.  Draper,  Walter  B.  James;  1902,  Timothy  M. 
Cheesman,  Charles  N.  Dowd,  George  T.  Jackson,  Allen  M.  Thomas,  '80; 
1903,  John  G.  Curtis,  George  Bayles,  George  A.  Spalding,  Samuel  W.  Lam- 
bert ;  1904,  Joseph  A.  Blake,  William  P.  Northrup,  Henry  S.  Oppenheimer, 
George  G.  Wheelock;  1905,  John  H.  Emerson,  A.  Brayton  Ball,  William  F. 
Mittendorf.  Rowland  G.  Freeman.  '86;  1906,  William  K.  Draper.  '88.  Henry 

E.  Hale.  '96.  Van  Home  Norris.  '89.  Thomas  S.  Southworth,  '87. 

McmbersJiip  (with  year  of  graduation  and  place  of  residence). — Calvin 
T.  Adams.  '84.  New  York;  Frank  E.  Agnew.  "85,  New  York;  A.  Brayton 
Ball.  "63,  New  York;  George  Wheelock  Banning,  "95,  Hamilton,  New  York; 
Leo- Burgheim,  '79,  New  York;  John  Conner  Barron,  '61,  New  York;  Albert 

F.  Brugman,  '83.  New  York;  Thomas  W.  Bickerton,  '81,  New  York;  Albert 
H.  Buck,  '67,  New  York;  Frank  E.  Beckwith,  '71,  New  Haven,  Conn.;  Walter 
Bensel,  '90,  New  York;  Daniel  E.  Barry,  '75,  New  York;  L.  Bolton  Bangs, 
'72,  New  York;  Joseph  A.  Blake,  "89,  New  York;  F.  Tilden  Brown,  '80,  New 
York;  Joshua  L.  Barton,  "81,  New  York;  Charles  V.  Burke,  '94.  Newark, 
N.  J.;  Frederick  R.  Bailey,  '95,  Elizabeth,  N,  J.;  David  Bovaird,  Jr.,  '92, 
New  York ;  Walter  A.  Bastedo,  "99,  New  York ;  George  H.  Balleray,  '69, 
Paterson.  N.  J.;  H.  Leach  Bender,  '94.  New  York;  Rudolph  O.  Born,  'yy, 
New  York;  Albert  C.  Benedict.  '71.  New  York;  AVarren  S.  Bickham,  '87, 
New  York;  Timothy  M.  Cheesman,  '78  (life  member),  Garrisons,  N.  Y. ; 
John  G.  Curtis,  '70.  New  York;  Augustus  Caille,  '81,  New  York;  John  Cabot, 
'86,  New  York;  Jean  F.  Chauveau,  Jr.,  '91,  New  York;  Benjamin  F.  Curtis, 
'81,  New  York;  Edwin  B.  Cragin,  '86,  New  York;  Clement  Cleveland,  '71, 


334  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4XS  AND  SURGEONS. 

New  York;  Richard  H.  Cunningham,  '88.  Xew  York;  Charles  C.  Carmalt. 
'91,  Xew  York;  Henry  S.  Carter,  72.  Xew  York;  WiUis  H.  Crowe,  "96,  Xew 
Haven,  Conn.;  Talbot  R.  Chambers.  78,  Jersey  City;  Herbert  Swift  Carter, 
'95,  Xew  York;  Rowland  Cox,  Jr..  '98,  Xew  York;  William  K.  Draper,  "88, 
New  York;  David  B.  Delavan,  '75-  New  York;  Charles  X.  Dowd,  '86,  New 
York;  Asa  B.  Davis,  "89,  New  York;  Albert  A.  Davis,  '64,  New  York; 
George  A.  Dixon.  '78,  New  York;  Thomas  G.  Darlington,  "80,  King's  Bridge. 
N.  Y. ;  Francis  Delafield.  "63.  Xew  York;  Henry  B.  Delatour.  '87.  Brooklyn; 
Charles  T.  Dade,  91.  Xew  York;  Henry  B.  Douglass,  '86.  Xew  York; 
Nicholas  Dobkin.  '98,  Brooklyn:  Edmund  LeR.  Dow. "95,  Xew  York;  Sigmund 
Deutsch,  "02.  Brooklyn ;  Henry  C.  Eno,  '64.  Saugaiuck,  Conn. :  James  Ewing, 
'91,  Xew  York;  John  H.  Emerson,  '64.  Xew  York;  Charles  A.  Elsberg,  '93. 
New  York;  George  C.  Freeborn.  '/^  (life  member),  Xew  York;  Henry 
Arnold  Fairburn,  78,  Brooklyn;  Thomas  R.  French,  '71.  Brooklyn;  Edward 
Fridenberg,  '78,  New  York;  Howard  Truman  French.  '91.  Deep  River.  Conn. ; 
Rowland  Godfrey  Freeman,  '91,  Xew  York;  William  Flitcraft,  '90,  Paterson, 
N.  J. ;  Thomas  X.  Gray,  '79,  East  Orange.  X.  J. ;  Alfred  AA".  Gardner.  '90. 
New  York;  Lewis  McP.  Gibson.  '89,  Xew  York;  Bern  B.  Gallaudet.  "84.  Xew 
York;  Everett  AA'.  Gould,  '99,  X'ew  York;  AA'illiam  Charles  Guth.  "90.  X'ew 
York;  Purdy  L.  Hitchcock.  '81,  Croton  Falls.  X.  Y. ;  Francis  Huber.  77. 
New  York;  Henry  Heiman.  '90.  Xew  York;  James  R.  Hayden.  '84.  X'ew 
York ;  Edward  J.  Hogan.  '67,  Xew  York ;  L.  Emmett  Holt.  '80.  X'ew  York ; 
AA'illiam  X'.  Harrison.  '95.  X'ew  York;  Joseph  Huber,  '88.  Xew  York;  John 
P.  Henry.  "81.  Jersey  City;  Henry  E.  Hale.  Jr..  '93.  Xew  York;  Frank  P. 
Hammond.  '98.  X'ew  York;  Philip  H.  Hiss.  Jr..  "95,  Xew  York;  Joseph  B. 
Harrison.  '76,  AVestfield,  N.  J.;  Edward  J.  111.  75,  Xewark,  N.  J.:  AA'alter 
-Belknap  James,  '83.  New  York;  George  T.  Jackson,  78,  New  York;  Adoniram 
B.  Judson,  '68.  Xew  York;  Frank  AA'.  Jackson,  '79,  Xew  York;  AA'alter  B. 
Johnson.  '78,  Paterson,  X'.  J. ;  Edward  G.  Janeway,  '64,  Xew  York ;  Julius 
Jungman,  '95.  New  York;  Smith  Ely  Jelliffe.  '89.  New  York;  Abraham 
Jacobi  (honorar}').  Charles  L.  Kipp.  '61.  X'ewark.  X'.  J.;  Henry  Krollpfeiffer, 
'75,  New  York;  Meyer  Katzenberg.  '85,  X"ew  York;  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt, 
'71,  New  York;  John  M.  Kellogg,  '68,  East  Orange.  X"'.  J. ;  AA'illiam  K.  Kubin, 
'92,  New  York;  H.  Knapp  (honorary),  Arnold  H.  Knapp.  '92,  X'ew  York; 
Edward  AV.  Lambert.  '57.  X^ew  York;  Samuel  AA^  Lambert.  '85,  X^ew  York; 
Charles  Henr\'  Langdon,  '74.  Poughkeepsie ;  Robert  Lewis.  Jr..  '85.  X'ew 
York;  AA''illiam  G.  LeBoutillier,  '83.  X'ew  York;  Daniel  Lewis.  "71,  X'ew 
York;  Edward  Leaming,  '92,  New  York;  George  ]M.  Lefferts,  '70,  X'ew  York; 
Alexander  Lambert.  '88.  New  York;  AA'illiam  H.  Luckett,  '94,  New  York; 
Charles  F.  Lehlbach.  '88.  Newark.  X".  J. ;  G.  Alfred  Lawrence,  '95.  X'ew  York ; 
John  Henry  Larkin,  '94,  X^ew  York;  Eugene  B.  Laird,  'yj.  Haverstraw.  X'. 
Y. ;  Charles  H.  JNIay.  '83,  Ne^v  York:  AA'alter  ^Mendelson.  '79,  New  York; 
Alfred  Meyer,  'yy,  New  York ;  Francis  AA'.  iMurray,  '80.  X'ew  York ;  AA'illiam 
F.  ]\Iittendorf,  'y;^,  Xew  York;  Frederick  AA'.  IMercer.  '62,  Chicago.  111.; 
John  C.  Minor.  '65,  New  York;  David  ]klagie.  "63.  Princeton,  N.  Y. ;  Francis 
H.  Markoe.  '79.  New  York;  James  AA^  I\Iarkoe.  '85.  New  York;  Alexis  \^ 
Moschcowitz,  '91,  New  York;  Charles  B.  INIeding,  '87,  New  York;  Andrew 


THE  ALUMXI  ASSOCIATION.  335 

J.  McCosh.  "So.  Xew  York:  James  F.  ]\IcKernon,  '90.  Xew  York;  John  C. 
McCoy,  '92,  Paterson.  X.  J.:  John  D.  JMcBarron.  "92.  Xew  York;  John  H. 
X'^esbit.  "75.  Xew  York;  William  K.  Xewton.  77,  Paterson.  X.  J.:  William 
P.  Xorthrup.  "78,  Xew  York :  \'an  Home  Xorris.  "89.  Xew  York :  Xathaniel 
R.  Xorton.  "94.  Xew  York:  Henry  S.  Oppenheimer.  "76.  Xew  York;  Fred- 
erick Powers.  70,  Westpoi't.  Conn.:  Alfred  E.  ^I.  Purdy.  "61.  X'ew  York; 
William  H.  Park,  '86.  Xew  York;  Charles  T.  Poore.  "66.  Xew  York;  James 
Pedersen.  '90,  Xew  York;  Alexander  J.  Primrose.  "85.  X'ew  York;  George 
Livingston 'Peabody.  73  (life  member).  Xew  York:  T.  AL  Prudden  (honor- 
ary). Xew  York;  Edward  L.  Partridge.  "75.  Xew  York:  William  H.  Porter, 
'■/■/,  X'ew  York:  Edward  O.  Palmer,  "97.  Xew  York;  Edward  ^^^  Peet,  "90, 
Xew  York :  A.  'M.  Pappenheimer.  '92,  X'ew  York ;  Antonio  D.  Pisarie,  "96, 
X^'ew  York :  Frederick  D.  Rnland,  'Sg.Westport,  Conn. :  ^Montrose  R.  Rich- 
ard. 'j~.  X'ew  York;  Charles  S.  Rodman,  '68,  Waterbury.  Conn.;  Emil  A. 
Rundquist.  "98.  X'ew  York;  Joseph  '\l.  Rice,  "81,  X^^ew  York;  Dudley  DeV. 
Roberts.  "98,  Brooklyn;  Brandreth  Symonds.  '84.  Garden  City.  L.  I.:  Fred- 
erick S.  Sellow.  '91.  X'ew  York;  M.  Allen  Starr.  "80,  X'ew  York;  George 
Atherton  Spalding,  'j^.  X'ew  York;  Otto  H.  Schultze.  "89,  X'ew  York; 
Elihu  B.  Silvers.  "52.  Rahway.  X.  J.:  Thomas  S.  Southworth,  "87,  X'ew  York; 
Arnold  Sturmdorf.  "86.  X'ew  York;  William  K.  .Simpson.  '80,  X^ew  York; 
Henry  S.  Stark.  "86.  X'ew  York;  Edward  H.  Squibb,  '81,  Brooklyn;  ^^'illiam 
S.  Stone.  "91.  X'ew  York;  John  Bentley  Squier,  Jr..  '94.  Xew  York:  Theodore 
William  Simon.  1900.  Brooklyn;  Bernard  Sour.  '93.  Xew  York:  Ernest  S. 
Schultze.  '90.  X'ew  York;  J.  Gardner  Smith.  "87.  Xew  York;  Edward  A. 
Spitzka,  "02,  X^ew  York:  ^ilartin  J.  Synnott,  '94.  ]\Iontclair.  X.  J. ;  Andrew  H. 
Smith.  "58.  X'ew  York:  Davison  Heermance  Smith.  "02.  X'ew  York;  Edwin 
Sternberger.  "90.  X'ew  York:  George  ^I.  Tuttle.  '80.  X'ew  York:  Allen  ]M. 
Thomas.  Jr..  "80,  Xew  York:  H.  Ling  Taylor.  "Si.  X'ew  York;  John  S. 
Thacher,  '80.  X'ew  York;  Robert  \\'.  Taylor.  '68.  X'ew  York;  John  Oscraft. 
Tansle}-.  77,  X'ew  York;  Robert  ^^'.  Talbot.  77.  X'ew  York;  Leslie  A.  Tur- 
ner,'98  Brooklyn ;  Ira  O.  Tracy,  '82  Brooklyn;  John  Vander  Poel,  "Si.  Xew 
York;  Frederic  O.  ^'irgin.  '99,  St.  Luke's  JHospital ;  Jose  L.  de  \^ictoria,  '86. 
XTew  York;  George  G.  Wheelock.  '64,  X'ew  York:  George  ^^'ackerhag■en,  '69. 
Brooklyn :  Edmund  Charles  \\"endt,  '80,  Xew  York :  Joseph  ^^'iener,  74.  X'ew 
York:  Xelson  S.  ^^^escott.  "65,  Xew  York:  Ezra  H.  A\'ilson,  '82,  Brookh'n ; 
Isaac  Weil.  "78,  X'ew  York;  William  R.  \A'illiams.  '95,  X'ew  York:  Augustus 
B.  \\'adsworth.  "96.  Xew  York;  Abraham  L.  Wolbarst.  '98.  X'ew  York; 
Freeman  Ford  Ward,  '94.  Xew  York:  Andrew  Benedict  Yard.  "96.  X'ew 
York. 

In  1897.  two  years  after  the  opening  of  the  Sloane  ^Maternity  Hospital, 
it  became  apparent  that  the  number  of  Alumni  ^\■as  sufficiently  large  to  war- 
rant the  organization  of  a  permanent  society.  Accordingly,  a  formal  invi- 
tation was  sent  out  by  Dr.  Ervin  A.  Tucker  and  Dr.  A.  Ernest  Gallant,  re- 
questing the  graduates  to  meet  on  January  12th  of  the  following  vear.  The 
response  was  most  gratifying,  a  goodly  number  assembling  on  the  date  an- 
nounced, when  an  organization  was  effected  with  Dr.  Tucker  as  President, 


336  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

and  Dr.  Gallant  as  Secretary,  as  the  principal  managing  officers.  Subse- 
quently a  constitution  and  by-laws  were  adopted,  and  the  body  took  for  its 
name  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital. 

The  Society  holds  two  meetings  each  year  for  the  discussion  of  pro- 
fessional topics,  and  an  annual  dinner  meeting  is  held  on  the  fourth  Friday  in 
April. 

The  officers  for  the  year  1901-1902  Avere  as  follows:  President,  Dr. 
Henry  P.  DeForest;  First  Vice  President,  Dr.  William  S.  Stone;  Second 
Vice  President,  Dr.  Franklin  A.  Dorman ;  Recording  Secretary,  Dr.  Herman 
B.  Baruch ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Dr.  J.  Bentley  Squier,  Jr. ;  Treasurer, 
Dr.  Edmund  LeRoy  Dow;  Pathologist,  Dr.  Louis  A.  di  Zerega;  Council,  Dr. 
Edward  W.  Peet,  Dr.  Frank  Sidney  Fielder,  Dr.  Wilhelm  K.  Kubin. 

The  autumn  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  on  the  evening  of  Friday, 
October  25,  1901,  at  the  residence  of  Dr.  Edmund  LeRoy  Dow,  and  was  at- 
tended by  about  fifty  members.  An  interesting  programme  was  carried  out, 
and  a  paper  presented  by  Dr.  Tucker  was  one  of  more  than  ordinary  interest, 
and  was  the  last  which  he  ever  prepared. 

The  winter  meeting  was  held  on  the  evening  of  Friday,  January  24, 
1902,  at  the  residence  of  Dr.  A.  Ernest  Gallant,  and  was  attended  by  sixty- 
two  members.  The  programme  followed  in  the  same  order  as  at  the  pre- 
ceding meeting,  reports  and  papers  being  presented  by  Dr.  Henry  P.  de  For- 
est, Dr.  Ervin  A.  Tucker,  Dr.  Franklin  A.  Dorman,  Dr.  James  D.  Voorhees, 
Dr.  Oliver  Paul  Humpstone,  and  Dr.  William  Steven  Stone. 

In  the  discussion  which  followed  Dr.  Stone's  paper  on  the  operation  of 
craniotomy  on  the  forecoming  and  on  the  aftercoming  head.  Dr.  Herbert  Old, 
of  Norfolk,  Virginia,  read  the  history  of  one  case;  Dr.  DeForest,  of  Brooklyn, 
presented  histories  of  two  cases;  and  Dr.  Tucker,  of  New  York,  the  histories 
of  the  last  ten  cases  which  he  had  been  called  in  consultation  to  attend. 

Li  March  occurred  the  death  of  the  former  president.  Dr.  Ervin  Alden 
Tucker.  A  meeting  of  the  Council  of  the  Society  was  at  once  called,  and  a 
committee  appointed  to  prepare  suitable  rejsolutions,  and  a  biographical 
sketch.  Notices  were  sent  to  each  member,  and  at  the  services  held  in  St. 
Thomas'  Church,  on  Friday,  March  7,  1902,  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
Society  met  as  a  body  and  acted  as  an  escort.  The  resolutions  adopted  were 
as  follows : 

Whereas,  An  inscrutable  Providence  has  called  us  to  mourn  the  loss 
of  our  beloved  member,  Ervin  Alden  Tucker,  one  of  the  founders  of  this 
Society  and  our  first  President,  we,  the  members  of  the  Society  of  the  Alumni 
of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  desire  to  place  on  record  our  appreciation 
of  his  worth  to  the  medical  profession  and  our  personal  esteem  of  his  char- 
acter and  his  ability. 


THE  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  337 

As  a  result  of  years  of  diligent,  faithful  and  persistent  endeavor,  Doctor 
Tucker  had  become  a  recognized  and  worthy  leader  in  his  chosen  profession. 
He  had  entered  upon  a  brilliant  and  promising  career,  with  no  regrets  for 
neglected  opportunities,  and  with  the  fruits  of  merited  success  well  within 
his  grasp.  In  our  deliberations  he  was  a  constant  source  of  information, 
inspiration  and  encouragement.  He  joined  every  student  in  his  search  for 
knowledge.  We  shall  miss  his  wise  counsel  and  we  do  deeply  mourn  his  sud- 
den departure. 

In  memory  of  these  qualities  which  ennobled  his  life  and  endeared  him 
to  his  friends,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hos- 
pital express  to  his  wife  our  deep  sorrow  and  heartfelt  sympathy  for  her  irre- 
parable loss,  and  be  it  ftu'ther 

Resolved,  That  this  testimonial  be  spread  upon  the  records  of  our  Society 
and  that  a  copy  be  sent  to  his  afflicted  wife. 

On  the  evening  of  April  25,  1902,  the  fifth  annual  dinner  of  the  Society 
was  held  at  the  Hotel  Manhattan.  About  seventy-five  members  and  a,  num- 
ber of  invited  guests  were  present.  The  dinner  programmes,  adapted  some- 
what from  the  customs  of  a  German  Kommers,  were  artistically  liouncl.  and 
formed  a  Sloane  Maternity  Song  Book  dedicated  to  the  four  honorary  mem- 
bers of  the  Society,  Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  Dr.  Theodore  G.  Thomas,  Dr. 
Edwin  B.  Cragin  and  Dr.  Edward  L.  Partridge.  Music  was  furnished  by 
a  Neapolitan  orchestra,  with  one  of  the  members  of  the  Society  as  piano  ac- 
companist, and  some  excellent  glees  and  chorus  singing  were  given  through 
the  post-prandial  portion  of  the  meeting. 

The  President  of  the  Society,  Dr.  de  Forest,  presided.  The  first  speaker, 
Dr.  Frank  S.  Fielder,  delivered  an  impressive  Memorial  Address  upon  "Ervin 
Alden  Tucker,  Our  First  President,"  which  was  followed  by  a  silent  toast. 
Dr.  James  W.  McLane  responded  tO'  the  toast,  "Our  Alma  Mater — Colum- 
bia," and  reviewed  some  of  the  historic  incidents  in  the  career  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  of  which  he  had  been  for  years  the  Dean.  Dr. 
Edwin  B.  Cragin,  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  responded  to  the  toast  of  "The 
Sloane,"  and  was  followed  by  Dr.  Robert  L.  Dickinson,  who^  spoke  with  feel- 
ing of  his  friend.  Dr.  Tucker,  and  dwelt  with  satisfaction  upon  the  friendship 
now  existing  between  sister  institutions  of  learning  as  compared  with  the 
somewhat  acrimonious  rivalry  of  the  past. 

The  officers  elected  for  the  year  1902-1903  were  as  follows:  President, 
Dr.  James  D.  Voorhees;  First  Vice  President,  Dr.  Eugene  W.  Belknap;  Sec- 
ond Vice  President,  Dr.  James  Ewing;  Recording  Secretary,  Dr.  Arthur  M. 
Shrady;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Dr.  John  Douglas;  Treasurer,  Dr.  Charles 
A.  McWilliams;  Pathologist,  Dr.  D.  S.  D.  Jessup.  The  Society  numbered 
one  hundred  and  sixty  active  and  non-resident  members  in  1902. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

OFFICIARY   OF   THE   COLLEGE. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  officers  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons from  its  founding  in  1807  to  1891,  when  it  was  finally  united  with 


Columbia  College : 


THE  PRESIDENTS. 


Nicholas  Romayne,  M.  D..  1807-11. — Grad.  Edinburgh,  1870,  M.  D. ; 
Prof.  Instit.  of  ^Medicine  and  Forensic  ]Med.  in  Oueen"s  Coll.,  Xew  York; 
Prof,  of  Prac.  of  Physic,  Anatomy  and  Chemistry  in  Columbia  Coll. ;  First 
Pres.  Medical  Soc.  County  of  New  York.  1806;  President  of  IMed.  Soc.  of 
State  of  New  York,  1808-10:  Trustee.  1807-11;  Prof.  Instit.  2^Ied.,  1807-8. 
Died  at  New  York.  July  20,  18 17,  of  apoplexy,  set.  61. 

Samuel  Bard,  jNI.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  1811-12. — Grad.  Edinburgh,  1765; 
Columbia  CoH.,  1768;  Trustee,  1807-21;  Prof,  of  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Physic  in  Columbia  Coll.,  1767-76;  Prof,  in  ^Midwifery  in  same,  1770-76; 
Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  same.  1784-87;  Dean  of  Medical  Faculty,  1792-1804; 
Phys.  to  New  York  Hosp. ;  Member  Med.  Soc.  County  of  New  York;  Member 
Med.  Soc.  State  of  New  York.  Died  at  Hyde  Park.  N.  Y.,  IMay  24.  1821, 
of  pleurisy,  set.  79. 

Wright  Post.  :M.  D.,  1822-26. — Prof.  Surg,  and  Anat.  in  Col.  Coll., 
1796-1811;  Prof,  of  Anat.,  Physiol,  and  Surg.,  1811-26;  Trustee,  1814-26; 
Yice  Pres..  1820-22 :  Pres.,  1822-26;  Surg,  to  New  York  Hosp.  Died  in 
Westchester.  N.  Y.,  June  14,  1828,  of  phthisis  pulmonalis.  set.  62. 

John  Watts,  M.  D.,  1826-31. — Grad.  Edinburgh.  M.  D..  1809;  Prof,  of 
Prac.  of  Physic  in  Queen's  Coll..  N.  J. ;  Trustee,  1820-31 ;  Visiting  Phys.  New 
York  FIosp. :  Consulting  Phys.  N.  Y.  Disp.  and  Lying-in  Asyhmi;  INIem. 
Med.  Soc.  County  of  New  York.  Died  February  4,  183 1,  of  gastro-enteritis, 
ast.  45. 

John  Augustine  Smith,  M.  D.,  1831-43. — ]\I.  R.  C.  S.,  London;  Prof,  of 
Anat.  and  Surg.,  1808-13;  Prof,  of  Anat.  and  Physiol..  1811-13;  Resigned. 
1814;  Pres.  William  and  Mary  Coh. ;  Pres.  Columbia  Coll.,  1831-43.  Died  in 
New  York  City,  February  9.  1865,  ^t.  84. 

Alexander  Hodgdon  Stevens.  M.  D.,  L.L.  D..  1843-55. — Grad.  Univ.  of 
Penna.,  M.  D.,  1811 ;  Columbia  Coll..  L.L.  D.;  Fellow,  1813;  Prof,  of  Surg, 
in  Queen's  Coll.,  N.  J.,  1814-26;  Surg,  to  N.  Y.  Hosp..  1817;  Trustee, 
1820-36;  Prof.  Clin.  Surg.,  1826-37,  1840-44;  Emer.  Prof,  of  Clin.  Surg., 
1844-69;  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  New  York,  1848-49:  Vice  Pres.,  1847. 
and  Pres.  Amer.  Med.  Association,  1848;  Pres.  New  York  Acad,  of  ^led., 
1851;  Consulting  Surg.  N.  Y.  Hosp:  Contrib.  to  :Med.  Journals,  1818-41. 
Died  in  New  York  City,  March  30,  1869,  set.  80. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  339 

Thomas  Cock.  JM.  D.,  1855-58. — Grad.  Columbia  Coll.  ]\Ied  School,  IM. 
D.,  1805:  Fellow,  1820;  Visiting  Phys.  Xew  York  Hosp.,  1819-34;  Consulting 
Phys.,  N.  Y.  Hosp.,  1834-69 ;  Prof.  Anat.  and  Physiol,  in  Queen's  Coll,  N.  Y. ; 
Pres.  Med.  Soc.  County  of  New  York,  1822-29;  Vice  Pres.  Coll.  of  Phys. 
and  Surgs.,  1827-55;  Pres.  Xew  York  Acad,  of  Med.,  1852.  Died  in  New 
York  Citv.  Tune  14.  1869.  set.  86. 

Edward  Delafield,  M.  D.,  1858-1875.— Grad.  Yale  Coll.,  1812;  Grad. 
Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  1815;  one  of  Founders  and  Attending  Surg,  to  N.  Y. 
Eye  and  Ear  Inf..  1820-50;  Consulting  Surg,  and  Vice  Pres.  to  same  after 
1850;  Att.  Phys.  N.  Y.  Hosp.,  1820;  Prof,  of  Obstet.  and  Dis.  of  Women 
and  Children,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs..  1835-38:  Trustee.  1839-58;  Founder 
of  Soc.  for  Relief  of  W'idows  and  Orphans  of  ^led.  ^len,  1842  ;  one  of  Found- 
ers and  Pres.  of  Med.  Board  of  Nursery  and  Child's  Hosp..  1854:  one  of 
Founders  of  Assoc,  of  the  Alumni,  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Surg. ;  Founder  of  Dela- 
field Prize  Fund,  1864;  Senior  Consulting  Phys.  St.  Luke's  Hosp.,  1858-75; 
one  of  the  Founders  of  N.  Y.  Ophth.  Soc.  and  its  first  Pres..  1865:  Sen.  Con- 
sult. Phys.  to  Woman's  Hosp.  and  Pres.  IMed.  Board,  1872.  Died  Febru- 
ary 18,  1875.  St.  81. 

Alonzo' Clark.  M.  D..  LL.  D.,   1875-84.— Grad.  Williams  Coll..  A.  B. 
1828;  Fellow,   1844:  Prof.  Pathol,  and  Mat.  i\Ied.  in  Vermont  ]\Ied.  Coll. 
Prof.  Physiol.,  Pathol,  and  Prac.  of  Med.;  Phys.  to  Bellevue  Hosp.,  N.  Y. 
Pres.  I\Ied.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y..  1853;  Univ.  of  Vermont,  1853,  LL.  D. :  Phys. 
to  St.  Luke's  Hosp.  N.  Y. :  Pres. :  Trustee.     Died  Sept.  13,  1887,  set.  80. 

John  Call  Dalton,  IsL  D..  L.L.  D.,  1884-89.— Grad.  Harvard,  1844,  and 
M.  D.  in  :^Iedical  School.  1847:  Prof.  Physiol.  Uniy.  of  Buffalo.  1852:  Prof. 
Physiol.,  Vt.  :\Ied.  CoU.,  1854;  Prof.  Physiol..  Long  Island  Coll.  Hosp..  1859; 
Lect.  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  1854;  Prof,  of  Physiol.,  same.  18^5  ;  Pres.  same, 
1883.     Died  1889.  jet.  64.  ' 

James  \\'oods  2vIcLane,  A.  B.,  'M.  D.,  1889-91. — Grad.  Yale  Coll..  1861 ; 
Grad.  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  M.  D.,  1864;  Prof.  Mat.  ^led.  and  Therapeutics, 
Col.  Coll.,  1868-72;  Adj.  Prof,  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  ^^'omen  and 
Children.  1872-79;  Prof,  of  same.  1879,  ^.nd  now  Emer.  Prof.;  Pres.  Coll. 
P.  and  S..  1889-91 ;  Dean  of  jNIed.  Fac,  1891 ;  Cons.  Phys.  N.  Y.  Hosp.,  and 
Nursery  and  Children's  Hosp. :  Obstet.  Phys.  Sloane  JNIatern.  Hosp. ;  Pres. 
Vanderbilt  Clinic;  now  Dean  !Med.  Fac.  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs. 

WCE    PRESIDENTS. 

Samuel  Latham  ^litchell.  IM.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  1807-11. — Grad.  Edinburgh, 
M.  D.,  1786;  Columbia  Coll.,  M.  D.,  honorary,  1788;  Member  N.  Y.  Assembly, 
1790-92,  and  1797-99;  Prof.  Botany,  Columbia  Coll.,  1792-95;  Prof.  Chem- 
istry and  Nat.  Hist..  Columbia  Coll.,  1792-1801;  Rep.  in  Congress,  1801-3 
and  1810-12;  United  States  Senator,  1804-10;  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  County  of 
New  York,  1807;  Trustee.  1807-26:  Prof,  of  Chemistry.  1807-8;  Prof,  of 
Materia  Med..  1820-26:  Prof,  of  Nat.  Hist..  1808-20:  Vice  Pres.  Rutger's 
Med.  Coll.,  N.  Y.,  1826-30;  Pres.  ]^Ied.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y..  1821-22.  Died 
Sept.  7,  1 83 1,  set.  67. 


340  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Benjamin  DeWitt,  M.  D.,  1811-19. — Grad.  Univ.  of  Penna.  M.  D.,  1797; 
Prof,  of  Prac.  of  Med.,  Columbia  Coll.;  Prof.  Instit.  Med.,  1807-8;  Trustee, 
1811-19;  Prof,  of  Chemistry,  1808-11;  Prof.  Nat.  and  Experimental  Philos- 
ophy, 1813-15.  Died  Sept.  11,  1819,  of  Yellow  Fever,  while  Phys.  to  the 
Port  of  New  York,  set.  45. 

Wris^ht  Post,  M.  D.,  1820-22  (see  Presidents). 

DavM  Hosack,  M.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  1822-1826.— Grad.  Edinburgh, 
M.  D.;  Union  Coll..  L.L.  D.,  1818:  Trustee,  1807-26;  Prof.  Mat.  Med., 
1807-8;  Prof.  Instit.  Med.,  1820;  Prof.  Bot.  and  Mat.  Med.,  Columbia  Coll.; 
Pres.  and  Prof,  of  Prac.  of  Physic  in  Rutger's  Med.  Coll.;  Mem.  3iled.  Soc. 
State  of  N.  Y.     Died  December  22,  1835,  set.  67. 

Hon.  Jonas  Piatt,   1826-27. — Trustee,  1826-27. 

Thomas  Cock,  M.  D.,  1827-55  (see  Presidents). 

Edward  Delafield.  M.  D.,  J855-58  (see  Presidents). 

Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  ]\I.  D., — Fellow  1844:  Trustee  and 
Comr.  of  Schools,  15th  \A'ard,  N.  Y.  City.  1842-59;  Cor.  Sec.  N.  Y.  Acad- 
Med.,  1850-52:  Trustee  of  same,  1851 :  Mgr.  N.  Y.  Listit.  for  Blind,  1851-62; 
Sec.  Am.  j\Ied.  Assn.,  1852-53:  Vice  Pres.  N.  Y.  Acad.  ;\Ied.,  1853-57;  Treas, 
N.  Y.  Soc.  for  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Med.  Men,  1853-63 ;  Phys. 
N.  Y.  Asylum  for  Lying-in  Women,  1856-63.;  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of  N.  Y., 
1858-60;  Vice  Pres.,  1863,  and  Pres.,  1870-71,  N.  Y.  Soc.  for  Relief  of 
Widows  and  Orphans  of  Med.  Men ;  ex-Pres.  N.  Y.  Med.  and  Surg.  Soc. ; 
Trustee  from  1854;  Vice  Pres.  from  1858;  Trustee  Col.  Coll.,  1853;  Consult'g 
Phys.  N.  Y.  List'n  for  Blind  from  1856;  Perm.  Mem.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  N. 
Y. ;  Trustee  Vassar  Coll.;  Mgr.  Hudson  River  State  Hosp.,  1S60-82 ;  Con- 
sulting Phys.  St.  Barnabas  Hosp.,  1871-82;  Corresp.  Fellow  N.  Y.  Acad. 
Med. :  Pres.  Dutchess  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Life  Mem.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Died 
April  5,  1882,  set.  73. 

Willard  Parker.  ]r..  M.  D..  L.L.  D.,  1882-83.— Grad.  Col.  Coll..  A.  B., 
1866:  A.  M.,  1869:  M.  D.,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  1870;  Mem.  N.  Y.  Pathol. 
Soc:  Mem.  N.  Y.  Acad.  ^Med.  :  Mem.  ]Medico-Legal  Soc:  mem.  N.  Y. 
Soc.  for  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Med.  Men. 

Thomas  Masters  Markoe,  jNI.  D.,  1885-90. — Grad.  Coll.  of  New  Jersev, 
A.  B.,  1836;  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs..  M.  D.,  1841 ;  Prof.  Path.  Anat.  Med. 
Dept.  Univ.  City  of  N.  Y.,  1852-54;  Surg,  to  N.  Y.  Hosp.;  Prof.  Adjunct  of 
Surger}^  1860-71:  Prof.  Principles  of  Surg.,  1879:  Att'dg  Surg.  Roosevelt 
Hosp. :  Consulting  Surg.  Mt.  Sinai  and  Women's  Hosp.,  N.  Y.  Died  August 
26,  1901,  £et.  82. 

REGISTR.\RS. 

Archibald  Bruce,  M.  D.,  1807-11. — Grad.  Columbia  CoH.,  A,  B.,  1797; 
Edinburgh,  M.  D.,  1800:  Mem.  Med.  Soc  Co.  of  N.  Y. ;  Trustee,  1707-11; 
Prof.  Alineralogy,  1807-8:  Prof.  Mat.  iNIed.  and  ]^Iineralog^-  in  Oueen's  Coll., 
N.  Y.     Died  Feb.  24,  1818,  set.  41. 

John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  181 1-1826.— Grad.  Col.  Coll., 
A.  B.,  1809;  Fellow,  181 1 ;  A.  M.,  1812;  Prof.  Obstet.  and  Med.  Jurisp., 
Rutger's  Med.  Coll.,  N.  Y. ;  Prof.  Mat.  Med.,  1813-16;  Trustee,   1814-16; 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  341 

Prof.  Instit.  Med.,  1816-20;  Prof.  Obstet,  etc.,  1820-26;  Vice  Pres.,  1847, 
and  Pres.,  1848,  N.  Y.  Acad,  of  Med.;  Trinity  Coll.,  1850,  L.L.  D. ;  Hon. 
Mem.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y.  Died  in  New  York  City,  Feb.  8,  1S61,  xt. 
72. 

Nicoll  Havens  Bering,  M.  D.,  1826-43.— Grad.  Yale  Coll.,  A.  B.,  1813; 
A.  M.;  M.  D.,  1817;  Trustee,  1820-43;  Fellow,  1844;  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  Co. 
of  N.  Y.;  Comr.  of  Health  for  N.  Y.  City,  1812-20.  Died  in  Utica,  N.  Y., 
Dec.   II,  1867,  jet.  74. 

Gurdon  Buck,  M.  D.,  1844-69. — Grad.  Coll.  Pliys.  and  Surgs.,  1830; 
House  Phys.  N.  Y.  Hosp. ;  Vis.  Surg.  N.  Y.  Hosp.,  1837-77;  Vis.  Surg.  St. 
Luke's  Hosp.;  Vis.  Surg.  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm.,  1852-62;  Trustee  of  same; 
Trustee  N.  Y.  Dispens. ;  Trustee  N.  Y.  Ophth.  and  Aural  Instit. ;  Trustee 
Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.;  Registrar;  Mem.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y. ;  Med. 
Soc.  Co.  of  N.  Y. ;  N.  Y.  Acad,  of  Med.  (Vice  Pres.,  1852,  1855,  1856, 
1859-60)  ;  Pres.  N.  Y.  Pathol.  Soc.  Died  in  N.  Y.  City,  March  6,  1877, 
£et.  70. 

Ellsworth  Eliot,  M.  D.,  A.  B.,  1869-85.— Grad.  Yale,  A.  B.,  1849;  Coll. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.,  M.  D.,  1852;  Trustee;  Mem.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of  N.  Y. ; 
Mem.  N.  Y.  Acad,  of  Med. ;  n!  Y.  Pathol.  Soc. ;  N.  Y.  Phys.  Mut.  Aid  Assn. ; 
Medico-Histor.  Soc,  N.  Y. ;  New  York  Historical  Soc. 

George  G.  Wheelock.  M.  D.,  A.  M.,  1886-90.— Grad.  Harvard,  A.  B., 
i860,  A.  M.,  1864;  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  M.  D.,  1864:  Lect.  in  Phys.  Diag., 
Coll.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  1868,  1880;  Registrar  and  Trustee,  same,  1885, 
1890. 

TREASURERS. 

Abraham  Brower,  M.  D..  1807-08.— Grad.  Queen's  Coll.,  N.  J.;  M.  D., 
1793;  Trustee,  1807-IT. 

Dr.  John  D.  Gillespie.   1808-11. — Trustee,   1807-TI. 

John  O.  Jaques,  M.  D.,  181 1-38.— Hon.  degree  of  M.  D.,  1817;  Trus- 
tee. 

Fanning  C.  Tucker,  1838-43. — Trustee,  1836-50.  Died  in  New  York 
City,  Jan.  9.  1856,  set. 73. 

Floyd  Smith,  1843-1874. — Trustee,  1837-44;  Vice  Pres.  Manhattan 
Gas  Lt.  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  Trustee  Northern  Disp.,  N.  Y. ;  Sen.  Warden,  Church  of 
the  Annunciation,  N.  Y.     Died  April  6,  1874,  jet.  83. 

Cambridge  Livingston,   1874-1878. — Trustee,   1863-79.     Died,   1879. 

John  Sherwood,   1878-84. 

William  Warner  Hoppin,  Jr.,  1884. — Resigned,  November,  1885. 

George  Bliss,   1886-90. 

Under  the  Charter  of  Incorporation  granted  by  the  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity to  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  as  a  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  "all  the  members  of  said  Society,  and  all  the 
physicians  authorized  to  practice  in  said  city,  are  declared  to  be  Trustees,  or 
members  of  the  said  College,  and  are  duly  incorporated  as  such."  This 
Charter  contained  a  full  reservation  to  the  Regents  of  "right  to  alter  or  amend 


342  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  Charter  in  every  respect,  and  to  remove  the  Trustees,  or  any  of  them." 
The  Regents  retained  the  appointment  of  the  Professors,  and  the  Trustees 
were  granted  the  right  of  their  own  President  and  other  officers.  By  the 
amended  Charter,  March  3rd.  1808,  the  Regents  were  empowered  to  appoint 
the  President  and  other  officers,  instead  of  the  Trustees  themselves. 

TRUSTEES,   APPOINTED  MARCH    12,    1807;   RESIGNED  IN    181I. 

Sir  James  Jay,  Knt.,  died  Oct.  20,  1815,  a;t.  83;  James  G.  Graham,  M. 
D. ;  Alexander  Sheldon,  M.  D. ;  Samuel  L.  Alitchell,  M.  D. ;  William  Livings- 
ton, M.  D. ;  Isaac  Sargent,  M.  D. :  Peter  C.  Adams,  M.  D. :  John  Ely,  M.  D. ; 
Hugh  Williamson,  M.  D.,  Univ.  Utrecht,  1768,  M.  D.,  died  1819;  William 
McClelland,  M.  D.,  died  1812;  WiUiam  Wheeler,  M.  D. ;  Moses  Willard,  M. 
D.;  John  Stearns,  M.  D. ;  Philip  Smith,  M.  D. ;  W.  Willoughby,  M.  D.,  died 
1844;  Caleb  Sampson,  M.  D. ;  Dunforth  Shuniway,  M.  D. ;  Hugh  Hender- 
son, M.  D. ;  Gurdon  Huntingdon,  M.  D. ;  James  Moore,  M.  D. ;  John  H.  Fris- 
bie,  M.  D. ;  Barnabas  Smith,  M.  D. ;  Reuben  Hart,  M.  D. ;  Jesse  Shepard.  M. 
D.;  Thomas  B.  Whitmarsh,  M.  D.;  David  R.  Arnell,  M.  D.,  died  1826;  Ly- 
man Cook.  M.  D.;  John  M.  Mann,  M.  D. ;  James  Smith,  M.  D..  died  1812; 
Samuel  Bard,  M.  D. ;  Samuel  Stringer,  M.  D.,  died  1817;  H.  A¥oodruff,  M. 
D.,  died  181 1;  Joseph  White.  M.  D..  died  1832;  Ebenezer  Sage,  M.  D.,  Yale 
Coll..  1778.  A.  B.,  Rep.  in  Congress.  1809-15.  died  1834;  Richard  Udall.  M. 
D.,  King's  Coll  (now  Columbia  Coll.),  1772,  M.  B.,  died  Oct.  6,  1841 ;  John 
Smith,  M.  D.;  Charles  D.  Cooper,  M.  D.;  Elias  Willard,  M.  D.,  died  1827; 
Jacob  Outwater,  M.  D. ;  Benjamin  DeWitt,  M.  D. ;  Abraham  Corson,  M. 
D. ;  David  Hasbrouck,  M.  D. ;  Charles  Mitchell.  M.  D. ;  Felix  Pascalis,  D. 
M.  P.,  died  Julv  27,  1833;  Samuel  Torbert,  M.  D.,  late  Surg.  U.  S.  army; 
Joshua  E.  R"  Birch,  M.  D. ;  John  Riddell ;  George  C.  Anthon,  M.  D. ;  Jolin 
I.  Coventry,  M.  D. ;  Gardiner  Jones,  M.  D.;  Philip  Turner,  M.  D.,  Phys.  and 
Surg.  Rev.  \\'ar.  Surg.  Gen.  U.  S.  A.,  died  April  20.  1815;  Lewis  Faugeres; 
Samuel  Nesbit,  Asst.  Surg,  in  British  service,  died  Sept.  28.  1811 ;  John 
Onderdonk,  M.  D.,  died  August  23,  1832;  William  Moore,  M.  D.,  Mem. 
Royal  Med.  Soc.Vice  Pres.and  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  N.  Y..  died  1824:  Nicholas 
Romayne,  M.  D. ;  James  Tillary,  M.  D..  M.  R.  M.  &  S.  S.,  Edinlj.,  Scot., 
Vice  Pres.  and  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of  N.  Y.,  Pres.  St.  Andrews  Soc,  N.  Y. 
City,  died  May  25,  1818;  Archibald  Bruce,  M.  D. ;  Valentine  Seaman,  M.  D., 
died  1817;  David  Hosack,  M.  D. ;  John  R.  B.  Rodgers,  M.  D.;  Wright  Post, 
M.  D. ;  Edward  Miller,  M.  D. ;  William  Hammersly,  M.  D. :  James  G.  String- 
ham.  M.  D. ;  John  H.  Douglass,  M.  D.,  Surg.  U.  S.  N.  and  Marine  Phj's.. 
Port  of  N.  Y. :  George  W.  Chapman.  M.  D..  died  1845;  William  James 
Macneven,  M.  D. ;  John  D.  Jaques,  M.  D. ;  Malachi  Treat.  M.  D. :  Andrew 
Morton,  M.  D. ;  John  D.  Gillespie.  M.  D. ;  Alexander  E.  Hosack,  M.  D., 
Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  N.;  Philip  D.  Kettletas,  M.  D.,  died  1845;  John  Clark,  M. 
D. ;  Charles  Buxton,  M.  D. ;  Michael  DeGray,  M.  D. ;  Daniel  B.  Cornelius, 
M.  D. ;  Joel  Hart,  M.  D.,  Mem.  Royal  Coll.  of  Surg.,  Eng. ;  Abraham  Brower, 
M.  D..  Surg.  U.  S.  N. ;  John  Wilson,  M.  D.;  Eloy  Berger,  M.  D. ;  Richard 
Sharp  Kissani,  M.  D.,  Surg.  U.  S.  N.,  died  1822;  Andrew  Hunt,  M.  D., 
Surg.  U.  S.  N. ;  Benjamin  Prince,  M.  D. ;  Beekman  Van  Buren,  M.  D. ;  John 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  343 

Hicks,  M.  D. ;  Joseph  Bloodgood,  :Sl.  D. ;  Matthew  ^\'endell,  M.  D. ;  Samuel 
Bradhurst,  M.  D. :  John  Stone,  M.  D.,  died  in  Springfield.  Mass.,  1838; 
Baron  Alexis  De  Carondefferz,  M.  D. ;  George  D.  Clussman,  M.  D. ;  Samuel 
Osborn,  M.  D. ;  Benjamin  Low,  M.  D. ;  Joshua  Secor,  M.  D. ;  Benjamin  Rock- 
well, M.  D. ;  Shadrach  Ricketson,  M.  D. ;  George  D.  Ouackenbos.  M.  D., 
died  1858;  Robert  Thom,  ^I.  D. :  Abraham  Lozier,  M.  D. 

TRUSTEES  APPOINTED  DECEMBER   8,    1808.    AND   RESIGNED  IN    181I. 

John  W.  Zeiss,  M.  D.,  late  of  Mil.  Hosp.  Hesse  Cassel,  died  1832  :  George 
Angelis,  M.  D. :  George  Gumming,  M.  D. :  Alexander  Wertheyn.  M.  D. ;  D. 
G.  Lozier,  M.  D.;  Thomas  Dawson,  M.  D. :  John  Leymerie,  M.  D.;  William 
Knowles,  M.  D. ;  Thomas  Boyd,  M.  D.,  died  1856:  WaUer  Taylor,  M.  D., 
Surg.  Brit.  Navy;  John  Regan,  M.  D. ;  AA'illiam  Stilwell,  M.  D.,  Surg,  ist 
Regt.  Jersey  Brigade,  died  1828;  James  Kipp,  M.  D. ;  Silas  Lord,  M.  D.; 
Stephen  Dempsey,  M.  D. ;  Libertus  Van  Bokkelin,  M.  D. ;  Jacob  V.  Brower, 
M.  D. ;  John  See,  M.  D. ;  Frederick  Graham,  M.  D. ;  D.  Gautier,  M.  D. ;  Rob- 
ert Johnson,  M.  D. ;  William  Meyer,  ^L  D. ;  Charles  Guerin,  M.  D. :  Andrew 
Renelon,  M.  D. ;  Servant  Lafaye,  M.  D.,  Surg.  French  army;  \Villiam 
Simers,  M.  D. ;  Henrv  M.  Van  Solingen,  M.  D. ;  Samuel  Henrv,  M.  D. ;  James 
Wilson.  ^I.  D.  ' 

TRUSTEES   SINCE   THE  REORGANIZATION    OF  THE    COLLEGE  IN    181I. 

Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Pres..  1811-21  ;  Benjamin  DeWitt,  M.  D., 
(Vice  Pres..  1811-19)  ;  John  Augustine  Smith,  M.  D.,  Pres.,  1811-20;  David 
Hosack,  M.  D..  L.L.  D.  (Vice  Pres.),  181 1-26;  Wihiam  James  Macneven, 
M.  D.  (Univ.  Vienna;  M.  D.,  1783;  Prof.  Mat.  ]\Ied  Rutger's  Med.  Coll.; 
Prof.  Obstetrics,  1808-11;  Prof.  Chemistry,  181 1-26.  Died  July  12,  1841), 
1811-26;  Samuel  Latham  Mitchell,  M.  D'.,  L.L.  D.  (Vice  Pres.),  1811-26; 
Hugh  Williamson,  M.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  1811-19;  John  D.  Jaques,  M.  D.,  181 1-38; 
Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  L.L.  D.  (died  Nov.  14,  1827),  181 1-26;  Dr.  Joseph 
Bloodgood.  181 1-20;  Dr.  Andrew  Hunt.  181 1-20;  Andrew  Morton,  M.  D., 
1811-18;  Lyman  Spalding,  M.  D.  (Dart.  Coll.,  1798,  M.  D. ;  Pres.  and  Prof. 
Anat.  and  Surg.,  Coll,  Phys.  and  Surgs. ;  died  1821),  1811-21;  Wright  Post, 
M.  D.  (Pres.),  1814-26;  John  Osborn,  M.  D.  (Prof.  Listit.  ]\Ied.  and  Mat. 
Med.  in  Columbia  Coll.;  Prof.  Obstetrics,  1813-18;  died  in  West  Indies, 
March  5,  1819),  1814-18;  James  S.  Stringham,  M.  D.  (Columbia  Coll.,  A. 
B.,  1793;  A.  M.,  1797;  Edii:iburgh,  M.  D.,  1799;  Prof.  Chem.  Columbia 
Coll..  1802-13;  Prof^  Med.  Jurisp.,  1813-17;  died  June  29.  1817),  1814-17; 
Valentine  INIott,  M.  D.  (Columbia  Coll..  M.  D.,"  1806;  Prof.  Surg.,  Col. 
Coll. ;  Prof.  Surg.  Rutger's  Med.  Coll.;  Prof.  Princ.  and  Prac.  Surg.,  1813-26; 
Prof.  Oper.  Surg,  and  Surg.  Anat..  1831-37;  Emer.  Prof.,  1850-52;  Pres. 
and  Prof.  Surg,  in  Univ  City  of  N.  Y. ;  Pres.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Med.,  1840;  died 
April  26,  1865),  1814-26;  John  AVakefield  Francis,  M.  D.,  1814-26;  William 
Hammerslev,  M.  D.  (Edinburgh.  M.  D. ;  Prof.  Prac.  Med.  Col.  Coll.;  Prof. 
Clin.  Prac' Med.,  1813-23;  Phys.  to  N.  Y.  Hosp.;  Mem.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of 
N.  Y.;  Hon.  Mem.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y.;  died,  1833).  1814-33;  William 
Moore.  M.  D..  1820-24;  Joseph  Bailey,  M.  D.  (Columbia  Coll.,  M.  D..  1802), 


344  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

1820-37;  Samuel  Borrowe.  M.  D..  1820-28;  Charles  Drake.  :M.  D.,  1820-35; 
John  R.  B.  Rodgers.  INI.  D.  (Phila.  M.  B. ;  Edinburgh,  M.  D.,  1786;  Prof. 
Obstet.  Col.  Coll. ;  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of  N.  Y. ;  Pres.  Ued.  Soc.  State  of 
N.  Y.,  1812-14),  1820-22;  John  AVatts,  M.  D.  (Pres.  1826-31),  1820-31; 
Dr.  Hugh  McLane  (died  August  13,  1846,  set.  69),  1820-26;  Henry  M.  Van 
Solingen,  ]\I.  D.  (Queen's  Coll.,  N.  J.,  ]\I.  D.,  1792;  Mem.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of 
N.  Y. ;  died.  set.  70),  1820-26;  William  Handy,  M.  D.,  1820-18 — ;  John 
Steams.  M.  D.  (Yale  Col.,  A.  B.,  1789;  Pres.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y., 
1817-20;  Pres.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Med.,  1847-48;  died,  1848),  1820-26;  NicoU 
Havens  Dering,  ]\I.  D.  (see  Registrars),  1820-43;  Alexander  Hodgdon 
Stevens,  M.  D.  (see  Presidents),  1820-26;  Dr.  Anthony  L.  Anderson  (died 
Oct.  26,  1847),  1820-45;  James  R.  Manley,  M.  D.  (Col  Coll.,  A.  B.,  1799; 
M.  D.,  1803;  Fellow,  1820;  Pres.  ^led.  Soc.  State  of  X.  Y.,  1825-26:  Res. 
Phys.  N.  Y.  Cit}-,  1828-40;  Pres.  St.  Nicholas  Soc,  X.  Y.,  1843-45;  Consult'g 
Phys.  and  Pres.  Med.  Board  Bell.  Hosp.,  1847-51:  Vice  Pres.  X'.  Y.  Acad. 
Med.,  1849;  died  X'ov.  21,  1851),  1821-26;  Samuel  AV.  Moore,  M.  D.  (Col. 
Coll.,  M.  D.,  1810;  died  Aug.  26,  1854).  1821-54;  John  Broadhead  Beck, 
M.  D.,  1822-26;  John  James,  M.  D.,  1823-24;  James  Upfold,  ]M.  D.,  1823-26; 
DaVid  L.  Rogers.  ]\I.  D.,  1824-26;  Dr.  Christopher  Yates  (died  Sept.  23, 
1848),  1824-41;  Samuel  Boyd,  1826-37;  Hon.  Elisha  AA'.  King,  1826-37; 
Duncan  P.  Campbell  (died  X'ov.  9,  i860),  1826;  James  A.  Hamilton,  1826-36; 
Hon.  George  AA'.  Bruen,  1826-49;  Hon.  Jonas  Piatt  (Vice  Pres.),  1826-27; 
Hon.  Stephen  Allen  (died  July  28,  1852)',  1826-27;  Hon.  Peter  A.  Jay,  L.L. 
D.  (Pres.  X".  Y.  Hosp.:  died  Feb.  20.  1843).  18-6:  Hon.  James  Campbell, 
1827-32  ;  John  Kearney  Rodgers.  M.  D.,  1827-51  :  Charles  G.  Troup,  1S27-35  : 
Dr.  Gilbert  Smith,  1827-37:  Hon.  Campbell  P.  AA'hite  (died  Feb.  12.  1859), 
1827-36;  John  C.  Cheesman,  M.  D.  (Queen's  Coll..  X.  J.,  ^l.  D..  1812;  Fellow, 
1822;  Surg,  to  XT.  Y.  Hosp..  1821-56;  Consulting  Surg,  to  same,  1856-62; 
Mem.  ]\Ied.  Soc.  State  of  X.  Y. :  X.  Y.  Acad.  Med.:  died  Nov.  11,  1862), 
1827-62;  Marinus  AA'illett,  Jr..  M.  D.  (Columbia  Coll..  A.  B.,  1819:  Fellow, 
1827;  died,  1847),  1827-40;  Ansel  AA'.  Ives,  M.  D.  (Yale  Coll..  A.  M..  1821, 
honorary;  Fellow,  1821;  died  Feb.  5.  1838),  1827-38:  Edward  Greenfield 
Ludlow,  M.  D.  (Fellow.  1827;  Mem.  X.  Y.  Acad.  Aled. :  died  July  7,  1877), 
1827-77;  Francis  Upton  Johnston,  M.  D.  (Phys.  X.  Y.  Hosp.;  Fellow.  1826; 
Vice  Pres.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Med..  1847;  died  Jan.  17,  1858),  1827-37;  Thomas 
Cock,  M.  D.  (Vice  Pres.  and  Pres.).  1827-58;  Joseph  Delafield,  1832-72; 
George  Griswold,  1836-46;  Fanning  C.  Tucker  (see  Treasurers),  1836-50; 
George  D.  Strong,  1836-43:  Reuben  AA^ithers,  1836-43:  Henry  AA'^yckoff. 
1836-52:  Benjamin  L.  Swan  (died  March  31,  1866),  1836-43:  Floyd  Smith, 
1837-74:  James  Boyles  Murray  (died  1866),  1837-66:  Hon.  AA'illiam  Beach 
Lawrence,  1837-51:  AA'illiam  K.  Strong.  1837-41:  Richard  IM.  Blatchford; 
1839-71;  Edward  Delafield,  M.  D.  (see  Presidents),  1839-75:  John  Clarkson 
Jay;  M.  D.  (Columbia  Coll..  A.  B.,  1827),  1840-43;  John  R.  Rhinelander, 
M.  D.  (Columbia  Coll.,  A.  B..  1811;  Prof.  Anat.,  1834-39;  died  in  1857, 
set.  66),  1840-48;  Robert  B.  Minturn  (Pres.  St.  Luke's  Hosp.;  died  Jan.  9, 
1866),  1840-42;  Hon.  ^Murray  Hoffman.  1841-55;  Theodore  Sedgwick  (died, 
1859),  1842-59;  Alexander  Hodgdon  Stevens,  M.  D.,  L.L.  D.  (see  Presi- 
dents), 1843-55;  William  AV.  Fox   (died  INIarch   i,   1861).   1844-58:  John 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  345 

Knox,  D.  D.  (died  Jan.  8,  1858),  1844-5S;  John  R.  Crosby  (drowned  at  Fire 
Island,  Sept.  19,  1876),  1844-76;  Gurdon  Buck,  Jr.,  M.  D.  (see  Registrars), 
1844-77;  Hon.  Luther  Bradish  (died  August,  1863),  1845-63;  Hon.  Hamil- 
ton Fish,  L.L.  D.,  1847-56;  John  Smyth  Rogers,  M.  D.,  1849-51;  James 
Cotton  Bliss,  M.  D..  1850-55;  John  A.  Stevens,  1850-56;  David  Spratt  Ken- 
nedy (died.  1853),  1850-53;  Hon.  Alexander  S.  Johnson,  1852-54;  Hon. 
James  W.  Beekman,  1852-77;  Daniel  D.  Lord,  1S52-84;  Benjamin  Robert 
Winthrop  (died,  London,  Eng.,  July  26,  1879),  i854"79.'  Richard  Kissam 
Hoffman,  AL  D.  (Surg.  U.  S.  X..  1814;  Fellow,  1827;  Surg.  N.  Y.  Hosp. ; 
Consult'g  Surg,  to  same;  died  Dec.  25,  i860),  1854-60;  Edward  Langdon 
Beadle.  M.  D.  (see  Vice  Prests.),  1854-81;  Wickham  Hoffman,  1855-65; 
Isaac  Wood,  JNI.  D.,  1855-68;  George  W,  Wright,  1856-73;  James  W.  Alex- 
ander, 1858-59;  Charles  Henschel,  IM.  D.  (Univ.  Wiirzburg,  M.  D..  1813; 
died  Zurich.  Switzerland.  Sept.  18.  1872).  1858-72:  Hon.  Frederick  .\.  Conk- 
linn,  1858-90;  Washington  Murray,  1860-67;  Henry  Chauncey,  Jr.,  1860-69; 
Rev.  Sullivan  H.  Weston,  D.D.,  1860-87;  William  Betts,  1860-84;  John  Jacob 
Astor,  Jr.,  1860-63;  G.  Talbot  Olyphant,  1860-71 ;  John  Torrey,  M.  D..  L.L. 
D.,  1860-73;  Benjamin  Ogden,  M.  D..  1863-67:  Cambridge  Livingston, 
1863-79;  jared  Linsly,  JNI.  D.  (class  of  1829),  1S65-87;  John  Jacob  Crane, 
M.  D.,  1867-87:  Ellsworth  Eliot,  AI.  D.  (see  Registrars).  1868-90;  Robert 
G.  Remsen,  1870-90;  James  Lenox  Banks.  'M.  D..  1870-82:  George  D.  H. 
Gillespie.  1870-74:  Edward  H.  Ludlow,  1873-74:  Edward  Delafield,  Jr., 
1873-84;  Charles  Clarkson  Goodhue.  1873-74;  Willard  Parker,  M.  D..  L.L. 
D.,  1873-90;  John  Glover  Adams.  M.  D..  1874-84:  Alexander  Van  Rensselaer, 
1874-75;  Charles  Mnason  Allin,  M.  D.,  1874-75:  Abraham  DuBois,  M.  D., 
1874;  John  Sherwood.  1874-84;  Frederick  Augustus  Porter  Barnard,  S.  T. 
D.,  L.L.  D.  (Yale,  A.  B.,  1828;  A.  M.,  183 1 ;  S.  T.  D.,  1855:  L.L.  D..  1859; 
Univ.  Mississ..  S.  T.  D..  1861 :  Tutor  ]\Iath.  and  Nat.  Phil.,  Univ.  Mississ. ; 
Prof.  Chem.  in  same:  Prof.  Math,  and  Astron.  in  same;  Pres.  and  Chancellor 
Columbia  Coh.),  1874-88:  Alfred  Seaman  Purdv,  M.  D..  1875-77;  Alonzo 
Clark.  M.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  1875;  Thomas  F.  Cock,  M.  D..  1875-90:  John  Clark- 
son  Jay,  M.  D..  1876-80:  William  H.  Draper,  M.  D.,  1877-79.  1884-90;  Wil- 
liam Warner  Hoppin.  Jr..  M.  D..  1877-90;  Cornelius  ReaAgnew.AI.  D.,  1879- 
86:  George  Absalom  Peters,  M,  D.,  1879-90:  Hon.  Gilbert  M.  Speir.  1879-90; 
James  M.  Brown.  1880-81;  Edward  Alitchell.  1880-90:  Robert  B.  Campbell, 
1883;  Willard  Parker,  M.  D.,  LL.  D..  1883-90;  ^^"illiam  AI.  Halsted.  1884; 
John  C.  Dalton,  M.  D.,  1884-88:  James  T.  Swift.  1884-90;  Thomas  W. 
Markoe,  I\I.  D.,  1885-90;  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  1885-90:  George  G.  Wheelock, 
M.  D.,  1885-90:  James  A.  Roosevelt,  1886-90;  George  Bliss,  1886-90:  Morris 
K.  Tesup.  1886-90:  Joseph  H.  Choate,  1890:  Right  Rev.  Henrv  C.  Potter, 
S.  t.  D.,  1888-90:  Alonzo  B.  Ball.  M.  D.,  1888-90;  T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  M. 
D.,  1889-90;  James  W.  McLane,  M.  D..  1890. 

In  1891,  Avhen  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  with 
Columbia  University  was  finally  accomplished,  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
former  named  institution  went  out  of  existence.  Two  of  its  members.  Dr.  W'il- 
liam  H.  Draper  and  Dr.  George  C.  Wheelock.  were  elected  to  membership  in 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  now  LTniversitv. 


APPENDIX. 

THE  CHARTER  OF  THE  GOVERNORS  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  THE  PROVINCE  OF  NEW 
YORK   IN    THE    CITY   OF   NEW   YORK   IN    AMERICA. 

George  the  Second,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  etc.  To  all  whom  these  presents  shall 
come.  Greeting: 

Whereas,  by  several  acts  of  the  Governour,  Council,  and  General  as- 
sembly of  our  Province  of  New  York,  divers  sums  of  money  have  been 
Raised  by  Publick  Lotteries,  and  appropriated  for  the  founding,  erecting,  and 
establishing  a  College  in  our  said  Government,  for  the  Education  and  Instruc- 
tion of  Youth  in  the  Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences : 

And  Whereas,  the  Rector  and  inhabitants  of  the  City  of  New  York  in 
Communion  of  the  Church  of  England  as  by  Lavvf  Established,  for  the  en- 
couraging and  promoting  the  same  good  design,  have  sett  apart  a  parcel  of 
ground  for  that  purpose,  of  upwards  of  Three  Thousand  Pounds  value, 
belonging  to  the  said  Corporation,  on  the  west  side  of  the  broadway,  in  the 
west  ward  of  our  City  of  New  York,  fronting  easterly  to  Church  street, 
between  Barclay  street  and  ^lurray  street,  four  hundred  and  forty  foot;  and 
from  thence  running  westerly  between  and  along  tlie  said  Barclay  street  and 
Murray  street,  to  the  North  River ;  and  also,  a  street,  from  the  middle  of  the 
said  Land,  Easterly  to  the  Broadway,  of  ninety  Foot,  to  be  called  Robinson 
street.  And  have  declared  that  they  are  ready  and  desirous  to  Convey  the 
said  Land  in  Fee,  to  and  for  the  use  of  a  College,  intended  and  proposed  to 
be  Erected  and  Established  in  our  said  Province,  upon  the  terms  in  their  said 
declaration  mentioned : 

And  Whereas  our  Loving  Subjects,  the  Trustees,  appointed  in  and  by 
an  act  of  the  Governor,  Council,  and  General  Assembly  of  our  said  Province 
of  New  York,  Intitled  an  Act  for  Vesting  in  Trustees  the  sum  of  three 
Thousand  four  Hundred  and  forty-three  Pounds  eighteen  shillings  b}"  way 
of  Lottery,  for  erecting  a  College  within  this  Colony,  esteeming  the  said 
Lands  offered  and  sett  apart  b}'  the  said  Rector  and  Inhabitants  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  in  Commtmion  of  the  Church  of  England,  as  by  Law  Estab- 
lished, the  most  convenient  place  for  the  Building,  Erecting,  and  Establishing, 
a  College,  in  our  said  Province,  have,  by  their  humble  petition,  presented  to 
our  trusty  and  well  Beloved  James  DeLancey.  Esq.,  our  Lieutenant  Governor 
and  Commander  in  Chief  of  our  said  Province  of  New  York,  In  Council, 
prayed  our  Letters  patent  of  Incorporation  for  the  Better  Establishing,  Erect- 
ing, and  Building  a  College,  on  the  said  Lands,  and  the  more  Effectuallv  Gov- 
erning, Carrying  on,  and  Promoting  the  same,  and  Instructing  of  Youth  in 
the  Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences : 


APPENDIX.  347 

Wherefore  Wtt,  being  willing  to  Grant  the  Reasonable  request  and  de- 
sire of  our  said  Loving  Subjects,  and  to  Encourage  the  said  good  design  of 
promoting  a  Liberal  Education  among  them,  and  to  make  the  same  as  Bene- 
ficial as  may  be,  not  only  to  the  Inhabitants  of  our  said  Province  of  New 
York,  But  to  all  our  Colonies  and  Territories  in  America. 

Know  Ye,  that  \\'ee,  considering  the  premises,  do  of  our  especial 
Grace,  Certain  Knowledge,  and  meer  motion,  by  these  presents,  will,  Grant, 
Constitute,  and  ordain,  that  when  and  as  soon  as  the  said  Rector  and  Inhabi- 
tants of  the  City  of  New  York  in  Communion  of  the  Church  of  England  as 
by  Law  established,  shall  legally  convey  and  assure  the  said  herein  before 
mentioned  Lands  to  the  Corporation,  or  body  politick,  Erected  and  made  by 
these  our  Letters  patent.  That  there  be  erected  and  made  on  the  said  Lands, 
a  College,  and  other  Buildings  and  Improvements,  for  the  use  and  conven- 
iency  of  the  same,  which  shall  be  called  and  Known  by  the  name  of  Kings 
College,  for  the  Instruction  and  Education  of  Youth  in  the  Learned  Lan- 
guages, and  Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences;  And  that  in  Consideration  of  such 
Grant,  to  be  made  by  the  Rector  and  Inhabitants  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in 
Communion  of  the  Church  of  England,  as  by  Law  Established,  the  President 
of  the  said  College,  for  the  time  being,  shall  for  ever  hereafter  be  a  mem- 
ber of,  and  in  Communion  with  the  Church  of  England,  as  by  Law  estab- 
lished; And  that  the  Governors  of  the  said  College,  and  their  successors,  for 
ever,  shall  be  one  body  Corporate  and  politick,  in  deed,  fact,  and  name,  and 
shall  be  called,  named,  and  distinguished,  by  the  naine  of  the  Governors  of 
the  College  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in 
America,  and  them  and  their  successors,  by  the  name  of  the  Governors  of  the 
College  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in  America, 
one  Body  Corporate  and  politick,  in  deed,  fact,  and  name,  really  and  fully, 
we  do  for  us,  our  heirs  and  Successors,  Erect,  Ordain,  make.  Constitute,  de- 
clare, and  Create  by  these  presents,  and  that  by  that  name,  they  shall  and 
may  have  perpetual  succession : 

And  we  do  for  us,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  for  the  Continuance  and 
Better  Establishment  of  the  said  College,  W"\\\.  Give,  Grant.  Ordain.  Consti- 
tute, and  appoint,  that  in  the  said  College,  to  be  Erected  and  Built  upon  the 
Lands  aforesaid,  there  shall  from  henceforth  forever  be  a  Body  Corporate  and 
politick.  Consisting  of  the  Governors  of  the  College  of  the  Province  of  New 
York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in  America ;  And  for  the  more  full  and  per- 
fect Erection  of  the  said  Corporation  and  Body  politick,  consisting  of  the 
Governors  of  the  College  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New 
York  in  America,  we  do  will.  Grant,  ordain.  Constitute,  assign.  Limitt.  and 
appoint,  by  these  presents,  the  most  Reverend  Father  in  God.  our  Trusty, 
and  well  beloved  Thomas,  Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  the  most 
Reverend  the  Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  for  the  time  being ;  The  Right 
Honorable  Dunk,  Earl  of  Halifax,  first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade  and 
plantations,  and  the  first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade  and  plantations  for 
the  time  being;  Our  now  Lieutenant  Governor  and  Commander  in  chief  of 
our  said  Province  of  New  York,  and  the  Governor  or  Commander  in  chief 
of  our  said  Province  for  the  time  being;    the  eldest  Councillor  of  our  said 


348  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Province  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Judges  of  our  Supreme  Court  of 
Judicature  of  our  said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Secretary 
of  our  said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Attorney  General  of  our 
said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Speaker  of  the  General  As- 
sembh'  of  our  said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Treasurer  of 
our  said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being ;  the  Mayor  of  our  City  of  New 
York  in  our  said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being ;  the  Rector  of  Trinity 
Church  in  our  said  City  of  New  York  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Senior 
Minister  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  in  our  said  City  now  and 
for  the  time  being;  the  Minister  of  the  ancient  Lutheran  Church  in  our  said 
City  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Minister  of  the  French  Church  in  our 
said  City  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Minister  of  the  Presl^eterian  Con- 
gregation in  our  said  City  for  the  time  being;  the  President  of  the  said  Col- 
lege, appointed  by  these  Presents,  and  the  President  of  the  said  College  for  the 
time  being,  to  be  chosen  as  herein  after  is  directed,  and  twenty  four  other 
Persons,  Who  shall  be  called  and  named,  and  are  hereb}'  called  and  named, 
the  Governors  of  the  College  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  in  America ; 

And  for  that  purpose.  We  have  elected,  nominated,  ordained,  constituted, 
limited,  and  appointed,  and  by  these  Presents  do,  for  us,  our  Heirs,  and  Suc- 
cessors, elect,  nominate,  ordain,  constitute,  limit,  and  appoint,  the  said  most 
Reverend  Father  in  God,  Thomas,  Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  the 
Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  for  the  time  being;  The  Right  Honorable 
Dunk,  Earl  of  Halifax,  first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade  and  Plantations, 
and  the  first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade  and  Plantations  for  the  time 
being;  our  now  Lieutenant  Governor  and  Commander  in  Chief  of  our  Prov- 
ince of  New  York,  and  the  Governor  or  Commander  in  chief  of  our  said 
Province  for  the  time  being;  the  eldest  Councilor  of  our  said  Province  now 
and  for  the  time  being;  the  Judges  of  our  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  of 
our  said  Province  now  and  for  the  time  being ;  the  Secretary  of  our  said  Prov- 
ince now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Attorney  General  of  our  said  Province 
now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Speaker  of  the  General  Assembly  of  our  said 
Province  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Treasurer  of  our  said  Province 
now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Mayor  of  cur  said  City  of  New  York  now 
and  for  the  time  being;  the  Rector  of  Trinity  Church  in  our  said  Cit}^  now 
and  for  the  time  being;  the  Senior  Minister  of  the  Reformed  Protestant 
Dutch  Church  in  our  said  City  now  and  for  the  time  being;  the  Minister  of 
the  ancient  Lutheran  Church  in  our  said  City  now  and  for  the  time  being; 
the  minister  of  the  French  Church  in  our  said  City  now  and  for  the  time  be- 
ing; the  minister  of  the  Presbeterian  Congregation  in  our  said  City  for  the 
time  being;  the  President  of  the  said  College,  appointed  by  these  Presents, 
and  the  President  of  the  said  College  for  the  time  lieing;  and  Archibald  Iven- 
nedy,  Joseph  Murray,  Josiah  Martin,  Paul  Richard,  Henrv  Cruger,  William 
Walton,  John  Watts,,  Henry  Beekman,  Philip  Ver  Planck,  Frederick  Philipse, 
Joseph  Robinson,  John  Cruger,  Oliver  De  Lancey,  James  Livingston,  Es- 
quires, Benjamin  Nicoll,  William  Livingston,  Joseph  Read,  Nathaniel  Mars- 
ton,    Joseph    Flaynes,  John   Livingston,    Abraham   Lodge,    David    Clarkson, 


APPENDIX.  349 

Leonard  Lispenard,  and  James  De  Lance_y  the  Younger,  Gentlemen,  to  be 
the  present  Governors  of  the  said  College;  and  we  do  by  these  Presents  or- 
dain and  appoint  our  well  beloved  Samuel  Johnson,  Doctor  of  Divinity,  to 
be  the  first  and  present  President  of  the  said  College,  for  and  during  his 
Good  Behaviour;  and  do  will  that  he  and  the  President  for  the  time  being 
after  him,  who  shall  also  hold  his  office  during  Good  behaviour,  shall  have  the 
Immediate  care  of  the  Education  and  Government  of  the  students  that  shall 
be  sent  to  and  admitted  into  the  said  College  for  Instruction  and  Education, 
according  to  such  Rules  and  orders  as  shall  be  made  by  the  Governors  of  the 
said  College;  And  they  are  by  these  presents  made  and  constituted  a  Body 
Corporate  and  politick,  by  the  said  name  of  the  Governors  of  the  College  of 
the  province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in  America ;  and  they  and 
their  successors,  by  the  said  name  of  the  Governors  of  the  College  of  the 
province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in  America,  be,  and  for 
ever  hereafter  shall  be,  a  Body  politick  and  Corporate,  in  deed,  fact,  and  name, 
and  shall  be  Capable  and  able  in  Law  to  sue  and  be  sued.  Implead  and  be  Im- 
pleaded, answer  and  be  Answered  imto.  Defend  and  be  Defended,  In  all 
Courts  and  places,  before  Us,  our  Heirs  and  Successors,  and  before  all  and 
any  the  Judges.  Justices,  Officers,  and  ^Ministers  of  Us,  our  Heirs  and  Suc- 
cessors, in  any  Court  or  Courts,  place  and  places  Whatsoever,  in  all  and  all 
manner  of  actions,  suits.  Complaints.  Pleas,  causes,  matters,  and  demands 
whatsoever,  and  of  what  kind  or  nature  soever,  in  as  full,  ample  manner  and 
form  as  any  of  our  other  Liege  Subjects  of  our  said  Province  of  New  York 
can  or  may  sue  and  be  sued.  Implead  and  be  Impleaded,  defend  and  be  De- 
fended, by  any  Lawfull  ways  and  means  whatsoever. 

And,  also,  that  they  and  their  successors,  by  the  said  name  of  the  Gov- 
ernors of  the  College  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  in  America,  be,  and  for  ever  hereafter,  shall  be  a  Body  Corporate, 
Capable  and  able  in  Law  to  pmxhase,  take,  hold,  receive.  Enjoy,  and  have 
anv  messuages,  houses.  Lands,  Tenements,  and  Hereditaments,  and  real  Es- 
tate whatsoever,  in  Eee  simple,  or  for  Term  of  Life,  or  Lives,  or  Years,  or 
in  any  other  manner  howsoever,  for  the  use  of  the  said  College:  Provided 
Always,  the  clear  yearh'  value  thereof  do  not  exceed  -the  sum  of  Two  Thou- 
sand pounds  Stirling;  and  also  Goods,  Chattels,  Books,  moneys,  anniu'ties, 
and  all  other  things  of  what  nature  and  kind  soever.  And,  also,  that  the}' 
and  their  Successors,  by  the  same  name  of  the  Governours  of  the  College 
of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  in  America,  to  and 
for  the  use  of  the  said  College,  shall  and  may  have  full  power  and  authority 
to  Erect  and  build  any  house  or  houses,  or  other  Buildings,  as  they  shall 
think  necessary  or  convenient ;  and  also  to  Give,  Grant,  Bargain,  sell,  de- 
mise, assign,  or  otherwise  dispose  of  all  or  any  messuages.  Lands,  Tene- 
ments, Rents,  and  other  Hereditaments,  and  real  Estate,  and  all  Goods, 
Chattells.  monevs.  and  other  things  whatsoever,  as  to  them  shall  seem  fitt, 
either  in  the  payment  of  the  Salary  or  Salaries  of  the  President,  Fellows, 
and  Professors  of  the  said  College,  or  any  other  officers  or  ministers  of  the 
same,  at  their  will  and  pleasure;  excepting  always,  and  it  is.  Nevertheless,  our 
True  intent  and  meaning  that  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College  for  the 


350  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

time  being,  and  their  Successors,  or  any  of  them,  shall  not  do  or  suffer  to  be 
done,  at  an}'  time  hereafter,  any  act  or  thing  whereby  or  by  means  whereof  the 
Lands  set  apart  and  offered  to  be  Conve3red  by  the  Rector  and  Inhabitants  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  In  Communion  of  the  Church  of  England  as  by  Law 
Established,  for  the  use  of  the  College,  or  any  part  thereof,  shall  be  Vested, 
Conveyed,  or  Transferred,  to  any  other  person,  contrary  to  the  true  mean- 
ing hereof,  other  than  b}^  such  Leases  as  are  hereafter  mentioned :  our  will 
and  pleasure  is,  therefore,  and  we  do  for  us,  our  heirs  and  Successors  will 
and  ordain,  that  no  Grant  or  Lease  of  the  said  Land,  or  any  part  thereof, 
shall  be  made  by  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College  wdiich  shall  exceed 
the  number  of  twenty-one  years,  and  That  either  in  possession  for  not  above 
three  years  before  the  End  and  Expiration  or  Determination  of  the  Estate  or 
Estates  in  possession. 

And  we  do  by  these  presents  will,  ordain  and  direct,  that  the  said 
Governors  of  the  said  College  (Except  always  the  Lord  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury for  the  time  being,  and  our  First  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade 
and  Plantations)  do,  at  their  first  meeting,  after  the  receipt  of  these  our 
Letters  patents,  and  before  they  proceed  to  any  business  of  and  concerning 
the  said  College,  take  the  oaths  appointed  to  be  taken  by  an  act  passed  in 
the  first  year  of  our  Late  Royal  Father's  Reign,  Entituled  [an  Act  for  the 
further  security  of  his  Majesty's  Person  and  Government,  and  the  Succes- 
sion of  the  Crown,  in  the  Heirs  of  the  late-  Princess  Sophia,  being  protest- 
ants,  and  for  extinguishing  the  Hopes  of  the  pretended  Prince  of  A\''ales, 
and  his  open  and  Secret  abettors,]  and  make  and  subscribe  the  declara- 
tion mentioned  in  An  Act  of  Parliament  made  in  the  twenty-fifth  year  of 
the  Reign  of  King  Charles  the  second,  Entituled,  [an  act  for ,  preventing 
Dangers  which  may  happen  from  popish  Recusants;]  as  also,  an  oath, 
faithfully  to  execute  the  trust  Reposed  in  them,  as  members  of  the  said 
Corporation,  which  Oaths  we  authorize  and  Impower  the  Justices  of  our 
Supreme  Court  of  Judicature,  for  our  said  Province  of  Xew  York  for  the 
time  being,  any  or  either  of  them  to  administer;  and  that  when,  and  as 
often  as  any  person  or  persons,  either  by  his  office  or  place  in  our  said  Gov- 
ernment, or  Elsewhere.  (Except  always  the  Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
for  the  time  being,  and  our  first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade  and  Planta- 
tions for  the  time  being) ,  or  by  Choice  of  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  Col- 
lege, shall  become,  or  be  chosen  a  JMember  or  members  of  the  said  Cor'pora- 
tion,  they  shall,  before  they  are  admitted,  or  enter  into  the  said  office  or 
Trust,  take  the  said  Oaths,  and  subscribe  the  said  Declaration  to  be  admin- 
istered  to  them  in  the  manner  abo^-e  directed. 

And  we  do  further  will,  ordain,  and  direct,  that  the  Governors  of  the 
said  College  shall  yearly,  and  every  year  hereafter,  forever,  on  the  Second 
Tuesday  in  the  Month  of  May,  in  every  year  meet  together  in  our  said  City 
of  New  York,  for  the  Better  taking  care  of,  and  Promoting  the  Interest  of 
the  said  College;  and  that  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  or  any 
fifteen  or  more  of  them  being  met,  shall  be  a  Legal  meeting  of  the  said 
Corporation,  and  they,  or  the  major  part  of  them  so  met,  shall  have  full 
power  and  authority  to  adjourn  from  da}'  to  day,  as  the  Business  of  the 


APPENDIX.  351 

said  College  may  require,  and  to  dd,  execute,  and  perform,  all  and  every  act 
and  acts,  thing  and  things  whatsoever,  Avhich  the  said  Governors  of  the  said 
College  are.  or  shall  by  these,  our  Letters  patent,  be  authorized  and  Impow- 
ered  to  do,  act,  or  Transact,  in  as  full  and  ample  manner,  as  if  all  and  every 
of  the  members  of  the  said  Corporation  were  present. 

And  we  do  will,  ordain,  and  direct,  that  as  our  Right  Trusty  and  well 
beloved  Thomas.  Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  the  Lord  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  for  the  time  being ;  and  our  said  iirst  Lord  Commissioner  for 
Trade  and  Plantations,  and  the  first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade 
and  Plantations,  for  the  time  being,  cannot  attend  the  meetings  of  the 
said  Corporation,  they  and  each  of  them  shall,  from  time  to  time,  have  full 
power  and  authority  to  appoint  a  proxy,  in  writing,  under  their  hand  and  seal, 
which  person  or  persons  so  appointed  by  them,  and  each  of  them  shall  and 
may  Represent  them,  and  each  of  them.  Respectively,  according  to  such  ap- 
pointment, and  shall  have  full  power  to  vote  and  acts  as  a  Governor  or 
Governors  of  the  said  Corporation,  at  any  and  every  meeting  of 
the  said  Corporation,  as  fully  and  amph'  as  if  they,  the  Con- 
stituents, and  each  of  them  were  present  at  every  such  meet- 
ing or  meetings :  And.  in  Case  any  other  meeting  or  meetings  of  the  said 
Governors  of  the  said  College  shall,  at  any  other  time  or  times,  be  Judged 
and  deemed  Necessary  for  the  Carrying  on  and  promoting  of  the  Business 
and  Literest  of  the  said  College,  or  the  Government  thereof,  by  any  five 
members  of  the  said  Corporation,  we  do,  by  these  presents,  authorize  and 
Lnpower  such  five  members,  by  writing,  under  their  hands,  to  direct  the 
Clerk  of  the  said  Corporation  to  Give  notice  of  the  day  appointed  by  them, 
for  such  meeting",  at  the  said  City  of  New  York,  by  advertising  the  same 
in  one  or  more  of  the  public  newspapers,  at  Least  seven  Days 
before  such  meeting;  and,  that  at  such  meeting,  the  said  Clerk,  before  en- 
tering on  any  Business,  shall  Certify  such  Notification,  under  his  hand,  to 
the  Board  then  met :  Provided,  always.  Fifteen  or  more  of  the  said  members 
shall  be  then  met  together,  which  said  Fifteen  or  more  members,  so  met.  In 
pursuance  of  such  Notification,  shall  be  a  legal  meeting  of  the  said  Gov- 
ernors of  the  said  College;  and  they,  or  the  major  part  of  them  so  mett, 
shall  have  full  power  and  authority  to  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  as  the  Busi- 
ness of  the  said  College  may  require,  and  to  do,  Transact,  and  perform,  all 
matters  and  things  whatsoever,  that  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College 
are,  or  shall  be  authorized  and  Impowered  to  do.  by  these  presents. 

And.  of  our  further  Grace.  Certain  Knowledge,  and  meer  motion,  to 
the  Litent  that  the  said  Corporation  and  Body  politick,  may  answer  the 
end  of  their  erection  and  Constitution,  and  may  have  perpetual  succession 
and  Continue  jforever,  Wee  do  for  us.  our  heirs  and  Successors,  Give  and 
Grant,  unto  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College  of  the  Province  of  New 
York,  in  the  City  of  New  York  in  America,  and  to  their  Successors  for 
ever,  that  when  and  as  often  as  they  or  any  fifteen  or  more  of  the  said  mem- 
bers of  the  said  Corporation  or  of  their  Successors  shall  be  mett  together 
at  their  said  Yearl)^  meeting  herein  before  appointed,  or  at  any  other  meet- 
ing upon  Notification,  as  aforesaid,  for  the  Service  of  the  said  College,  that 


352  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  Governor  or  Commander  in  chief  of  our  said  Province  of  New  York, 
and,  in  his  absence,  the  First  person  in  Rank  in  our  said  Government,  who 
holds  his  place  as  a  Governor  of  the  said  Corporation  by  his  office,  place, 
or  Dignity,  and,  in  the  absence  of  such,  the  Eldest  Governor  or  member 
of  the  said  Corporation  then  present,  such  Seniority  to  be  taken  according 
as  they  are  named  in  this  our  Charter,  during  the  lives  of  the  present  Gov- 
ernors, and  after  their  death,  the  Seniority  to  be  taken  and  accounted  as 
they  have  been  a  Longer  or  shorter  time  Governors  of  the  said  Corporation, 
shall  preside  at  such  meeting  from  time  to  time,  and  that  at  such  meeting 
or  meetings  from  time  to  time,  they  or-  the  major  part  of  them  so  met.  shall 
have  full  power  and  authority  to  Elect,  nominate,  and  appoint  any  ]:ierson 
to  be  president  of  the  said  College  in  a  Vacancy  of  the  said  Presidentship 
for  and  during  his  Good  Behaviour;  provided,  always,  such  President  Elect 
or  to  be  elected  by  them,  be  a  member  of,  and  in  Communion  with  the 
Church  of  England,  as  by  Law  Established ;  and,  also  to  Elect  one  or  more 
Fellow  or  Fellows,  Professor  or  Professors,  Tutor  or  Tutors,  to  assist  the 
President  of  the  said  College  in  the  Education  and  Government  of  the  Stu- 
dents belonging  to  the  said  College,  which  Fellow  or  Fellows,  Professor  or 
Professors,  Tutor  or  Tutors,  and  every  of  them,  shall  hold  and-  Enjoy  their 
said  office  or  place,  either  at  the  will  and  pleasure  of  the  Governors  of  the 
said  Corporation,  or  during  his  or  their  Good  Behaviour,  according  as  shall 
be  agreed  upon  Between  such  Fellow  or  Fellows,  Professor  or  Professors, 
Tutor  or  Tutors,  and  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  Provided, 
always,  such  Fellow  or  Fellows,  Professor  or  Professors,  Tutor  or  Tutors, 
before  they  or  either  of  them  enter  into  or  take  upon  themselves  such  oflice, 
do  take  the  Oaths  and  subscribe  the  declaration  hereinbefore  directed,  to  be 
Taken  and  subscribed  by  the  Go\'ernors  of  the  said  College  before  they  enter 
upon  their  said  Respective  offices:  and  that  when  and  as  often  as  any  or 
either  of  the  said  offices  shall  become  Vacant  by  death  or  otherwise,  the  said 
Governors  or  the  major  part  of  any  Ffteen  or  more  of  them  so  met  as 
aforesaid,  shall  have  full  power  to  Elect,  Nominate,  and  appoint,  other  or 
others  in  their  places,  upon  the  same  proviso  or  Condition  as  aforesaid ; 
and.  Also,  to  Elect,  Nominate,  and  appoint,  upon  the  Death,  Removal,  Re- 
fusal to  Qualify,  or  other  vacancy  of  the  place  or  places,  of  any  Governor 
or  Governors  of  the  said  Corporation  not  holding  his  office  or  place  as  a 
member  of  the  same,  by  virtue  of  any  other  station,  office,  place,  or  dignity, 
from  time  to  time,  or  others  in  their  places  or  stead  as  often  as  such  vacancy 
shall  happen,  which  Governor  or  Governors  so  from  time  to  time  elected  and 
appointed,  shall,  by  virtue  of  these  presents,  and  of  such  Election  and  ap- 
pointment be  vested  with  all  the  powers,  authoritys.  and  priviledges,  which 
any  Governor  of  the  said  Corporation  is  hereby  Invested  with. 

And,  we  do  further,  of  our  especial  Grace,  certain  Knowledge,  and 
meer  motion,  for  us,  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  Grant  and  ordain  that  when 
and  as  often  as  the  president  of  the  said  College,  or  any  Fellow,  Professor 
or  Tutor  holding  his  place  during  Good  behaviour  shall  misdemean  himself 
in  his  or  their  said  offices,  and  thereupon  a  Complaint  or  Charge  in  writ- 
ing of  such  misdemeanour  shall  be  exhibited  against  him  or  them  by  any 


APPENDIX.  353 

member  of  tlie  said  Corporation,  at  any  meeting  or  meetings  of  the  said 
Corporation  met  and  convened  as  aforesaid,  That  it  shall  be  Lawful  for 
the  said  members  of  the  said  Corporation  then  met,  or  the  major  part  of 
them  from  time  to  time,  upon  Examination  and  due  proof,  to  suspend  or 
discharge  such  President,  Fellow,  Professor,  or  Tutor,  from  his  said  office, 
and  other  or  others  in  his  or  their  places  to  appoint ;  and  we  do  further  for 
us,  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  will  and  Grant  that  the  said  Governors  of  the 
said  College,  or  the  major  part  of  any  irfteen  or  more  of  them  Convened 
and  met  as  aforesaid,  shall  and  may,  from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  may 
require,  Elect,  Constitute,  and  appoint,  a  Treasurer,  Clerk,  and  Steward, 
for  the  said  College,  and  to  appoint  them  and  each  of  them  their  respective 
Business  and  Trusts,  and  to  displace  and  discharge  from  the  Service  of 
the  said  College  such  Treasurer,  Clerk,  or  steward,  and  to  elect  other  or 
othcs  in  their  places  and  stead:  and  such  Treasurer,  Clerk,  and  steward, 
so  Elected  and  appointed,  we  do  f(jr  us,  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  by  these 
presents  Constitute  and  Establish  in  their  several  offices,  and  do  Give  them 
full  power  and  authority  to  Exercise  the  same  in  the  said  College,  accord- 
ing to  the  direction  and  during  the  pleasure  of  the  said  Governors  of  the 
said  College,  or  the  major  part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  them  convened  as 
aforesaid,  as  fully  and  freely  as  any  other  the  like  officers  in  any  of  our 
universities  of  any  of  our  Colleges  in  that  part  of  our  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  called  England,  Lawfully  may  and  ought  to  do:  and  we  do  further, 
of  our  Especial  Grace,  Certain  Knowledge,  and  meer  motion.  Give  and 
Grant  unto  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  that  they  and  their  Suc- 
cessors, or  the  major  part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  them  Convened  and  mett 
Together  in  manner  aforesaid,  shall  and  may  direct  and  appoint  what  Books 
shall  be  publicklj'  read  and  taught  in  the  said  College,  by  the  President,  Fel- 
lows, Professors,  and  Tutors ;  and  shall  and  may,  under  their  Common  seal, 
make  and  set  down,  and  they  are  hereby  fully  Lnpowered,  from  time  to 
time,  to  make  and  set  down  in  writing,  such  Laws,  ordinances,  and  orders,  for 
the  Better  Government  of  the  said  College,  and  Students,  and  Ministers 
thereof,  as  they  shall  think  best  for  the  General  Good  of  the  same,  so  that 
they  are  not  Repugnant  to  the  Laws  and  statutes  of  that  part  of  our  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  called  England,  or  of  our  said  Province  of  New  York, 
and  do  not  extend  to  exclude  any  person  of  any  Religious  Denomination 
whatever  from  Equal  Liberty  and  advantage  of  Education,  or  from  any  of 
the  Degrees.  Liberties.  Privileges.  Benefits,  or  Immunities  of  the  said  Col- 
lege, on  account  of  his  particular  Tenets  in  matters  of  Religion ;  And  such 
laws,  Ordinances,  and  orders,  which  shall  be  so  made  as  aforesaid,  we  do 
by  these  Presents,  for  us,  om"  heirs,  and  Successors,  Ratify,  Confirm,  and 
allow,  as  Good  and  EiTectual  to  bind  and  oblige  all  and  every  the  Students  and 
Officers  and  Ministers  of  the  said  College:  and  we  do  hereby  authorize  and 
Impower  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  or  the  major  part  of  any 
fifteen  or  more  of  them,  at  any  of  their  meetings  Convened  as  aforesaid,  and 
the  President.  Fellows,  and  Professors  for  the  time  being,  to  put  such  Laws, 
ordinances,  and  orders,  in  execution,  that  is  to  say,  such  as  Inflict  upon  any 
Student  the  Greater   Punishments   of   Expulsion.    Suspension,    Degradation, 


354  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

and  public  Confession,  by  the  Governors  of  the  said  CoUege,  or  tne  major 
part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  tliem,  convened  and  met  Together  as  aforesaid 
only;  and  such  as  Inflict  the  Lesser  Punishments,  Ijy  the  President,  Fellows, 
and  Professors,  or  any  of  them,  according  to  the  true  Intent  of  such  Laws, 
ordinances,  and  orders,  as  shall  be  made  In  Pursuance  of  these  presents  for 
that  purpose. 

And  we  do  further  will,  ordain,  and  direct,  that  there  sh.all  be  forever 
hereafter  Publick  morning  and  evening  service  Constantly  performed  in  the 
said  College,  morning  and  evening  for  ever,  by  the  President,  Fellows, 
Professors,  or  Tutors,  of  the  said  College,  or  one  of  them,  according  to  the 
Liturg}f  of  the  Church  of  England  as  by  Law  Estalilishe-I,  or  such  a  Col- 
lection of  prayers  out  of  the  said  Liturgy,  with  a  Collect  peculiar  for  the  said 
College,  as  shall  be  approved  of  from  time  to  time  by  the  Governors  of  the 
said  College  or  the  major  part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  them  Convened  as 
aforesaid ;  and  we  do  further  will  and  Grant,  that  the  said  Governors  of  the 
said  College  for  the  time  being,  or  the  major  part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of 
them  Convened  as  aforesaid,  shall  have  full  power  and  Lawful  authority  to 
visit,  order,  punish,  place,  and  displace.  The  Treasurer,  Clerk,  Steward, 
students,  and  other  officers  and  ministers  of  the  said  College,  and  to  order, 
Reform,  and  Redress,  all  and  any  the  disorders,  misdeameanors  and  abuses 
in  the  persons  aforesaid,  or  any  of  them,  and  to  Censure,  suspend  or  deprive 
them,  or  any  or  either  of  them.  So  always,  that  no  visitation,  act,  or  thing, 
in  or  Concerning  the  said  College,  be  made  or  done  by  any  other  person  or 
persons  whatsoever  but  as  is  herein  before  Directed  and  Declared. 

And  we  do  further,  of  our  Especial  Grace, .  Certain  Knowledge,  and 
meer  motion,  will.  Give,  and  Grant,  luito  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  Col- 
lege, that  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Students  of  the  said  College  to  Dili- 
gence and  Industry  in  their  Studies,  that  they  and  their  Successors,  and  the 
major  part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  them  Con^'ened  and  mett  together  as 
aforesaid,  do,  by  the  President  of  the  said  College,  allow  to  be  given  such 
degree  or  degrees  to  any  students  of  the  said  College,  or  any  other  person 
or  persons  by  them  thought  worthy  thereof,  as  are  usually  Granted  by  any 
or  either  of  our  universities  or  Colleges  in  that  part  of  our  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  called  England,  and  that  the  President,  or  such  other  persons  to  be 
appointed  for  that  purpose  as  aforesaid,  do  sign  and  seal  Diplomas  or  Cer- 
tificates of  such  Degree  or  Degrees,  to  be  kept  by  the  Graduates  as  a  Tes- 
timonial thereof. 

And  further,  of  our  Especial  Grace,  Certain  Knowledge,  and  meer 
motion,  we  do  for  us.  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  will.  Give,  and  Grant,  unto 
the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  and  to  their  Successors,  that  they  shall 
and  may  have  one  Common  Seal,  under  which  they  shall  and  may  pass  all 
Grants,  Diplomas,  and  all  other  writings  whatsoever,  requisite,  necessary, 
or  Covenient  to  pass  under  the  seal  of  the  said  Corporation ;  which  seal 
shall  be  Engraven  in  such  form  and  with  such  Devices  and  Inscriptions  as 
shall  be  agreed  upon  by  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  or  the  major 
part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  them  that  shall  be  Convened  for  the  service  of 
the  said  College,  in  the  manner  above  directed ;  and  by  these  our  Letters 


APPENDIX.  355 

patent  it  shall  and  may  be  Lawful  for  them  and  their  Successors,  at  any  of 
their  meetings  Convened  as  aforesaid,  as  they  shall  see  cause,  to  Break, 
Change,  alter,  and  new  make  the  same,  or  any  other  common  Seal,  when 
and  as  often  as  to  them  shall  seem  convenient. 

And  we,  further,  for  us,  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  Give  and  Grant  unto 
the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College,  and  their  Successors,  or  the  major 
part  of  any  fifteen  or  more  of  them  Convened  as  aforesaid,  full  power  and 
authority,  from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times  hereafter,  to  nominate  and 
appoint  all  other  Inferior  officers  or  Ministers  which  they  shall  think  conA-e- 
nient  and  necessary  for  the  use  of  the  College,  not  here  particularlv  named 
or  mentioned,  which  Officers  and  IMinisters  we  do  hereby  Impower  to  exe- 
cute their  Respective  offices  or  Trusts,  during  the  will  and  pleasure  onlv  of 
the  Governors  of  the  said  College,  or  the  major  part  of  any  fifteen  or  more 
of  them  Convened  as  aforesaid,  as  fully  and  freely  as  any  other  the  like 
Officers  or  ministers  in  and  of  our  Universities  or  any  other  College  in  that 
part  of  our  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  Called  England  may  or  ought  to  do. 

And,  Lastly,  of  our  Express  will  and  pleasure,  and  meer  motion,  we  do, 
for  us,  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  Give  and  Grant  unto  the  said  Governors 
of  the  said  College,  and  to  their  Successors  for  ever,  that  these  our  Let- 
ters patent,  being  entered  of  Record,  as  is  herein  after  particularly  Exoressed, 
or  the  Enrollment  thereof,  shall  be  Good  and  Effectual  in  the  Law.  to  all 
Litents  and  purposes,  against  us,  our  heirs,  and  Successors,  without  any 
other  Lycense,  Grant,  or  Confirmation,  from  us,  our  heirs,  or  Successors, 
hereafter  by  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College  to  be  had  or  obtained. 
Notwithstanding  the  not  reciting  or  misrecital.  or  not  naming  or  misnaming, 
of  the  aforesaid  offices.  Franchises,  Priviledges,  Lnmunities,  or  other  the 
premisses,  or  any  of  them:  and  notwithstanding  a  writt  ad  OnoJ  Dainniim 
hath  not  issued  forth  to  incjuire  of  or  concerning  the  Premisses,  or  any 
of  them,  before  the  ensealing  hereof,  any  Statute,  act.  Ordinance,  or  provision, 
or  any  other  matter  or  thing  to  the  Contrarj'  thereof  in  any  wise  Notwith- 
standing; To  have,  hold,  and  Enjoy,  all  and  singular  the  Priviledges,  Liberties, 
advantages,  and  Lnmunities.  and  all  and  singular  other  the  Premisses  herein 
or' hereby  Granted,  or  meant,  mentioned,  or  Litended  to  be  herein  and  hereby 
Given  and  Granted  unto  them,  the  said  Governors  of  the  said  College  of  the 
patent,  and  the  Great  seal  of  our  Province  of  New  York  to  be  hereunto 
Successors  forever. 

In  Testimony  whereof,  \\e  have  caused  these  our  Letters  to  be  made 
patent,  and  the  Great  seal  of  our  Province  of  New  York  to  be  hereunto 
affixed,  and  the  same  to  be  entered  of  Record  in  our  Secretary's  office  of  our 
said  Province,  in  one  of  the  Books  of  Patents  there  Remaining. 

Witness  our  Trusty  and  well  beloved  James  De  Lancey,  Esq.,  our  Lieu- 
tenant Governor,  and  Commander  in  chief  in  and  over  our  ProA'ince  of  New 
York,  and  the  Territories  depending  thereon,  in  America,  in,  by,  and  with 
the  Advice  and  Consent  of  our  Council  of  our  said  Province,  this  thirt}f-first 
day  of  October,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  se^-en  hundred  and  fifty 
four,  and  of  our  Reign  the  twenty  eighth.  The  following  Erasures  and 
Interlineations  appearing  in  these  our  Letters  Patent.  That  is  to  say,  in 
the  first  skin.  Line  four,  the  word  [Law].     Line  nineteen,  these  words,    [by 


3S6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


these  our  Letters  Patent,  that  there  be  Erected  and  made]  InterHned :  line 
Twenty  one,  [with]  wrote  on  Eraisure :  hne  twenty  two,  [Law]  Interhned. 
In  the  second  skin,  hne  Twelve,  [the]  interlined,  and  [Younger]  wrote  on 
Eraisure.  Li  the  third  skin,  the  First  line,  [and  secret,]  and  in  the  sixth 
Line,  [Administered]  wrote  partly  on  eraisure.  In  the  twelfth  line  [iVnd  the 
first  Lord  Commissioner  for  Trade  and  Plantations]  Interlined.  And  in  the 
fourth  skin,  and  first  line,  the  word  [And]  Interlined. 

Clarke,  Junior. 
[great  seal  of  the  province.] 

extract  from  charter  of  1 784. 

An  Act  for  granting  certain  privileges  to  the  college  hereto- 
fore CALLED  Kings  College,  for  altering  the  name  and  charter 
thereof,  and  erecting  an  university  within  this  State. 

Passed  May  i,   1784. 
Laws  of  1784.  Chap.  51. 

Whereas  by  letters  patent  under  the  great  seal  of  the  late  colony  of 
New  York,  bearing  date  the  thirty-first  day  of  October,  in  the  twenty-eighth 
year  of  the  reign  of  George  the  second  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  a  certain 
JDcdy  politic  and  corporate  was  created  by  the  name  of  the  Governors  of  the 
College  of  the  Province  of  New  York  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  America, 
with  divers  privileges,  capacities  and  immunities,  as  in  and  by  the  said  patent 
will  more  fully  appear. 

And  whereas  there  are  many  vacancies  in  the  said  corporation,  occasioned 
by  the  death  or  absence  of  a  great  number  of  the  governors  of  the  said  col- 
lege, whereby  the  succession  is  so  greatly  broke  in  upon  as  to  require  the  in- 
terposition of  the  Legislature. 

And  whereas  the  remaining  governors  of  the  said  college,  desireous  to 
render  the  same  extensively  useful,  have  prayed,  that  the  said  college  may 
be  erected  into  a  university,  and  that  such  other  alterations  may  be  made 
in  the  charter  or  letters  of  incorporation  above  recited,  as  may  render  them 
more  conformable  to  the  liberal  principles  of  the  Constitution  of  this  State. 

Be  it  therefore  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  N'cw  York  repre- 
sented in)  Senate  and  Assembly  and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  anthority  of  the 
same.  That  all  the  rights,  priviledges  and  immunities  heretofore  vested  in  the 
corporation,  heretofore  known  by  the  name  of  the  Governors  of  the  College 
of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  America,  so  far 
as  they  relate  to  the  capacity  of  holding,  or  disposing  of  property  either  real 
or  personal,  of  suing  or  being  sued,  of  making  laws  or  ordinances  for  their 
own  government,  or  that  of  their  servants,  pupils  and  others,  under  their  care 
and  subject  to  their  direction,  of  appointing,  displacing  and  paying  stewards 
and  other  inferior  servants,  of  making,  holding  and  having  a  common  seal,  of 
altering  and  changing  the  same  at  pleasure,  be  and  they  hereby  are  vested  in 
the  regents  of  the  university  of  the  State  of  New  York,  who  are  hereby 
erected  into  a  corporation  or  body  corporate  and  politic,  and  enabled  to  hold, 
possess  and  enjoy  the  above  mentioned  rights,  franchises,  priviledges  and  im- 
munities, together  with  such  others  as  are  contained  in  this  act,  by  the  name 


APPENDIX.  357 

and  stile  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of 
whom  the  Governor,  the  Lieutenant  Governor,  the  President  of  the  Senate 
for  the  time  being,  the  Speaker  of  the  Assembl}^,  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albany,  the  Attorney  General  and  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  respectively  for  the  time  being,  be  and  they  hereby  are 
severally  constituted  perpetual  regents,  in  virtue  of  their  several  and  respec- 
tive offices,  places  and  stations,  and  together  with  other  persons  herein  after 
named  to  the  number  of  twenty-four,  to-wit,  etc. 

And  he  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  college 
within  the  city  of  New  York  heretofore  called  Kings  College,  be  forever 
here  after  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  Columbia  College. 

charter  of  1 787. 

An  Act  to  institute  an  university  within  this  State  and  for 

OTHER  purposes  THEREIN   MENTIONED. 

Passed  April  13,  1787. 
Laws  of  1787,  Chapter  8.2. 

Recites  that: — "IVhereas,  by  two  acts  of  the  legislature  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  the  one  passed  the  first  day  of  May,  and  the  other  twenty  sixth 
day  of  November,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eight)'  four,  an  university 
is  instituted  within  this  State,  in  the  manner  and  with  the  powers  therein 
specified.  And  whereas  from  the  representation  of  the  regents  of  the  said 
university,  it  appears  there  are  defects  in  the  constitution  of  the  said  uni- 
versity which  call  for  alterations  and  amendments.  And  whereas  a  number  of 
acts  on  the  same  subject  amending,  correcting  and  altering  former  ones,  tend 
to  render  the  same  less  intelligible  and  easily  to  be  understood.  Whereof  to 
the  end,  that  the  constitution  of  the  said  university  may  be  properly  amended 
and  appear  entire  in  one  law,  it  will  be  expedient,  to  delineate  and  establish 
the  same  in  this,  and  repeal  all  former  acts  relative  thereto."  The  act  pro- 
vides for  the  establishment  of  a  university  to  be  called  and  known  by  the 
name  or  style  of  "The  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York," 
and  creates  the  regents  a  corporation,  with  power  to  visit  and  inspect  all  the 
colleges,  academies  or  schools  which  are  or  maj'  be  established  in  the  State, 
to  confer  diplomas,  and  to  grant  charters.  The  act  further  repeals  the  acts 
passed  May  ist  and  November  26th,  1784.  and  provides: 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  charter 
heretofore  granted  to  the  governors  of  the  college  of  the  pi'ovince  of  New 
York,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  America,  dated  the  thirty  first  day  of 
October,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  four, 
shafl  be,  and  hereby  is  fully  and  absolutely  ratified  and  confirmed,  in  all  re- 
spects, except  that  the  college  thereby  established,  shall  be  henceforth  called 
Columbia  College:  That  the  style  of  the  said  corporation  shall  be.  The 
trustees  of  Columbia  College,  in  the  city  of  New  York;  and  that  no  persons 
shall  be  trustees  of  the  same,  in  virtue  of  any  offices,  characters,  or  descrip- 
tions whatever;  excepting  also  such  clauses  thereof  as  require  the  taking  of 
oaths,  and  subscribing  the  declaration  therein  mentioned ;  and  which  render  a 
person  ineligible  to  the  office  of  president  of  the  college,  on  account  of  his  re- 


353  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ligious  tenets,  and  prescribe  a  form  of  public  prayer  to  be  used  in  the  said 
college;  and  also  excepting  the  clause  tliereof  which  provides,  that  the  by- 
laws and  ordinances  to  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  should  not  be  re])ugnant 
to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  that  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  called 
England;  except  also,  that  in  all  cases  wdiere  fifteen  governors  are  required 
to  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  despatch  of  business,  thirteen  trustees  shall 
be  sufficient.  Provided  always.  That  the  by-laws  and  ordinances  to  be  made 
by  the  trustees  of  the  said  Columbia  College,  shall  not  be  contrary  to  the  con- 
stitution and  laws  of  this  state.      (Repealed  by  Laws  of  1810,  Chapter  85.) 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  mithority  aforesaid,  That  James  Duane, 
Samuel  Provost,  John  H.  Livingston,  Richard  Varick,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
John  Mason,  James  Wilson,  John  Gano,  Brockholst  Livingston,  Robert 
Harpur,  John  Daniel  Gross,  Johan  Christoff  Kunze.  Walter  Livingston, 
Lewis  K.  Scott,  Joseph  Delaplaine.  Leonard  Lispenard,  Abraham  Beach,  John 
Lawrence,  John  Rutherford,  Morgan  Lewis,  John  Cochran,  Gershom  Seixas, 
Charles  McKnight.  Thomas  Jones,  Malachi  Treat,  Samuel  Bard,  Nicholas 
Romain,  Benjamin  Kissam,  and  Ebenezer  Crossby,  shall  be,  and  they  are 
hereby  constituted  and  declared  to  be  the  present  trustees  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  that  when  by  the  death  or  resignation,  or 
removal  of  any  of  the  said  trustees,  the  number  of  those  trustees  shall  be  re- 
duced to  twenty-four,  then  and  from  thenceforth  the  said  twentj'-four  trustees 
shall  be,  and  they  hereby  are  declared  and  constituted  trustees  of  the  said 
Columbia  College,  in  perpetual  succession,  according  to  the  true  intent  and 
meaning  of  the  said  charter ;  and  all  vacancies  thereafter  shall  be  supplied  in 
the  manner  thereby  directed.   (Repealed  by  Laws  of  1810,  Chapter  85.) 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  all  and  singu- 
lar the  power,  authority,  rights,  privileges,  franchises,  and  immunities,  so 
heretofore  granted  to.  and  vested  in  the  said  governors  of  the  college  of  the 
province  of  New  York,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  America,  by  the  said  char- 
ter, excepting  as  before  excepted,  shall  be,  and  the  same  hereby  are  granted 
to  and  vested  in  the  trustees  of  Columbia  college,  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  their  successors  forever,  as  fully  and  effectually,  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses, as  if  the  same  were  herein  particularly  specified  and  expressed ;  and 
all  and  singular  the  lands,  tenements,  hereditaments,  and  real  estate. '  goods, 
chattels,  rents,  annuities,  moneys,  books,  and  other  property,  whereof  the  said 
governors  of  the  college  of  the  province  of  New  York,  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  in  America  were  seised,  possessed,  or  entitled,  under  and  in  virtue  of 
the  said  charter,  or  with  which  the  regents  of  the  said  university  were  in- 
vested, under  or  by  virtue  of  the  said  acts,  for  the  use  or  benefit  of  the  said 
Columbia  college,  shall  be,  and  the  same  hereby  are  granted  to  and  vested  in 
the  said  trustees  of  Columbia  college,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  their 
successors  forever,  for  the  sole  use  and  benefit  of  the  said  college ;  and  it  shall 
and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the  said  trustees,  and  their  successors,  to  grant, 
bargain,  sell,  demise,  improve,  and  dispose  of  the  same,  as  to  them  shall 
seem  meet.  Provided,  always,  That  the  lands  given  and  granted  to  the  gov- 
ernors of  the  college  of  the  province  of  New  York,  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
in  America,  by  the  corporation  heretofore  styled.  The  rector  and  inhabitants 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  in  communion  of  the  church  of  England,  as  by 


APPENDIX.  359 

law  established,  on  part  whereof  the  said  college  is  <!rected,  shall  not  be 
granted  for  any  greater  estate,  or  in  any  other  manner,  than  is  limited  by  the 
said  charter.      (Repealed  by  Laws  of  i8to,  Chapter  85.) 

And  he  it  furtlicr  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  when  any 
special  meeting  of  the  trustees  of  the  said  college  shall  be  deemed  necessary, 
it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the  senior  trustee  of  the  said  college, 
then  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  taking  upon  himself  the  exercise  of  his  of- 
fice (which  seniority  shall  be  determined  according  to  the  order  in  wdiich  the 
said  trustees  are  named  in  this  act,  and  shall  be  elected  hereafter),  and  he  is 
hereby  authorized  and  required,  on  application  for  that  purpose  in  writing 
under  the  hands  of  any  five  or  more  of  the  said  trustees,  to  appoint  a  time 
for  such  special  meeting,  in  some  convenient  place  within  the  said  city,  and  to 
cause  due  notice  thereof  to  be  given  in  the  manner  directed  bv  the  said  charter. 
(Repealed  by  Laws  of  1810,  Chapter  85.) 

And  he  it  further  enacted  hy  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  act,  en- 
titled. An  act  for  granting  certain  privileges  to  the  college  heretofore  called 
King's  college,  for  altering  the  name  and  charter  thereof,  and  erecting  a  uni- 
versity within  this  state,  passed  the  ist  day  of  May,  1784:  and  the  act,  en- 
titled. An  act  to  amend  an  act,  entitled.  An  act  for  granting  certain  privileges 
to  the  college  heretofore  called  King's  college,  for  altering  the  name  and 
charter  thereof,  and  erecting  an  university  within  this  state,  passed  the  26th 
day  of  November,   1784,  be,  and  the)^  are  hereby  severally  repealed. 

"THE  DOCTOR'S  MOB." 

Extract  from  description  of  the  city  of  New  York  by  James  Hardie, 
A.  M.   (1827)  : 

During  the  winter  of  1787  and  1788,  some  medical  students  and  other 
persons  had  dug  up  from  se\'eral  of  the  cemeteries  in  this  city  a  number  of 
dead  bodies  for  dissection.  This  practice  had  been  conducted  in  so  indecent 
a  manner  as  to  raise  a  considerable  alarm  among  the  people.  The  interments 
not  on!)'  amongst  strangers  and  the  poor  Africans  had  been  disturbed,  but 
the  bodies  of  some  respectable  persons  had  been,  likewise,  removed.  These 
circumstances  most  sensibly  agitated  the  feelings  of  the  friends  of  the  de- 
ceased and  wrought  up  the  passions  of  the  populace  to  a  ferment. 

On  Sunday,  the  13th  April,  a  number  of  boys,  who  were  at  play  in  the 
rear  of  the  City  Hospital,  perceived  a  human  limb,  which  was  imprudently 
hung  out  to  dry.  They  immediately  informed  a  number  of  persons  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  news  spread  like  lightning"  and  was  readily  believed  by 
listening  crowds.  Some  medical  students  had  upon  this  occasion  acted  with 
so  great  impropriety  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  any  apology  to  have  been 
offered  for  their  conduct;  but  a  number  of  aggra\'ating  circumstances  was 
certainlv  added  to  their  fault,  which  had  little,  if  any,  foundation  in  fact. 
From  the  reports,  however,  which  were  thus  propagated,  an  incensed  multi- 
tude speedily  assembled,  rushed  into  the  hospital,  and  in  their  fury  destroyed 
a  number  of  anatomical  preparations,  some  of  which  had  been  imported  from 
abroad.  Some  fresh  subjects  were  also  found,  v,-hich  were  interred  the  same 
evening.     Several  of  the  young  physicians  with  difficulty  escaped  the  rage  of 


36o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  people,  and  would  undoubtedly  have  been  exposed  to  great  personal  dan- 
ger, had  not  the  mayor,  the  sheriff,  and  some  of  our  most  distinguished  citi- 
zens interfered  in  their  behalf  and  lodged  them  in  jail.  The  friends  of  good 
order  were  hopeful  that  the  affair  would  have  ended  here,  but  they  were  un- 
fortunately mistaken. 

On  the  morning  of  the  day  following,  a  great  number  of  people  assembled 
for  the  purpose,  as  they  avowed,  of  searching  the  houses  of  suspected  physi- 
cians. The  governor,  the  mayor,  the  chancellor,  with  General  Hamilton  and 
many  others  of  our  most  influential  characters,  finding  that  the  passions  of 
the  people  were  highly  irritated,  went  among  them,  and  endeavored  to  dis- 
suade them  from  committing  unnecessary  depreda.tions.  They  addressed 
them  in  the  most  pathetic  manner  and  promised  them  every  satisfaction  which 
the  laws  of  the  country  could  afford.  This  had  considerable  effect  upon  many, 
who  after  examining  Columbia  College  and  the  houses  of  sundry  physicians, 
in  which  they  expected  to  find  dead  bodies,  repaired  peaceably  to  their  re- 
spective habitations.  But  in  the  afternoon  the  affair  assumed  a  more  threat- 
ening aspect.  A  mob,  apparently  desirous  of  riot  and  confusion,  and  who 
paid  little  regard  to  the  promises  of  the  magistrates  or  to  the  sovereignty  of 
the  laws,  went  to  the  jail  and  demanded  that  the  physicians  who  were  there 
imprisoned  should  be  delivered  to  them.  Had  this  demand  been  complied 
with,  the  poor  doctors  had  reason  to  expect  little  mercy. 

The  magistrates,  having  found  that  the  mild  language  of  persuasion 
was  of  no  avail,  were  under  the  necessit}'  of  calling  out  the  militia  to  sup- 
press the  riot,  maintain  the  dignity  of  government  and  protect  the  jail.  A 
small  party  of  armed  men  marched  thither  about  three  o'clock,  whom  the  mob 
permitted  to  pass  through  them,  with  no  other  insult  than  that  of  a  few  vol- 
leys of  stones,  dirt,  etc.  Another  party  of  only  about  twelve  men  made  a 
similar  attempt  about  an  hour  afterwards :  but  the  mob  having  surrounded 
them,  seized  and  destroyed  their  arms.  This  gave  the  populace  fresh  courage; 
they  endeavored  to  force  the  jail,  but  were  repulsed  by  a  handful  of  men,  who 
bravely  sustained  their  attack  for  several  hours.  The  mob  then  destroyed 
the  windows  of  that  building  and  tore  down  part  of  the  fences.  At  dusk  a 
party  of  armed  citizens  marched  to  its  relief,  and  as  they  came  near  it,  the 
mob,  with  loud  huzzas,  began  to  pelt  them  with  showers  of  stones,  brickbats, 
etc.,  in  consequence  of  which  several  of  the  militia  were  greatly  hurt  and 
obliged  to  fire  in  their  own  defence.  Five  persons  were  killed  and  seven 
or  eight  severely  wounded.  The  mob  became  alarmed  and  in  a  short  time 
dispersed.  A  party  of  the  militia  were,  for  a  few  days,  emplo3'ed  in  guard- 
ing the  jail.  The  students,  to  whose  imprudence  this  threatening  commotion 
was  owing,  retired  to  the  country  for  a  short  time  and  by  the  firm,  yet  moder- 
ate conduct  of  our  magistracy,  the  city  was  almost  immediately  restored  to  its 
wonted  tranquillity. 

AN   ORDINANCE   FOR   ENFORCING  THE   DEGREE   OF  DOCTOR   OF   MEDICINE   IN    CO- 
LUMBIA COLLEGE 1795. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  and  it  is  herebv 
ordained  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  that  the  folloAving  shall  be  the  order 


APPENDIX.  361 

and  regulations  for  conferring  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  this  Col- 
lege: 

1.  No  person  shall  be  admitted  to  an  examination  for  the  Degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  until  he  shall  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years. 

2.  No  person  shall  ha\'e  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  conferred  on 
him,  but  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  May  or  second  Tuesday  of  November. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  admitted  as  a  candidate  for  the  Degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine  unless  he  shall  have  studied  Medicine  for  three  years,  in  this 
or  some  other  College  or  University,  and  shall  have  attended  at  least  one 
complete  course  of  all  the  Medical  Lectures  in  the  College,  viz. :  Anatomy, 
Chemistry,  Practice  of  Physics,  Midwifery,  Materia  Medica,  Institutes  of 
Medicine,  Botany.  Surgery,  and  a  course  of  Clinical  Lectures  in  the  Hospital 
of  this  city. 

4.  Any  student  of  medicine  who  shall  have  complied  with  the  preceding 
stipulations  and  is  desirous  of  obtaining  a  degree,  must  apply  to  the  Dean  of 
the  Medical  Faculty,  at  least  three  months  before  the  usual  time  of  confer- 
ring" clesxees ;  and,  as  soon  as  it  is  convenient,  he  shall  be  informed  when  and 
at  what  place  he  may  be  admitted  to  his  first  examination,  which  shall  be 
kept  secret,  unless  the  candidate  should  accjuit  himself  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  Faculty. 

5.  The  candidate  shall,  before  the  20th  of  ]\Iarch,  or  20th  of  Septem- 
ber, write  a  dissertation  upon  some  medical  subject,  in  the  Latin,  French  or 
English  languages,  which  shall  be  submitted  to  the  inspection  and  correction 
of  one  of  the  Professors,  who,  having  affixed  his  "Pciicgi  ct  iiiipriniatnr,"  and 
signed  his  name  thereunto,  the  candidate  shall  be  then  admitted  to  his  examin- 
ation. 

6.  On  the  first  of  April  or  October  the  candidate  shall  again  siilimit 
to  an  examination,  before  the  Faculty,  on  the  different  branches  of  Medicine. 

7.  The  candidate,  having  thus  far  acquitted  himself  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Faculty,  shall  have  an  aphorism  from  Hippocrates,  and  a  medical  ques- 
tion given  him — upon  the  former  of  which  he  shall  write  an  essay,  and  to 
the  latter  an  answer,  and  shall  be  examined,  upon  both,  on  the  loth  of  April 
or  loth  of  October,  before  the  Faculty. 

8.  If  the  candidate  shall  have  thus  far  answered  satisfactorily,  he  shall 
have  assigned  him  two  histories  of  diseases,  accompanied  with  pertinent 
questions,  on  which  he  shall  comment,  and  to  which  he  shall  reply  in  writing, 
and  on  the  20th  of  April  or  20th  of  October  he  shall  submit  to  be  examined 
on  them,  before  the  Faculty. 

9.  After  the  above  examinations,  if  the  Medical  Faculty  are  satisfied  as 
to  the  merits  of  the  candidate,  he  shall  print,  at  his  own  expense,  the  first  men- 
tioned dissertation,  and  shall  deliver,  before  the  23rd  of  April  or  23d  of  Octo- 
ber, to  the  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  twelve  copies. 

10.  On  the  first  Tuesda}^  of  May  or  second  Tuesday  of  November,  he 
shall  be  publicly  examined  in  the  College  Hall,  upon  the  doctrines  contained 
in  his  thesis,  and  having  acquitted  himself  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Faculty, 
he  shall  be  admitted  to  the  Deg-ree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 


362  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


PRESENT    STATE    OF   LEARNING   IN    COLUMBIA    COLLEGE. 

Prepared  by  President  Wm.  Samuel  Johnson ;  Mr.  Brockholst  Livingston  and 
Rev.  Dr.  John  H.  Livingston.     Adopted  by  the  Trustees,  January  5th, 

^795- 

6.     A  Professorship  of   Economics  was  instituted  in  July,    1792,   and 

Samuel  Latham  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  appointed  Professor.  This  course,  of  which 
a  Svllabus  is  published,  is  conducted  upon  the  new  French  system.  A  few 
weeks  ago,  Mr.  Mitchell  gave  an  edition  of  the  New  Nomenclature  of  Chem- 
istry, in  French,  German  and  English,  for  the  use  of  the  students.  This 
Professorship  comprises  not  only  the  classification  and  arrangement  of  natural 
bodies,  but  also  treats  of  a  great  variety  of  facts  which  form  the  basis  of  Medi- 
cine, Agriculture,  and  other  useful  arts,  as  well  as  of  manufactures. 

This  course,  which  it  is  necessary  for  students  of  Physic  to  attend,  be- 
gins after  the  autumnal  vacation,  and  ends  in  the  spring,  about  the  time  the 
Medical  Lectures  are  concluded.  Any  gentleman  who  wishes  to  study  Chem- 
istry may  attend  this  class,  without  regularly  entering  Chemistry  or  per- 
forming the  tasks  recjuired  from  students  on  the  establishment.  There  is  a 
handsome  apparatus  belonging  to  this  department,  and  a  considerable  col- 
lection of  fossils. 

(II)      Under  the  Faculty  of  Physic. 

1.  The  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,  is  Lecturer  on  Clini- 
cal Medicine  in  the  New  York  Hospital.  The  objects  of  this  course  are  all 
such  medical  cases  occurring  in  the  Hospital,  which,  from  their  nature  or  im- 
portance, are  more  particularly  worthy  the  attention  of  the  students.  These 
being  in  the  first  place  selected  by  the  teacher,  who  is  alsO'  one  of  the  ph3'si- 
cians  of  the  Charity,  are  visited  and  attended  with  regularity,  examined  pub- 
licly before  the  students,  and  the  symptoms,  prescriptions  and  daily  alterations 
recorded.  These  in  due  time  become  the  subjects  of  lectures,  in  which  the 
characteristic  signs  of  diseases,  the  indications  of  cure,  the  effects  of  reme- 
dies, and  every  other  circumstance  of  importance,  are  discussed ;  for  which 
useful  purpose  the  Hospital  affords  a  sui^cient  number  of  interesting  cases, 
and  although  a  different  corporation  from  that  of  the  College,  is  regulated  and 
governed  in  such  a  way  as  to  further  the  instructive  views  and  purposes  of 
the  College  in  the  completest  manner. 

2.  Botany  is  here  a  distinct  branch  of  study,  and  the  Professor  is  Sam- 
uel Latham  Mitchell,  M.  D.  In  this  course,  besides  the  discussion  of  the 
Linnaean  or  sexual  system,  the  explanation  of  terms  and  phrases,  and  the 
arrangement  or  classification  of  the  vegetable  species,  an  attempt  is  made  by 
the  Professor,  who  is  a  practical  farmer,  to  elucidate  and  explain  the  economy 
of  plants,  their  affinity  to  animals,  and  the  organization,  excitability,  stimuli, 
life,  diseases,  and  death  of  both  classes  of  beings.  The  physiology  of  plants, 
including  their  food,  nourishment,  growth,  respiration,  perspiration,  germin- 
ation, etc.,  is  therefore  particularly  enlarged  upon,  as  connected  with  Garden- 
ing and  Farming.     This  is  a  summer  course. 

3.  The  Anatomical  chair  is  filled  by  Professor  Wright  Post.  He  com- 
mences with  a  compendious  History  of  Anatomy,  from  the  earliest  ages  to 
the  present  period,  after  which,  the  first  object  is  to  take  a  general  view  of 


APPENDIX.  363 

the  principal  materials  of  which  the  body  is  composed ;  endeavoring-  to  explain 
the  use  of  each,  and  the  manner  of  connection,  so  as  to  give  a  general  idea  of 
the  animal  econoni}' ;  he  then  proceeds,  with  more  accuracy,  to  the  more  par- 
ticular branches  of  anatomy,  by  first  explaining  the  structure  of  the  differ- 
ent organs  and  afterwards  investigating  their  functions.  In  prosecuting 
this  inquiry  the  body  is  divided  into  the  following  systems:  i,  the  Osseous; 
2,  Muscular;  3,  Vascular;  4,  Chylopoetic;  5,  Secretory;  6,  Nervous;  7.  Respira- 
tory; 8,  Connecting  and  Communicating;  9,  Defensive;  10,  Genital.  Under 
one  or  other  of  these  heads  every  part  of  the  human  body  may  be  naturall}'  ar- 
ranged, and  this  division  is  pi^eferred  to  the  one  in  common  use,  as  being 
equally  expressive  and  more  comprehensive. 

The  structure  and  functions  of  the  organs  in  their  natural  state  being 
understood,  an  attempt  is  made  to  explain  the  changes  they  undergo  by 
disease.  In  this  investigation  it  is  not  considered  sufficient  barely  to  men- 
tion the  appearances  which  are  exhibited  upon  dissection,  and  to  explain 
the  manner  of  their  production,  which,  strictly  speaking,  would  be  all  that 
Pathology  implies,  but  also  to  point  out  the  symptoms  which  characterize 
each  individual  disease,  and  recommend  such  treatment  as,  from  experi- 
ence, has  been  found  most  beneficial.  This  is  not  all ;  through  all  the  lec- 
tures, a  constant  application  of  the  knowledge  acquired  in  Anatomy  is 
kept  in  view,  as  conducive  to  the  cure  of  diseases,  especially  such  as  require 
manual  operation.  So  that  a  course  of  Anatomy,  as  taught  in  Columbia 
College,-  has  incorporated  with  it,  a  system  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
Surgery. 

It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  some  to  be  informed  01'  the  particular 
advantages  which  the  School  of  Anatomy  in  Columbia  College  affords. 
The  Professor  has  been  at  considerable  pains  to  establish  an  Anatomical 
Museum,  and  for  this  purpose  he  has  made  two  visits  to  Europe;  the  last 
expressly  to  collect  anatomical  preparations,  and  what  a  twelve  month  of 
labor  and  industr}^  could  obtain,  is  now  exhibited  in  Columbia  College.  In 
this  collection,  the  intimate  structure  of  all  the  important  organs  in  the  body 
is  made  manifest  and  conspicuous,  so  that  where  a  description  fails  to  give 
clear  conceptions,  the  eye  makes  up  the  deficiency,  and  communicates  to  the 
mind  a  just  and  accurate  knowdedge.  The  advantages  of  preparations  in 
a  course  of  anatomical  lectures  are  so  obvious  than  any  observations  tend- 
ing to  show  their  utility  are  quite  unnecessary.  It  is  sufficient  to  add,  that 
without  such  aid  it  is  impossible  for  any  teacher  to  convey  precise  ideas  of 
the  structure  of  the  animal  bod)^ 

4.  The  Obstetric  Branch,  of  which  John  R.  B.  Rodgers,  M.  D.,  is  Pro- 
fessor, comprehends  the  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  Parturitiou.  The 
Professor  gives  an  anatomical  description  of  such  parts  as  are  necessary  to 
the  consideration  of  his  subject  and  explains  the  diseases  to  which  they  are 
incident,  as  well  as  the  general  diseases  of  the  female  system.  He  recites 
the  various  complaints  of  pregnancy  and  the  means  of  alleviating  them. 
The  varieties  of  parturition  are  detailed  and  exemplified  by  machinery,  as 
well  as  in  practice.  The  diseases  of  the  child-bed  state  are  accurately  treated 
of  together  with  the  management  of  women  at  that  time. 


364  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Tlie  last  part  of  the  course  comprehends  not  only  the  diseases  to  which 
children  are  subject  in  the  month,  but  also  those  which  most  generally  af- 
fect them  in  the  first  years  of  their  lives.  The  Obstetric  course,  in  short, 
gives  a  considerable  view  of  Ph^-siology  and  takes  in  an  extensive  range  of 
the  Practice  of  Physic. 

The  utility  of  such  a  course  is  obvious  to  all.  and  especially  serviceable 
to  medical  students  from  the  country,  who  must  necessarily  be  often  called 
on  to  practice  midwifery,  and  ouglit  therefore  to  lie  well  acquainted  with  this 
branch  of  education. 

5.  ^Villiam  Pitt  Smith,  the  Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  considers  the 
subjects  of  his  course  under  two  general  divisions,  viz. :  Pharmaceutical 
and  Therapeutical.  Under  the  first  of  these  divisions  rules  are  given  in  re- 
spect to  the  manner  in  vdiich  substances  are  to  be  prepared,  preserved  and 
combined  so  as  to  render  their  application  most  convenient  and  salutary; 
and  under  the  second,  doctrines  are  delivered  respecting  the  medicinal  na- 
ture of  substances  and  powers  that  are  happily  applied  to  the  human  body 
in  answer  to  some  indication  of  cure.  These  are  considered  as  either  Me- 
chanical, Chemical  or  Ph}^siological.  The  mechanical  powers  are  princi- 
pally referable  to  Surgery.  The  operation  of  Chemical  powers  on  the  hu- 
man body  is  explained  on  the  principles  of  Lavoisier,  Beddoes,  Girtanner, 
etc.  Physiological  powers  are  classed  by  the  Professor  under  the  terms  of 
Stimulantia  and  Sedative.  These  classes  are  subdivided  into  certain  orders 
and  genera,  and  the  actions  of  all  such  powers  are  considered  not  only  as 
either  direct  or  indirect,  but  as,  in  general,  peculiarly  referable  to  some  one 
of  the  A'arious  systems  of  which  the  human  bod}-'  is  composed.  This,  as 
well  as  the  Botany,  is  a  summer  course. 

6.  The  Professorship  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  is  held  by  William 
Hammersley,  M.  D.  In  his  course  of  Lectures  he  treats  of  the  different  func- 
tions of  the  living  body  in  health,  and  of  the  changes  which  they  undergo 
in  diseases.  He  endeavors  to  explain  the  operation  of  natural  cause?  and 
of  civil  institutions  upon  the  luunan  system,  and  by  these  means  to  account 
for  the  variety  of  diseases  incident  to  dift'erent  climates  and  to  different 
states  of  society.  He  considers  all  animal  bodies  as  ultimately  composed 
of  a  similar  matter,  and  from  the  various  modifications  and  texture  of  this 
matter,  not  only  in  different  animals,  but  in  different  parts  of  the  same  ani- 
mal, to  explain  the  various  uses  to  which  different  parts  are  destined.  He 
endeavors  to  explain  the  phenomaia  of  the  nervous  system  (to  which  the 
living  principle  is  attached)  to  investigate  the  laws  which  regulate  it,  and 
the  various  conditions  of  it  in  disease.  This  leads  him  to  the  consideration 
of  the  mutual  influence  of  mind  and  body  on  each  other,  and  of  the  causes 
of  the  dift'erent  degrees  of  intellectual  power  observable  in  different  individ- 
uals. He  then  treats  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  blood;  of  the 
circulation;  of  respiration;  and  of  their  connection  with  the  production  of 
heat,  and  with  the  formation  of  the  voice,  speech,  etc.  After  the  considera- 
tion of  these,  he  treats  of  the  digestion  of  the  food,  its  assimilation  into 
blood ;  and  lastly,  of  the  properties  of  the  dift'erent  fluids  secreted  into  dift'er- 
ent cavities,  to  serve  various  purposes   in  the  animal  economy. 


APPENDIX.  365 

7.  Surgery  is  taught  by   Professor  Richard   Bayley ;   and 

8.  Samuel  Nicoll,  M.  D.,  is  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic. 

In  accordance  with  the  prayer  of  the  petition,  tlie  Regents,  in  whom 
resided  authority,  granted  the  following: 

Charter 

by  the 

Regents  of  the  University 

of  the 

State  of  New  York. 

Whereas,  The  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  have  pre- 
.sented  unto  us  their  memorial  under  the  seal  of  the  said  society,  testified 
by  Archibald  Bruce,  Secretary,  stating  that  their  efiforts  to  contribute  to 
the  diffusion  of  science  and  the  improvement  of  the  medical  profession  would 
be  more  successful  if  they  were  directed  under  the  patronage  of  the  Regents 
of  the  University  of  this  State,  and  were  incorporated  as  a  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  and  praying  us  to  favour  the  views  of  the  said  Society, 
so  far  as  they  are  connected  with  the  public  good,  and  with  which  the  im- 
provement of  the  medical  profession  is  intimately  connected,  and  that  the 
said  society  may  be  incorporated  as  a  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
under  our  patronage ;  and 

Whereas,  Nicholas  Romayne,  President  of  the  said  Medical  Society 
of  the  said  County  of  New  York,  has  also  presented  unto  us  his  memorial 
in  writing,  stating  that  the  said  Medical  Society  is  directed  by  law  to  ex- 
amine students  of  medicine  and  to  grant  licenses  to  such  as  are  properly 
qualified  to  practice  physic  or  surgery,  or  both.  That  the  said  Society  are 
impressed  with  the  importance  to  the  public  that  a  system  of  medical  educa- 
tion should  be  instituted  under  their  inspection,  and  praying  us,  in  behalf 
of  the  said  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  and  of  each  and 
every  member  thereof,  that  all  the  members  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  New  York  might  be  incorporated  by  us  into  a  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  under  our  direction  and  patronage,  with  all  such  rights 
and  privileges  as  might  conduce  to  the  promotion  of  Medical  knowledge 
and  the  public  good.  And  we  have  taken  the  said  memorials  into  our  con- 
sideration, and  being  satisfied  that  a  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
established  in  the  City  of  New  York,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  promoting 
medical  science,  may  be  of  public  importance  in  diflfusing  the  knowledge 
of  the  healing  art ; 

Be  it  therefore  ordained  by  us,  by  virtue  of  the  act  entitled  "  An  Act  to 
enable  the  Regents  of  the  University  tO'  establish  a  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  within  this  State,"  passed  the  24th  day  of  March,  1791,  and  we  do 
by  these  presents,  Ordain,  Grant  and  Declare,  that  a  College  o^f  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  for  the  promotion  of  medical  science  and  diffusing  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  healing  art,  shall  be  and  is  hereby  established  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  in  this  State,  and  that  Sir  James  Jay,  James  E.  Graham,  Alexander 
Sheldon,  Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  William  Livingston,  Isaac  Sargent,  Peter  C. 
Adams,  John  Ely,  Hugh  Williamson,  William  McClelland,  William  Wheeler, 


366  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Morris  Willard,  John  Stearns,  Phillip  Smith,  Westel  Willoughby,  Caleb 
Sampson,  Dunforth  Shumvaj',  Hugh  Henderson,  Gordon  Huntington,  James 
Moore,  John  H.  Frisbee,  Barnabas  Smith,  Reuben  Hart,  Jesse  Shepherd, 
Thomas  B.  Whitmarsh,  David  R.  Arnell,  Lyman  Cook,  John  M.  Mann,  James 
Smith,  Samuel  Bard,  Samuel  Stringer,  Hunloke  Woodruff,  Joseph  White, 
Ebenezer  Sage,  Richard  Udall,  John  Smith,  Charles  D.  Cooper,  Elias  Wil- 
lard, Jacob  Cutwater,  Benjamin  De  Witt,  Abraham  Cornelison,  David  Has- 
brouck,  Charles  Mitchell,  Felix  Pascalis,  Samuel  Torbert,  Joshua  E.  R.  Birch, 
John  Riddell,  George  Anthon,  John  I,  Coventry,  Gardner  Jones,  Philip 
Turner,  Lewis  Faugeres,  Samuel  Xesbit,  John  Onderdonk,  William  Moore, 
Nicholas  Roma3me,  James  Tillery,  Archibald  Bruce,  Valentine  Seaman,  David 
Hosack,  John  R.  B.  Rogers,  Wright  Post,  Edward  Miller,  William  Ham- 
mersley,  James  S.  Stringham,  John  H,  Douglass,  George  W,  Chapman, 
William  James  McNeven,  John  D.  Jaques,  Malachi  Foote,  Andrew  Morton, 
John  D.  Gillespie,  Alexander  Hosack,  Phillip  D.  Kettletas,  John  Clark, 
Charles  Buxton,  Michael  Degray,  Daniel  B.  Cornelius,  Joseph  Hart,  Abra- 
ham Brower,  John  Wilson,  Elroy  Berger,  Richard  S.  Kissam,  Andrew  Hunt, 
Benjamin  Prince,  Beekman  Van  Beuren,  John  Hicks,  Joseph  Bloodgood. 
Mathew  Wendell,  Samuel  Bradhurst,  John  Stone,  Baron  A.  De  Carendessez, 
George  D,  Clussman,  Samuel  Osborn,  Benjamin  Low,  Joshua  Secor,  Benja- 
min Rockwell,  Shadrach  Ricketson,  George  C.  Quackenbos,  Robert  Thorn, 
Abraham  Lozier,  and  all  others  who  are  now  members  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  County  of  New  York,  and  all  physicians  and  surgeons  now  resident 
in  the  County  of  New  York,  and  authorized  by  law  to  practice  in  their  several 
professions,  shall  be  the  present  trustees  or  members  of  the  said  College;  and 
that  the  said  trustees  or  members  and  their  successors  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate and  politic,  in  fact  and  in  name,  by  the  name  of  "  The  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,"  and  shall  have  perpetual 
succession,  and  by  that  name  shall  be  in  law  capable  to  sue  and  be  sued,  to 
plead  and  be  impleaded,  to  answer  and  be  answered  unto,  to  defend  and  be 
defended,  in  all  courts  and  places  and  in  all  matters  and  causes  whatsoever; 
and  to  purchase,  take,  hold,  enjoy  and  have  lands,  messuages,  tenements, 
hereditaments  and  real  estate,  in  fee  simple,  or  for  a  term  of  years,  or  jives, 
or  in  any  manner  whatsoever;  and  also  goods,  chatties,  books,  monies,  and 
all  other  things  of  what  nature  soever.  Provided  always,  that  such  estate,  as 
well  real  as  personal,  which  the  said  College  is  hereby  authorized  to  hold, 
shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $150,000,  current  money  of  this  State,  and  that 
the  trustees  or  members  of  said  College  shall  or  may  have  a  common  seal,  and 
may  alter  and  renew  the  same  at  their  pleasure. 

And  it  is  hereby  ordained,  granted,  and  declared,  that  the  trustees  or 
members  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  hereby  established,  shall 
and  may  meet  together  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  May  next,  at  twelve  o'clock 
of  that  day,  in  the  City  Hall  of  the  City  of  New  York,  or  at  such  other  hour 
and  place  as  may  be  directed  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  University,  and  .shall 
then  elect  by  ballots  a  President,  Vice-President,  Register,  Treasurer  and 
Thirteen  Censors,  who  shall  hold  their  respective  offices  for  one  year,  and 
until  others  shall  be  chosen  in  their  places,  and  the  first  Monday  in  Alay  shall 


APPENDIX.  367 

be  forever  after  the  day  for  the  anniversary  meeting,  of  said  Colle^-e  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  on  which  day  the  President  and  other  officers 
before  enumerated,  shall  be  elected  as  aforesaid,  and  their  quarterly  meetings 
shall  be  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  August,  November  and  February  in  e\'er)- 
year,  and  that  on  the  days  of  their  anniversary  meeting  and  at  their  quar- 
terly meetings,  but  at  no  other  time,  they,  the  said  trustees  or  members,  may 
enact  such  bye-laws,  rules  and  regulations  relative  to  the  affairs,  concerns 
and  property  of  said  College,  and  relative  to  the  duties  of  their  President, 
Vice-President,  Register,  Treasurer,  Censors  and  other  members,  as  they  or 
a  majority  of  the  members  of  such  annual  or  quarterly  meetings  may  think 
fit  and  proper;  Provided,  such  by-laws,  rules  and  regulations  be  not  con- 
traiy  to  or  inconsistent  with  the  constitution  and  laws  of  this  State,  or  the 
United  States,  or  the  Ordinances  made  by  us  or  our  successors.  Regents  of 
the  University  of  this  State.  And  the  Register  of  the  said  College  shall 
provide  a  book,  in  which  he  shall  make  an  entr}-  of  all  the  recitations  and  pro- 
ceedings which  may  be  had  from  time  to  time,  and  also  the  annual  reports 
relative  to  the  state  of  the  Treasury,  and  all  such  other  things  as  a  majority 
of  the  members  of  the  College  shall  think  proper,  to  which  any  meml^er  of 
the  College  ma}'  at  an}'  time  have  recourse,  and  the  same,  together  with  all 
books,  papers  and  records,  which  may  be  in  the  hands  of  the  Register,  and  be 
the  property  of  the  College,  shall  be  delivered  to  his  successor  in  office.  And 
the  Treasurer  of  the  said  College  shall  receive  and  be  accountable  for  all 
monies  which  shall  come  into  his  hands,  and  shall  pay  the  same  in  such  man- 
ner as  may  be  directed  by  a  majority  of  the  members  of  said  College,  con- 
vened at  the  anniversary  or  quarterly  meetings,  and  by  a  warrant  for  that 
purpose,  signed  by  the  President  or  Vice-President. 

And  it  is  hereby  further  ordained  and  declared.  That  in  case  it  should  at 
any  time  happen,  that  an  election  of  the  said  officers  should  not  be  made  on 
the  day  when,  pursuant  to  this  ordinance,  it  ought  to  have  been  done,  the  said 
corporation  shall  not  for  that  cause  be  deemed  to  be  dissolved,  but  it  shall  be 
lawful  on  any  other  day  within  three  months  thereafter  to  hold  and  make  an 
election  for  the  said  officers,  in  such  manner  as  shall  have  been  regulated  by 
the  by-laws  of  the  said  corporation. 

Omitting  the  sections  relating  to  meetings  of  the  tru.stees,  or  members, 
the  election  of  officers,  and  to  official  meetings,  the  remainder  of  the  charter 
is  here  given : 

And  it  is  hereby  further  ordained,  granted  and  declared  by  us,  That  the 
said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  shall,  as  far  as  they  are  able,  at  all 
times,  provide  suitable  apartments  for  all  such  professors  as  shall  hereafter 
be  nominated  and  appointed  by  us  in  and  for  said  College,  and  which  pro- 
fessors shall  have  the  style  and  title  of  "Professors  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York  for  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  and  that 
all  the  members  of  said  College  shall  be  privileged  from  time  to  time  and  at 
all  times,  to  attend,  inspect  and  notice  all  lectures  or  other  mode  of  teaching 
by  the  professors  in  said  College  appointed  by  us,  and  that  in  case  of  death 
or  resignation  of  any  professor,  or  other  vacancy  in  said  College,  trustees  or 
members  of  said  College  at  any  of  their  meetings,  may  appoint  lecturers  in 


368  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

any  branch  of  medicine,  or  of  the  sciences  connected  therewith,  until  such 
time  as  our  pleasure  be  known  respecting  the  same,  or  at  all  times,  for  them 
the  said  trustees  or  members  to  appoint  lecturers  in  said  College,  in  any 
branch  of  science  for  themselves  and  for  their  own  instruction. 

And  it  is  hereby  further  ordained,  granted  and  declared.  That  the  presi- 
dent, vice  president,  censors,  and  all  others,  the  trustees  or  members  of  said 
College,  shall  carry  and  put  into  effect  all  our  ordinances  respecting  the  said 
College,,  as  well  with  reference  to  education  as  to  other  matters  and  things, 
and  shall  pay  due  attention  to  establishing  and  preserving,  for  the  said  Col- 
lege, an  Anatomical  ^Museum,  Chemical  Laboratory  and  Botanic  Garden,  and 
shall  make  an  annual  report  to  us  in  writing,  or  to  the  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity in  the  month  of  January,  in  every  year,  respecting  the  funds  and 
property  of  the  students  and  professors  thereof. 

And  it  is  further  ordained,  granted  and  declared,  that  twenty-one  trustees 
or  members  of  the  said  College  may  form  a  board  to  do  business  at  any  of 
the  anniversary,  quarterly  or  extraordinary  meetings ;  and  that  the  presi- 
dent, or  in  his  absence,  the  vice  president  of  said  College,  shall  appoint  and 
direct  a  special  or  extraordinary  meeting  to  be  called  of  the  trustees  or 
members  of  said  College  at  any  time  or  place  he  may  think  proper,  provided 
application  be  made  to  him  in  writing  for  that  purpose,  signed  by  thirteen 
trustees  or  members,  and  the  said  meeting  be  previously  advertised  for 
six  days  in  two  of  the  newspapers  printed  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  that 
at  all  meetings  of  the  College,  in  the  absence  of  the  President  or  Vice 
President,  the  senior  Censor  on  the  list  of  the  College,  then  present,  shall 
preside,  and  that  the  trustees  or  members  of  said  college  may  at  any  of  their 
anniversary,  cpiarterly  or  extraordinary  meetings  adjourn  from  day  to  day. 

And  it  is  further  ordained,  granted  and  declared.  That  the  president, 
vice  president,  trustees  or  members  of  said  College  may,  at  any  time  and  at 
all  times,  recommend  to  us  any  person  residing  in  the  County  of  New 
York,  and  lawfully  authorized  to  practice  physic  and  surgery,  or  any  phy- 
sician or  surgeon,  or  person  eminent  for  learning  and  talents,  to  be  a  trus- 
tee or  member  of  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  any  physi- 
cian and  surgeon,  resident  for  two  years  in  the  County  of  New  York,  be- 
ing of  good  moral  character,  and  authorized  by  law  to  practice  in  his  pro- 
fession, may  apply  to  us  to  be  nominated  and  appointed  a  trustee  or  mem- 
ber of  said  College:  and  that  the  said  College  may  direct  that  the  president 
of  the  said  College  grant  appropriate  diplomas,  under  the  hand  of  the  presi- 
dent and  seal  of  said  College,  testified  by  the  register,  certifying  the  name 
of  every  such  trustee  or  member  of  the  College. 

And  be  it  further  ordained  and  declared,  That  reserving  to  ourselves 
and  our  successors,  regents  of  the  University  of  this  state,  all  powers  to 
appoint  professors  in  said  College:  and  also  all  powers  to  appoint  and  dis- 
place any  trustee  or  member  of  said  College,  now  nominated  and  appointed 
by  this  charter,  or  hereafter  to  be  appointed  by  us  or  our  successors:  and 
also  reserving  all  powers  to  confer  degrees  on  any  member  or  trustee  or 
student  of  said  College,  which  in  our  opinion,  and  in  the  opinion  of  the 
president  and  other  trustees  and  members  of  said  College,  may  be  worthy 


APPENDIX.  369 

of  any  literary  mark  of  distinction,  in  sucli  manner  as  may  be  directed  by 
us.,  and  also  reserving  to  ourselves  and  our  successors  the  right  of  appoint- 
ing fellows  and  honorary  members  for  said  College;  and  also  of  making 
such  further  grants  or  ordinances  as  we  and  our  successors  may  find  neces- 
sary and  useful  for  said  College,  and  also  reserving  to  ourselves  and  our 
successors  the  right  to  alter  and  modify  this  ordinance  establishing  the  said 
College,  whenever  we  or  our  successors  shall  deem  it  necessary  or  expedient. 

We  do  finally  ordain,  grant  and  declare,  That  the  said  trustees  and 
members  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  their  successors  forever,  shall  enjoy  all  the  corporate  Rights, 
Privileges  and   Immunities  which  are  hereby  granted. 

In  testimony  whereof  we  have  caused  our  common  seal  to  be  affixed  to 
these  presents  the  twelfth  day  of  March,  in  the  thirty-first  year  of  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States,  and  of  our  Lord,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seven. 

(L.  S.  A.)  Morgan  Lewis. 

By  command  of  the  Chancellor. 

Fr.    Bloodgood,    Secretary. 

SUPPLEMENT.\RY    CHARTER 181I. 

By  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Whereas,  we  have  reserved  to  ourselves  the  right  to  alter  and  modify 
our  ordinances  for  establishing  a  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  to  the 
trustees  or  members  thereof,  shall  hereafter  be  exclusively  vested  in  and 
exercised  by  the  trustees  of  the  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgons,  to 
be  appointed  from  time  to  time  by  us  or  our  successors,  and  the  said  trustees 
shall  do  and  perform  all  matters  and  things  which  the  said  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  the  trustees  or  members  thereof,  and  the  senatus 
academicus  and  censors  thereof,  are  authorized  and  recjuired  to  do  and  per- 
form. 

And  be  it  further  ordained.  That  the  president,  vice  president,  profes- 
sors and  treasurer  of  the  said  College  for  the  time  being,  and  such  other 
persons  as  we,  or  our  successors,  may  hereafter  appoint,  shall  be  the  trustees 
of  the  said  College,  provided  the  whole  number  of  the  said  trustees  shall 
not,  at  any  time,  be  more  than  twenty-five. 

And  be  it  further  ordained.  That  the  president  or  vice  president,  or 
any  three  of  the  trustees  shall  have  power,  at  any  time,  to  call  a  meeting  of 
the  said  trustees,  by  giving  at  least  three  days  previous  notice  of  the  time 
and  place  of  holding  said  meeting,  and  five  of  the  said  trustees  (of  which 
the  president,  or  in  his  absence  the  vice  president,  shall  be  one)  shall  be  a 
quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

And  be  it  further  ordained.  That  the  trustees  and  members  of  the  said 
College,  who  are  not  constituted  trustees  by  the  supplementary  charter,  shall 
be  hereafter  fellows  or  members  thereof,  and  that  the  trustees  shall  have 
power  to  elect  fellows  or  members  of  the  said  College,  who  shall  at  all  times 
have  the  privilege  of  attending  all  the  public  lectures  and  also  courses  of  in- 
struction,-delivered  by  the  professors  in  the  said  college;  and  who  shall  also 


370  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

have  the  pri\-ilege  of  visiting  and  inspecting  the  anatomical  museum,  the 
botanic  garden,  the  cabinet  of  mineralogy  and  natural  history,  and  the  li- 
brary of  the  said  College,  under  such  regulations  as  the  trustees  shall  pre- 
scribe for  that  purpose. 

And  be  it  further  ordained.  That  reserving  to  ourselves  and  our  suc- 
cessors, regents  of  the  university,  the  power  of  making  such  other  grants 
or  ordinances  as  may  be  necessarjr  or  useful  for  the  said  College,  we  finally 
order  that  this  ordinance  shall  form  part  of  the  charter  of  the  said  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  do  hereby  revoke 
and  annul  such  parts  of  our  previous  grants  and  ordinances  as  are  con- 
trary to  or  inconsistent  with  the  present  ordinance. 

A  true  extract  from  the  minutes. 

Fr.  Bloodgood,  Secretary. 

DISRUPTION    OF    THE    COLLEGE. 

Extract  from  Report  of  a  Committee  of  the  Regents  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  made  January  12th,   1826: 

"The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  Citv  of  New  York" 
has  partaken  largely  in  the  liberal  bounties  of  this  state  to  its  literary  insti- 
tutions. The  importance  of  medical  science  to  the  public  health  and  to  the 
lives  of  our  citizens,  has  been  duly  appreciated.  This  College  has  been  one 
of  the  favorite  institutions  of  the  state,  and  may  become  one  of  its  proudest 
ornaments.  The  known  talents  and  celebrity  in  medical  science  of  its 
professors  has  within  a  few  years  reared  this  infant  institution,  and  while 
it  has  become  the  just  pride  of  the  city  in  which  it  is  founded,  it  has  been 
enabled  to  hold  an  eminence  in  science  at  least  equal  to  similar  institutions 
established  in  neighboring  cities.  Amongst  the  trustees  of  this  college  are 
found  many  individuals  possessing  great  acquirements,  and  who  are  rapidly 
ascending  the  mount  of  fame.  Practitioners  in  medicine,  whose  reputa- 
tion so  much  depends  on  mere  opinion,  and  who  ha\-e  no  certain  means 
whereby  to  test  their  relative  merits,  often  imbibe  too  much  sensitiveness, 
and  encounter  the  conflicting  opinions  of  others  with  an  irritabilitv  which 
gives  colour  to  their  proceedings,  and  even  influences  their  judgments. 
Perhaps  in  this  rivalry  in  medical  science,  may  be  traced  some  of  those  latent 
causes  from  which  may  have  proceeded  those  contentions  and  feuds  which 
have  hitherto  attended  the  progress  of  this  college,  and  which  but  too  evi- 
dently yet  exist  between  professors  and  trustees. 

In  order  the  better  to  understand  the  enquiry  pursued,  and  the  conclu- 
sions to  wdiich  the  committee  have  arrived,  in  this  business,  it  seems  neces- 
sary in  their  opinion  to  take  a  short  retrospect  of  the  origin  of  the  ''College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,"  and  from  a  knowl- 
edge of  its  past  difiiculties,  to  endeavor  to  prescribe  beneficial  regulations 
for  its  future  government. 

1 791,  January  13th,  Doctor  Nicholas  Romeyn  presented  a  memorial 
to  the  Regents,  representing  that  he  had  established  a  medical  school  in  the 


APPENDIX.  371 

city  of  New  York,  and  requested  the  Regents  to  take  the  school  under  their 
protection. 

On  the  28th  of  Januar)'  a  report  was  made  by  a  committee  of  the  Re- 
gents in  favour  of  the  memorial,  and  the  Regents  thereupon  appointed  a 
committee  of  their  body  to  visit  the  institution. 

On  the  23rd  of  February,  in  the  same  year,  Sir  James  Jay  Knight, 
Nicholas  Romeyn  and  others  presented  a  petition  to  the  Regents,  praying 
to  be  incorporated  as  a  college  of  physicians. 

A  counter  memorial  or  remonstrance  was  at  the  same  time  presented, 
signed  by  John  Bard,  President,  and  James  Tillary,  Secretary,  of  the  medi- 
cal society  of  New  York,  in  behalf  of  said  society. 

On  the  3rd  of  March,  1791,  the  Regents  approved  of  the  establishment 
of  a  medical  college,  as  applied  for;  but  having  doubts  of  their  power,  re- 
solved to  apply  to  the  legislature  for  further  authority. 

1 79 1,  March  24th,  the  legislature  having  passed  an  act  empowering  the 
Regents  to  establish  a  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  this  state,  the 
Regents  thereupon  determined  to  estabhsh  one,  and  directed  a  charter  to  be 
drawn. 

1792,  Feliruary  8th,  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College  made  a  represen- 
tation to  the  Regents  respecting  a  medical  school,  and  the  Regents  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  confer  with  them  on  the  subject. 

February  15th,  this  committee  of  the  Regents,  appointed  as  above,  re- 
ported that  they  had  conferred  with  a  committee  of  ^he  trustees  of  Colum- 
bia College,  and  had  learned  from  them  that  they  were  actually  eng;ag-ed  in 
establishing  a  medical  department  in  tlieir  college,  agreeably  to  their  charter, 
and  that  they  requested  the  Regents  to  suspend  any  further  proceedings  in 
the  matter,  until  they  should  see  the  success  of  the  institution  projected  by 
the  said  trustees  of  Columbia  College. 

This  request  seems  to  have  been  acceded  to  b}'  the  Regents,  and  the 
subject  remained  under  the  experiment  of  the  trustees  of  Columbia  College. 

1807,  March  3rd,  a  memorial  was  presented  by  the  medical  society  of 
the  county  of  New  York,  praying  for  the  incorporation,  by  the  Regents,  of 
a  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons. 

The  Regents  assented  to  the  memorial  and  directed  a  charter  to  be  pre- 
pared accordingly. 

1807,  March  1 2th,  the  Regents  granted  a  charter  of  incorporation  to 
the  medical  society  of  New  York,  as  a  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
in  which  all  the  members  of  said  society,  and  all  the  physicians  authorized 
to  practice  in  said  city,  are  declared  to  be  trustees,  or  members  of  the  said 
College,   and  are  duly  incorporated. 

This  charter  contained  a  full  reservation  to  the  Regents  of  right  to  alter 
or  amend  the  charter  in  every  respect,  and  to  remove  the  trustees,  or  any  of 
them. 

The  Regents  retained  the  appointment  of  the  professors,  and  the  trus- 
tees had  the  appointment  of  their  own  president  and  other  officers. 

1807,  April  3rd,  the  Regents  appointed  the  professors  for  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  the  College  was  fully  organized.  The 
trustees  consisted  of  one  hundred  and  one  practitioners  in  medicine. 


372  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

1808,  March  3rd,  the  Regents,  upon  sufficient  causes,  and  on  the  appli- 
cation of  the  trustees,  amended  the  charter  of  the  College,  so  as  to  vest  the 
appointment  of  the  president  and  other  officers  in  the  Regents,  instead  of 
the  trustees. 

From  this  time  until  March,  181 1,  several  interchanges  of  professor- 
ships took  place  among  the  professors — some  alterations  and  regulations 
of  minor  importance  were  made  by  the  Regents — and  much  dissatisfaction 
and  recrimination  among  the  professors  and  trustees. 

181 1,  March  ist  and  25th,  five  several  communications  were  made  to 
the  Regents,  by  different  sects,  or  parties,  in  the  College.  They  were  all  re- 
ferred to  a  committee. 

181 1,  April  1st,  the  last  mentioned  committee  reported,  "that  unfor- 
tunate misunderstandings  have  taken  place  between  the  several  professors 
of  that  institution,  which  have  already  materially  impeded  its  operations," 
etc.,  etc.  "The  committee  forbear  to  trace  and  bring  to  light  the  conduct 
of  individuals,  because  they  think  it  useless  and  invidious,"  etc.,   etc. 

"The  committee  state  that  propositions  have  been  made  to  remodel  the 
institution  with  a  view  of  rendering  its  operations  more  simple,  and  of  in- 
troducing into  it  several  of  the  professors  of  the  medical  school  in  Colum- 
bia College,  and  other  eminent  and  distinguished  individuals.  This  propo- 
sition has  been  viewed  by  the  committee  in  the  most  favourable  light,  as  it 
may  extinguish  the  feuds  existing  among  the  present  professors  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  as  it  will  in  all  probability  be  the 
means  of  uniting  the  two  schools.  The  latter  appears  to  be  an  object  of  the 
first  importance,  in  as  much  as  it  will  assemble  in  one  institution  a  splendid 
collection  of  medical  and  surgical  talent,  and  as  it  cannot  fail  to  merit  and 
receive   the   patronage   and   encouragement   of   the   legislature." 

The  committee  then  proposed  an  amendment  of  the  charter,  and  a  new 
list  of  officers  and  professors,  which  the  Regents  adopted.  One  of  the 
amendments  revoked  the  former  number  of  trustees,  and  limited  the  number 
to  twenty-five. 

1812,  June  4th,  the  Regents  adopted  an  entire  new  charter  for  "the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York,"  consolidating  into  one, 
all  former  grants,  and  making  such  alterations  as  to  them  appeared  expe- 
dient. 

This  charter  does  not  contain  any  reservation  to  the  Regents  of  the 
right  to  alter  or  amend  its  provisions,  or  to  remove  trustees,  as  was  con- 
tained and  reserved  in  the  first  charter,  granted  to  the  College  on  the  12th 
of  March,  1807.  Yet  it  may  well  be  cjuestioned,  whether  this  consolidation 
of  all  former  grants  with  new  provisions  into  one  entire  charter,  may  not 
be  considered  in  the  light  and  nature  of  "alterations  and  amendments,"  to 
the  first  charter,  and  as  such,  to  be  taken  and  held  subject  to  the  reservations 
and  rights  retained  to  the  Regents  in  the  original  charter. 

In  the  8th  and  29th  sections  of  "the  act  relative  to  the  university," 
passed  April  15th,  1813,  and  found  in  2nd  Vol.  Laws,  page  262,  this  last 
charter  is  confirmed  to  the  College  with  certain  limitations  and  reservations, 
and  among  others,  that  the  Regents  reserve  the  right  of  conferring  degrees. 


APPENDIX.  373 

of  appointing  professors  and  teachers  of  the  several  branches  of  medical 
science  in  the  said  College,  and  of  filling  all  vacancies  as  may  arise  among 
the  trustees;  and  further  declaring,  that  it  shall' and  may  be  lawful  for  the 
Regents,  at  any  time  or  times,  to  alter  and  amend  the  said  charter,  pro- 
vided such  alterations  or  amendments  are  not  repugnant  to  the  constitution 
or  laws  of  this  state,  or  inconsistent  with  vested  rights. 

1 8 14,  March  7th,  the  committee  of  the  Regents,  to  whom  the  annual 
report  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  referred,  reported 
that  a  complete  union  had  taken  place  between  the  medical  department  of 
Columbia  College  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  that 
the  trustees  of  Columbia  College  had  abolished  the  Faculty  of  IMedicine  in 
their   institution. 

The  committee  recommended  the  necessary  appointments,  etc.,  to  carry 
the  said  union  into  complete  operation.  The  Regents  thereupon  (with 
the  consent  of  the  trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons)  or- 
ganized anew  the  College,  by  a  new  distribution  of  professorships,  etc.,  and 
a  new  appointment  of  professors,  etc.  They  also  adopted  the  by-laws  of 
the  College  as  submitted  by  the  trustees. 

By  this  arrangement  the  medical  professors  in  Columbia  College  were 
transferred  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Siu^geons. 

The  College  continued  to  progess  under  this  state  of  arrangements  from 
this  time  until  1819.  subject,  however,  to  many  expressions  of  dissatisfac- 
tion, and  various  new  suggestions  for  its  better  organization. 

1819,  February  loth,  the  state  medical  society  represented  to  the  Re- 
gents, that  in  their  opinion  the  price  of  medical  education  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  was  too  great,  etc. 
Against  this  representation,  it  Avas  urged,  that  any  material  reduction  in 
the  price  of  tuition  would  deprive  the  professors  of  the  just  reward  of  their 
talents,  and  in  its  tendency  drive  them  from  their  professorships,  to  the 
great  injury  of  the  College. 

The  Regents  made  no  ordinance  on  this  subject. 

1820,  February  2nd,  the  medical  society  of  the  county  of  New  York 
preferred  sundry  charges  against  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  prayed  an  investigation. 

The  state  medical  society  did  the  same,  and  also  required  an  investiga- 
tion. 

The  nature  and  the  number  of  these  charges,  proceeding  from  sources 
so  respectable,  assumed  such  a  formidable  aspect  as  to  command  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Regents,  and  engrossed  much  of  their  time  during  their  sessions. 
The  complaints  were  referred  to  a  committee  of  the  Regents  to  investigate. 

The  committee  in  their  report  (March  22nd,  1820)  state  (i)  "that  colli- 
sions exist  between  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons"  and  "the  New 
York,"  and  also  "the  state  medical  society,"  etc.  They  proposed  various 
remedies  and  alterations,  which  were  adopted  by  the  Regents. 

The  Regents  adopted  several  ordinances,  altering  the  charter,  being 
another  new  organization  of  the  College,  etc.,  etc. 

Notwithstanding  the  various   and   untiring   efforts    of   the   Regents   to 


374  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

perfect  the  government  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  so  as  to 
secure  to  it  harmony  and  that  public  reputation  to  which  it  seemed  emi- 
nently entitled,  and  which  was  so  necessary  to  enable  it  to  confer  upon  the 
state  those  public  benefits  which  it  had  just  reason  to  anticipate:  yet,  al- 
though the  College  increased  in  reputation  and  in  the  number  of  its  stu- 
dents in  medicine,  new  difficulties  were  found  to  exist,  and  new  complaints 
were  pressed  upon  the  consideration  of  the  Regents.  These  complaints, 
or  rather,  "representations  and  suggestions  for  the  better  regulation  and  ad- 
vancement of  the  concerns  of  the  College,"  as  they  were  termed  by  the 
trustees  from  whom  they  proceeded,  at  length  assumed  such  complexion  of 
differences  in  sentiment  between  the  professors  and  trustees  as  finally  led 
to  the  appointment  of  your  present  committee  (April  5th,  1825)  to  visit 
the  College,  and  enc|uire  into  its  general  condition  and  concerns. 

With  such  a  pre-existing  state  of  facts  in  view,  connected  with  the 
various  organizations  which  the  College  had  undergone,  and  with  such  a 
preface  of  circumstances,  which  had  occurred  in  the  government  and  regu- 
lations of  the  institution,  all  exhibited  before  your  committee,  they  com- 
menced  their   visitatorial    inquiry   on   the   30th   of   June,    1825. 

The  business  was  opened  on  the  part  of  the  trustees  by  one  of  its  mem- 
bers, with  a  general  explanation  and  statement  of  very  many  existing  evils, 
and  suggestions  for  many  new  regulations,  all  of  which  were  urged  to  be 
essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  College. 

The  committee  then  interfered,  and  determined  that  they  could  not, 
in  this  manner,  admit  discussions  on  matters  and  things  in  general  apper- 
taining to  the  College.  That  such  a  course  irritated  feelings  and  tended 
to  no  conclusion.  That  the  object  of  the  committee  was  to  invite  en- 
quiry and  accusation,  and  not  to  shut  out  discussion,  but  that  the  business 
might  have  shape  and  certainty,  it  was  necessary  to  specify  some  item  of 
complaint,  and  then  produce  the  proof  in  support  of  the  charges,  after 
which  discussions  as  to  the  conclusions  and  proper  remedies  would  be  in 
order,  and  that  in  such  manner  any  complaint  preferred  by  the  professors 
or  trustees,   or  any  individual,   should   be  diligently   investigated. 

The  enquiry  subsequently  proceeded,  under  such  regulations,  and.  every 
matter  which  appeared  to  the  committee  of  importance,  or  which  was  al- 
leged to  affect  the  interest  of  the  College,  was  minutely  and  diligently  in- 
vestigated. The  material  and  prominent  points  of  this  enquiry  can  only 
be  necessary,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  to  detail  in  this  report  of  the 
Regents. 

THE    FUNDS    AND    FINANCES    OF    THE    COLLEGE. 

The  committee  called  for  any  suggestion  or  knowledge  of  any  misap- 
plication or  mismanagement  of  the  funds  and  finances  of  the  College.  They 
were  happy  to  find  there  was  no  suggestion  or  pretence  of  any  misapplication 
or  abuse  of  the  funds  and  finances  of  the  institution  on  the  part  of  any  in- 
dividual, or  by  either  the  professors  or  trustees  of  the  College.  Several  of 
the  trustees  here  explained,  and  said  their  communications  appeared  to^  have 
been  misunderstood  by  the  Regents,  and  also  by  the  committee.  They  were 
not  intended  as  charges  against  the  professors ;  that  they  were  not  accus- 


APPENDIX.  375 

ers,  and  had  no  complaints  to  prefer.  But  their  communications  were  made 
in  the  performance  of  their  duty  as  trustees  and  intended  only  to  procure 
a  reorganization  of  the  charter,  and  better  regulations  for  the  government 
of  the  institution,  and  the  more  economical  management  of  its  concerns. 

The  committee  proceeded  and  examined  the  particulars  of  the  current 
expenses  of  the  College  for  the  last  two  years,  which  had  been  allowed  and 
paid  by  the  trustees,  all  of  which  appeared  to  be  reasonable  and  proper.  In 
the  course  of  this  examination  it  appeared  there  was  some  dissatisfaction 
from  the  amount  expended  by  the  professors  in  annually  advertising  the 
commencement  and  course  of  the  lectures  at  the  College;  the  professors 
insisting  on  the  importance  of  full  notice  being  given,  not  only  in  this,  but 
in  other  states,  and  that  the  expenses  had  been  necessarily  incurred.  The 
committee  were  of  the  opinion  that  this  matter  belongs  to  the  trustees,  and 
recommended,  that  to  prevent  any  further  difference,  an  order  should  be 
provided  by  the  trustees,  limiting  the  amount  of  expenses  hereafter  an- 
nually to  be  incurred  for  such  advertisements,  or  specifying  the  number  and 
places  for  such  publications :  and  that  a  similar  provision  should  be  made 
for  all  usual  and  ordinary  expenses  which  the  professors  may  annually  and 
necessarily  incur. 

The  endowments  to  this  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  granted 
by  the  state  at  different  times,  in  the  whole  amounts  to  $59,457.27,  and 
have  been  made  from  the  proceeds  of  certain  lotteries. 

An  appropriation  was  originally  made  for  the  support  of  a  profes- 
sorship of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Columbia  College,  and  was  transferred 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1810.  It  has  since  been  reg- 
ularly paid  to  the  Regents  for  the  benefit  of  this  College,  till  July,  1824, 
viz. :  Fourteen  years,  at  $500  per  annum :  total,  $7,000.  These  two  sums, 
amounting  to  $66,457,27,   constitute  the  endowment  to  this   College. 

The  College  has  also  received  from  its  own  revenue  the  sum  of  $10,- 
172.34,  and  from  sundry  loans  of  money  the  sum  of  $14,336.59:  these  sev- 
eral sums  of  money,  amounting  to  $90,966.20,  show  the  total  sum  of  the 
receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  College  of  Ph3'sicians  and  Surgeons  from 
its  institution  until  the  first  of  Jantiary,  1825.  This  sum  is  exclusive  of  the 
botanical  garden,  also  bestowed  upon  the  College,  but  which,  by  an  act  of 
the  legislature,  was  shortly  after  granted  and  transferred  to  Columbia  Col- 
lege. 

It  was  represented  to  the  committee  that  portions  of  these  monies  had 
been  indiscreetly  invested,  and  improvidently  expended,  and  that  its  fiscal 
concerns  had  not  been  conducted  with  a  due  regard  to  economy.  It  ap- 
peared, however,  that  most  of  the  monies  had  been  expended,  w^hen  persons, 
other  than  the  present  incumbents,  held  several  of  the  professorships;  and 
before  most  of  the  present  trustees  came  into  office.  The  committee  did 
not,  therefore,  pursue  the  inc|uiry  on  this  point;  not  perceiving  that  it  would 
tend  to  any  beneficial  conclusion.  It  is,  however,  important  that  the  con- 
dition of  this  College,  in  regard  to  its  finances,  should  be  fully  disclosed 
and  be  distinctly  understood. 

After   the  lotteries   were   granted,   by   which   the   endowments   to   this 


376  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

College  were  to  be  raised,  the  proceeds  of  these  lotteries  (with  the  assent  of 
the  legislature)  were  anticipated  and  realized.  This  measure  gave  to  the 
College  the  immediate  benefit  of  the  endoAvments,  subject,  however,  to  a 
discount  for  its  ready  payment.  The  College  has,  consequently,  been  sub- 
ject to  a  verv'  heavy  debt  for  interest  on  these  ad\'ances  and  its  subsequent 
loans.  The  sum  of  $20,785.35  appears  to  have  been  already  paid  for  inter- 
est, and  the  further  sum  of  $6,742.43  yet  remains  due  for  interest,  and 
forms  a  part  of  the  remaining  debts  from  the  College.  In  1817  additional 
purchases,  and  considerable  alterations  and  repairs  were  made  to  the  Col- 
lege property  and  edifices.  To  provide  funds  for  the  deficit  of  these  expen- 
ditures, and  to  meet  arrears  of  interest,  it  seems  the  professors  agreed  to 
loan  to  the  College,  in  proportion  to  their  several  receipts,  the  necessary 
sums  to  meet  its  annual  payments.  Several  of  the  former  and  the  present 
professors  of  the  College  have  made  sundry  loans,  and  therefore  now  have 
a  debt  against  the  College  amounting  to  $21,079.02.  For  this  amount 
they  hold  the  scrip  and  certificates  of  the  treasurer,  for  the  sums 
due  to  the  professors  respectively.  This  last  sum  of  $2 1.079.02  forms  the 
total  debt  now  due  and  owing  from  the  College,  and  for  which  provision  is 
required. 

The  income  of  the  College  consists  in  the  ground  rent  of  a  cellar  under 
the  building,  the  matriculation  fee,  and  the  five  hundred  dollars  per  annum 
from  the  Regents:  the  total  income  per  annum  has  been  about  $1,400. 

The  expenditures  of  the  College  have  been  for  the  interest  due  on  the 
debt  to  the  professors,  the  contingent  expenses  of  the  College  for  repairs,  etc., 
additions  to  the  library  and  periodical  publications,  and  the  interest  due  on 
the  debt  of  $20,000.00  to  Mr.  A.  H.  Lawrence;  the  total  expenditures  have 
amounted  per  annum  to  about  $4,000.  (After  October,  1826,  the  College 
will  be  relieved  from  the  interest  on  the  debt  to  Mr.  Lawrence,  the  money 
to  meet  that  sum  being  then  receivable.)  The  excess  of  the  expenditures 
heretofore,  over  the  income  of  the  College,  has  placed  the  institution  in  a 
sinking  condition.  The  provision  to  meet  this  excess  of  exjicnditure,  uver 
the  income,  has  been  annually  made  by  the  professors,  and  forms  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  debt  before  mentioned,  as  due  to  them.  The  debt  of  the 
College  has  been  accumulating  by  borrowing  monies  to  pay  its  interest  and 
expenses.  The  College  edifices  are  deterioriating  in  value,  and  under  its 
present  operations  the  time  is  not  very  remote  when  the  whole  College  prop- 
erty will  be  inadequate  in  value  to  meet  its  growing  debts.  It  has  been  cor- 
rectly urged  that  the  public  institution  is  fast  merging  into  private  prop- 
erty. 

It  is  indispensable  in  the  preservation  and  the  continuance  of  this  in- 
stitution, that  material  alterations  should  be  made  in  the  operation  of  its 
finances.  It  remains  for  the  wisdom  of  the  Regents  to  determine  on  some 
proper  plan  to  relieve  and  redeem  the  College  from  its  present  burdens. 

It  has  been  proposed  that  the  College  should  receive  the  tuition  money 
for  the  lectures,  and  that  the  professors  be  allowed  fLxed  salaries,  .Such  a 
measure  would  damp  the  literary  pursuit  of  the  professors;  would  take 
from  individuals  the  proportionate  rewards  due  to  their  celebrity,  and  might 


APPENDIX.  377 

endanger  the  ultimate  prosperity  and  success  of  tiie  institution.  The  com- 
mittee respectfully  suggest  that  the  graduation  fee  be  appropriated  per- 
manently to  the  funds  of  the  College.  This  sum  added  to  the  fees  for 
matriculation,  and  the  ten  per  cent  on  the  tuition,  with  the  retrenchments 
hereinafter  proposed,  as  to  the  treasurer  and  register,  and  with  care  in  the 
ordinary  expenditures  will  produce  an  alteration  in  the  operation  of  the 
finances,  annually,  of  about  $4,000.  It  will  produce  a  considerable  amount 
of  receipts,   and  provide  for  a  gradual   redemption  of  the  debts. 

The  committee  recommend  this  subject  to  the  particular  consideration 
of  the  Regents.  Sundry  documents  and  papers  have  been  prepared,  and 
are  herewith  submitted,  which  throw  much  light  on  this  interesting  subject. 
An  abstract  of  the  finances  of  the  College,  marked  A,  is  especially  referred 
to. 

The  late  Dr.  DeAA'itt  received  certain  monies,  to  be  expended  and  ac- 
counted for  to  the  College.  His  representatives  hold  scrip  or  claims  against 
the  College,  and  the  account  remains  unsettled.  Other  monies  have  been 
advanced  to  other  of  the  professors,  to  erect  fixtures,  and  meet  expenditures 
for  the  College.  They  also  have  demands,  and  the  accounts  remain  un- 
liquidated. It  is  \tr\  desirable,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  that  all 
those  accounts  be  finally  adjusted,  and  the  correct  balances  be  ascertained 
and  distinctly  stated.  The  income  and  the  expenditures  of  the  college 
should  be  precisely  known,   and  often  compared. 

THE    TREASURER    .\ND    REGISTRAR. 

The  present  Treasm'er  has  performed  the  labor  of  this  office  since  181 1. 
He  appears  to  have  discharged  the  duties  imposed  upon  him  with  intelli- 
gence, fidelity  and  care.  He  performed  the  duties  without  compensation 
from  181 1  to  1818.  Since  that  time  he  has  charged  in  his  account,  for  re- 
ceiving and  disbursing",  a  commission  of  two  and  one-half  per  cent  on  the 
monies  which  have  passed  through  his  hands.  He  now  claims  (in  his  let- 
ter of  April,  1825)  "inasmuch  as  the  other  offices  are  extremely  lucrative, 
and  no  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  incumbents  to  make  sacrifices  for  the 
benefit  of  the  institution,"  that  he  be  allowed  a  like  commission  on  all  monies 
received  and  disbursed  by  him.  before  1818.  The  amount  of  commissions 
received  by  him  since  1818  is  $1,257.17.  The  Treasurer,  upon  the  whole, 
has  been  ^•ery  well  compensated ;  there  is  no  good  reason  for  a  \'ery  great  com- 
mission on  receiving  any  paying  the  sums  granted  to  literarj-  institutions. 
In  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  this  claim  of  the  Treasurer  for  further 
■commissions  ought  not  to  be  allowed. 

The  present  Registrar  (Dr.  Francis)  has  received  no  compensation 
since  he  has  held  office,  for  recording  and  keeping  the  books  and  proceed- 
ings of  the  College.  Considerable  sums,  however,  have  been  paid  to  a 
scrivener,  amounting  to  $745.  for  engrossing  into  record  books,  the  minutes, 
charter,  by-laws,  and  other  proceedings  of  the  College,  from  its  organiza- 
tion to  this  time.  This  dut}"  ought  to  ha^■e  been  performed  as  the  pro- 
ceedings occurred.     But  it  appeared  the  Registrar  could  not  sooner  possess 


378  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

himself  of  the  papers  to  complete  the  records.  It  is  hoped  the  trustees  will 
not  again  suffer  it  to  be  in  arrear.  The  sum  of  $50  per  annum,  to  each, 
would,  at  all  times,  be  a  sufficient  and  reasonable  compensation  to  the  Treas- 
urer and  the  Registrar,  if  any  pay  was  required  for  their  services.  The  al- 
lowance to  them  ought  to  be  limited  to  such  sum,  but  the  Registrar  does  not 
ask  compensation,  and  several  of  the  professors  and  trustees  now  prefer 
to  perform  the  duties  of  Treasurer  in  future,  without  any  charge.  The 
present  Treasurer  is  willing  to  do  the  same,  if  other  officers  are  put  on  the 
same  footing.  No  allowance  for  either  of  these  officers  will  hereafter  be 
expected. 

This  will  form  a  considerable  retrenchment  of  expenses,  and  obviate 
future  difficulties.  These  duties,  important  in  their  character,  but  of  very 
little  risque  or  labour,  ought  ever  to  be  performed  by  some  officers  interested 
in  the  concerns  of  the  College.  An  installment  of  $20,000  from  the  lottery 
endowments  is  receivable  this  year  to  meet  the  debt  due  to  Mr.  Lawrence; 
this  sum,  with  the  other  ordinary  receipts,  would  produce  a  commission 
of  nearly  $700,  while  its  labour  will  principally  be  performed  by  receiving 
and  handing  over  a  check. 

A  graduation  fee  of  $25  is  required  of  each  candidate  on  his  obtaining 
a  diploma.  This  fee  seems  to  have  been  required  since  181 1,  and  was  then 
considered  a  perquisite  to  the  professors,  and  a  compensation  for  the  labour 
of  examination.  It  was  received  by  them  for  their  own  use.  In  the  infant 
state  of  the  College,  and  when  the  classes  of  the  students  were  small,  the  al- 
lowance of  this  fee  was  a  proper  and  necessary  encouragement  to  the  pro- 
fessors. 

The  classes  of  students  have  since  increased,  and  the  amount  of  the  tui- 
tion mone}'  has  been  so  much  augmented,  it  may  well  be  considered  whether 
the  tuition  is  not  alone  a  very  sufficient  compensation  to  the  professors  for 
four  months"  labour  in  a  course  of  lectures  of  one  hour  each  day,  and  more 
especially,  if  the  advantages  derived  from  the  winter  students  are  consid- 
ered. The  committee  recommend  an  ordinance  appropriating  this  gradua- 
tion fee  in  future  to  the  funds  of  the  College.  It  may  be  estimated  as  pro- 
ducing annually  about  $1,000,  and  will  greatly  aid  the  finances  in  their  de- 
pressed condition. 

A  controversy  formerly  existed  between  the  late  President  (Dr.  Bard) 
and  the  professors,  as  to  the  division  of  the  residue  of  this  graduation  fee, 
after  an  allowance  of  three  dollars  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Regents 
for  diplomas,  etc..     An  appeal  was  made  to  the  Regents. 

By  an  ordinance  of  the  Regents  in  1820  this  fee  was  confirmed  and 
granted  $5  to  the  President  and  the  remainder  equally  to  the  professors,  and 
formed,  as  it  had  before,  a  source  of  their  individual  income  and  profit 
arising  from  their  lectures.  Upon  an  examination  into  the  funds  of  the 
College  in  1822,  and  finding  they  were  greatly  embarrassed,  and  sinking 
under  accumulating  debts,  the  trustees  had  under  actual  discussion  a  resolu- 
tion proposing  to  the  Regents  to  resume  the  graduation  fees,  and  place  them 
in  aid  of  the  common  funds  of  the  College.     The  professors,  thereupon,  on 


APPENDIX.  379 

the  24th  of  Januai'}-,  subscribed  and  delivered  to  the  Trustees  the  followin.L: 
agreement : 

"college  of  physictans  and  surgeons. 

"January   24th,    1822. 

"We,  the  undersigned,  professors  and  surgeons,  etc.,  do  agree  to  place 
our  graduation  fees  for  a  term  of  five  years  at  the  disposal  of  the  College, 
unless  in  the  meantime  it  should  be  relieved  from  its  present  embarrass- 
ment." 

The  proposed  resolution  then  under  discussion  by  the  Trustees  Avas  witli- 
drawn  and  not  further  acted  upon.  The  trustees  in  their  report  to  the  Re- 
gents represented  that  the  professors  had  relinquished  to  the  College  their 
graduation  fees  for  the  term  of  five  years. 

The  Regents  on  the  loth  of  April,  1822,  passed  the  following  ordi- 
nance :  "That  the  sum  of  five  dollars,  heretofore  allowed  to  the  President 
of  the  said  College,  together  with  the  sums  allowed  to  the  professors  therein, 
out  of  the  graduation  fees,  etc.,  etc.,  be  and  the  same  is  appropriated  to  the 
general  funds  of  the  said  College  for  the  said  period  of  five  years." 

The  trustees,  understanding  that  some  difiference  of  opinion  was  en- 
tertained as  to  the  effect  of  the  surrender  of  the  graduating  fees,  made  by  the 
professors,  passed  on  the  12th  February,  1822.  the  following  resolution: 
"Resolved,  as  the  sense  of  this  board,  that  the  arrangement  entered  into  by 
the  professors,  in  relation  to  the  graduation  fees,  is  understood  to  amount  to 
a  relinquishment  of  said  graduation  fees  to  the  College,  so  long  as  its  em- 
barrassments require  them,  providing  the  said  term  does  not  exceed  five 
years." 

This  resolution  was  passed  in  the  board  of  trustees  when  the  professors 
were  present.  It  appeared  that  no  division  of  names  was  taken  on  the 
passing  of  the  resolution.  The  affirmative  of  the  question  was  put,  to 
which  there  was  a  general  answer  "aye."  The  negative  was  put,  to  which 
there  was  one  voice  said  "No,"  and  the  resolution  was  recorded  as  duly 
passed.  It  did  not  appear  whether  professors  voted  or  remained  silent  upon 
the  passing  of  the  resolution,  yet  it  was  understood  by  sentiments  pre- 
viously expressed,  that  one  or  two  of  the  professors  were  opposed  to  it. 

Notwithstanding  all  these  proceedings,  the  professors  claim  that  the 
graduation  fees  were  not  relinquished  by  them  to  the  College,  but  that  to 
aid  the  College  they  were  allowed  to  be  put  into  the  funds  as  a  loan  for  the 
term  of  five  3'ears  and  that  the  amount  thereof  with  interest  is  a  just  debt 
due  from  the  College  to  the  professors.  They  further  urge,  that  the  Re- 
gents in  their  reports  to  the  Legislature  in  1822  and  1823,  recognized  this 
claim  as  a  loan  put  into  the  College  funds  for  five  years  only. 

The  graduation  fee  was  in  1821-2.  $730.50:  1822-3,  $750.00;  1823-4, 
$1,275.00;  1824-5,  $1,025.00;  suppose  1825-6  to  be  the  same,  $1,025.00; 
$4.8o5.5o._ 

If  this  claim  is  allowed,  this  sum,  with  interest  thereon,  must  be  added 
to  the  amount  of  debts  due  from  the  College.  In  the  opinion  of  the  com- 
mittee, the  claim  ought  not  to  be  allowed. 


s8o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


ANATOMY   AND   SURGERY. 

Under  this  head,  the  committee  had  cause  to  apprehend  that  if  exac- 
tions liad  not  been  made  upon  students,  yet  that  improper  usages  were  al- 
lowed,  which  required  the  interposition  of  authority. 

The  subject  was  critically  examined.  All  suggestions  of  grievances 
were  attentively  heard,  and  the  result  was  such,  it  appeared  to  your  com- 
mittee that  these  departments  were  conducted  in  a  correct  manner  and  with- 
out  just   cause  of   complaint. 

The  provision  made  by  law  for  delivering  over  for  dissection  certain 
convicts  who  were  executed,  or  who  die  in  the  state  prison,  furnishes  an  in- 
sufficient number  of  "subjects,"  even  for  the  regular  course  of  surgical  and 
anatomical  lectures. 

The  professors,  in  the  course  of  their  lectures,  give  explanatfons  and 
perform  the  operations  of  surgery  and  dissection  in  the  presence  of  the  class 
of  students,  seated  upon  elevated  benches  around  the  lecture  room.  This 
course  teaches  the  principles  and  the  practice  of  anatomy  and  surgery  and 
is  a  performance  of  the  professor's  duties.  But  the  student  who  is  desir- 
ous to  become  a  skillful  practitioner,  feels  the  evident  necessity  of  a  more 
intimate  examination  of  the  matters  of  his  study,  and  the  important  bene- 
fits to  be  derived  from  it,  and  from  reducing  the  theory  of  the  lectures  to 
practice,  bv  descending  from  the  benches  and  handling  the  subject  and  actu- 
ally performing  operations  with  the  instruments. 

This  desire,  in  the  pursuit  of  practical  information,  induces  the  students 
oftentimes  to  assemble  in  the  dissecting  rooms,  out  of  lecture  hours,  to  par- 
ticipate in  actual  practice.  The  assistants  to  the  professors  attend  with 
them,  take  care  of  the  instruments,  aid  them  in  the  performance  of  opera- 
tions, and  with  renewed  explanations.  Those  assistants,  to  be  professors 
in  Surgery  and  Anatomy,  are  called  Demonstrators,  and  appear  to  be  very 
useful  aids  to  the  diligent  student. 

These  volunteer  associations  and  meetings  of  the  students  with  the 
demonstrators  recjuire  other  subjects  for  operations.  It  seems  a  usage  has 
therefore  been  introduced  that  each  student,  uniting  in  these  meetings  with 
the  demonstrators,  shall  contribute  the  sum  of  five  dollars,  to  constitute  a 
common  fund,  from  which  to  provide  other  subjects  to  operate  upon.  It 
appeared  that  the  sums  thus  contributed  by  the  students,  had  been  actually 
applied  to  the  professed  object,  leaving  a  deficit  of  the  expenses  actually  in- 
curred, and  that  no  part  of  the  monies  had  been  received,  or  retained,  by 
either  the  professors  or  demonstrators,  and  that  the  contributions  had  been 
voluntary,  and  from  such  students  only  as  desired  admission  into  those  pri- 
vate meetings  among  themselves. 

It  was  urged  that  these  meetings  and  this  contribution  was  an  abuse, 
and  led  to  evil  consequences,  and  that  they  ought  to  be  prohibited ;  or  that, 
if  they  were  deemed  beneficial,  they  should  be  sanctioned  by  the  Regents 
and  the  offices  of  the  demonstrators  should  be  erected  into  a  distinct  de- 
partment. 

In  the  opinion  of  your  committee  the  practice  yet  has  led  to  no  abuse — 
that  it  is  productive  of  great  benefits,  and  that  the  diligent  student  ought  not 


APPENDIX.  381 

to  be  prohibited  from  this  source  of  additional  information.  To  recognize 
the  offices  of  these  demonstrators,  in  separate  departments,  would  greatly 
augment  the  present  expenses  to  the  students :  and,  perhaps,  might  grow 
into  competition  with  the  professors  in  surgerj'  and  anatomy.  If  these  dem- 
onstrators are  left  as  the  unforbidden  and  unauthorized  assistants  of  the 
professors,  the  Regents  can  hold  those  professors  responsible  for  the  condtict 
of  their  agents ;  and  a  watchful  care  over  the  concerns  of  the  College  will 
prevent  any  growing  abuse. 

Connected  with  this  subject  was  the  representation  of  a  further  abuse, 
in  requiring  from  each  student  a  contribution  of  two  dollars  for  an  attendant 
on  the  dissecting  room.  It  appears  that  a  person,  in  the  character  of  ser- 
vant, waits  upon  the  students  at  the  dissecting  room,  at  the  lectures,  and  at 
their  private  meetings ;  provides  water,  soap  and  towels  for  their  use,  and 
attends  to  the  removing  the  offals  and  useless  parts  of  the  subject,  and  clean- 
ina:  the  room.  For  these  services,  this  contribution  of  two  dollars  has  been 
made.  It  does  not  appear  to  the  committee  that  the  subject  requires  the  in- 
terposition of  the  Regents. 

A  matriculation  fee  of  five  dollars  yearly  is  now  required  from  each 
student.  This  is  a  perquisite  to  the  College  library,  and  for  its  gradual  in- 
crease, especially  in  the  modern  periodical  publications,  and  for  which  the 
student  is  entitled  to  its  free  use.  The  annual  amount  of  this  fee  depends 
upon  the  number  of  students. 

It  produced  to  the  College  in  1819,  $711.00;  1820,  $925.00;  1821, 
$1,005.00;   1822,  $1,000.00;   1823,   1,010.00;   1824,  $975.00. 

Perhaps  a  portion  of  these  monies  might  be  advantageously  applied  to 
the  purchasing  of  appropriate  medals,  to  be  offered  annually,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Regents,  for  prize  essays  on  medicine,  or  subjects  of  science  con- 
nected with  the  public  health.  It  would  call  forth  the  talents  of  the  country, 
excite  a  spirit  of  improvement  and  furnish  a  collection  of  valuable  materials 
for  periodical  publications.  Two  prizes  of  $50  each  are  regularly  offered 
for  the  best  medical  dissertations,  by  a  committee  of  the  University  of 
Massachusetts,  and  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  premiums  have  been  an- 
nually awarded  to  young  physicians  and  medical  students.  The  medal 
should  derive  its  value  from  being  a  token  of  honour,  rather  than  from  its 
intrinsic  worth.  If  an  honorary  degree  should  sometimes  be  conferred  upon 
a  meritorious  competitor  for  a  prize,  it  would  spring  from  as  good  causes, 
rest  on  a  safer  foundation,  and  promise  as  beneficial  results  to  societ}^,  as 
many  other  degrees  now  often  bestowed  by  other  literary  institutions. 

It  has  been  urged  that  one  matriculation  fee,  or  a  fee  for  one  year, 
should  only  be  charged  to  each  student,  and  that  the  amount  of  the  fee 
should  be  increased.  It  appears  to  the  committee  to  be  inexpedient,  at  this 
time,  to  make  any  alterations  in  the  present  regulation  on  this  subject. 

If  the  provision  now  made  bj^  law,  for  delivering  certain  convicts  to  the 
College,  could  be  extended  to  the  convicts  who  decease  in  the  penitentiary, 
it  would  probably-  supply  a  sufficient  number  of  subjects,  not  only  for  the 
regular  lectures,  but  even  for  the  meetings  with  the  demonstrators  of  sur- 
gery and  anatomy.    -  Such  provision  might  assist  the  criminal  police  of  the 


382  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

state;  it  would  remove  the  odious  practice  of  the  exhumation  of  bodies;  it 
would  relieve  the  students  from  the  necessary  contribution  to  procure  sub- 
jects, and  might  well  then  justify  an  increase  of  the  matriculation  fee,  for 
the  benefit  of  the  College  funds. 

PROFESSORSHIPS    IN    THE    COLLEGE. 

The  College  has  established  six  professorships,  in  each  of  which  full 
courses  of  lectures  are  given  to  the  students. 

1.  Dr.  Hosack,  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Phj'sic  and  Clinical 
Medicine. 

2.  Dr.   Macneven,  on  Chemistry. 

3.  Dr.    Mitchell,   on   Botany  and   Materia  Medica. 

4.  Dr.  Post,  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

5.  Dr.   JMott,  on  Surger}'. 

6.  Dr.  Francis,  on  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of  \\'omen  and  Chil- 
dren. 

The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Mondaj^  of  November  and  continue 
daily  until  the  first  of  March.  The  examination  of  candidates  is  then  be- 
gun and  continued  till  about  the  20th  of  March,  Avhen  the  degrees  are  con- 
ferred. 

The  prescribed  plan  of  instruction  appeared  to  have  been  executed  ac- 
cording to  the  existing  regulations.  The  College  has  a  respectable  medical 
library. 

The  professors  have  a  valuable  cabinet  of  anatomical  and  surgical  prep- 
arations ;  a  laboratory  and  expensive  chemical  apparatus ;  an  extensive  collec- 
tion of  specimens  in  the  materia  medica,  botany  and  natural  history;  and 
museums  containing  specimens  and  articles  illustrative  of  the  subjects  tauglit 
in  the  lectures.  They  are  deposited  in  convenient  rooms  in  the  College  edi- 
fice, and  are  used  for  the  instruction  and  improvement  of  the  students.  It 
is  from  these  facilities  in  education  from  which  the  student  probably  de- 
rives as  much  benefit  in  his  studies  as  from  his  attendance  on  the  lectures.  It 
may  be  safely  said  that  there  are  very  few  medical  schools  in  this  country 
which  equal,  if  there  are  any  that  surpass,  in  the  facilities  of  education;  those 
afforded  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York.  But  it 
must  be  stated  that  these  valuable  cabinets,  collections,  apparatus  and 
museums,  are  the  private  propert}^  of  the  professors.  They  ought  to  belong 
to  and  form  a  part  of  the  public  institution,  and  be  open  and  accessible  to  the 
medical  practitioners  throughout  the  state.  Till  this  is  effected  it  cannot 
be  considered  entirely  a  public  institution ;  all  proper  sources  of  revenue 
should  be  put  into  the  funds  of  the  College;  first,  for  the  liquidation  of  its 
debts,  and  then  to  acquire  and  increase  all  those  facilities  in  education  which 
are  so  important  to  the  student,  and  so  desirable  to  the  public. 

The  appointment  of  persons  to  the  professorships  in  the  College  should 
ever  be  made  with  great  care;  and  after  great  deliberation  to  ascertain  their 
fitness  and  their  devotedness  to  the  pursuits  of  medical  science.  It  is  recom- 
mended that  the  Regents  occasionally  cause  a  scrutiny  to  be  made  into  the 
manner  and  skill  with  which  the  duties  of  the  professors  are  performed :  to 


APPENDIX.  383 

ascertain  their  acquaintance  with  recent  discoveries  and  modern  improve- 
ments in  medicine,  and  the  treatment  of  diseases,  as  well  as  their  continued 
attention  to  science,  and  the  continued  usefulness  of  each  one,  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  interests  of  the  College.  Such  watchful  proceedings  will 
keep  up  proper  excitement,  and  stimulate  professors  and  students  to  renewed 
efforts,  and  increasing  acquirements.  It  will  elevate  the  rank  of  profes- 
sorships, and  raise  the  institution  to  the  highest  grade  in  science.  "The 
science  of  medicine  was  once  greatly  involved  in  mystery  and  artificial  the- 
ories, when  genius  lashed  it  with  the  pen  of  Moliere.  Since  it  has  aban- 
doned its  useless  nostrums,  and  formulas,  and  fixed  itself  firmly  on  the  basis 
of  fact  and  experiment,  it  has  considerably  gained  in  respect,  honour  and 
emolument."  To  become  perfect,  it  must  be  divested  of  its  jargon  of  tech- 
nicalities; its  principles  must  be  studied  and  understood,  and  be  attired  in 
the  plain  robe  of  reason  and  common  sense.  The  spirit  of  free  inquiry 
which  characterizes  the  present  age,  has  considerably  improved  it.  But 
the  patrons  of  scientific  institutions  should  hold  their  professors  responsible 
for  further  amendment.  All  this  will  be  accomplished  in  a  considerable  de- 
gree by  the  board  of  visitors,  hereafter  recommended. 

A  tuition  fee  of  fifteen  dollars  is  charged  for  the  full  course  of  lectures, 
for  one  year,  with  each  professor.  An  additional  charge  of  five  dollars  is 
allowed  to  the  professors  of  chemistry  and  anatomy  for  their  assistants,  and 
extra  necessaiw   expenses   about  their   lectures. 

There  is  great  diiTerence  of  opinion  as  to  the  price  proper  to  be  paid 
for  a  course  of  lectures ;  some  urge  that  the  price  is  too  high ;  and  others 
insist  that  it  is  much  too  low. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  has  six  professors  in  the  medical  de- 
partment ;  the  fees  are  $20  to  each  professor,  for  one  course  of  lectures,  and 
the  number  of  students  is  about  400. 

The  University  of  Maryland  has  seven  professors  in  medicine,  fees  $20 
to  each :  and  about  200  students.  The  medical  institution  in  Connecticut  has 
four  professors;  the  fees  are  $12.50  to  each  and  about  90  students.  The 
Western  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Fairfield  has  five  profes- 
sors; the  fees  are  $10  each  for  three  of  them;  the  other  two  have  $12  each, 
and  about  120  students.  (It  is  not  the  object  of  this  report  to  remark  upon 
the  extent  or  comparative  excellence  of  the  courses  of  the  lectures  in  these 
dififerent  institutions.)  After  a  full  hearing  of  the  reasons  urged  on  either 
side  of  this  question,  your  committee  recommend  that  it  shall  remain  with 
the  Regents  under  advisement,  but  that  no  alteration  shall  be  made  at  the 
present  time. 

MEDICAL  STUDENTS. 

From  the  very  many  regulations  called  for,  in  order  to  perfect  the 
discipline  and  promote  the  interests  of  the  College,  relative  to  students,  it 
was  but  too  evident,  many  of  the  causes  of  the  differences  of  opinion  be- 
tween the  professors,  and  the  trustees  and  medical  societies,  were  dependent 
upon  or  intimately  connected  with  this  subject.  It  therefore  received  the 
particular  consideration  of  your  committee. 


384  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

It  appeared  that  the  average  number  of  students  annually  attending 
the  lectures  in  the  college  had  been  for  several  years  past  about  two  hun- 
dred. 

The  students  which  attended  the  lectures  of  the  several  professors  in 
1824-5  were  as  follows: 

Dr.  Hosack,  136  students,  4  of  which  were  received  without  fee. 

Dr.  Macneven,  117  students. 

Dr.   Mitchill,    121   students. 

Dr.  Post,  158  students,  16  of  whom  paid  no  fees. 

Dr.  Mott,  158  students,  16  of  whom  were  private  students,  and  6 
were  poor  and  paid  no  fee. 

Dr.  Francis,   129  students. 

It  appeared  that  several  of  the  professors  had  an  established  usage, 
that  any  person  who  had  regularly  attended  with  them  two  full  courses  of 
lectures,  should  not  be  subject  to  any  farther  charges  for  any  subsequent 
attendance  at  the  lectures.  It  was  under  such  usage  that  some  of  the  per- 
sons who  had  been  at  the  lectures  were  returned  as  not  paying  any  fee.  It 
appeared,  however,  that  the  matriculation  fee  to  the  College  library  had  been 
duly  paid  by  this  excepted  class  of  students. 

The  regulations  of  the  College  require,  that  in  order  to  be  admitted  to 
an  examination,  each  candidate  shall  be  twenty-one  years'  of  age:  shall  have 
pursued  medical  studies  for  the  term  of  three  years,  and  attended  two  full 
courses  of  lectures,  one  of  which  must  be  at  this  College.  Attend  one  j^ear 
the  lectures  of  certain  of  the  professors,  another  year  the  lectures  of  the 
others,  so  as  to  complete  in  three  years  the  full  course.  This  enables  the 
student  to  attend  a  second  or  third  time  the  lectures  of  the  professors  in  the 
department  which  he  intends  more  immediately  to  follow.  This  manner 
of  receiving  the  lectures  at  different  seasons  gives  many  additional  advantages 
to  the  student. 

The  students  who  come  from  the  country,  or  from  abroad,  to  attend 
the  College  during  the  season  of  lectures,  are  not  necessarily  required  to 
enter  into  the  office  of  either  professor,  trustee,  or  other  practising  phy- 
sician. It  is  entirely  at  their  own  option,  into  what  ofilice  they  enter  them- 
selves, or  whether  they  go  into  any  one.  It  is,  however,  generally  the  case, 
that  those  students  do  enter  into  some  office,  and  by  far  the  greater  portion 
of  them  enter  the  office  of  some  of  the  professors.  Indeed  the  professors 
have  almost  a  monopoly  of  this  class  of  students. 

The  two  classes  of  students  in  the  several  offices  are  distinguished  by 
distinct  appellations.  The  students  steadily  residing  in  any  office  are  called 
"private  students."  Those  who  enter  the  office  to  remain  only  during  the 
course  of  lectures,   are  denominated   "winter  students." 

The  students  who  attend  the  lectures  suppose  they  can  derive  great 
additional  advantages  from  frequenting  the  office  of  some  practitioner, 
where  they  can  obtain  further  explanations  on  the  subjects  of  the  lectures; 
compound  medicines:  make  experiments  in  chemistry;  assist  in  surgical  op- 
erations, or  witness  clinical  practice.  It  is  probable  from  such  views  they 
generally   enter  into  some  office,   and   most  usually   give  preference  to  the 


APPENDIX.  385 

office  of  a  professor.  Many  of  the  students,  however,  while  attending  lec- 
tures, enter  at  the  same  time  into  the  offices  of  two  different  professors.  It 
has  been  urged  that  persons  who  contemplate  a  residence  as  practising  phy- 
sicians where  they  must  be  called  to  practice  in  the  different  branches  of 
medicine  require  to  become  skillful  in  those  several  branches,  and  therefore 
properly  enter  at  the  same  time  as  students  in  two  or  more  offices,  as  interest 
or  inclination  may  prompt,  to  increase  their  opportunities  for  acquiring  in- 
formation. That  the  same  person  may  advantageously  be  a  student  at  the 
same  time,  with  the  professor  of  surgery  or  anatomy;  and  also  with  the  pro- 
fessor (jf  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic,  of  botany  or  chemistry,  and  attend 
his  office  while  engaged  with  his  lectures. 

On  the  other  hand,  this  practice  of  allowing"  persons  to  enter  as  students 
into  two  offices  at  the  same  time  has  been  reprobated  in  strong  terms,  and 
represented  as  injurious  to  the  character  of  the  College,  and  intended  only  to 
secure  favoritism  with  the  professors  at  their  examinations,  and  as  calculated 
to  send  forth  incompetent  men,  from  motives  of  partiality,  with  the  honors 
of  the  .College,  \\hich  ought  only  to  be  the  reward  of  great  merit. 

Connected  with  this  subject,  it  appeared  that  the  annual  pulilic  exami- 
nation of  the  candidates  for  graduation,  which,  by  the  charter,  is  required  to 
be  before  the  b<iard  of  professors  and  trustees,  has  usually  been  preceded  by 
a  private  examination  before  the  pnifessors.  It  was  alleged  that  the  effect 
had  been  to  render  the  public  examinations  a  mere  form,  and  that  it  enabled 
the  professors  more  easil}^  to  accomplish  any  objects  of  favoritism  to  stu- 
dents who  should  have  entered  their  several  offices.  On  the  other  part,  it 
was  insisted  to  be  correct  and  proper  for  the  professors,  by  previous  private 
examinations,  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  the  pupils  before  they  Avere  recom- 
mended as  candidates,  and  thus  to  guard  them  from  failure  and  dishonor  by 
an  unsuccessful  public  examination.  It  was  said  that  no  evil  could  result 
from  such  a  course,  or  because  the  candidate  had  been  a  student  in  more 
than  one  office,  inasmuch  as  the  professors  were  but  six  members  of  a  board 
of  twenty-fi\'e  trustees,  all  of  whom  were  by  the  chai'ter  required  to  attend 
the  examinations,  and  each  of  whom  were  to  pass,  after  satisfactory  inquirv, 
upon  the  fitness  of  the  candidates,  by  a  direct  vote,  rejecting  or  recommending 
each  to  a  diploma. 

The  committee  called  for  some  proof  of  any  instance  of  favoritism  or 
oppression  against  any  candidate,  by  either  professor  or  trustee;  and  espe- 
cially, if  any  instance  could  be  shown,  where  a  candidate  had  been  favored, 
because  he  had  been  in  the  office  of  one  or  more  of  the  professors,  or  had  been 
oppressed  because  he  had  been  a  student  in  the  office  of  a  trustee.  The 
inquiry  was  diligent,  but  ineffectual,  to  establish  an}'  such  case.  The  trustees 
insisted  that  proof  ought  not  to  be  expected — that  the  ciixumstances  did  not 
admit  of  proof.  The  motives  which  might  influence  a  student  to  give  prefer- 
ence to  a  professor's  office,  or  to  enter  at  the  same  time  into  more  than  one 
office,  or  the  bias  it  might  pi"oduce  on  the  professors'  minds,  could  not  be  a 
matter  of  proof.  It  was  said  the  moral  effect  was  evinced  from  the  relation 
in  which  the  parties  were  placed,  and  from  the  attitude  and  power  of  the 
professors  over  the  students,  and  the  evils  were  to  be  inferred  from  the  cir- 
cumstances. 


386  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  the  absence  of  proof,  the  case  rested  wholly  upon  inferences,  which 
were  pressed  with  great  force  upon  the  consideration  of  the  committee.  It 
was  represented  that  the  college  would  never  attain  any  considerable  emi- 
nence under  its  present  regulations,  which  were  so  replete  with  incongruous 
provisions.  In  this  latter  provision  only  both  professors  and  trustees  seemed 
to  accord.  The  committee  required  of  each  to  submit  the  alterations  and 
amendments  which  were  deemed  so  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  institution. 
Various  propositions  were  submitted,  and  which  are  herewith  delivered  over 
to  the  Regents.  The  principles  of  these  propositions  require,  on  the  one 
hand,  that  an  ordinance  should  be  passed  making  the  professors  depend  on  a 
specified  salary,  and  prohibiting  the  professors  from  taking  any  "  winter 
students,"  in  order  to  elevate  the  character  of  the  College,  by  a  more  rigid 
and  entirely  impartial  examination  of  the  candidates  for  diplomas.  And,  on 
the  other  hand,  that  the  trustees  should  be  removed  from  their  places,  or 
that  the  examination  of  the  candidates  and  the  care  of  the  instruction  in  the 
College  be  placed  wholly  \\\i\\  the  professors. 

In  the  perplexity  arising  from  the  different  opinions  entertained  on 
these  subjects  by  medical  gentlemen,  of  acknowledged  respectability,  and 
perhaps  of  equal  talents,  your  committee  have  endeavored  to  derive  instruc- 
tion from  a  reference  to  the  manner  and  principles  upon  which  other  medical 
institutions,  in  the  adjoining  states,  have  been  founded.  Their  means  of  in- 
formation are  limited:  but  as  far  as  they  have  been  enabled  to  learn,  it  ap- 
pears : 

The  Regents  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  is  an  incorporation,  em- 
bracing four  faculties,  together  with  the  provost  of  the  said  university.  The 
four  faculties  are,  viz. : 

The  Faculty  of  Physic, 

The  Faculty  of  Divinity, 

The  Faculty  of  Law,  and 

The  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

These  four  faculties  thus  united,  constitute  the  university.  "Each  of 
the  faculties  are  declared  to  possess  the  power  of  appointing  its  own  pro- 
fessors and  lecturers."  And  the  professors  now  appointed  in  the  college  of 
medicine  of  Maryland,  and  their  successors,  are  declared  to  constitute  the 
faculty  of  physic. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  consists  of  the  following  general  di- 
visions : 

1.  A  department  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences, 

2.  A  Medical  department, 

3.  A  Law  department, 

4.  A  department  of  Natural   Sciences, 

5.  A  department  of  General  Literature. 

Its  government  is  the  go\'ernor  of  the  state,  ex-ofiicio,  and  twenty-four 
other  persons  (who  are  not  medical  men)  denominated  a  "Board  of  Trus- 
tees." The  medical  school  is  under  the  immediate  government  of  the  medical 
professors,  with  power  to  establish  proper  rules  and  regulations  for  conduct- 
ing the  business  of  the  department,  subject  to  the  rules  and  statutes  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees. 


APPENDIX.  387 


The  candidates  are  examined  privately  by  the  professors,  in  the  presence 
of  such  of  the  trustees  as  choose  to  attend.  If  found  quahfied,  they  are  to  be 
reported  to  the  provost,  who  is  to  communicate  such  report  to  "the  Board  of 
Trustees"  in  order,  if  approved  of  by  them,  that  degrees  may  be  conferred. 

In  Massachusetts,  the  medical  school  is  controlled  by  a  medical  faculty, 
composed  of  the  president  of  the  university,  and  the  five  medical  professors. 
It  is  subject  to  the  incorporation  of  the  president,  and  fellows  of  Harvard 
university,  and  which  is  again  subject  to  the  "overseers  of  the  university." 
The  overseers  are  composed  of  the  governor,  and  senate  of  the  state,  with 
about  thirty  distinguished  individuals.  In  practice,  the  medical  faculty  regu- 
late their  own  department,  and  fill  their  own  vacancies,  subject  to  the  negative 
of  the  overseers. 

In  Connecticut,  "The  Medical  Institution  of  Yale  College"  is  a  faculty 
attached  to  the  incorporation  of  that  college ;  it  has  four  professors : 

1st.     Of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy. 

2nd.     Of  the  Theoiy  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

3d.     Of  Anatomy,  Surgery  and  Midwifery. 

4th.     Of  Materia  Medica  and  Botany. 

The  institution  is  under  the  government  of  the  corporation  of  Yale  Col- 
lege, by  which  its  professors  are  appointed ;  its  concerns  regulated  and  its 
degrees  conferred.  The  diploma  is  under  the  seal  of  Yale  College,  and  signed 
by  the  president.  The  examinations  and  recommendations  of  candidates  are 
made  by  a  board  to  consist  of  the  four  professors  and  four  members  from 
county  medical  societies,  to  be  annually  appointed  by  "The  Medical  Conven- 
tion," which  is  a  meeting  composed  of  delegates  from  the  county  societies. 

From  the  preceding  reference  it  appears  that  the  Medical  Faculty  of 
other  institutions  have  the  immediate  government  of  their  college,  with  the 
power  of  the  examinations  and  the  right  of  recommending  candidates  for 
degrees  to  a  Board  of  Trustees,  answering  to  "the  Regents"  in  this  state, 
and  without  any  intervening  body  of  Medical  Trustees,  vested  with  power 
to  control  the  examinations  and  recommendations  of  candidates  for  degrees. 
A  recurrence  to  the  rise  and  progress  of  "The  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  New  York,"  through  its  various  mutations  and  regulations, 
from  its  commencement  to  this  time,  shows  that  it  has  hitherto  been  con- 
ducted under  the  immediate  guidance  of  medical  professors  and  medical 
trustees,  subject  to  a  negative  of  the  Regents.  The  first  proposition  in 
1791,  for  its  incorporation,  was  accompanied  with  opposition  and  a  remon- 
strance signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  medical  society.  Sub- 
secjuently  from  that  time,  differences  in  the  government  of  its  concerns  have 
been  uninterrupted,  and  collisions  have  beeu  unceasing.  At  the  last  exam- 
ination of  candidates  these  differences  rose  to  personal  altercations  between 
professors  and  some  of  the  trustees  in  the  presence  of  the  students.  Their 
continuance  is  injuriously  indicated  to  the  public  by  two  conflicting  notices 
for  the  commencement  of  the  lectures  this  last  term.  The  one  from  the 
professors,  the  other  from  the  trustees.  It  is,  however,  with  feelings  of 
conscious  satisfaction,  your  committee  are  enabled  to  state  that  these  differ- 
ences and  collisions  appear  to  have  been  confined  within  the  body  of  the 


388  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

professors  and  medical  trustees ;  and  that  they  ha\e  in  no  instance  extended 
themselves  to  produce  injustice  by  partiality  or  oppression  to  any  student 
or  candidate.  In  the  meanwhile,  the  College  has  continued  to  advance  in 
prosperity,  and  has  retained  its  number  of  students,  notwithstanding  other 
medical  schools  have  been  established  in  most  of  the  other  states:  and  one 
other  in  this  state,  denominated  "The  Western  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,"  wdiich  is  also  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  well  attended.  To 
have  sustained  itself  against  such  competition,  is  proof  of  its  increasing 
strength:  and  which  is  yet  more  certainly  demonstrated  by  a  reference  to 
its  students,  which  have  been  collected  not  only  from  this  state,  but  from 
most  of  the  other  states,  the  Canadas,  and  even  the  West  India  Islands. 
The  fame  of  the  College  as  a  medical  school,  combining  very  many  advan- 
tages for  improvement  in  that  department  in  science,  has  become  widely 
extended,  and  from  its  importance,  general  utility,  and  admitted  facilities 
in  education,  it  seems  to  have  attained  a  high  degree  of  eminence. 

Perhaps  it  will  not  be  a  matter  of  surprise,  that  disagreements  have 
arisen  in  the  management  of  this  College,  between  the  professors  and  the 
trustees,  and  medical  societies,  when  it  shall  be  recollected  those  bodies  are  com- 
posed of  practicing  physicians,  and  candidates  for  the  same  patronage,  and 
that  most,  or  all  of  the  trustees,  are  also  members,  and  many  of  them  officers 
of  the  medical  societies.  The  advantages  incident  to  a  professorship  may 
furnish  causes  of  excitement.  The  duties  of  a  professor  do  not  impede  or 
hinder  him  from  the  ordinary  pursuits  of  his  private  practice.  Probably  it 
is  even  increased  in  the  particular  department,  by  his  place  of  a  lecturer. 
Upwards  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  intelligent  young  gentlernen,  annually 
brought  about  him  in  habits  of  intimate  friendship,  in  the  attendance  upon 
the  lectures,  carry  home  with  them  the  kindest  feelings  of  respeci,  and  more 
widely  spread,  in  their  respective  places  of  residence,  the  fame  of  their  pro- 
fessors. The  fee  of  fifteen  dollars,  paid  by  each  attendant  upon  the  lectures, 
forms  no  inconsiderable  sum,  and  to  which  may  be  added  a  further  amount 
for  the  fee  of  thirty-five  dollars,  claimed  by  the  professors  from  each  "win- 
ter student,"  wdio  enters  into  his  office. 

The  acquisition  of  such  profit  and  fame  is  the  just  reward  of  distin- 
guished reputation,  and  high  attainments  in  science.  To  rear  this  College 
to  its  proper  eminence,  and  to  sustain  it  in  the  fulness  of  its  usefulness,  it 
must  ever  be  in  a  condition  to  command  talents  of  such  an  order.  These 
places  ought  to  be  preserved  as  the  meed  of  high  ambition.  Such  prizes  may 
be  expected  to  awaken  competitors  in  talents,  in  fame,  and  fortune.  It  is 
one  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  this  institution  to  society. 

By  an  ordinance  of  the  Regents,  passed  in  March,  1S25,  the  professors 
are  required  to  account  and  pay  to  the  funds  of  the  College,  ten  per  cent 
upon  the  sums  received  by  each  one  for  their  lectures.  Perhaps,  at  some  fu- 
ture time,  it  may  be  expedient  to  increase  this  rate  of  percentage,  to  be  paid 
over  to  the  College  funds.  The  exigencies  of  the  funds  require  relief.  It 
must,  however,  be  observed  that  the  graduation  fees,  together  with  this  al- 
lowance of  ten  per  cart  on  the  tuition  money,  being  hereafter  to  be  taken 
from  the  professors,   make  a   very  material  reduction   from  the  income  of 


APPENDIX.  389 


their  lectures,  and  forms  an  important  annual  addition  to  the  finances  of  the 
College.  The  ability  to  redeem  its  debt  will  depend  on  its  future  prosperity. 
The  professors  ought  not  to  be  depressed  with  too  much  parsimony,  lest  it 
might  impair  their  elTorts,  and  prove  injurious  in  the  result  to  the  institu- 
tion. 

After  full  consideration  upon  the  proposed  alterations  in  the  regula- 
tions of  the  College,  your  committee  do  not  believe  it  would  be  expedient  to 
make  the  professors  salary  oflicers. 

An  ordinance  forbidding  professors  from  taking  "winter  students" 
would  infringe  upon  the  rights  of  the  students  to  accjuire  information  with 
whom  they  please.  The  reasons  upon  which  this  ordinance  is  now  required 
against  the  professors  might  then  be  urged  with  equal  force,  to  have  the  same 
prohibition  extended  to  the  trustees,  who  also  have  a  vote  upon  the  examin- 
ations. Such  regulations  would  abridge  the  opportunities  of  information 
to  the  students — would  proscribe  too  large  a  portion  of  the  medical  talent 
of  the  city,  and  would  bespeak  an  unreasonable  and  improper  jealousy  of  the 
respectable  and  honourable  gentlemen  who  are  professors  and  trustees.  In 
the  opinion  of  the  committee,  the  ordinance  ought  not  to  be  granted. 

Whatever  difference  of  sentiment  has  been  entertained,  and  whatever 
disagreements  have  arisen  in  the  government  and  regulation  of  this  College, 
the  trustees  have  proceeded  only  pari  passu  with  the  professors.  However 
much  we  may  differ  from  the  propositions  and  conclusions  urged  by  eitlier, 
there  is  no  sufficient  reason  to  censure  the  fairness  of  the  motives  of  each. 
If  the  Regents  possess  the  power,  the  committee  are  of  the  opinion  it  ought 
not  to  be  exercised  to  remove  all  or  any  of  the  trustees. 

In  searching  for  remedies,  to  secure  harmony  to  this  College,  and  to 
produce  a  greater  unity  of  action  in  the  members  of  its  government,  the  com- 
mittee are  induced  to  recommend,  that  the  several  vacancies  now  existing, 
and  which  shall  hereafter  in  the  Board  of  Trustees,  shall  be  filled  by  distin- 
guished gentlemen  who  are  not  medical  men,  until  they  shall  be  equal  in 
number  to  the  medical  Trustees. 

A  board  thus  composed  of  the  professors,  and  of  Trustees,  one  part  of 
medical  men,  and  the  other  of  men  from  other  professions  and  pursuits  in 
life,  would,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  possess  within  itself  an  equipoise, 
and  the  means  of  harmony,  and  yet  retain  all  the  medical  information  neces- 
sary and  useful  for  the  greatest  advancement  of  the  interest  of  the  College. 
By  interposing  this  third  body  between  the  professors  and  medical  Trustees, 
it  would  neutralize  the  ingredients  of  the  College  government  and  prevent 
its  too  great  tendency  to  effervesce.  An  ordinance  making  provision  for 
this  case,  is  therefore  recommended  to  be  adopted  by  the  Regents. 

Connected  with  this  subject,  and  with  a  view  that  the  board  of  Trustees 
shall  be  composed  of  those  three  orders,  it  is  necessary  and  proper  to  retain 
the  professors  as  members  of  the  board.  The  committee,  therefore, 
recommend  the  repeal  of  the  ordinance  of  the  Regents  in  1820,  whereby  any 
professor  thereafter  to  be  appointed  is  declared  ineligible  to  be  a  Trustee. 
Another  ordinance,  requiring  that  to  make  a  quorum  to  transact  bu'^iness,  a 
majority  present  shall   be  Trustees   who  are  not  professors,    is  a   suiiicient 


390  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

gmrd  against  any  acts  of  the  professors.  The  board  thus  organized  will  be 
composed  of  six  professors,  ten  medical  Trustees  and  nine  Trustees  from 
other  pursuits. 

In  the  course  of  the  discussions  on  this  enquiry,  the  disinterested  zeal 
and  patriotic  feelings  which  influenced  the  Trustees  so  solicitously  to  pro- 
mote the  advancement  of  the  College,  were  often  urged  upon  the  considera- 
tion of  the  committee.  It  was  insisted,  on  the  part  of  the  professors,  that 
thej.  too,  were  influenced  by  the  same  zeal  and  the  same  patriotic  feelings, 
and  an  equal  desire  for  the  advancement  of  the  College,  with  the  additional 
stimulus  of  a  great  personal  and  individual  interest  in  fame  and  fortune.  It 
is  a  practice  in  courts  of  equity,  allowing  equal  rectitude  to  all,  to  confide  any 
property  in  its  keeping  to  those  persons  most  interested  in  its  preservation 
and  improvement.  It  is  a  rule  of  the  common  law,  established  by  ancient 
jurists,  and  handed  down  as  the  determination  of  wisdom,  adopted  from  ex- 
perience in  human  concerns,  that  the  guardianship  and  possession  of  an  in- 
fant shall  never  be  committed  to  the  persons  next  entitled  to  the  inheritance, 
in  case  of  the  infant's  decease. 

THE    EXAMINATION    OF    STUDENTS. 

The  charter  of  the  College  provides,  that  the  examination  of  candidates 
shall  be  by  the  professors,  in  the  presence  of  the  trustees,  who  are  to  receive 
due  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  the  examination,  and  may  attend.  Pro- 
fessors and  trustees  all  vote  on  the  fitness  and  recommendation  of  the  candi- 
dates to  the  Regents  for  a  degree,  and  a  majority  of  voices  determines  the 
result.  All  agree  that  the  practice  and  the  regulations  on  this  subject  are 
of  importance  to  the  student,  and  of  deep  interest  to  the  advancement  and 
the  honour  of  the  College.  The  possibility  that  any  student  should  be  either 
unduly  favoured  or  oppressed  in  the  course  of  his  studies  or  at  his  examina- 
tion, must  not  be  admitted.  And  the  committee  believe  it  has  hitherto  oc- 
curred in  no  instance.  Examinations  which  become  too  lax,  will  favour  the 
indolent  student,  and  send  out  the  ignorant  candidate  with  the  honours  of 
the  College,  and  bring  discredit  on  the  institution.  If  too  rigid  and  unrea- 
sonably severe,  they  become  oppressive,  and  will  drive  away  the  pupils,  and 
chill  and  even  nip  the  growth  of  the  College  with  an  untimely  frost. 

Should  that  section  of  the  present  charter,  relating  to  the  examination 
of  candidates,  be  so  amended  as  to  suspend  the  right  of  the  recommendation 
of  candidates  on  the  vote  of  the  professors  and  trustees,  and  further  provi- 
sion be  made,  that  the  examination  should  be  b}^  the  professors  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  trustees,  and  under  the  direction  of  a  "board  of  visitors,"  and 
who  alone  should  recommend  the  candidates  to  the  Regents,  as  found  worthy 
and  meriting  the  honors  of  the  College,  it  would  put  at  rest  all  possibility 
of  unfairness  in  the  examinations,  or  of  favouritism  or  oppression.  A 
board  of  visitors  of  not  less  than  five  persons,  distinguished  for  medical 
science  or  literature,  might  be  annually  appointed  by  the  Regents  a  short 
time  before  the  close  of  the  lectures,  to  attend  the  examination.  They  would 
be  entirely  impartial.  They  would  cherish  the  worthy  candidate,  and  yet 
sufficiently  guard  the  reputation  of  the  College. 


APPENDIX.  391 

Such  a  board  for  examiners  might  be  selected  from  the  Regents,  from 
the  Trustees,  or  from  other  persons  in  the  city  or  state,  respectable  for  their 
learning.  A  professor  from  the  Western  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, or  even  a  distinguished  professor  from  the  universities  of  Philadel- 
phia, Bost'>n,  Baltimore  or  New  Haven,  might  be  requested  by  the  Regents 
to  associate  as  a  member  of  such  a  board  of  visitors.  It  will  be  observed 
that  these  suggestions  are  intended  to  assimilate  with  the  regulations  adopted 
for  the  examination  of  cadets  at  the  West  Point  academy.  These  princi- 
ples have  proved  in  practice  most  auspicious  to  the  harmony  and  reputation 
of  that  distinguished  seminary. 

An  examination  and  recommendation  of  candidates  by  such  a  board 
of  examiners  would  carry  forward  its  own  credit.  It  would  raise  the 
qualifications  of  a  degree.  Above  suspicion  for  its  intelligence  and  impar- 
tiality, it  would  redound  to  the  honour  of  the  studaits,  stimulate  professors 
to  exertions,  and  greatly  add  to  the  celebrity  of  the  College.  From  the  ob- 
servations which  your  committee  were  enabled  to  make,  of  the  proficiency 
and  acquirements  in  science  of  the  professors  and  trustees  of  this  Col- 
lege, they  confidently  believe  it  can  come  with  its  class  of  candidates,  from 
the  scrutiny  of  such  a  board  of  examiners,  and  stand  holding  its  place  with 
renewed  lustre  in  the  ranks  of  science.  It  is  therefore  recommended  that  an 
ordinance  be  adopted  by  the  Regents,  carrying  into  effect  these  provisions, 
in  regard  to  the  examination  of  students. 

Should  the  Regents  approve  of  these  recommendations,  and  any  doubts 
be  entertained  as  to  the  power  of  the  Regents  to  amend  the  charter  of  the 
College,  so  as  to  carry  the  suggestions  into  full  effect,  the  committee  believe 
the  evident  utility  and  necessity  of  new  regulations  on  this  subject,  would 
induce  the  professors  and  trustees,  upon  application  from  the  Regents,  to 
give  their  coroporate  assent  to  the  alterations.  Legislative  interposition  may 
otherwise  become  necessary.  Rut  the  provisions  recommended  m  regard  to 
the  filling  of  vacancies  in  the  board  of  Trustees  from  persons  not  concerned 
in  medicine,  till  they  constitute  the  one-half  of  the  number,  will,  however, 
carry  intO'  effect  and  accomplish  the  principal  means  desired  to  secure  har- 
mony in  the  institution. 

From  the  preceding  remarks,  it  will  be  apparent  that  the  opinion  of  this 
committee  is  decidedly  against  granting  the  prayer  of  the  trustees  in  their 
memorial  of  the  6th  of  Januar)^,  1825,  in  which  the  Trustees  ask  the  Regents 
"to  vest  them  with  the  power  of  regulating  all  the  affairs  of  the  College,  and 
to  delegate  to  the  trustees  the  pov^^er  of  making  their  own  by-laws  and  regu- 
lations." In  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  a  surrender  of  these  important 
powers  and  authority  by  the  Regents  would  be  inconsistent  with  the  high 
duties  which  they  OAve  to  the  people  of  this  state,  and  v.'ould,  under  existing 
circumstances,  be  altogether  inexpedient  for  the  inteixst  of  the  College. 

Before  closing  this  report,  the  committee  take  the  liberty  to  suggest 
for  the  consideration  of  the  Regents,  one  other  subject,  which  has  occurred 
to  them  in  the  course  of  their  inquiries.  They  are  aware  that  this  subject 
is  not  directly  included  in  the  visitational  powers  confided  to  them.  But 
its  importance  induces  them  to  present  it  for  consideration. 


392  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

It  is  proposed  to  extend  and  apply  the  medical  schools,  and  perhaps  the 
College,  to  the  teaching  of  Agriculture,  Mechanics  and  the  Useful  Arts,  as 
collateral  l^ranches,  and  to  separate  classes. 

Notwithstanding  the  liberal  endowments  made  by  this  ;tate.  in  the 
support  of  its  various  literary  institutions,  yet  great  deficiencies  exist,  in 
supplying  the  requirements  of  society,  and  in  the  adaptation  of  the  sciences 
to  the  actual  practice  in  the  pursuits  of  common  life.  The  rapid  growth  of 
this  state:  its  multiplied  resources;  and  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  its 
citizens,  make  large  demands  upon  the  scientists,  to  aid  and  co-operate  in 
advancing  the  general  prosperity.  It  is  not  sufficient  that  the  sciences  con- 
nected with  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  are  diligently  studied  and 
correctly  understood  by  a  few  votaries  in  our  literary  institutions.  It  seems 
very  necessaiw  that  these  sciences  essential  to  the  prosperity  of  Tnanufactur- 
ing  industry,  should  be  especially  promoted,  and  adapted  to  the  comprehen- 
sion of  a  meritorious  class  of  citizens,  whose  situation  and  circumstances, 
while  they  deny  them  the  opportunities  of  an  academic  life,  de\-ote  them 
more  sedulously  to  mechanic  pursuits,  and  perhaps  as  certainly  prepare  them 
to  advance  the  public  good.  If  this  class  of  sciences  was  exhibited  to  tlie 
manufacturer  and  practical  mechanic  in  a  course  of  lectures,  it  w-ould  not 
fail  to  produce  improvements,  and  confer  lasting  benefits  on  the  country. 
Courses  of  popular  lectures  for  a  few  weeks  in  every  year,  upon  Agriculture, 
Chemistr}^  and  Mechanics,  with  illustrations,  and  the  exhibition  of  experi- 
ments, models  and  specimens,  would  secure  an  advantageous  unicn.  in  the 
efforts  of  theoretical  and  practical  men;  would  awaken  the  mental  energies 
of  the  agriculturist  and  the  artisan  and  soon  produce  a  new  era  in  the  me- 
chanic  arts. 

The  advantages  which  may  be  anticipated  from  the  proposed  more  in- 
timate union  of  the  efforts  of  scientific  and  of  practical  men,  will  be  sufti- 
ciently  illustrated  by  reference  to  a  recent  and '  familiar  case.  The  hats 
hitherto  in  use,  have  been  manufactured  and  stiffened  with  glues,  whicii 
were  dissoluble  in  water.  Within  the  last  five  or  six  years,  "water  proof" 
hats,  warranted  to  be  impervious  to  water,  have  come  into  general  use.  The 
art  of  making  them  has  been  blazoned  forth  as  a  new  invention,  and  has 
been  even  the  subject  of  "patent  rights."  The  important  discovery  consists 
in  the  use  of  "Shell  Lac"  as  the  stift'ening  glue.  It  is  a  giun  imported  and 
found  in  all  druggist  stores.  It  is  often  used  in  medicine,  and  a  peculiar 
property  of  which  has  long  been  known  to  the  chemist,  to  consist  in  its  be- 
ing indissoluble  in  water,  while  it  readily  dissolves  in  alcohol,  and  becomes 
a  convenient  glue,  impervious  to  water.  The  discovery  and  recent  inven- 
tion, therefore,  consist  in  the  working  mechanic  having  acquired  and  adopted 
into  his  daily  business,  the  information  on  this  one  point,  which  has  been 
possessed  and  useu  for  the  last  century  by  every  chemist,  druggist,  and 
compounder  of  medicines. 

Perhaps,  within  another  century,  or,  if  as'^isted,  within  another  year, 
the  worker  in  leather  may  acquire  a  like  secret,  and  by  saturating  his  mate- 
rial with  some  such  ingredient,  effectually  protect  our  feet  from  moisture. 
Water  proof  cloth  has   long  been   also  a   disideratum    for  mankind.     It   is 


APPENDIX.  393 

said  it  has  been  recently  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  with  the  use  of  the 
common  "India  Rubber."'  The  manufacturer  has  hitherto  been  unable  to 
make  a  solution  of  this  substance,  while  the  chemist  has  long  known  its  solu- 
bility, by  the  application  of  bituminous  oils,  like  the  "Seneca  Oil,"  of  which 
this  country  affords  an  abundance. 

The  indigent  mechanic  must  rely  upon  his  daily  labour  for  his  subsist- 
ence. He  can  not  waste  his  time,  or  incur  expense,  to  go  in  pursuit  of  the 
sciences,  even  as  applied  to  his  own  occupation.  Any  separate  establish- 
ment, recjuiring  him  to  leave  his  employment  to  the  apprentice  to  forego  his 
labor,  would  thereby  be  inacessiW*^  to  them.  To  be  of  utility,  it  must  be 
fitted  to  their  opportunities  and  their  means.  It  must  be  applied  to  their 
condition. 

The  school  should  be  organized  with  a  view  to  convenience  and  econ- 
omy, in  time  and  expense,  and  with  the  expectation  that  the  manufacturer, 
the  mechanic,  the  journeyman,  apprentice  and  labourer,  will  become  the 
pupils,  and  there  learn  the  principles  upon  which  successful  practice  in  their 
several  occupations  depends,  and  acquire  additional  skill  in  their 
respective  employments.  Some  public  provision,  by  which  these  advantages 
may  be  extended  to  this  portion  of  our  community,  seems  to  be  required,  as 
a  measure  of  policy,  and  as  an  act  of  ecjual  justice.  It  is  believed  it  may 
easily  be  accomplished,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Regents,  and  by  an  au- 
thority to  hold  such  a  course  of  lectures.  Scientific  gentlemen  would  un- 
dertake the  duties ;  or  the  Professors  of  Chemistry  and  of  Natural  Philosophy 
in  the  institutions  already  established,  might  derive  fame  and  profit,  and 
find  employment  for  their  leisure  time,  in  this  fiirther  duty.  It  would  be 
consonant  with  their  present  pursuits.  The  institutions  now  provided  for 
medical  or  literary  purposes,  might  thus  be  made  more  extensively  focal  points, 
from  which  to  radiate  the  public  mind.  They  would  better  accord  vvith  the 
situation  and  condition  of  our  country.  The  plan  of  education  ni  our  Col- 
leges was  deri\'ed  from  Europe,  where  it  was  established  by  the  Romish 
priesthood,  and  it  has  been  adopted  here,  and  since  continued  with  too  great 
a  subserviency  to  precedent.  Perhaps  at  some  future  time  it  may  be  deemed 
expedient  to  re-examine  the  system  of  education  now  in  practice,  and  to 
adopt  such  improvements  as  may  more  immediatel)^  conform  it  to  the  pur- 
suits of  our  citizens,  and  the  spirit  of  our  government,  at  least,  to  provide 
a  plan  of  education  in  some  of  the  Colleges,  a  part  of  which  shall  be  more 
suited  for  our  intercourse  with  other  nations,  and  more  adapted  to  the  ener- 
gies and  the  enterprise  of  our  people.  To  encourage  the  arts,  as  applied 
to  manufacturing  industry,  by  a  more  direct  application  of  the  sciences  upon 
the  plan  now  proposed,  will  be  an  extension,  and  a  new  application,  of  the 
benevolent  and  important  system  of  common  schools.  It  may  be  presumed 
that  the  judicious  master  would  not  only  permit,  but  encourage  "his  appren- 
tices to  frequent  lectures  within  their  reach,  sure  that  the  little  time  so  lost 
to  his  trade,  would  be  amply  repaid,  by  the  increased  diligence,  sobriety  and 
knowledge,  thereby  purchased." 

The  moral  effect  justly  to  be  anticipated  upon  the  youth  and  middle 
classes  of  society,  should  also  induce  to  the  proposed  object.     It  will  diffuse 


394  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

intelligence  amongst  a  portion  of  society  whose  condition  has  heen  hitherto 
almost  inaccessihle  to  improvement,  and  remove  that  state  of  ignorance  and 
depression  usually  incident  to,  and  often  urged  against,  mechanic  pursuits 
and   manufacturing   establishments. 

The  laboratory  apparatus,  models,  and  specimens  now  used  by  Pro- 
fessors, might,  without  prejudice,  be  allotted  to  this  further  purpose. 

If  an  augmentation  of  the  cabinet  of  models  and  specimens  should  be 
required,  the  importance  of  the  object  would  justify  the  hope  of  further 
bounty  from  the  Legislature. 

The  able  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Columbia  College  (Mr. 
McVickar),  with  great  benefit  to  the  institution,  and  increased  reputation  to 
himself,  has  recently  made  "Political  Economy"  the  subject  of  a  course  of 
lectures.  The  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  same  College  (Mr. 
Renwick)  ;  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  (Dr.  Macneven)),  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York ;  and  the  Professor  of  Chemistry 
(Mr.  J.  Nott)  in  Union  College,  upon  suggestions  from  your  committee, 
have  assented  to  undertake,  with  the  permission  of  the  institutions  to  which 
they  belong,  courses  of  lectures  for  the  instruction  of  mechanics,  under  the 
authority  and  sanction  of  the  Regents.  The  Colleges  at  New  York, 
Schenectad)^  Fairfield,  Hamilton  and  Geneva ;  and  perhaps  the  academies  at 
Albany,  and  the  principal  villages,  furnish  convenient  opportunities  to  make 
the  experiment  of  teaching  such  branches  of  education,  as  collateral  to  the 
professorships,  and  the  original   objects  of  those  institutions. 

The  utility  of  the  scheme  would  soon  be  ascertained,  and  the  expedi- 
ency determined,  of  hereafter  conferring  degrees  for  proficiency  in  agricul-. 
ture  and  the  useful  arts. 

PROTEST    OF    THE     PROFESSORS. 

To  the  Honorable  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  Senate  and 

Assembly  convened: 

A  memorial  or  remonstrance  having  been  lately  presented  to  your  hon- 
orable body,  coming  as  from  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  undersigned  being  also  Trustees 
of  the  said  College,  but  differing  altogether  from  the  statements  of  the  said 
memorial,  and  pronouncing  many  of  them  to  be  absolutely  false  and  suited 
to  mislead,  we  beg  leave,  in  vindication  of  truth,  as  well  as  the  interests  of 
the  valuable  public  institution  to  which  we  are  attached,  to  request  your  at- 
tention to  this  our  counter  memorial. 

Fortunately  we  can  offer  testimony  which  you  may  not  doubt. 

It  is  not  the  unsupported  assertion  of  obscure  or  needy  adventures ; 
it  is  not  biased  by  rivalry  or  malice;  but  it  is  the  record  of  a  court  of 
justice.  It  is  that  report  which  was  laid  upon  your  table  by  the  judges  in 
the  cause;  the  Lieutenant  Governor,  Gen.  Talmadge,  the  flonorable  Stephen 
Van  Rensselaer,  and  Mr.  jNIarcy,  the  comptroller.  When  these  distin- 
guished gentlemen  held  a  visitation  in  the  College  last  June,  on  behalf  of  the 
Regents,  it  was  to  hear  the  cause  between  the  Professors  and  Trustees.  Then 


APPENDIX.  395 

our  opponents  for  years  back,  were  loud,  unmeasured  and  incessant  in  their 
charges.  They  were  called  upon  to  prove  them ;  but  they  did  not  even  at- 
tempt that;  they  then  abandoned  them.  We  desire  only  to  refer  to  what  is 
developed  in  such  lucid  order,  in  such  convincing  plainness,  and  withal, 
after  a  manner  so  forbearing  in  that  able  report,  even  towards  those  Trustees 
whom  the  court  pronounces  to  have  been  actuated  by  rivalry  and  self-inter- 
est. The  Trustees  then  turn  round,  in  desperation,  upon  the  Regents  them- 
selves. It  is  true  they  very  much  disappointed  those  gentlemen,  for  they 
did  not  remove  the  Professors  as  was  fondly  desired;  nor  did  tjiey  sur- 
render their  own  powers  to  that  presumptuous  cabal.  As  a  dernier  ressort,  it 
approaches  the  Legislature,  and  feeling  themselves  no  longer  tied  down  to 
the  facts,  as  when  before  the  court,  they  conclude  their  calumnies  by  solicit- 
ing that  the  Trustees  shall  be  invested  with  the  right  of  regulating  the  con- 
cerns of  the  College — of  filling  their  own  vacancies — appoiniing  their  ozvn 
Professors,  and  making  their  own  by-laws  and  regulations.  Now  the  cloven 
foot  uncovers  itself,  and  all  the  clamour  about  abuses,  which  made  its  an- 
nual pilgrimage  to  Albany,  and  vented  itself  more  lately  before  the  Legisla- 
ture, closes  with  soliciting  the  power  of  turning  everybody  else  out,  and 
letting  themselves  in.  This  is  the  grand  panacea  of  those  doctors  for  rem- 
edying the  present  evils  of  the  College.  Evils  that  no  doubt  afflict  them, 
and  for  greater  vexation,  are  likely  to  continue. 

As  some  apology  for  going  with  their  irrelevant  memorial  before  the 
Legislature,  they  say  "they  conceive  it  to  be  a  duty  which  they  owe  to  them- 
selves, which  they  owe  to  the  Medical  Profession  which  they  represent," 
etc.  As  to  what  they  owe  to  themselves,  we  presume  the  Legislature  takes 
no  account  of  that  matter;  and  as  to  their  representing  the  Medical  Profes- 
sion, we  deny  the  fact.  We  belong  to  the  Medical  Profession,  and  we 
knoiv  they  do  not  represent  it.  If  they  have  any  such  appointment,  or  any 
authority  from  the  Medical  Profession  for  presenting  their  memorial,  let 
them  produce  that  authority;  or  in  default  of  doing  so,  let  them  submit  to 
the  just  imputation  of  being  guilty  of  deception  toward  your  honorable 
body. 

They  are  also  fearful,  they  allege,  of  being  deprived  of  an  important 
right,  if  the  suggestion  of  the  Regents  should  take  effect,  to  prevent  ihem, 
in  future,  from  intermeddling  with  the  recommendation  of  candidates  for 
degrees.  But  they  would  be  puzzled  to  specify  the  importance  to  them  of 
such  right  of  interference,  unless  it  consist  in  the  opportunity  of  annoyance; 
and  then  whether  it  be  important  or  not,  depends  on  the  disposition  to  use 
it.  They  know  best  what  solace  that  opportunity  would  yield  them.  We 
know  that  it  set  the  students  in  a  ferment  last  spring;  that  it  was  then  a 
great  source  of  trouble  and  vexation  to  the  Regents,  and  that  now,  for  the 
sake  of  its  being  retained  in  very  unfit  hands,  they  and  the  Professors  are 
maligned  to  the  Legislature. 

"Believing,"  say  the  Trustees  in  another  paragraph,  "that  neither  boys, 
nor  persons  uninstructed  in  the  Medical  Profession,  are  competent  to  take 
charge  of  the  health  and  lives  of  their  fellow-creatures,  your  honorable 
body  has  wisely  enacted  that  no  person  shall  be  licensed  to  practice  physic 


396  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

until  he  shall  ha\-e  reached  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and  shall  have  gone 
through  a  term  of  study  prescribed  by  law."  And  then  they  add  "that  in 
March.  1825,  eleven  persons  received  the  Doctor's  Degree  from  the  hands 
of  the  Regelits,  who  were  not  legally  qualified."  We  would  ask  those  can- 
did and  consciaitious  complainants  if  a  person  aged  twenty  years  and  eleven 
months  is  a  boy:  and  if  a  person,  having  studied  two  years,  three  hundred 
and  thirty-five  days,  and  attended  two  courses  of  lectures,  the  law  requir- 
ing three  years,  is  to  be  deemed  uninstructed?  Their  insinuation  would 
imply  the  affirmative,  and  when  they  maintain  such  nonsense  we  do  not 
aivy  them  their  intellects.  One  gentleman  on  whom  the  Regents  conferred 
a  degree  lacked  one  month  of  being  twenty-one.  He  went  immediately  after 
to  Europe  to  improve  his  knowledge,  and  but  for  the  liberal  discretion  of  the 
heads  of  the  University,  must  have  staid  a  year  longer  at  home.  Every  medical 
man  knows  that  it  is  most  advantageous  for  a  young  physician  to  travel  when 
he  has  graduated.  A  second  lacked  one  month  of  pupilage,  and  a  third 
three  weeks  of  being  of  age.  One  of  them  was  from  the  West  Indies,  and 
must  else  have  gone  away  without  his  degree,  or  remained  here  eleven 
months  to  put  in  three  weeks.  The  other  was  of  a  different  state  from  our 
own.  Every  supreme  power  has  sound  discretion.  The  Regents  have  such 
a  power  in  regard  to  conferring-  degrees,  and  nobody  of  unbiased  views  re- 
grets that  it  is  lodged  with  gentlemen  so  perfectly  disinterested. 

The  remaining  eight  graduates  were  from  other  states,  and  some  of 
them  as  distant  as  Georgia.  Alabama,  and  Maine.  They  all  made  solemn 
declaration,  which  they  signed  with  their  names,  that  they  were  of  full  age, 
had  completed  three  years'  study,  and  they  exhibited  their  tickets  of  the 
lectures.  Now  there  is  no  law  of  the  state,  nor  ordinance  of  the  Regents 
to  prescribe  how  age  and  pupilage  are  to  be  exclusively  proved.  It  is  there- 
fore competent  of  the  Regents  to  accept  of  such  proof  as  they  shall  deem 
sufficient.  We  go  further  to  communicate  to  those  Trustees,  for  their 
more  ample  and  necessary  instruction,  that  there  is  no  law  to  restrain  the 
Regents  from  conferring  degrees  according  as  they  shall  see  fit  in  their 
sound  and  liberal  discretion.  Indeed,  in  the  second  section  of  the  act 
passed  13th  April.  1819.  it  is  further  enacted,  that  iw  college  of  physicians 
and  surgeons  in  this  state  shall  confer  a  diploma  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  upon  any  student  until  such  student  shall  have  complied  with 
the  recjuisitions  contained  in  the  first  section  of  the  act,  etc.,  passed  20th 
April.  1818.  By  the  said  first  section,  no  person  shall  be  admitted  to  an 
examination  as  a  candidate  for  the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery  in  this 
state,  unless,  etc.  It  is.  therefore,  not  true,  that  in  any  one  of  the  specified 
instances,  the  Regents  conferred  degrees  upon  disciualified  persons.  Those 
accusing  Trustees,  in  the  accuracy  of  their  reasoning,  apply  to  the  Regents 
what  is  enacted  concerning  a  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons. 

The  eleven  persons  who  received  the  Doctor's  Degree  from  the  hands 
of  the  Regents,  and  who  were  not  legally  c|ualified,  as  the  Trustees  pretend, 
were  persons,  nevertheless,  who  had  been  examined  and  found  fit,  and  who 
were  then  recommended  to  the  Regents  under  the  seal  of  the  College  in 
official  form,  by  a  vote  of  the  Trustees,   of  whom  the  complainants   were 


APPENDIX.  197 

part,  and  the  Professors  a  minority.  Effrontery  like  this,  with  which  the 
Regents  are  now  assailed  for  degrees  so  conferred,  is  happily  not  common, 
and  we  regret  the  necessity  of  proving  it  upon  men  whose  profession  is  hon- 
ourable, whatever  be  its  members.  Pending  the  chicanery  with  the  candi- 
dates, one  of  them,  Mr.  J.,  of  New  Jersey,  being  asked  how  old  he  was,  re- 
plied that  he  did  not  know,  but  that  his  eldest  son  was  more  than  seventeen 
years.  It  was  therefore  presumed  that  he  was  himself  twenty-one,  and  he 
passed  without  a  certificate  of  nativity.  Another,  a  Mr.  H.,  from  the  state 
of  Maine,  answered  to  a  demand  for  his  certificate  to  his  term  of  studies 
that  he  had  none  to  offer,  for  that  his  preceptor  was  twenty  years  dead,  but 
that  he  is  himself  an  old  practitioner  in  medicine,  and  that  for  many  years 
he  had  been  in  the  employment  of  the  United  States. 

Between  1811  and  1820,  when  the  Professors  chiefly  had  charge  of 
the  College,  "its  pecuniary  embarrassments  arose."  But  during  that  period 
the  College  was  built,  and  altered,  and  repaired,  and  after  that  another  build- 
ing was  added  as  large  as  the  first,  and  all  this  cost  money.  But  that  one 
penny  of  the  cost  went  to  the  Professors,  is  as  false  as  the  imputation  or  in- 
sinuation is  uncandid.  The  gentlemen  Trustees  made  the  most  of  inculpa- 
tion before  the  visiting  court  last  June,  and  their  present  spleen  is  all  tbat 
remains  of  their  fruitless  efforts.  When  they  came  within  the  lists  with 
the  Professors  and  had  to  fight  with  specific  charges  and  proofs,  their  blus- 
tering was  at  an  end;  they  were  constrained  to  confess  that  they  had  no  com- 
plaints to  prefer.      (Report  of  the  committee  of  the  Regaits,  p.  13.) 

"During  the  same  period,"  say  the  Trustees,  "the  general  laxity  of  dis- 
cipline in  relation  to  examinations,  and  qualifications  for  graduation,  excited 
such  universal  disgust,  that  the  Trustees  almost  unanimously  arose  and 
preferred  charges  against  the  Profesors  to  the  Regents."  Mere  assertion — 
the  drivel  of  witnesses  already  discredited.  The  profession  that  moved 
them  is  the  same  that  moves  now — just  fourteen  in  number.  Their  names 
are  on  the  College  minutes ;  they  were  then  the  agitators  of  the  County 
Medical  Society — they  are  now  the  agitators  of  the  Trustees.  They  pre- 
ferred charges  freely  enough,  but  it  is  untrue  that  they  proved  them.  Their 
charges  were  refuted  by  the  Professors  and  their  selfish  objects  were 
frustrated  by  the  Regents.  Why,  if  there  was  any  truth  in  the 
delinquency  of  the  Professors,  did  not  these  vituperating  Trustees  bring  it 
forward  before  the  court  of  visitors  last  June,  when  they  had  so  fair  an 
opportunity?  They  did  not  want  the  will.  Why,  if  universal  disgust  ex- 
isted against  the  Professors  among  the  members  of  the  profession,  did  no 
one  individual,  out  of  that  large  and  respectable  body,  appear  to  arraign 
them  and  support  these  Trustees?  The  whole  aspersion  is  devoid  even  of 
probability,  and  shows  how  fortunately  painful  it  is  for  folly  and  malevolence 
to  preserve  consistency. 

The  proof  offered  by  these  Trustees  that  the  Regents  were  satisfied  with 
the  truth  of  their  charges,  is,  that  the  vacancies  in  the  board  were  filled  up 
with  medical  men.  In  this  there  is  certainly  no  connexion  between  the  al- 
leged offenses  of  the  Professors  and  the  ostensible  punishment;  although 
as  an  organization  of  the  College,  the  thing  is  deeply  to  be  lamented.     But 


398  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


the  true  reason  lies  behind :  pohtical  considerations  mingled,  at  last,  with 
the  controversy,  and  party  opened  a  door  to  some  persons  which  science 
would  have  shut  in  their  face. 

It  is  for  all  these  merits  that  the  memorialists  contend,  "that  the  Pro- 
fessors should  be  subordinate  to  the  Trustees,  whose  business  it  is  to  regulate 
the  concerns  of  the  institution."  In  this  sentence  an  argument  is  attempted 
to  be  built  upon  a  misrepresentation.  Who  made  it  their  business  to  regu- 
late the  concerns  of  the  College?  The  charter  grants  them  no  such  power, 
and  the  Regents  give  them  none.  Is  not  all  their  turmoil  owing  to  a  vain 
struggle  for  that  ver\^  thing,  which,  because  they  have  it  not,  they  are  en- 
deavoring to  get?  The  Regents  alone  are  by  law  the  governors  of  the  Col- 
lege. They  make  all  the  appointments  in  it ;  all  the  ordinances  concerning 
it;  they  confer  its  degrees,  and  the  law  provides  that  they  alone  shall  do 
these  things.  What,  then,  in  reality,  are  the  Trustees?  They  are  an  anom- 
alous, useless,  contentious,  meddling  body,  that  has  done  so  much  harm  and 
no  good;  which,  under  the  ambiguity  of  a  name,  seeks  for  authority  that 
the  law  has  vested  in  better  hands,  and  strives  to  assimilate  to  the  common 
summaries  of  learning,  an  institution  of  the  highest  order  in  science;  and 
which,  of  all  things,  requires  to  be  governed  by  persons  zi<ho  can  have  no 
personal  interest  in  the  disposal  of  its  professorships. 

It  must  be  obvious  to  your  honorable  body,  as  it  has  been  long  since 
acknowledged  by  the  attentive  spectators  of  this  controversy,  that,  failing 
to  rule  the  College,  the  Trustees  are  seeking  to  overthrow  it ;  but  the  institu- 
tion is  far  too  important  to  the  public  welfare  for  you  to  suffer  it  to  fall  a 
prey  to  anarchy.  The  School  of  Medicine  at  New  York  claims  your  es-. 
pecial  care;  among  other  things,  for  the  peculiar  facilities  afforded  by  this 
city  for  supplying  those  resources  that  are  indispensable  to  a  medical  educa- 
tion. With  the  simple  extension  of  an  existing  law,  this  city  can  always 
furnish  subjects  enough  for  dissection.  Then  would  exhumation,  at  which 
every  feeling  of  the  human  heart  revolts,  which  is  alike  odious  to  the  en- 
lightened and  the  ignorant — exhumation,  with  all  the  horrors  which  the 
imagination  associates  to  its  practice,  would  cease  for  ever.  The  very  ap- 
prehension of  it  would  be  lost.  The  public  mind  would  be  tranquilized,  the 
dead  would  rest  undisturbed,  and  the  sepulchre  be  sacred.  It  is  only  in  this 
part  of  our  state  that  all  these  advantages  are  combined.  It  is  only  here 
that  we  find  multitudes  from  all  nations  unclaimed  and  unconnected,  without 
relatives  or  friends  to  defray  the  expense  of  their  interment,  and  who  might 
therefore  be  used,  without  offense  to  the  most  delicate  notions  of  our  nature, 
to  promote  the  safety  and  happiness  of  the  living.  Even  the  penitentiary  of 
this  city,  by  bringing  it  within  the  law  of  the  state  prison,  would,  in  con- 
junction with  that  resource,  perhaps,  suffice  to  the  demand ;  while  a  new 
restraint  of  a  most  powerful  character  would,  by  this  additional  enactment, 
be  put  upon  immorality  and  crime. 

We  have  said  enough  to  prove  how  unfounded  are  all  the  charges  of 
those  Trustees  against  the  Professors  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, for  we  have  shown  it  from  their  own  admissions.  We  have  said 
enough  to  prove  how  much  their  motives  are  personal  and  interested,  for  we 
have  shown  it  from  their  memorial  to  vourselves.     As  to  the  case  between 


APPENDIX.  399 

us  and  them  we  are  satisfied  that  it  should  go  before  your  impartial  tribunal, 
and  before  the  public;  expecting,  indeed,  from  your  wisdom,  that  you  will 
protect,  or  more  fully  enable  the  honourable  the  Regents,  to  preserve  this 
valuable  institution.     All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Wright  Post,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 
David  Hosack,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

A\''iLLiAM  James   Macneven,   M.   D., 

Professor  of  Chemistry. 
Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Botany  and  Materia  Medica. 
Valentin^  Mott,  M.  D.,, 

Professor  of  Surgery. 
John  W.  Francis,  ^I.  D., 
Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of  IVonien  and  Children. 
New  York,  Februan,'  i8,  1826. 

At  a  quarterly  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  held  on  Tuesday,  May  4,  1886,  the  code  of  By-Laws,  here 
printed,  was  formally  adopted. 

At  the  same  meeting  a  committee  was  appointed,  consisting  of  the 
President,  Dr.  Hubbard,  and  Mr.  Choate,  to  put  in  correct  form  the  cliarter 
of  the  College  as  now  in  force,  and  to  print  it,  with  the  code  of  By-Laws, 
for  the  use  of  the  members  of  the  Board. 

Geo.  G.  Wheelock,  j\L  D., 

Registrar. 

The  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York,  by  an  act  passed  March 
24,  1 79 1,  authorized  the  Regents  of  the  University  to  establish  a  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  enacted  that  the  College  so  established 
should  be  forthwith  thereafter  a  corporation,  by  such  name  and  with  such 
powers  as  the  Regents  should  declare  in  their  act  of  establishment.  Pur- 
suant to  this  authority  the  Regents,  on  March  12,  1807.  established  the  Col- 
lege by  the  name  of  the  College  of  Phj^sicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  and  ordained  its  original  charter,  which  was  amended  by  a  fur- 
ther ordinance  of  the  Regents  on  March  3.  1808.  Other  amendments  were 
ordained  by  the  Regents  April  i,  181 1.  On  June  4,  1S12,  the  Regents 
revised  the  charter,  adopting  a  draft  reported  for  that  purpose  by  Chief 
Justice  Kent,  then  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  The  revised  charter, 
so  granted,  was  ratified  and  confirmed  by  the  Legislature  by  an  act  passed 
April  5,  1813;  and  was  amended  by  subsequent  acts  passed  March  24,  i860, 
and  April  17,   1885. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  existing  provisions  of  the  charter 
■of  the  College,  as  compiled  from  all  the  foregoing  ordinances  and  statutes. 

J.  C.  Dalton, 
Saml.  T.  Hubbard, 
Joseph  H.  Choate, 

New  York,  June  i,   1886.  Committee. 


400  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


CHARTER. 

Whereas,  since  the  establishment  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  this  State  by  charter,  dated  March  the  twelfth,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  seven,  it  has  been  found  necessary  at  several  times  to 
alter  and  amend  the  said  charter :  And  -whereas  it  has  now  become  ex- 
pedient for  the  better  government  of  the  said  College  to  collect  into  one 
the  original  and  supplementai-y  charters,  and  to  amend  the  same,  so  as  to 
give  greater  stability  and  respectability  to  that  Institution;  Therefore,  be  it 
ordained,  by  virtue  of  the  act.  entitled  "An  Act  to  enable  the  Regents  of 
the  University  to  establish  a  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  within 
this  State,"  passed  the  24th  of  iNIarch,  1791.  and  we  do  by  these  presents 
ordain,  grant,  and  declare,  that  all  such  persons  named  in  the  originaj 
charter  who  did.  according  to  an  ordinance  passed  by  us,  the  Regents  of 
the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  on  the  third  day  of  :\Iarch,  1808, 
declare  in  writing  (on  or  before  the  first  day  of  3.1ay.  in  the  year 
1808)  their  acceptance  of  the  appointment  of  member  or  Trustee  of  said 
College;  and  that  they  would,  each  of  them,  to  the  best  of  their  abilities  en- 
deavor to  promote  the  usefulness  of  the  said  College,  and  faithfully  execute 
the  duties  required  of  them  respectively, .  as  members  or  Trustees  of  the 
said  College,  together  with  Samuel  Bard.  Benjamin  De  Witt.  John  Augus- 
tine Smith.  David  Hosack.  A\'illiam  James  McXeven,  John  R.  B.  Rogers, 
Samuel  L.  ^Mitchell.  John  D.  Jaques,  Thomas  Addis  Emmet.  Lyman 
Spaulding.  Andrew  Morton.  Andrew  Hunt  and  Joseph  Bloodgood  be 
and  hereby  are  constituted  a  body  corporate  and  politic,  in  fact  and  in 
name,  by  the  name  of  the  "College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City 
of  New^  York."  And  that  they  and  their  successors  shall  have  perpetual 
succession,  and  by  that  name  shall  be  in  law  capable  to  sue  and  be  sued, 
plead  and  be  impleaded,  answer  and  be  answered  unto,  defend  and  be  de- 
fended, in  all  courts  and  places  and  in  all  matters  and  causes  whatsoever, 
and  to  purchase,  take,  hold,  and  enjoy,  and  have,  lands,  tenements  and 
hereditaments  and  real  estate,  in  fee  simple  or  for  term  of  years  or  lives 
or  any  other  manner  whatsoever,  and  also  goods,  chattels,  books,  money, 
and  all  other  things  of  what  nature  soever,  which  property,  or  the  income 
thereof,  shall  be  devoted  to  the  maintenance  or  improvement  of  the  several 
departments  of  instruction  and  research,  established  or  hereafter  to  be  es- 
tablished in  said  College;  Provided,  that  the  total  amount  of  property,  both 
real  and  personal,  to  be  held  by  said  College,  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed 
two  millions  of  dollars.  And  the  members  or  Trustees  of  the  said  Col- 
lege shall  have  a  common  seal,  and  may  alter  and  renew  the  same  at 
pleasure. 

And  be  it  further  ordained,  granted,  and  declared,  that  Samuel  Bard, 
Benjamin  De  Witt,  John  Augustine  Smith,  David  Hosack,  William  James 
McXeven,  John  R.  B.  Rogers,  Samuel  L.  ]\Iitchell,  John  D.  Jaques,  Thomas 
Addis  Emmet,  Lyman  Spaulding,  Andrew  Morton,  Andrew  Hunt,  and  Jo- 
seph Bloodgood,  and  such  other  persons  as  they  or  their  successors  may 
hereafter  appoint,  provided  the  v.diole  number  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed 
twenty-five,   shall   be  Trustees  of  the  said  College  of  Physicians  and   Sur- 


APPENDIX.  401 

geons;  and  that  seven  of  the  said  Trustees,  at  any  time  resident  in  the  City 
of  New  York,  shall  form  a  quornm  for  the  transaction  of  business,  and 
shall  and  may  meet  together  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  May  and  on  the  first 
Tuesdays  in  August,  November,  and  Februarj',  in  eveiy  year;  and  that  on 
the  days  of  these  anniversary  and  quarterly  meetings,  but  at  no  other  time, 
they,  the  said  Trustees,  may  enact  such  by-laws,  rules  and  regulations,  rela- 
tive to  the  affairs  and  property  of  the  said  College,  and  relative  to  the  duties 
of  their  President,  Vice  President,  Professors,  Treasurer,  Registrar,  and 
other  members,  as  they  or  a  majority  of  them  so  met  at  such  annual  or 
quarterly  meetings  may  think  fit  and  proper:  Provided,  that  such  by-laws, 
rules  and  regulations,  be  not  contrary  to,  or  inconsistent  with,  the  consti- 
tution and  laws  of  this  State,  or  the  United  States;  and  such  by-laws,  rules 
and  regulations,  shall  remain  the  by-laws,  rules  and  regulations,  by  which 
the  said  College  shall  be  governed,  and  shall  not  be  annulled,  abrogated,  or 
repealed,  but  lay  and  with  the  consent  of  the  majority  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
said  College,  convened  at  an  anniversary  or  quarterly  meeting.  And  the 
Registrar  of  the  said  College  shall  provide  a  book,  in  which  he  shall  make 
an  entry  of  all  the  resolutions  and  proceedings  which  may  be  had  from 
time  to  time,  and  also  the  annual  reports  relative  to  the  state  of  the  treas- 
ury, and  all  such  other  things  as  a  majority  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College 
assembled  shall  think  proper,  to  which  any  member  of  the  College  may  at 
any  time  have  recourse;  and  the  same,  together  with  all  the  books,  papers, 
and  records  which  may  be  in  the  hands  of  the  Registrar,  and  be  the  prop- 
erty of  the  College,  shall  be  delivered  to  his  successor  in  office;  and  the 
Treasurer  of  the  said  College  shall  receive  and  be  accountable  for  all  mon- 
eys which  shall  come  into  his  hands,  and  shall  pay  the  same  in  such  manner 
as  may  be  directed  by  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  convened  at 
their  anniversary  or  quarterly  meetings,  and  by  a  warrant  for  that  purpose, 
signed  by  the  President  or  Vice  President.  And  it  is  hereby  further  or- 
dained, granted,  and  declared  by  us,  that  the  Trustees  of  the  said  College 
shall,  as  far  as  they  are  able,  at  all  times  provide  suitable  apartments  or 
lecturing  rooms  for  all  such  professors  as  shall  hereafter  be  appointed  in 
and  for  the  said  College — which  professors  shall  ha^•e  the  style  and  title 
of  Professors  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  and  that  all  the 
members  of  the  said  College  shall  be  privileged  at  all  times  to  attend,  inspect 
and  notice  all  lectures  or  other  modes  of  teaching  by  Professors  in  the  said 
College;  and  that  in  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  any 
professorship,  or  other  vacancy  in  the  said  College,  a  majority  of 
the  Trustees  at  any  of  their  meetings  may  appoint  Lecturers  in 
any  branch  of  Aledicine,  or  of  the  sciences  connected  therewith, 
until  such  time  as  a  Professor  be  appointed  b}^  them.  And  be  it  hereby 
ordained,  granted,  and  declared,  that  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  said 
College  shall  enact  and  put  into  effect  all  ordinances  respecting  the  said 
College,  as  well  with  respect  to  education  as  all  other  matters  and  things,* 

*  The  right  of  conferring  the  degree  of  Doctor  in  Medicine,  as  well  as  that  of 
appointing  Professors,  enacting  By-Laws,  and  filling  vacancies  in  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees, originally  reserved  to  the  Regents,  was  transferred  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  hy 
an  act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  JIarch  24,  1S60. 


402  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

and  shall  pay  due  attention  to  establishing  and  preserving  for  the  use  of  said 
College  an  anatomical  museum  and  chemical  apparatus,  and  shall  make  an 
annual  report  to  us  in  writing,  or  to  the  Chancellor  of  the  University,  in 
the  month  of  November,  in  every  year,  respecting  the  funds  and  property 
of  the  said  College,  and  all  matters  and  things  relative  to  the  said  College, 
and  the  students  and  Professors  thereof.  And  we  do  ordain,  grant,  and 
declare,  that  the  said  Trustees,  Fellows,  and  jNIembers  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  their  successors 
forever,  shall  enjoy  all  the  corporate  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities 
which  are  hereby  granted.  And  be  it  further  ordained  that  the  members 
of  the  said  College,  who  are  not  by  this  charter  constituted  Trustee.^,  shall 
be  Fellows :  and  that  the  Trustees  shall  have  power  to  elect  Fellows  or 
members  of  the  said  College,  who  shall  at  all  times  have  the  privilege  of  at- 
tending all  the  public  lectures  and  other  courses  of  instruction  delivered 
by  the  Professors  in  the  said  College,  and  who  shall  also  have  the  privilege 
of  visiting  and  inspecting  the  Anatomical  ^Museum,  the  cabinets  of  mineral- 
ogy and  natural  history,  and  the  libraiy  of  the  said  College,  under  such  reg- 
ulations as  the  Trustees  shall  prescribe  for  that  purpose. 

CHARTER    COilPILATIOX    OF     1 886. 

Agreements  between  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  in 
the  City  of  New  York,  and  acts  of  the  Legislature  relating  thereto. 

Provisional  Agreement  looking  to  the  union  or  consolidation  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  with  Columbia 
College  in  said  City,  entered  into  by  and  between  the  Boards  of  Trustees 
of  the  two  institutions,  subject  to  the  removal  by  legislation  or  otherwise 
of  anv  legal  obstacles  which  may  stand  in  the  way  of  such  union  or  consoli- 
dation. 

First.  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  agrees  to  convey  and 
transfer  to  Columbia  College  the  real  estate  owned  by  it  on  the  block  be- 
tween Fifty-ninth  and  Sixtieth  streets,  west  of  Ninth  avenue,  consisting  of 
thirty  city  lots,  together  with  the  College  building,  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  Sloane 
Hospital  and  other  buildings  thereon,  w-ith  the  laboratories,  equipment,  fur- 
niture, etc.,  connected  therewith,  together  with  all  its  other  property,  real 
and  personal,  including  endowment  funds,  in  whatever  form  they  may  be 
invested;  and  such  cash  as  may  be  on  hand  at  the  date  when  this  agreement 
shall  take  effect,  after  the  payment  of  all  current  expenses  and  liabilities  of 
the  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  up  to  said  date.  .\nd  the  said 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  agrees  that  the  said  property  so  to  be 
conveyed  shall  at  said  date  be  free  from  all  lien,  charge  or  incumbrance, 
other  than  the  obligations  of  said  College  to  fulfill  any  trusts  under  which 
any  of  the  said  property  may  have  been  received. 

Second..  Columbia  College  agrees,  in  consideration  of  said  transfer, 
to  maintain  the  said  property  for  the  uses  and  purposes  connected  with 
medical  education  to  which  it  has  heretofore  been  applied,  and  in  case  any  of 


APPENDIX.  403 

the  real  estate  shall  be  taken  for  public  improvements,  or  for  any  necessary 
reason  be  sold  and  disposed  of,  the  proceeds  of  said  real  estate  shall  be  ap- 
propriated towards  the  acquisition  of  other  property  and  the  erection  of 
buildings  thereon  for  purposes  of  medical  instruction,  equivalent  to  those 
thus  taken  from  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

And  Columbia  College  further  agrees,  in  consideration  of  said 
transfer,  to  maintain  as  a  medical  department  of  Columbia  College  the  insti- 
tution now  maintained  by  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  paying 
the  salaries  of  all  professors,  instructors,  assistants  and  other  persons  who 
may  be  employed  in  the  institution  and  all  expenses  of  maintenance,  and 
receiving  the  income  of  all  invested  funds  and  the  fees  paid  by  the  medical 
students;  and  for  a  period  of  ten  years  from  the  time  this  agreement  shall 
take  effect  will  guarantee  from  its  own  funds  other  than  the  income  from  the 
Medical  School  to  the  professors  holding  the  several  chairs  following,  a  salary 
as  to  the  incumbents  of  each  chair,  of  Seven  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  a 
year  per  chair,  to  wit :  the  Chair  of  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Chemistry,  Materia 
Medica,  Surgery.  Practice  and  Obstetrics.  This  guarantee  shall  apply  to  the 
Chair  of  Chemistry  so  long  as  it  is  held  by  the  present  incumbent,  who  is  also 
a  professor  in  Columbia  College,  but  no  longer.  In  case,  b}'  the  endowment 
of  the  Medical  School  by  gift  or  bequest,  Columbia  College  should  be  relieved 
of  any  charge  upon  its  own  funds  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Medical  School, 
any  surplus  arising  from  its  endowments  and  fees  shall  be  used  exclusively  to 
improve  and  extend  medical  education  in  connection  with  this  school. 

Third.  The  President  of  Columbia  College  and  the  professors  who,  at 
the  time  this  agreement  shall  take  effect,  shall  hold  the  said  seven  chairs 
shall  constitute  the  IMedical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College,  and  the  now  Pi"esi- 
dent  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  or  whoever  maj'  when  this 
agreement  shall  take  effect  be  such  President,  shall  be  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine,  and  in  the  event  of  his  death  or  resignation,  his  successors  shall  be 
elected  by  the  Faculty.  Such  Dean,  together  with  one  of  the  occupants  of  the 
said  seven  chairs  to  be  chosen  by  the  Faculty,  shall  represent  the  JNIedical  Fac- 
ulty in  the  University  Council  of  Columbia  College. 

Fourth.  The  name.  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Medical 
Department  of  Columbia  College,  shall  be  retained,  and  the  ^Medical  Faculty  of 
Columbia  College,  to  be  constituted  as  aforesaid,  shall  have  the  right  in  per- 
petuity of  nomination  to  the  corps  of  instruction  in  the  medical  department, 
and  the  right  to  refuse  instruction  to  Avomen  in  the  Medical  Schools  without 
the  consent  of  such  Faculty.  The  Medical  Faculty  shall  not  be  enlarged  ex- 
cept subject  to  the  right  of  nomination  aforesaid. 

Fifth.  The  recent  action  of  Columbia  College  with  reference  to  pensions 
and  to  leaves  of  absence  of  professors  once  in  seven  years,  shall  apply  to  in- 
structors of  the  Medical  School  only  so  far  as  they  are  members  of  the  Faculty 
and  shall  applv  to  them  onlv  in  those  cases  where  they  are  not  engaged  at  the 
same  time  in  the  active  practice  of  m.edicine.  In  both  particulars  the  period 
of  service  in  Columbia  College  shall  be  deemed  to  begin  at  the  date  when  this 
provisional  agreement  takes  place. 

Sixth.  Columbia  College  further  agrees  to  apply  all  of  the  property  so 
to  be  transferred,  which  consists  of  funds  or  endowments  held  bv  the  Col- 


404  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

lege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  under  special  trusts,  to  the  purposes  for 
which  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  is  now  under  obligation  to 
apply  such  funds  and  endowments. 

Agreement  to  take  effect  on  the  first  day  of  July,  1891,  provided  all 
necessary  legal  obstacles  be  then  removed. 

In  Witness  Whereof,  the  parties  hereto  by  their  respective  Boards  of 
Trustees  have  caused  the  corporate  seals  of  The  Trustees  of  Columbia 
College  in  the  City  of  New  York  and  The  College  of  Physicians 
AND  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York — Medical  Department  of 
Columbia  College  respectively  to  be  hereunto  affixed  this  fourth  day  of 
February,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety- 
one. 

(Seal)  George  G.  Wheelock,  M.  D., 

Registrar  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of 

New  York. 
Attest :     John  B.  Pine,  Clerk  of  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  in  the 

City  of  New  York.  (Seal) 

LAAVS   OF    1891— CHAPTER    loi. 

An  Act  to  permit  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons IN  the  City  of  New  York  with  the  Trustees  of  Colum- 
bia College  in  the  City  of  New  York. 
Approved   by   the    Governor,    March    24,    1891.      Passed,    three-fifths   being 

present. 
The  People  of  the  State  of  A'^cic  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly, 
do  enact  as  follozvs: 

Section  i.  The  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  the  City  of  New  York,  having  arranged  with  Columbia  College  in  said 
city  to  assume  the  instruction  now  given  by  the  said  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  as  a  department  of  the  work  of  Columbia  College,  are  hereby 
authorized  and  empowered  to  grant,  convey,  assign  and  transfer  all  real 
and  personal  property  of  which  they  as  such  Trustees  are  seized  or  possessed 
to  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  in  the  City  of  New  York,  upon  such 
terms,  conditions  or  limitations  as  may  be  agreed  upon  between  the  two  in- 
stitutions. 

§  2.  The  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  upon 
being  satisfied  that  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
have  conveyed  and  transferred  all  their  property,  pursuant  to  the  authority 
hereinbefore  conferred,  may  accept  a  surrender  of  the  charter  heretofore 
granted  by  the  said  Regents  to  the  said  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  forever  discharge  the  said  Trustees  from  their  trusts  in  the  premises. 
§  3.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Agreement  made  this  fifth  day  of  June,  in  the  year  Eighteen  hundred 
and  ninety-one,  between 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New 
York, 
of  the  one  part ;  and 


APPENDIX.  405 

The  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
of  the  other  part : 

Whereas,  a  provisional  agreement  bearing  date  the  4th  day  of  February, 
1891,  was  entered  into  between  the  two  said  institutions  looking  to  their 
union  or  consolidation,  but  subject  to  the  removal,  by  legislation  or  other- 
wise, of  any  legal  obstacles ;  and 

Whereas,  by  Chapter  One  hundred  and  one  of  the  Laws  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  passed  March  24th,  1891,  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  were  authorized  and  empowered  to  grant,  convey, 
assign  and  transfer  all  real  and  personal  property  of  which  they  as  such 
trustees  were  seized  or  possessed  to  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  upon 
such  terms,  conditions  or  limitations  as  might  be  agreed  upon  between  the 
two  institutions ;  and 

Whereas,  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  are 
about,  in  pursuance  of  such  authority,  to  make  the  grants  and  transfers  so 
authorized. 

Now,   therefore,   this  Instrument  witnesseth : 

That  the  said  provisional  agreement  is  hereby  ratified,  confirmed  and 
approved ; 

And,  whereas,  by  the  fourth  article  of  said  agreement  it  is  provided 
that  the  name  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Columbia  College,  shall  be  retained  and  that  certain  rights  and 
privileges  formerly  exercised  by  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  shall  be  reserved  to  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College. 

It  is  hereby  further  agreed,  by  and  between  the  two  institutions  afore- 
said, under  and  pursuant  to  the  powers  conferred  upon  them  by  the  above 
mentioned  act,  that  the  persons  who  under  the  said  agreement  and  under 
the  statutes  of  Columbia  College,  shall  be  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia 
College,  shall  be  the  Managing  Board  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  as  such  shall  have  power  and  authority  to  elect  from  their  num- 
ber a  President,  who  shall  be  President  of  the  Managing  Board  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  But  such  Managing  Board  and  the  Pres- 
ident thereof  shall  only  have  such  duties,  powers  and  authority  as  shall  be 
expressly  conferred  by  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College:  provided,  however, 
that  such  President  and  his  successors  shall  and  may  fill  all  the  offices  and 
execute  all  the  trusts  and  duties  which  may  heretofore  have  been  conferred 
upon  the  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  or  its  Man- 
aging Board,  by  virtue  of  his  office  as  such  President. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  pa.rties  hereto  have  caused  their  corporate  seals 
to  be  hereunto  affixed,  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 
(Seal)  The  College  of  Physicians  .\nd  Surgeons 

IN  THE  City  of  New  York^ 
By  Geo.  G.  Wheelock,  M.  D.,  Registrar. 
(Seal)  The  Trustees  of  Columbia  College, 

IN  the  City  of  New  York, 

By  John  B.  Pine,  Clerk. 


4o6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

LAWS  OF  1894— CHAPTER  97. 

An  Act  to  ratify  the  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons IN  the  City  of  New  York  with  the  Trustees  of  Columbia 
College  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  to  Define  certain  Rights, 
duties  and  powers  of  the  Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Co- 
lumbia College. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  Neiv  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly, 
do  enaet  as  foUozvs: 

Section  i.  The  union  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the 
City  of  New  York  with  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  pursuant  to  chapter  one  hundred  and  one  of  the  laws  of  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  ninety-one,  entitled  "An  act  to  permit  the  union  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and"  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  with  the  Trustees  of  Co- 
lumbia College  in  the  City  of  New  York,"  is  hereby  ratified  and  confirmed; 
and  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College  are  hereby  substituted  as  successors  to 
and  as  Trustees  in  the  place  and  stead  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Sargeons  for  the  execution  of  any  and  all  trusts  now  vested  in  or 
which  may  hereafter  devolve  upon  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons ;  and  the  Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College  and 
his  successors  are  hereby  declared  to  be  the  successors  in  office  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Managing  Board  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
the  City  of  New  York,  with  all  the  rights,  powers  and  duties  heretofore  con- 
ferred upon  or  vested  in  the  President  of  the  Managing  Board  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  his  successors  in  office  by  chapter  four  of 
the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-four,  entitled  "An  act  to  incorporate 
the  Roosevelt  Hospital  in  the  City  of  Nevv^  York,"  or  by  any  other  act  of  the 
Legislature  or  by  deed  or  will. 

§  2.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

FINAL  ACT  OF  UNION. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, November  3,  1891. 

A  regular  cparterly  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  held  at  the  College  on  Tuesday,  November 
3,  1891,  at  8:15  p.  m.  Present,  Dr.  McLane,  in  the  chair;  also  Drs.  Eliot, 
Hubbard,  Draper,  Parker,  Ball  and  Wheelock,  and  President  Low.  Ex- 
cuses were  presented  from  Drs.  Cock  and  Thomas,  Messrs.  Jesup,  Vander- 
bilt  and  Mitchell. 

The  Registrar  stated  that  the  purpose  of  the  meeting  was  to  ratify  and 
confirm  the  provisional  agreement  with  Columbia  College,  and  also  to  pro- 
vide some  means  whereby  the  positions  held  in  several  trusts  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (i.  e..  President  of  the  Fac- 
ulty) need  not  be  vacated,  there  being  at  present  no  such  officer  in  the  Fac- 
ulty.    The  Registrar  read  the  following  agreement : 


APPENDIX.  407 

Here  follows  the  agreement  of  June  5th,  1891,  printed  hereinbefore,  and 
the  minutes  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  continue  as  follows : 

The  Registrar  read  the  following  communication  from  the  Trustees  of 
Columbia  College: 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  held 
at  the  College,  on  Monday,  the  1st  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  Our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred   and  ninety-one,   the  following  action  was  taken: 

(Extract   from  the   Minutes.) 

Resolved,  That  the  proposed  agreement  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons ratifying,  confirming  and  approving  the  provisional  agreement  of  February  4th, 
1S91,  and  further  providing  that  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College  shall  be 
the  Managing  Board  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  with  power  to 
elect  its  President,  which  proposed  agreement  is  annexed  to  a  report  of  the  Law 
Committee,  dated  June  1,  1S91,  be  and  it  is  hereby  approved:  and  the  Clerk  is  hereby 
authorized  and  empowered  to  execute  and  deliver  the  said  agreement  in  the  name 
and  on  behalf  of  the  Trustees  of  Columbia  College,  and  to  affix  thereto  the  College 
seal. 

A  True   Copy.  JOHN  B.   PINE,   Clerk. 

Whereupon  the  following  resolution  was  offered  and  carried : 

Resolved,  That  the  proposed  agreement  between  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York  of  the  first  part  and  the  Trus- 
tees of  Columbia  College  in  the  Cit)'  of  New  York  of  the  other  part,  ratify- 
ing, confirming  and  approving  the  provisional  agreement  heretofore  entered 
into  between  the  said  parties,  bearing  date  the  fourth  day  of  February,  1891, 
and  further  providing  that  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College  shall 
be  the  managing  board  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  with 
power  to  elect  its  President  (which  proposed  agreement  is  hereto  annexed), 
be  and  the  same  is  hereby  approved,  and  the  Registrar  is  hereby  empowered 
and  authorized  to  execute  and  deliver  the  said  agreement  in  the  name  and 
on  behalf  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the 
City  of  New  York,  and  to  affix  thereto  the  corporate  seal  of  said  College,  as 
of  the  fifth  day  of  June,  1891. 

On  motion,  the  Registrar  was  authorized  to  employ  an  engrosser,  as  has 
hitherto  been  done,  to  copy  the  proceedings  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  the 
year  past. 

There  being  no  further  business,  the  meeting  was  adjourned. 

George  G.  Wheelock,  M.  D.,  Registrar. 
THE  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  ALUMNI 

OF   THE 

COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS 
In  the  City  of  New  York. 
CERTIFICATE  OF  INCORPORATION. 
State  of  Nezv  York,  City  and  County  of  Nezv  York. — ss. 


408  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

We.,  the  undersigned,  members  of  "The  Association  of  the  Alumni  ot 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,"  of  which 
Cornelius  R.  Agnew  is  President;  Robert  A.  Barrj^  Vice-President;  Frederick 
A.  Burrall,  Secretary;  George  Bayles,  Assistant  Secretary;  and  Timothy 
M.  Cheesman,  Treasurer,  and  all  other  members  of  said  Association  and 
Alumni  of  said  College,  who  may  now  be  or  hereafter  become  associated 
with  us,  do  bv  these  presents,  pursuant  to  and  in  compliance  with  the  Act 
of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York,  passed  on  the  twelfth  day 
of  April,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty-eight,  entitled  "An  Act 
for  the  Incorporation  of  Benevolent,  Charitable,  Scientific  and  Missionary 
Societies,"  and  the  several  acts  of  the  Legislature  amendatory  thereof,  asso- 
ciate ourselves  together  and  form  a  body  politic  and  corporate,  and  do  hereby 
certify : 

First,  That  the  corporate  name  of  said  Association  is :  "The  Associa- 
tion of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of 
New  York." 

Second.  That  the  objects  for  which  the  said  Corporation  is  formed 
are :  The  collection  of  funds  by  contribution  and  subscription,  and  the  hold- 
ing, investment  and  application  of  the  same  for  the  establishment  and  endow- 
ment of  professorships  and  fellowships,  the  creation  of  prize  funds,  the  estab- 
lishment and  equipment  of  laboratories,  the  erection  and  ec|uipment  of  suitable 
buildings  for  the  same,  or  the  alteration  and  repair  of  buildings  already 
erected,  and  for  the  purpose  of  buying,  holding,  and  hiring,  or  leasing  prop- 
erty for  any  and  such  other  piu'poses  and  scientific  investigations  and  instruc- 
tion, in  connection  and  co-operation  with  the  Trustees  of  the  "College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York."  as  the  said  "Associa- 
tion of  the  Alumni"  of  said  College,  in  pursuance  of  its  Constitution  and  By- 
Laws,  ma}'  direct. 

Third.  That  the  number  of  Trustees  of  said  Corporation  shall  be  five, 
whose  names  are  as  follows :  Gurdon  Buck,  M.  D. :  D.  Tilden  Brown, 
M.  D. ;  Robert  A.  Barry,  M.  D. ;  Henry  C.  Eno,  M.  D. ;  Thomas  E.  Satter- 
thwaite,  M.  D.,  and  who  shall  manage  the  concerns  of  the  Corporation  for 
the  first  year. 

(Signed)  Gurdon  Buck,  M.  D. 

D.  TiLDEN  Brown,  M.  D. 

Robert  A.  Barry,  _M.  D. 

Henry  C.  Eno^  M.  D. 

Thomas  E.   Satterthwaite,  M.  D. 
State  of  A^ezv  York,  City  and  County  of  Nezc  York. — ss. 

On  this  5th  dav  of  Mav,  A.  D.  1873,  before  me  personallv  appeared 
Gurdon  Buck,  M.  D. ;  D.  Tilden  Brown,  M.  D. :  Robert  A.  Bariy,  M.  D. : 
Henry  C.  Eno,  M,  D.,  and  Thomas  E.  Satterthwaite,  M.  D.,  to  me  known 
to  be  the  individuals  described  in  the  foregoing  certificate,  and  they  severally 
before  me  signed  the  said  certificate  and  acknowledged  that  they  signed  the 
certificate  for  the  purpose  therein  mentioned, 

William  J.  Bell,  Notary  Public,  N.  Y.  County. 


APPENDIX. 


409 


(Endorsed) 

I,  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
in  the  First  Judicial  District,  hereby  approve  of  the  within  certificate  and  con- 
sent that  the  same  be  filed. 

May  I2th,  1873.  E.  L.  Faxciier,  /.  S.  C. 

Filed  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  County  of  New  York,  on  the 
1 2th  day  of  May,  and  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  at  Alban}^  on  the 
13th  day  of  May,  1873. 


410  COLLEGE  OF  PHYS1CL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

EDWARD  CURTIS,  A.  M.,  M.  D.— 1864. 

Dr.  Edward  Curtis,  emeritus  professor  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  citj'  of  New  York, 
was  born  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  June  4,  1838.  He  is  a  descendant  of 
Henry  Curtis,  who  came  to  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  from  London,  Eng- 
land, in  1636.  His  eldest  son,  Ephraim  Curtis,  born  in  1642,  subsequently 
became  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts ;  he  participated, 
in  the  capacity  of  lieutenant,  in  King  Philip's  war,  and  was  also  engaged 
in  the  Brookfield  battle,  which  took  place  August  2,  1675.  His  death  oc- 
curred in  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1734,  at  the  age  of  ninety-two  years. 
John  Curtis,  eldest  son  of  Ephraim  Curtis,  was  born  in  1707,  was  a  promi- 
nent citizen  of  Worcester  and  served  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  in  1757.  He  died  in  the  year  1797,  aged  ninety  years.  His 
eldest  son,  John  Curtis,  born  in  1731,  died  in  1768,  at  the  age  of  thirty-seven 
years.     John's  second  son,  David  Curtis,  born  in  1763,  died  in  1813. 

George  Curtis,  son  of  David  Curtis  and  father  of  Dr.  Curtis,  was  born 
in  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1796,  and  when  he  attained  the  age  of  twelve 
years  removed  to  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  He  commenced  his  business 
career  in  the  office  of  J.  B.  Wood  of  Providence,  later  accepted  the  position 
of  cashier  of  the  Exchange  Bank  of  Providence,  and  subsequently  served 
as  treasurer  of  the  Providence  and  New  York  Transportation  Company. 
When  the  Bank  of  Commerce  of  New  York  city  was  organized,  Mr.  Curtis 
was  tendered  the  position  of  cashier,  which  he  accepted,  and  on  Eebruary  i, 
1839,  took  up  his  residence  in  New  York  city.  He  retained  this  position 
until  the  organization  of  the  Continental  Bank,  when  he  was  chosen  its  presi- 
dent, and  served  in  that  capacity  until  his  death.  While  a  resident  of  Provi- 
dence Mr.  Curtis  officiated  in  the  following  named  offices :  Member  of  the 
Providence  school  committee  from  June  14,  1828,  to  1837,  when  he  resigned 
from  the  position;  warden  of  the  second  ward  of  Providence;  president  of 
the  common  council  from  June  2,  1834,  to  June  5,  1837,  when  he  declined 
re-election ;  commissioner  of  Dexter  Donation  from  June,  1834.  to  Febru- 
ary, 1839;  moderator  of  town  meetings,  October  7,  1830,  and  October  18, 
of  the  same  year,  April  30.  June  6,  August  30,  October  5,  12,  22,  November 
21,  1831,  and  April  18,  May  16,  1832,  at  which  time  Providence  became 
a  city;  representative  from  Providence  to  the  general  assembly  from  May, 
1832,  to  October,  1832,  and  then  declined  re-election;  was  again  chosen  repre- 
sentative in  August,  1835,  ^nd  served  during  January.  May,  June  and  Oc- 
tober, 1836,  January,  May,  June  and  October,  1838,  and  January,  1839; 
was  chosen  speaker  in  October,  1837,  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  his 
removal  to  New  York.  He  was  also  a  bank  commissioner  from  June,  1836, 
to  May,  1837.  Mr.  Curtis'  second  wife,  the  mother  of  Dr.  Curtis,  was  Julia 
Bowen  Bridgham,  daughter  of  Samuel  Willard  Bridgham,  a  prominent  law- 
yer and  first  mayor  of  the  city  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  and  a  direct  de- 
scendant of  Vice-President  Samuel  Willard  of  Harvard  University.  Mr. 
Curtis  died  in  Jacksonville,  Florida,  in  1856. 

Dr.  Curtis  acquired  his  preliminary  education  in  a  select  private  school 
in  New  York  city,  and  then  entered   Harvard  Universitv,   from  which  he 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  411 


received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1859  and  Master  of  Arts  in  1862. 
He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  March,  i860,  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Robert 
Watts,  then  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  college.  On  July  5,  1861,  he  re- 
sponded to  a  call  from  the  surgeon  general  of  the  United  States  army  for 
medical  students  to  serve  in  the  array  hospitals  as  dressers,  with  a  view  to 
appointment  as  medical  cadets  when  Congress  should  create  such  a  corps. 
He  was  immediately  assigned  to  duty  in  the  Union  Hotel  Hospital,  George- 
town, D.  C,  and  on  September  6,  1861,  was  duly  appointed  medical  cadet 
of  the  United  States  army.  In  the  spring  of  1862  the  Union  Hotel  Hospital 
was  discontinued  and  its  personnel  and  equipment  transferred  to  Cliffburne 
barracks,  on  the  outskirts  of  Washington.  August  23,  1862,  he  was  ordered 
to  the  Army  of  Virginia  for  temporaiy  field  service,  and  on  September  6, 
1862,  re-enlisted  as  medical  cadet  for  a  second  year  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  at  the  Satterlee  General  Hospital,  West  Philadelphia,  Surgeon  Isaac  I. 
Hayes,  United  States  Volunteers,  in  command.  On  May  5,  1863,  he  was 
discharged  as  medical  cadet,  and  appointed  acting  assistant  surgeon  of  the 
United  States  army,  assigned  to  duty  in  the  microscopical  department  of 
the  Army  Medical  Museum  (then  in  its  infancy)  at  Washington.  In  March. 
1864,  he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  on  March  30,  1864,  was  commissioned  assistant 
surgeon  of  the  United  States  army.  June  5,  1864,  he  was  ordered  to  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  for  field  service,  and  June  22,  1864,  was  assigned 
for  service  as  consulting  and  operating  surgeon  at  the  Hampton  General 
Hospital,  Fortress  Monroe.  On  August  7,  1864,  he  was  returned  to  duty  at 
the  museum,  but  September  20,  1864,  was  ordered  to  the  Shenandoah  valley 
for  field  service  with  Sheridan's  army,  serving  as  executive  officer  to  the 
Sheridan  Field  Hospital  near  Winchester,  and  while  at  this  duty  narrowly 
escaped  capture  by  Mosby's  guerrillas.  On  October  28,  1864,  he  was  re- 
turned to  his  post  at  the  museum,  and  on  April  15,  1864,  under  the  direction 
of  Surgeon  General  J.  K.  Barnes,  and  in  conjunction  with  Assistant  Surgeon 
J.  J.  Woodward,  United  States  army,  performed  the  autopsy  on  the  body 
of  the  murdered  president,  Abraham  Lincoln.  June  15,  1865,  he  was  ap- 
pointed captain,  United  States  army,  by  brevet,  "for  faithful  and  meritorious 
services  during  the  war."  to  date  from  March  13,  1865.  April  27,  1867,  he 
was  similarly  appointed  major.  United  States  army,  by  brevet,  to  date  again 
from  March  13,  1865.  February  22,  1869,  he  was  directed,  in  conjunction 
with  Assistant  Surgeon  John  S.  Billings,  United  States  army,  to  investi- 
gate the  possible  connection  of  vegetable  organisms  with  the  then  prevailing 
diseases  of  cattle;  this  investigation  was  one  of  the  earliest  on  the  subject 
of  bacterial  causation  of  disease.  May  14,  1869,  he  was  directed  to  organize 
a  party  to  accompany  the  astronomers  from  the  United  States  Naval  Ob- 
servatory to  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  telescopic  photo- 
graphs of  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun,  August  7,  1869.  The  expedition  was 
very  successful,  and  a  large  number  of  negatives  were  secured,  including  two 
of  the  total  phase  of  the  eclipse.  During  the  years  of  service  in  the  Army 
Museum,  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  war.  Dr.  Curtis  developed  the  then  em- 


412  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

bryo  art  of  photographing  through  the  microscope,  succeeding  perfectly  in 
photographing  with  very  high  powers  (1-50  inch  objective),  even  with  the 
old  style  "wet  plates,"  the  only  kind  then  serviceable;  he  also  prepared  the 
catalogue  of  the  microscopical  section  of  the  museum. 

On  February  7,  1870,  Dr.  Curtis  resigned  from  the  army  and  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city.  On  March  17,  1870,  he 
was  appointed  clinical  assistant  at  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary, 
and  on  December  2  of  the  same  year  received  the  appointment  of  microscopist 
of  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  lec- 
turer on  normal  and  pathological  histology,  summer  session.  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  the  city  of  New  York;  on  May  22,  1872,  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  same  institution,  and  on 
May  14,  1873,  received  the  appointment  of  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics.  On  January  22,  1874,  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  New 
York  Eye  and  Eai"  Infirmary,  and  on  January  28,  1874,  was  appointed  hon- 
orary microscopist  to  the  board  of  health,  New  York  city,  and  on  November 
24,  1874,  was  directed  by  that  body  "to  investigate  the  causes  and  nature  of 
diphtheria,  by  means  of  micro-pathological  examinations  and  otherwise." 
On  September  15,  1876,  he  received  the  appointment  of  medical  director  in 
the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society  of  the  United  States,  and  resigned 
his  position  in  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  In  November,  1885,  Dr.  Curtis 
resigned  from  the  medical  college  to  devote  his  whole  time  to  the  ser\-ice 
of  the  Equitable,  and  on  May  21,  1886,  was  appointed  professor  emeritus. 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York  city,  to  take  effect  October  i, 
1886.     He  also  resigned  from  the  board  of  health,  July  19,   1892. 

Dr.  Curtis  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  (Alpha 
of  Massachusetts),  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society, 
the  Roman  Medical  Society,  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the 
United  States,  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  the  American  Institute,  and  a 
correspoiident  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  following  named  clubs :  Century.  Harvard.  Lawyers'  and 
Rockaway  Hunting. 

Dr.  Curtis  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  valuable  articles,  the  following 
named  being  the  principal  ones  published :  "Catalogue  of  the  Microscopical 
Section  of  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum,"  Washington,  govern- 
ment printing  office,  1867;  "On  the  Cryptogamic  Origin  of  Disease,  with 
Special  Reference  to  Recent  Microscopical  Investigations  on  that  Subject," 
Transactions  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  Vol.  20,  1869;  "Report 
of  Results  of  Examinations  of  Fluids  of  Diseased  Cattle,  with  Reference  to 
Presence  of  Cryptogamic  Growth,"  John  S.  Billings  and  Edward  Curtis, 
in  "Reports  on  the  Diseases  of  Cattle  in  the  United  States,  made  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  with  Accompanying  Documaits,"  Washington, 
government  printing  office,  1869:  "Report  on  Photographic  Observations  of 
the  Eclipse,"  in  Appendix  II,  Reports  on  Observations  of  the  Total  Eclipse 
of  the  Sun,  August  7.  1869,  United  States  Naval  Observatory,  Washington, 
governm.ent  printing  office,  1869:  "An  Apparatus  for  Cutting  Microscopical 
Sections  of  Eyes,"  transactions  of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Society, 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  413 

Eighth  .\nnual  Meeting,  New  Yoi'k,  D.  Appleton  &  Company,  1871 ;  "The 
Protoplasm  Theor)',"  an  introductory  lecture  delivered  at  the  opening  of  the 
winter  session  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  October  i,  1873,  published  by  the  medical  class.  New  York,  1873; 
"Conium,  and  Its  Use  in  Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  a  paper  read  before  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  April  26,  1875,  and  published  in 
the  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  numbers  237  and  238,  May  22  and  29,  1875 ; 
article  on  "Spectacles."  Appleton's  American  Encyclopedia;  articles  on  eighty- 
two  titles  of  materia  medica  in  Johnson's  New  Universal  Cyclopedia,  New 
York,  1876-78:  "Report  of  Investigations  into  the  Pathogeny  of  Diphtheria," 
pamphlet,  published  by  the  board  of  health.  New  York  city,  1878;  "Manual 
of  General  Aledicinal  Technology,  Including"  Prescription  Writing,"  New 
York,  William  Wood  &  Company,  1883;  articles  on  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  titles  of  materia  medica  and  related  subjects  in  "Reference  Handbook  of 
the  Medical  Sciences,"  William  Wood  «&  Co.,  New  York,  1889;  "How  Neither 
of  Us  Was  Hanged,"  a  prize  story  of  army  medical  life,  published  in  the 
Youth's  Companion.  Boston,  October  21.  1897;  "Months  and  Moods,  a  Fif- 
teen Year  Calendar."  The  Grafton  Press,  New  York,  1903. 

Outside  of  professional  subjects,  Dr.  Curtis'  interest  is  centered  in 
matters  of  science  generally,  especially  physical  science,  and  in  poetical  and 
musical  composition.  On  November  16.  1864.  at  Chester.  Pennsylvania,  Dr. 
Curtis  married  Augusta  Lawler  Stacey.  daughter  of  Davis  Bevan  and  Sara 
(Van  Dycke)  Stacey.  and  great-granddaughter  of  Captain  Davis  Bevan, 
who  served  with  distinction  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Their  children  are: 
Constance;  George  DeClyver,  an  assistant  librarian  of  the  New  York  Public 
Library:  Natalie:  Bridgham.  a  lawyer:  and  Marian  Curtis. 

EDWARD  LEAMING,   M.   D.— 1802. 

Edward  Learning,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  P.  S.,  instructor  in  photography  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  was  bom  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  September  i.  1861.  His  father,  James  Rosebrugh  Learning, 
M.  D..  traced  his  ancestry  to  Johannes  de  Lemyng,  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
in  1305.  The  first  representative  of  the  family  in  this  countr}'  was  Christo- 
pher Leamying,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Southampton.  Long  Island. 

Edward  Leaming  recei\'ed  his  early  schooling  at  DeGarmo  In- 
stitute, a  boys'  school  at  Rhinebeck-on-the-Hudson,  New  York.  He  pre- 
pared for  college  at  the  Columbia  grammar  school  in-  New  York  city,  and 
then  entered  the  School  of  Arts  at  Columbia.  After  one  year's  study  there 
he  transferred  to  the  School  of  Mines,  taking  the  chemical  course.  He  left 
college  before  his  graduation  to  go  into  the  business  of  photography  in 
New  York  cit}^  After  three  years'  business  he  entered  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Siu'geons  of  Columbia,  graduating  in  1892.  Diu'ing  the  sum- 
mer of  1890  he  attended  the  summer  session  at  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. Scotland,  taking  the  course  in  anatomj'  under  Sir  William  Turner, 
and  after  a  severe  competitive  examination  was  awarded  the  first,  or  senior, 
medal.     In  the  year  following  his  graduation  from  the  College  of  Physicians 


414  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

and  Surgeons  he  was  appointed  assistant  in  photography  at  Columbia,  and 
two  years  later  was  promoted  to  the  post  of  instructor  in  photography,  which 
he  still  retains.  He  married,  June  14,  1893,  Lula  Mae  Smith,  and  they  have 
one  child,  Helen  Rosebrugh  Learning.  Dr.  Leaming  has  done  considerable 
work  in  the  way  of  the  illustration  of  books.  He  illustrated  Professor  Wil- 
son's "Atlas  of  Fertilization  and  Karyokinesis  of  the  Ovum,"  and  the  "At- 
las of  Nerve  Cells,"  of  Drs.  Starr  and  Strong.  Dr.  Leaming  is  a  life  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Photographic  Society  of  Great  Britain,  a  life  member  of 
the  Photographic  Society  of  India,  and  a  member  of  the  Camera  Club  of 
New  York,  the  Camera  Club  of  London,  the  New  York  Pathological  So- 
ciety, the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  and  the  Century  Association  of  New 
York.     He  has  no  settled  political  convictions. 

GEORGE  ]\IONTGOMERY  TUTTLE.  B.   A.,   M.   D.— 1880. 

George  Montgomery  Tuttle,  B.  A.,  'M.  D.,  professor  of  gnyecology  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  g}-necologist  to  Roosevelt  Hospital ; 
consulting  surgeon  to  the  General  INIemorial  Hospital,  contributor  to  medi- 
cal text  books  and  journals,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Rochester,  New  York, 
October  2.  1856,  son  of  Rev.  James  H.  Tuttle,  D.  D.,  and  Harriet  Merriman 
Tuttle.  Rev.  Dr.  Tuttle  was  born  in  Herkimer  county,  New  York,  thence 
settled  in  Clinton,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Rochester,  where  he  was  as- 
sociated with  such  divines  as  Rev.  Drs.  Montgomery  and  Saxe,  and  where 
also  he  filled  a  pastorate  in  the  Universalist  church.  In  i860  he  moved  with 
his  family  to  Chicago,  Illinois,  and  about  five  or  six  years  later  to  ^linneap- 
olis,  IMinnesota,  in  both  cities  devoting  his  energies  and  wide  influence  to  the 
work  of  the  ministry,  his  labors  in  that  direction  having  extended  over  a  pe- 
riod of  fifty  years,  and  having  been  terminated  only  when  he  was  stricken 
with  paralysis  in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of  his  life.  He  was  the  head  of 
the  Church  of  the  Redeemer  of  INIinneapolis  for  twenty-five  years,  and  as  a 
tribute  to  his  spendid  character  and  noble  work  the  Tuttle  i\Iemorial  church 
was  erected.  Harriet  Merriman  Tuttle  was  descended  from  an  old  prom- 
inent Connecticut  family.  She,  too,  took  an  active  part  in  church  work  in 
Minneapolis  and  was  a  life-long  companion  and  faithful  helpmeet  to  her 
devoted  husband.     She  died  in  Dresden,  Germany,  in   1872. 

George  M.  Tuttle  acquired  his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Chi- 
cago and  Minneapolis,  and  in  the  city  last  mentioned  also  attended  Car! 
Rosa's  German  school.  At  the  age  of  about  fifteen  years  he  attended 
Krause's  Gymnasium  in  Dresden,  Germany,  where  he  remained  a  short  tiine 
while  abroad.  Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1873,  he  became  a  student 
in  Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  took  the  Yale  exam- 
ination, and  was  graduated  at  Yale  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in 

1877. 

At  this  time  Dr.  Tuttle  was  determined  upon  entering  the  legal  pro- 
fession and  began  preparators^  studies  with  that  end  in  view,  but  he  soon 
changed  his  purpose  and  resolved  to  study  medicine,  in  accordance  with 
which  determination,  in  1878,  he  took  a  short  Yale  post-graduate  course  in 


^yU  unzi^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  415 

French  and  chemistry.  He  then  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  and  was  graduated  in  1880.  In  June  of  the  same  year  he 
entered  the  New  York  Hospital  as  medical  interne,  remaining  in  that  ca- 
pacity until  December  of  the  following  year,  when,  having  given  undoubted 
evidence  of  ability  and  thoroughness  in  whatever  line  of  duty,  he  was  ap- 
pointed physician  in  chief  to  the  State  Emigrant  Hospital  at  Ward's  Island, 
a  position  he  filled  with  entire  satisfaction  from  December,  1S81,  to  March, 
1883. 

Dr.  Tuttle's  appointment  to  the  Ward's  Island  Hospital  was  in  every 
sense  an  earnest  and  well  deserved  honor,  and  was  directly  the  result  of  his 
efficient  work  in  his  former  position,  and  his  appointment  was  secured 
through  the  influence  of  the  governors  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  who  had 
been  a  close  observer  of  what  the  young  medical  interne  had  accomplished  in 
the  institution.  However,  at  the  time  of  this  advancement  the  affairs  and 
management  of  the  State  Emigrant  Hospital  were  in  a  most  deplorable  con- 
dition, and  all  appointments  previously  made  were  solely  the  rewards  of  a 
party  fealty  or  usefulness,  and  wholly  without  regard  to  capacity  or  fitness 
so  far  as  appointees  were  concerned  previous  to  Dr.  Tuttle's  superintendency. 
Incompetent  and  dishonest  subordinates  were  placed  in  lucrative  positions 
through  the  schemes  of  designing  politicians,  and  much  physical  and  moral 
courage  was  required  to  deal  with  the  conditions  which  confronted  the  new 
superintendent  upon  assuming  the  duties  of  his  position,  but  he  appears  to 
have  possessed  the  requisite  qualities  of  fearlessness  and  capacitv,  for  in 
less  than  a  year  the  hospital  was  cleared  of  its  former  abuses,  and  when  he 
left  it  in  1883  it  ranked  with  the  best  and  most  efficiently  conducted  insti- 
tutions of  its  class  in  the  state,  numbering  on  its  medical  staff  several  of  the 
most  reputable  and  eminent  physicians  of  the  city. 

So  creditable,  indeed,  was  Dr.  Tuttle's  superintendency  during  the  pe- 
riod of  his  incumbency  of  that  office,  and  so  successful  was  his  treatment  of 
the  numerous  cases  brought  daily  under  his  inspection,  that  the  results 
achieved  naturally  drew  him  into  public  notice  in  medical  circles  and  resulted 
in  his  appointment  as  assistant  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  gynecology  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  But  with  this  honor  came  new 
responsibilities,  and  in  order  to  better  prepare  himself  for  further  work  as 
lecturer  and  instructor  Dr.  Tuttle  visited  Europe,  going  first  to  Birmingham, 
England,  thence  to  Rotunda  at  Dublin,  thence  to  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh 
in  Scotland,  thence  to  Holland,  to  Leipsic,  to  Prague,  to  Vienna,  and  to 
Dresden,  visiting  all  of  the  most  noted  hospitals  and  living  in  some  of  them, 
devoting  himself  constantly  to  the  study  of  gynecology  and  associating  him- 
self with  many  of  the  most  eminent  pathologists  of  Europe.  Two  vears 
later  he  again  went  abroad,  visiting  Berlin  and  Heidelberg  and  also  spending 
a  short  time  in  Paris. 

In  1884  Dr.  Tuttle  was  appointed  adjunct  lecturer  on  obstetrics  and 
gynecology^  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in  1885,  then 
being  twenty-eight  years  old,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  gynecology  in 
the  institution.  This  chair  he  still  holds,  as  well  as  that  of  gynecologist  to 
Roosevelt  Hospital,  to  which  he  was  appointed  in    1888,  and  that  of  con- 


4i6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

suiting  surgeon  to  the  General  Memorial  Hospital,  to  which  he  was  ap- 
pointed in  1890.  In  1888  and  1889  he  served  by  appointment  as  attending 
physician  to  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  from  1888  to  1890  was  attending  surgeon 
to  the  New  York  Cancer  Hospital.  He  was  also  consulting  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  Infirmary  for  Women  and  Children  for  one  year. 

Although  a  physician  of  wide  repute,  a  scientist  and  gynecologist  of 
undoubted  eminence,  a  lecturer  and  instructor  who  possesses  the  rare  abil- 
ity to  impart  information  to  others.  Dr.  Tuttle  is  likewise  well  known  in  the 
field  of  medical  literature;  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  pages  of  medical 
journals,  where  his  views  are  regarded  as  authority,  and  also  is  to  be  noted 
as  one  of  the  contributing  authors  to  the  "American  Text  Book  of  Gynecol- 
ogy-'' 

JOHN  GREEN  CURTIS,  AI.  D.— 1870. 

Dr.  John  Green  Curtis,  professor  of  physiology  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  New  York,  is  descended  on  the  paternal  side  from 
a  New  England  family,  an  early  member  of  which  was  Ephraim  Curtis, 
the  first  settler  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts.  George  Curtis,  father  of  Dr. 
John  Green  Curtis,  was  born  at  Worcester,  [Massachusetts,  but  early  in  life 
removed  to  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  and  finally  to  New  York  city,  where 
for  a  number  of  years  he  occupied  a  leading  position  in  commercial  and 
financial  circles,  being  for  some  time  cashier  of  the  Bank  of  Commerce  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  president  of  the  Continental  Bank.  He  married 
Julia  Bowen  Bridgham,  born  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  daughter  of  Sam- 
uel Willard  Bridgham,  first  mayor  of  that  city,  and  attorney  general  of 
Rhode  Island. 

John  Green  Curtis,  son  of  George  and  Julia  Bowen  (Bridgham)  Curtis, 
was  born  at  27  Washington  Place,  New  York  city,  October  29,  1S44,  and 
was  fitted  at  private  schools  and  under  the  instruction  of  private  tutors  to 
enter  Harvard  College,  to  the  freshman  class  of  which  he  was  admitted  in 
1862,  graduating  in  1866  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  x\rts,  and  receiving 
from  the  same  institution  of  learning,  in  1869,  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts.  He  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  medical 
department  of  Columbia  College,  New  York  city,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  the  class  of  1870.  While  pursuing  his  studies.  Dr.  Curtis  served  as 
junior  assistant  in  the  first  surgical  division  of  the  staff  of  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital, from  April  i  to  September  30,  1869;  as  senior  assistant  from  October 
I.  1869,  to  March  31,  1870,  and  as  house  surgeon  from  April  i  to  October 
I,  1870.  At  the  expiration  of  his  last  term  of  service,  which  came  to 
an  end  shortly  after  his  graduation,  Dr,  Curtis  entered  upon  the  private 
practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city,  and  soon  became  associated, 
as  junior  partner,  with  the  late  Dr.  Henry  B.  Sands. 

Dr.  Curtis  has  been  connected  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  as  a  teacher  for  over  thirty-two  years;  he  has  held  the  following 
positions:  Assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  1870  and  1871 ;  demon- 
strator of  anatomy,  1871  to  1875;  adjunct  lecturer  on  physiolog}',  1875  and 
1876;  adjunct  professor  of  physiology,    1876  to   1883;  professor  of  physi- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  417 

ology  since  1883;  and  secretary  of  the  faculty  from  1876  to  1890.  From 
1876  to  1881  Dr.  Curtis  filled  the  position  of  visiting  surgeon  to  Bellevue 
Hospital.  Since  1875  he  has  devoted  himself  in  a  special  manner  to  the 
work  of  a  physiologist,  and  since  his  retirement  from  private  practice,  which 
took  place  July  i,  1883,  that  department  of  science  has  received  his  exclu- 
sive attention.  He  is  one  of  the  authors  of  "An  American  Text  Book  of 
Physiology,"  which  has  passed  through  two  editions.  In  1900  he  delivered 
the  Cartwright  lectures  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  New  York  city,  on  "The  Discovery  of  the  Nerves  and 
of  their  Functions,"  he  having  for  yeai's  been  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
physiological  doctrines  of  the  ancient  Greek  philosophers  and  physicians. 
Dr.  Curtis  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New 
York,  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of  the  American 
Physiological  Society  and  of  the  American  Society  of  Naturalists. 

THEOPHIL   AIITCHELL  PRUDDEN,   M.   D. 

Theophil  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.  LL.  D.,  professor  of  pathology  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  was  born  in  Middlebury, 
Connecticut,  July  7,  1849.  the  son  of  George  P.  and  Eliza  A.  (Johnson) 
Prudden  of  that  place.  He  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Prud- 
den, one  of  the  sturdy  band  of  Puritans  who  founded  the  Milford  colony  in 
Connecticut  early  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  first  pastor  of  the  little 
church  erected  by  the  pioneers.  After  receiving  his  early  training  and  col- 
legiate preparation  in  various  public  and  private  schools,  he  took  the  biologi- 
cal course  at  the  Sheilield  Scientific  School  at  Yale,  graduating  with  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1872.  He  then  entered  upon  the  study  of  mech- 
cine  at  the  Yale  Medical  College  and  later  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  New  York  city,  the  medical  department  of  Columbia.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  Yale,  and  was  for  two  years 
instructor  in  chemistry  at  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School.  After  a  hospital 
service  of  one  year  in  this  country,  Dr.  Prudden  went  abroad  and  spent  two 
years  in  post-graduate  study  at  the  universities  of  Heidelberg,  Berlin  and 
Vienna. 

Returning  to  America,  he  became,  in  1879,  instructor  in  normal  histol- 
ogy and  pathology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York, 
and  also  filled  for  three  years  the  post  of  lecturer  on  normal  histology  at  the 
Yale  Medical  School.  In  1882  he  was  made  director  of  the  laboratories  of 
pathology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Columbia,  and  in 
1893  was  called  to  the  chair  of  pathology  in  the  same  institution.  His  con- 
tributions to  science  have  been  made  along  the  lines  of  pathology  and  bacte- 
riology. In  1896  he  received  from  Yale  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws.  Dr.  Prudden  is  a  member  of  a  number  of  societies  and  clubs,  among 
them  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York  Pathological  So- 
ciety, American  Folk-Lore  Society,  New  York  Historical  Society,  American 
Geographical  Society,  Century  Club  of  New  York,  University  Club  of  New 
York,  and  the  New  York  Athletic  Club.     He  is  unmarried. 


4iS  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS  BLAKE,  A.   B.,   Ph.   B..  M.   D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Joseph  Augustus  Blake  is  a  descendant  of  William  Blake,  who  came 
to  Massachusetts  from  England  in  1636  and  settled  near  Dorchester:  Eli 
Whitney  Blake,  one  of  his  collateral  ancestors,  was  the  inventor  of  the  cele- 
brated "Blake  Stone  Crusher." 

William  Phipps  Blake,  father  of  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Blake,  was  a  graduate 
of  Yale  College  in  the  class  of  1853.  He  is  a  well  known  geologist,  and  in 
the  early  sixties  was  one  of  the  first  Americans  to  go  to  Japan,  where  he  be- 
came the  geologist  to  the  Japanese  government.  Previous  to  his  removal 
to  Japan  he  was  the  professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  California, 
and  also  acted  in  the  same  capacity  in  the  University  of  Arizona;  he  is  the 
author  of  several  valuable  scientific  books.  He  is  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Geological  Society. 
Mr.  Blake  married  Miss  Charlotte  Haven  Lord  Hayes,  whose  family  came 
from  Scotland  to  Maine  in  the  seventeenth  century ;  the  male  members  of  the 
family  were  eminently  c|ualified  to  serve  in  the  positions  of  trust  and  respon- 
sibility which  were  conferred  upon  them. 

Joseph  A.  Blake  was  born  in  San  Francisco,  California,  August,  31, 
1864.  When  two  years  of  age  he  was  brought  to  New  Haven,  Connecti- 
cut, by  his  parents,  and  fitted  for  college  at  the  Hopkins  grammar  school. 
In  iS8t  he  entered  Yale  College  and  four  years  later  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts :  after  his  graduation  he  studied  in  the  biological 
course  of  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  at  Yale  for  a  year,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy  in  1886,  after  which  he  came  to  New  York 
and  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1889  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Immediately 
after  his  graduation  he  became  surgical  interne  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital  in 
New  York  city,  remaining  there  two  years.  He  then  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  and  has  established  an  enviable  repu- 
tation ;  the  field  in  which  he  has  gained  the  greatest  distinction  is  that  of 
operative  surgery,  and  his  record  is  replete  Avith  notable  cases.  His  zeal 
and  capability  were  recognized  from  the  first,  and  during  his  active  life  as 
a  practitioner  he  has  served  in  various  important  positions.  From  1891  to 
1900  he  acted  as  assistant  demonstrator  in  anatomy  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons;  from  1891  to  1896  as  assistant  surgeon  to  the  A^ander- 
bilt  Clinic;  from  1895  to  1900  as  attending  surgeon  to  Harlem  Hospital; 
from  1896  up  to  the  present  time  (1903)  as  attending  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's 
Hospital;  from  1900  up  to  the  present  time  junior  surgeon  to  Roosevelt  Hos- 
pital ;  since  1900  instructor  in  surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  in  1902  was  appointed  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Northern  Dis- 
pensary. 

Dr.  Blake  has  contributed  several  very  valuable  articles  for  publication, 
among  them  being  "Topographical  Anatomy  of  the  Mediastinum  and  the 
Superior  Aperture  of  the  Thorax,"  published  in  the  proceedings  of  the  As- 
sociation of  American  Anatomists  in  1897;  "The  Relation  of  the  Trachea 
and  Bronchi  to  the  Thoracic  Walls  as  Determined  by  the  Roentgen  Rays," 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  419 

published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  March,  1899;  "The 
Roof  and  Lateral  Recesses  of  the  Fourth  Ventricle,  Considered  Morphologi- 
cally and  Embryologically,"  published  in  the  Journal  of  Comparative  Neur- 
ology in  1900;  "The  Relative  Bearing  of  the  Conjoined  Tendon  and  the 
Internal  Oblique  Muscle  Upon  the  Cure  of  Inguinal  Hernia,"  published  in 
the  Medical  Record,  Sq^tember  i,  1900:  "The  Operative  Treatment  of  Um- 
bilical Hernia  in  Adults,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record,  May  15,  1901 ; 
an  article  on  "Hernia"  in  the  Reference  Hand  Book  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
William  Wood  &  Company;  "The  Surgery  of  Gall  Stones,"  published  in  the 
Medical  Nezvs  May  10,  1902 ;  "The  Surgical  Aspects  of  the  Status  Lymjjhat- 
icus,"  published  in  the  Annals  of  Surgery,  June,   1902,  and  others. 

Dr.  Blake  is  connected  with  the  following  named  societies :  Fellow  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association,  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  Aledi- 
eal  Association  of  Greater  New  York,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences, 
the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  the  Therapeutic  Club,  the  Society  of  the 
Alumni  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  the  University  CIul>,  the  Yale  Club,  and 
the  Laurentian  Club  of  Canada.  His  favorite  pastimes  are  hunting  and 
fishing.  On  December  17,  1890,  Dr.  Blake  married,  in  Saugatuck,  Con- 
necticut, Miss  Catherine  Ketchum,  daughter  of  Landon  Ketchum  and  grand- 
daughter of  Morris  Ketchum.  Their  children  are  Joseph  A.,  Jr.,  and  Francis 
H.  Blake. 

GEORGE  MONTAGUE  SWIFT,   M.    D.— 1879. 

Dr.  George  M.  Swift,  instructor  in  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
September  2,  1856,  the  son  of  Dr.  William  and  Martha  E.  (Phelps)  Swift. 
Dr.  William  Swift  was  born  in  1779,  graduated  from  Harvard  University 
in  1809,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  navy,  and  participated  in  the 
war  of  i8t2.  His  wife  was  a  descendant  of  an  old  and  honored  New  Eng- 
land family.  The  family  history  traced  back  to  Thomas  Swift,  a  native  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  who  settled  in  Milton,  Massachusetts,  in  1630. 

Dr.  Swift  prepared  for  college  at  a  private  school  in  Riverdale,  New 
York,  and  received  instruction  from  private  tutors  for  two  years  before  en- 
tering Amherst  College,  from  which  he  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Arts  in  1876,  taking  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  the  same  institu- 
tion three  years  later.  He  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  and  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1879.  Dur- 
ing the  ensuing  two  years  he  served  as  interne  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  after 
which  he  went  abroacl  and  for  eight  months  pursued  his  medical  studies  in 
Vienna  and  Prague.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  resident  physician  to  the 
Foundling  Asylum,  which  position  he  filled  for  one  year.  Since  1883  ^e  has 
practiced  his  profession  in  association  with  Dr.  Henry  F.  Walker;  since 
1886  he  has  been  the  visiting  physician  at  St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for 
Children,  and  since  1898  has  acted  in  the  capacity  of  instructor  in  medicine 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

Dr.  Swift's  numerous  contributions  to  medical  literature  have  been 
mainly  upon  the  diseases  of  children.     He  is  a  member  of  the  Clinical  So- 


420  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


ciety,  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  County  Medical  Society,  Medical 
Association  of  Greater  New  York,  Association  of  Alumni  of  Bellevaie  Hos- 
pital, and  the  Century  Association.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Brick  Pres- 
byterian church  of  New  York  city.  On  June  i,  1887,  Dr.  Swift  married  Miss 
Bessie  P.  Ely.  Their  children  are :  Elizabeth,  Marian,  Nathalie  and  Walker 
Ely  Swift.     They  reside  at  20  West  Fifty-fifth  street,  New  York. 

CHARLES  K.  BRIDDON,  M.  D.— 1857. 

Charles  K.  Briddon,  New  York  city,  son  of  Samuel  and  Ann  (Harrison) 
Briddon,  of  Manchester,  England,  was  born  March  4,  1827,  at  Manchester, 
England.  He  pursued  his  medical  studies  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  the  cit\'  of  New  York,  and  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1857.  He 
was  surgeon  to  the  Park  Barracks  Hospital  during  the  war,  in  1862,  and  be- 
longed to  the  corps  of  volunteer  surgeons  who  were  present  at  the  second  field 
of  Manassas,  and  on  the  James  river.  Late  member  of  the  New  York  Der- 
matological  Society ;  Medico-Legal  Society  of  New  York ;  Medical  Society 
of  the  County  of  New  York ;  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans 
of  Medical  Men;  New  York  Statistical  Society;  Medical  Journal  Association. 
He  was  president  of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society  in  1876  and  late 
president  of  the  New  York  Surgical  Society.  He  was  lecturer  in  the  "sum- 
mer" course  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1857;  late  surgeon 
to  the  Hospital  Department  of  the  Colored  Home ;  surgeon  to  the  New  York 
Dispensary,  1857-65 ;  and  has  been  surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in 
the  city  of  New  York  since  1876. 

Dr.  Briddon's  contributions  to  medical  literature  consist,  among  others, 
of  reports  on  "Ligature  of  Primiti\-e  Carotid,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Press, 
January,  1859;  "Congenital  Hernia  of  the  Funis,"  Medical  and  Surgical  Re- 
porter, October,  1859:  "Ligature  of  Femoral  Artery,"  American  Medical 
Monthly,  1859;  "Excision  of  Hip,"  Medical  Record,  May  18  and  November, 
1876;  "Operation  for  Neuroma  Musculo-Spiral  in  Axilla,"  ibid.,  November, 
1875;  "Excision  Elbow  Joint,"  ibid.,  April,  1873,  and  October,  1876:  "Exci- 
sion of  Wrist  Joint,"  ibid.,  June,  1876;  "Extirpation  of  Rectum,"  ibid.,  Jan- 
uary, 1877;  "Case  of  Jejunostomy  for  Lioperable  Cancer  of  the  Stomach," 
Annals  of  Surgery,  Vol.  XVH.,  p.  310:  "Cholelithotomy,"  ibid.,  p.  206; 
"Diagnosis  of  Abdominal  Tumors,"  ibid.,  p.  339 ;  "Group  of  Cases  of  Ap- 
pendicitis," ibid.,  p,  197;  "Ileus  from  Twist  of  Bowel,  Caused  by  Axial  Rota- 
tion of  Mesenteric  Tumor,"  ibid.,  p.  63 ;  "Litestinal  Obstruction,"  ibid.,  p. 
341;  "Nephrectomy  for  Pyo-Nephrosis,"  ibid.,  p.  313;  "Thyroidectomy," 
ibid.,  p.  207;  "Trephining  for  Relief  of  Jacksonian  Epilepsy,  following  De- 
pressed Fracture,"  ibid.,  p.  239 ;  "Severe  Pharyngeal  Syphilitic  Stenosis  Re- 
lieved by  Operation  after  Tracheotomy,"  ibid.,  p.  105.  He  reported  the  first 
laparotomy  done  for  "Tubal  Gestation"  in  the  city  of  New  York,  November 
13,  1883,  Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  November  13, 
1883,  and  Medical  Nezus,  December  15,  1883.  He  also  published  a  paper  on 
"Lithotomy  in  Children,"  American  Medical  Times,  January,  1862;  "Opera- 
tions on  the  Air  Tube,"  ibid.,  November,  1863;  "Contributions  to  the  Sur- 


W?     K.   Ix)f\- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  421 

gery  of  the  Male  Urethra,"  Medical  Record,  July,  1872;  "Extirpation  of 
Lower  End  of  Rectum,  and  Entire  Prostate  Gland,  for  Scirrhous  Carcinoma," 
Proceedings  Surgical  Society,  and  JMedical  Record,  188 1 ;  "Intestinal  Obstruc- 
tion from  Internal  Hernia  Laparotomy,"  Medical  Record,  533 ;  "Hysterec- 
tomy for  Large  Myoma,"  ibid.,  1881 ;  "Ligature  of  Right  and  Left  Femoral 
Arteries  in  same  subject,"  ibid.,  1879;  "Excision  of  Upper  Jaw,"  ibid.,  1881 ; 
"Cases  of  Intestinal  Obstruction,"  Proceedings  New  York  Siu^gical  Society, 
Ma)',  1882,  and  Medical  Record:  "Excision  of  Tongue,  Floor  of  Mouth,  Liga- 
ture of  both  Lingual  Arteries,"  Proceedings  New  York  Surgical  Society,  Med- 
ical N^ez(.'s,  1883;  "Cases  in  Abdominal  Surgery,  with  Considerations  as  to  the 
Causes  of  Death,"  Medical  Record.  October  13,  1883;  "Surgical  Observations 
in  the  Treatment  of  the  Diseases  and  Accidents  of  the  Liver,"  Proceedings 
New  York  Surgical  Society,  January  13,  1885,  Medical  N'ctvs,  January  31, 
1885 ;  "Penetrating  Wound  of  Rectum  and  Bladder,  Recto-Ves.  Fistula,  com- 
plicated with  Stone,"  operation,  cure.  Proceedings  New  York  Surgical  Soci- 
ety, December  22,  1885,  Medical  Nezvs,  Januarv  16,  1886;  "Case  Nephrec- 
tomy," Nezu  York  Medical  Journal.  January  30,  1886:  "Laparotomy  for  Gun- 
Shot  Wounds,"  Proceedings  Surgical  Society,  Medical  A'Civs,  January  8,  1887; 
"Extra-Peritoneal  Rupture  of  the  Urinary  Bladder,"  read  before  New  York 
Surgical  Society,  April  13,  1887,  AVtc  York  Medical  Journal,  April  30,  1887; 
"Multiple  Vesical  Calculi,  weighing  1,260  grains,  sup.  Pubic  Section,  accord- 
ing to  Petersen's  method,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  January  21,  1888; 
"Removal  of  Very  Large  Nevus  by  Excision,"  ibid..  May  10.  1890 :  "Two 
Cases  of  Enterectomy,"  Proceedings  Surgical  Society,  January  23,  1889,  Nezu 
York  Medical  Journal,  March  9,  1890:  "Operation  for  Removal  of  Ovarian 
Tumor  weighing  one  hundred  and  forty-nine  pounds,"  A'czc  York  Medical 
Journal.  February  8,  1890:  "Laparo-Colotomy  for  Stricture  of  the  Rectum," 
Proceedings  Surgical  Society,  ]\Iay  14,  1890,  7\''ra'  York  Medical  Journal, 
September  28,  1890:  "The  Treatment  of  the  Graver  Forms  of  Pelvic  Suppura- 
tion by  the  Intra-Peritoneal  Iodoform  Tampon,"  Proceedings  New  York  Sur- 
gical Society,  October  28,  1891,  A^'^c  York  Medical  Journal,  May  21,  1891 ; 
paper  on  "Rupture  of  the  Kidney,"  New  York  Surgical  Society.  February  28, 
1894;  and  others  in  the  Annal';  of  Surgery. 

On  the  completion  of  his  twenty-fourth  year  as  attending  surgeon  at  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital,  a  loving  cup  and  illustrated  memoriaxn  were  presented 
to  him  at  a  complimentary  dinner  given  by  the  Alumni  Societ}'  of  the  Llospi- 
tal  at  the  University  Club,  June  14,  1901. 

In  1902  he  provided  a  fund  for  a  gold  medal.  "To  be  awarded  once  in  two 
years  to  that  member  of  the  Alumni  Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  who 
shall  present  the  best  original  essay  on  a  medical,  surgical  or  pathological  sub- 
ject, based  upon  the  results  of  original  research  in  a  laboratory." 

He  married  ■Martha,  daughter  of  the  late  Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.,  of  New 
York  city. 

BERN  BUDD  GALLAUDET.   M.  D.— 1884. 

Bern  Budd  Gallaudet,  M.  D..  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Columbia, 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Gallaudet.  D.  D..  and  the  grandson  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Hopkins  Gallaudet.  who  first  introduced  into  the  United  States 


422  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

the  sign  language,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  higher  education  of  the 
deaf  mutes  in  this  country.  Dr.  Thomas  Gallaudet  married  Elizabeth  Rey- 
nolds Budd,  daughter  of  Dr.  Bern  Budd,  a  well  known  practicing  physician 
of  Xew  York  city.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  New  York 
cit}',  Februar}^  ii,  i860,  and  received  his  early  education  at  the  Anthon 
grammar  school  there.  He  prepared  for  college  at  Everson's  Collegiate 
School,  and  entered  Trinity  College  at  Hartford,  taking  his  degree  in  1880. 
This  was  followed  by  a  post-graduate  course  in  chemistry  at  Trinity,  1880- 
1881,  after  which  he  came  to  New  York  and  entered  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  Columbia,  taking  his  degree  in  1884.  During  the 
next  two  years  he  was  interne  of  the  New  York  Hospital.  In  1886  he 
went  abroad  to  study  medicine  at  the  universities  of  Vienna  and  Berlin. 

On  his  return  to  America  he  was  made  assistant  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  this  was  followed 
in  1891  by  his  promotion  to  the  post  of  demonstrator.  During  1889-1890 
Dr.  Gallaudet  was  chief  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic.  Since  1890  he  has  been 
visiting  surgeon  and  clinical  lecturer  on  surgery  at  Bellevue  Hospital.  Be- 
sides his  various  professional  positions,  he  attends  to  a  private  practice  as 
surgeon.  He  married.  June  4,  1894.  Elise  Gurley  Elderkin.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Calumet  Club,  the  University  Club,  the  New  York  Surgical 
Society,  the  New  York  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  and  the  Society 
of  Alumni  of  New  York  Hospital. 

ROWLAND  GODFREY  FREEMAN,  M.  D.— 1886. 

Dr.  Rowland  Godfrey  Freeman  was  born  June  11.  1859,  in  New  York 
city,  and  is  the  son  of  Alfred  and  Amelia  (Taylor)  Freeman,  both  natives 
of  England.  His  great-grandfather  on  the  paternal  side  belonged  to  a 
Gloucestershire  family,  and  was  a  clergyman,  while  both  his  paternal  and  ma- 
ternal grandfathers  were  physicians,  the  former  in  Minster,  Isle  of  Thanet, 
and  the  latter  in  Canterbury. 

Dr.  Freeman  w-as  prepared  for  college  at  the  Lawrenceville  (New  Jer- 
sey) Academy,  and  in  1883  graduated  from  Columbia  University  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  then  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York,  receiving  from  that  institution,  in  1886,  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  serving  for  one  year  as  interne  in  Bellevue 
Hospital,  and  studying  for  eighteen  months  in  Berlin,  Vienna,  London  and 
Paris,  he  returned,  in  1888,  to  New  York,  where  he  has  since  been  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  with  residence  at  205  ^^'est  Fifty-seventh 
street.  He  is  visiting  physician  to  the  Foundling  Hospital,  the  Nursery 
and  Child's  Hospital  and  the  Seaside  Hospital  of  St.  John's  Guild,  and  holds 
the  position  of  lecturer  on  pediatrics  in  the  University  and  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  School.  He  is  chairman  of  the  section  on  pediatrics  in  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Freeman  is  the  author  of  the  following  articles:  "Sterilization  of 
Milk  at  Low  Temperature,"  New  York  Medical  Record,  July  2,  1892; 
"Sterilization  of  Milk  at  75°  cent,  and  Its  Efficiency  in  Destroying  Patho- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  423 

genie  Organisms,"  New  York  Medical  Record,  June  10,  1893  '•  "dangers  of 
the  Domestic  Use  Other  than  Drinking  of  Contaminated  Water,"  Albany 
Medical  Annals,  March  and  April,  1897;  "The  Straus  Mili<  Charity  of  New 
York  City,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  November,  1897;  "The  Dairy,"  South- 
ampton, New  York,  1898;  "Bottle  of  Improved  Form  for  Pasteurizing  Milk," 
Archives  of  Pediatrics,  1897;  "Should  All  Milk  Used  for  Infant  Feeding 
be  Heated,  etc,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  July,  1898:  "Preliminary  Com- 
munication on  the  Separation  of  Bacteria  from  Milk  by  Natural  Process," 
Archives  of  Pediatrics,  June,  1899;  "A  Study  of  the  Lesions  of  the  Liver 
in  Young  Children,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  1900';  "Acute  Nephritis  Fol- 
lowing Influenza,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics.  October,  1900;  "An  Account  of 
a  Mild  Epidemic  of  Uncertain  Nature  in  Children,"  Archiz'cs  of  Pediatrics, 
February,  1902 ;  an  article  on  vaccination  published  in  the  "Cyclopedia  of 
Diseases  of  Children";  "A  Simple  Method  for  Determining  Percentages  of 
Milk  in  Home  Modification,"  American  Medicine,  May  3,    1902. 

Dr.  Freeman  is  the  inventor  of  a  pasteurizer  for  milk,  which  has  com- 
mended itself  to  general  use,  being  the  only  apparatus  that  will  heat  milk 
to  definite  temperature  below  boiling  point  without  a  thermometer.  Dr. 
Freeman  is  a  member  of  the  American  Pediatric  Society,  the  Society  of 
American  Bacteriologists,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  As- 
sociation, the  American  Public  Health  Association  and  the  Century  Club. 
Dr.  Freeman  married,  March  26,  1887,  Henrietta  E.  Taylor,  of  New  York. 
They  have  two  children,  Elizabeth  Gwinnett  and  Rowland   Godfrey,  Jr. 

ABRAHAM  JACOBI,   M.   D. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.  D.,  emeritus  professor  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  was  born  in  Hartum,  Westphalia,  May  6,  1830. 
He  was  a  student  at  the  universities  of  Greifswald,  Goettingen  and  Bonn, 
obtaining  his  medical  degree  at  the  latter  institution  in  185 1.  and  like  many 
other  young  and  progressive  Germans  of  that  period,  his  advanced  political 
ideas  drew  him  into  a  revolutionary  movement,  resulting  in  his  imprisonment 
for  two  years.  Upon  being  released  in  1853  he  came  to  the  United  States  by 
the  way  of  England,  and  entered  into  practice  in  New  York  city.  He  was 
called  into  public  practice  as  early  as  1857  by  an  appointment  as  attending 
physician  to  the  German  Dispensary,  and  was  later  connected  in  the  same 
capacity  with  the  German,  Mount  Sinai,  Bellevue,  Roosevelt  and  other 
hospitals.  His  interest  in  the  diseases  of  children  caused  his  selection  for 
the  professorship  of  that  department  at  the  New  York  Medical  College  in 
i860,  and  from  1865  to  1870  he  occupied  that  chair  in  the  medical  school 
connected  with  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  In  1870  he  joined 
the  medical  faculty  of  Columbia  as  clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  children 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  his  earnest  efforts  during  a 
long  series  of  years  to  send  forth  students  properly  prepaied  for  profes- 
sional work,  can  best  be  appreciated  by  those  who  have  profited  by  his 
instructions  and  witnessed  his  sincere  endeavors  to  display  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage his  professional  skill  in  the  presence  of  the  student. 


424  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Dr.  Jacobi  has  abl}-  filled  the  presidential  chairs  of  the  New  York 
Pathological  and  Obstetrical  societies,  the  County  and  State  Medical  so- 
cieties and  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  was  at  one  time  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of  Women 
and  Children.  He  is  author  of  "Dentition  and  Its  Derangements,"  "Raising 
and  Education  of  Abandoned  Children  in  Europe,"  "Infant  Diet,"  "A  Treatise 
on  Diphtheria,"  "Intestinal  Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood,"  "Therapeut- 
ics of  Infancy  and  Childhood;"  contributed  chapters  on  the  care  and  nutri- 
tion of  children,  diphtheria,  rachitis  and  laryngitis  to  "Pepper's  System  of 
Practical  Medicine,"  published  with  Dr.  E.  Noeggerath;  contributions  to 
"Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children"  in  1859;  and  his  lec- 
tures, reports,  etc.,  have  frequently  appeared  in  the  standard  medical  jour- 
nals during  the  past  forty  years. 

ALEXANDER  HADDEN.  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  M.  D.— 1859. 

Dr.  Hadden  was  jjorn  in  the  town  of  Montgomery,  Orange  county.  New 
York,  July  24,  1833,  the  son  of  William  Hadden,  a  well-to-do  farmer  and 
land  owner.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Isabella  Wilson.  Both  were 
of  North  Irish  Presbyterian  antecedents.  He  prepared  for  college  at  the 
Montgomery  Academy,  entered  Union  College,  Schenectady,  and  was  grad- 
uated with  the  class  of  1856,  receiving  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  I^e 
pursued  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  city  of  New  York,  a  pupil  of  the  dis- 
tinguished ophthalmologist.  Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew ;  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  and  was  graduated  from 
it  with  the  class  of  1859.  Soon  afterward  he  became  a  member  of  the  house 
staff  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  on  competitive  examination,  and  served  a  full 
term,  which  expired  October  i,  i860.  He  then  commenced  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  the  section  of  New  York  city  where  lie  still  resides. 

In  January.  1861,  he  was  appointed  house  physician  of  the  Nursery  and 
Child's  Hospital,  a  position  which  he  filled  until  June,  1865.  when  he  re- 
signed. In  February,  1862,  in  connection  with  a  few  associates,  he  or- 
ganized the  Northeastern  Dispensary,  of  the  city  of  New  York,  at  present 
a  large  and  properous  medical  charity,  an  institution  in  which  he  has  served 
as  medical  adviser  continually  in  some  capacity  ever  since  it  opened  its  doors, 
and  trustee  for  nearly  the  same  period  of  time,  and  is  now  the  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees.  When  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  of  New  York  city 
was  opened  for  work  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  attending  physicians ;  this 
position  he  occupied  for  thirteen  years  and  was  vice  president  of  the  medical 
iDoard  when  he  resigned. 

Dr.  Hadden  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine;  the 
New  York  County  and  State  Medical  Society;  American  Public  Health  As- 
sociation; American  Academy  of  Medicine;  and  the  alumni  associations  of 
the  colleges  from  which  he  took  his  degrees.  In  1890  he  received  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  Union  College,  and  in  the  same  year 
from  Bellevue  College,  now  the  University  of  Omaha,  the  honorary  title  of 
LL.  D. 
■      He  has  not  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  medical  literature,  but  is  the 


fi^ 


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^*^. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  4-'5 

author  of  a  number  of  valuable  papers  which  have  advanced  the  science  and 
practice  of  medicine  and  surgery,  having  written  on  the  following  subjects: 
"Treatment  of  Opium  Poisoning,"  Neiu  York  Medical  Journal.  iS6o;  "Ad- 
vantages of  the  Knee  Chest  Position  in  Parturient  Women  in  Reducing 
Shoulder  and  Arm  Presentation  to  Normal."  Nezv  York  Medical  Record, 
1865;  "Treatment  of  Subacute  and  Chronic  Gout,"  Medical  Record,  1880; 
"Rheumatoid-Osteorathrites."  State  Medical  Transactions,  1886.  "Di- 
lation of  Urethral  Strictures  by  Water  Pressure,"  Medical  Record,  July, 
1877;  "Tracheotomy  in  Membranous  Croup,"  Medical  Record,  April,  1880; 
"The  Dog  in  Human  Society,  His  Great  Faults  and  the  Remedy,"  read  be- 
fore the  agricultural  department  of  the  American  Institute  in  May,  1878, 
and  republished  in  1893  in  pamphlet  form  by  request. 

In  1882  Dr.  Hadden  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Forest  Lake 
Association  of  Pennsylvania,  a  large  and  influential  family  and  sporting  club 
of  which  he  has  served  in  the  capacity  of  president  since  its  organization. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  is  president  of  the  Citizens'  East  Side  Im- 
provement Company  of  New  York  city,  which  has  for  its  object  the  better- 
ment of  the  section  of  the  city  in  which  he  has  so  long  resided.  The  com- 
pany has  been  instrumental  in  inducing  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  to 
depress  its  tracks  and  to  open  the  street  thoroughfares  which  have  been 
closed  for  thirty  years.  On  October  8.  1862.  Dr.  Hadden  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Phoebe  W.  King,  of  Orient,  Long  Island.  Their  only 
child,  a  son.  died  at  the  age  of  six  years  and  eight  months. 

ALONZO  BRAYTON  BALL,  M.  D.— 1S63. 

Alonzo  Brayton  Ball,  M.  D.,  professor  of  clinical  medicine  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  medical  department  of  Columbia,  was  boni 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  February  10,  1840.  His  parents,  the  late  Alonzo 
Spofford  Ball  and  Eliza  Watson  Morton,  both  came  of  old  Massachusetts 
families.  He  fitted  for  college  at  Phillips  Academy  at  Andover,  Massachu- 
setts, and  entered  Yale  in  1856,  graduating  in  i860.  He  graduated  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York  city,  now  the  medical 
department  of  Columbia,  in  1863.  Three  years  later  he  married  Helen 
Sprainger  Stone,  March  15,  1866.  They  have  had  three  children,  Mary 
Louisa,  Frank  Pennington  and  Harry  Ball.  Dr.  Ball  served  for  three  months 
in  1862  on  the  sanitary  commission  during  liie  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  as 
acting  medical  cadet  for  five  months  in  the  General  Hospital  at  Frederick, 
Marjdand,  in  1862-1863.  In  1897  he  was  mude  professor  of  clinical  medicine  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  is  a  member  of  the  University 
and  Century  clubs  of  New  York  city. 

GEORGE  LIVINGSTON   PEABODY,  M.   D.— 1873. 

George  Livingston  Peabody,  M.  D.,  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  New  York,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  August  27,  1850.  His  father,  Charles  A.  Peabody, 
was  a  member  of  the  well  known  New  England  family  of  that  name,  and 


426  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

his  mother,  Juha  Livingston,  belonged  to  an  equally  well  known  family 
of  New  York.  The  early  education  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  re- 
ceived at  the  Columbia  grammar  school  in  New  York  city.  He  entered 
Columbia  College  in  1866,  taking  his  degree  in  1S70.  Deciding  to  follow 
the  medical  profession,  he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  city  of  New  York,  graduating  in  1873. 
After  a  service  of  one  year  and  a  half  (1873-1874)  on  the  house  staff  of 
Roosevelt  Hospital,  he  went  abroad,  and  spent  the  three  years,  from  1874 
to  1877,  in  advanced  study  there,  chiefly  in  the  Universities  of  Vienna  and 
Strassburg. 

Returning  to  America  in  1878.  he  commenced  practice  in  New  York 
city,  and  shortly  after,  in  March,  1878,  was  appointed  assistant  pathologist 
to  the  New  York  Hospital,  filling  this  position  so  acceptably  that  he  was 
made  pathologist  in  the  same  year.  Since  1884  he  has  been  attending  physi- 
sian  in  the  same  institution.  He  was  appointed  attending  physician  to 
Bellevue  Hospital  in  1882,  a  post  which  he  held  until  1895,  when  increasing 
pressure  of  professional  work  caused  him  to  resign  it,  and  was  also  attend- 
ing physician  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital  for  several  years.  From  1884  to  1890 
he  was  a  trustee  of  Columbia.  For  three  years,  from  1884  to  1887,  he 
held  the  post  of  lecturer  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  made  professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  there. 
Since  1895  he  has  also  been  attending  physician  at  Roosevelt  Hospital.  Dr. 
Peabody  married,  April  18.  1883,  Miss  Jane  de  Peyster  Huggins,  of  New 
York  city.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  New  York, 
the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  the  Practitioners'  Society  of  New 
York,  the  Mutual  Aid  Society  of  New  York,  the  New  York  Society  fot 
the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men,  the  Century,  University, 
the  City,  and  New  York  Yacht  Clubs.  He  takes  no  active  part  in  political 
questions. 

WALTER  BELKNAP  JAMES,  M.  D.— 1883. 

Dr.  Walter  Belknap  James  was  born  May  11,  1858,  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, and  is  the  son  of  Henry  and  Amelia  B.  (Cate)  James.  The  former,  a 
native  of  northern  New  York,  was  president  of  the  Citizens'  Bank  of  Balti- 
more, and  a  successful  merchant  of  that  city.  He  died  in  1897.  The  family 
was  founded  in  this  country  by  an  ancestor  who  emigrated  from  Wales  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  who  is  represented  by  his  descendants  both  in  New 
England  and  in  New  York  state. 

The  boyhood  of  Dr.  James  was  passed  in  his  native  city  and  the  vicin- 
it}^  He  was  fitted  for  college  at  a  boarding"  school  at  Catonsville,  and  at  the 
Hopkins  grammar  school,  graduating  from  Yale  LTniversity  in  1879  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  For  one  year  he  studied  biology  under  Newell 
Martin,  at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  then  entered  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  received,  in  1883,  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  graduation  he  served  for  eighteen 
months  as  interne  in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  then  spent  two  years  in 
Europe  studying  general  medicine  in  Berlin  under  Leyden,  Gerhardt,  Ewald, 


J /is"  Liwis  Puh'ushino  Co 


J      ^  OUa^^JLj^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  427 

Virchow  and  Koch,  subsequently  passing  some  time  in  jSIunich  and  Vienna, 
where  he  received  the  instructions  of  Nothnagel.  On  his  return  to  this  coun- 
try he  became  chnical  assistant  under  Dr.  Delafield,  in  the  medical  clinic  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  afterward  assistant  pathologist 
at  the  New  York  Hospital.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed  pathologist  to 
St.  Mary"s  Hospital  for  Children,  and  instructor  in  physical  diagnosis  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  becoming  afterward  lecturer  on  the 
practice  of  medicine  to  that  institution.  Later  he  was  made  visiting  physi- 
cian to  Bellevue  Hospital,  having  first  served  as  assistant,  and  was  also  ap- 
pointed visiting  physician  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  In  1901  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  chair  of  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  is  visiting  physician  to  Presbyterian  Hospital 
and  to  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  consulting  physician  to  the  Hospital  for  the 
Ruptured  and  Crippled,  and  also  to  Bellevue  Hospital. 

Dr.  James  is  a  member  of  the  Practitioners'  Society,  the  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  County  ^ledical  Society,  the  Medical  Association  of  Greater 
New  York,  and  the  Association  of  American  Physicians.  He  belongs  to  the 
University,  Century,  Riding,  Yale  and  [Maryland  Clubs  and  Yale  Grad- 
uate Club  and  the  Ristigouche  Salmon  Club.  \Miile  at  college  he  \\as  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  the  Skull  and  Bones.  His  favorite  recreations  are 
found  in  the  enjoyment  derived  from  literature  and  music,  and  in  the  pleas- 
ure resulting  from  outdoor  sports,  such  as  shooting,  fishing  and  riding. 
Dr.  James  married.  February  20.  1895,  Helen  G.  Jennings,  of  New  York. 
They  have  three  children,  Oliver  B..  Helen  and  Eunice.  Dr.  James"  resi- 
dence is  at  17  West  Fifty-fourth  street. 

ELLSWORTH  ELIOT.  M.   D.— 1S52. 

Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot  was  born  in  Guilfcvd.  Connecticut,  September  15, 
1827.  He  is  a  descendant  of  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians.  His 
paternal  uncle,  Dr.  Harvey  Eliot,  was  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1805. 
and  studied  medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of  regular  practitioners.  In 
1808  he  located  in  Harlem,  Xew  York,  where  he  died  in  1824.  He  had 
meantime  established  a  reputation  as  the  leading  practitioner  on  the  southern 
end  of  the  island,  and  in  1817  received  his  medical  degree  from  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  provided  in  his  will  that  his  fine  librar}' 
and  excellent  equipment  of  instruments  should  be  conveyed  to  that  nephew 
who  should  be  the  first  to  embrace  the  profession  of  medicine,  stipulating 
that  such  nephew  should  have  first  graduated  in  arts.  It  was  destined  that 
this  beqviest  should  come  into  the  possession  of  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot,  who 
was  not  born  until  three  years  after  the  will  of  his  uncle  was  made. 

Ellsworth  Eliot  completed  his  literary  education  at  Yale  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1849.  He  studied  medicine  under  practitioners 
in  New  York  city  and  New  Haven.  Connecticut,  and  then  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  received  his  diploma 
in  1852;  he  then  received  the  bequest  of  his  uncle,  before  mentioned.  He 
served  in  the  following  year  as  house  physician  in  Bellevue  Hospital,  from 
which  institution  he  received   a  diploma.   :i    rare  honor  in    that    day.       In 


428  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

1853  he  entered  upon  a  personal  practice  in  New  York  city.  From  1854  to 
1858  he  was  an  attending  physician  in  the  Northern  Dispensar)',  New  York 
city.  In  1867  he  became  a  trustee  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  in  1867  was  elected  its  registrar,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
until  1885.  He  was  president  of  the  ^Medical  Society  of  the  County  of 
New  York  in  1872  and  1873,  and  vice-president  of  the  ]\Iedical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York  in  1875  ^"d  1876.  In  1892  and  again  in  1893  he 
was  president  of  the  New  York  Society  for  the  Relief  of  the  Widows  and 
Orphans  of  Medical  Men.  He  was  an  early  member  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society  and  of  the  New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society, 
and  was  for  several  years  vice-president  of  that  last  named.  He  has  deliv- 
ered addresses  before  various  societies,  and  contributed  numerous  biograph- 
ical  articles  to  the  American  Register. 

Dr.  Eliot  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  Stone,  of  New  York  city,  May  7, 
1856.  Five  children  were  born  of  this  marriage,  of  whom  two  survive,  Laura 
and  Ellsworth,  who  reside  with  their  father.  The  son.  Dr.  Ellsworth  Eliot, 
Jr.,  was  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1884.  and  from  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1887.  He  is  engaged  in  practice  in  New  York 
city,  and  is  clinical  lecturer  in  surgery  and  demonstrator  of  surgery  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital. 

CHARLES  McBURNEY,  :M.  D.— 1870. 

Dr.  Charles  McBurney  was  born  February  17,  1845,  "''  Roxbury  (now 
in  Boston),  Massachusetts.  His  father,  Charles,  of  Scotch-Irish  lineage, 
came  to  this  country  while  a  lad  and  was  engaged  in  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing enterprises.  He  died  while  still  comparatively  young.  His 
mother,  Rosine  Huton,  was  of  New  England  ancestry,  descending  from  the 
oldest  Massachusetts  and  Maine  families. 

Dr.  McBurney  received  his  preparatory  education  in  the  Roxbury  Latin 
School  and  in  a  private  school  in  Boston;  in  1862  he  was  admitted  to  Har- 
vard University  and  was  graduated  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1866  and  Master  of 
Arts  in  1869.  In  1870  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  and  immediately 
thereafter  secured  bv  competitive  examination  a  position  as  surgical  interne 
in  Bellevue  Hospital,  at  that  time  the  most  important  hospital  service  in  the 
city.  After  having  served  eighteen  months  in  Belle\-ue  he  spent  two  years 
in  Europe,  pursuing  his  studies  in  surgical  specialties  in  Vienna,  Berlin, 
Paris  and  London.  In  the  autumn  of  1873  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
established  himself  in  practice,  becoming  associated  the  following  year  with 
Dr.  George  A.  Peters,  a  connection  which  lasted  until  the  latter  retired  from 
practice  about  ten  years  later. 

His  college  connection  has  been  exclusively  with  his  alma  luatcr.  In 
1873  he  became  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  under  Dr.  Henry  B. 
Sands,  and  subsequently  demonstrator  of  anatomy  for  several  years.  From 
1878  to  1880  he  lectured  upoii  the  anatomy  of  nerves,  in  1882  was  appointed 
lecturer  upon  operative  surgery,  and  in  1889  professor  of  surgery.     The  in- 


Th5  1.6v.is  t-'iisiisranc 


.^ 


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'^pZ-^  - 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  429 

creasing  demands  of  his  private  and  hospital  practice  compehed  his  resigna- 
tion of  the  last  named  position  in  1894,  but  he  continued  his  connection  as 
professor  of  clinical  surgery,  teaching  in  Roosevelt  Hospital. 

He  has  been  connected  as  attending  or  consulting  surgeon  with  several 
of  the  most  prominent  hospitals  in  New  York.  He  was  made  attending 
surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  in  1875  ^^'^  to  Bellevue  Hospital  about 
1880,  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  1886.  In 
1888,  as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Sands,  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  entire 
surgical  service  of  Roosevelt  Hospital.  This  selection,  inspired  as  it  was 
by  his  predecessor,  who  had  himself  established  the  service  as  the  only  con- 
tinuous one  in  the  city  and  had  made  it  pre-eminent,  was  a  remarkable  tribute 
to  Dr.  McBurney's  character  and  professional  attainments.  Long  before  he 
resigned  from  it,  in  1900,  it  had  become  the  most  notable  surgical  service 
in  the  country.  Speaking  of  his  resignation,  the  Medical  Record  said  edi- 
torially: "It  is  a  duty,  as  well  as  a  pleasure,  to  testify  to  the  fidelity,  the 
devotion,  and  the  skill  he  brought  to  the  service,  and  to  the  brilliant  results 
he  has  obtained.  The  service  has  become  most  notable.  No  other 
hospital  in  the  city  can  show  for  the  same  period  so  important  a  list 
of  operative  cases  and  successes,  and  such  noteworthy  additions  to  surgical 
therapeutics  and  methods.  The  fame  of  the  hospital  has  spread,  and  its  rep- 
utation has  brought  patients  to  it  in  constantly  increasing  numbers."  On 
his  resignation  he  was  appointed  consulting  surgeon,  but  soon  resigned  the 
position.  He  is  now  consulting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital,  St. 
Luke's  Hospital,  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  the  Orthopedic  Hospital,  St. 
Mark's  Hospital  and  the  Hospital  for  Ruptured  and  Crippled. 

Dr.  McBurney  is  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Societe  de  Chirurgie 
of  Paris,  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  County  Med- 
ical Society,  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  Practitioners'  Society 
and  the  Roman  Medical  Society,  and  is  a  councillor  of  the  Association  of  the 
Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  His  contributions  to 
surgical  literature  have  been  numerous  and  important.  The  most  notable 
have  been  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  appendicitis.  Of  these  the  one 
entitled  "Experience  With  Early  Operative  Interference  in  Cases  of  Disease 
of  the  Vermiform  Appendix,"  published  in  the  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal, 
December  21,  1889,  may  fairly  be  said  to  have  created  general  recognition  of 
the  disease,  to  have  established  the  means  of  diagnosis  and  the  character  of 
the  treatment,  and  to  have  given  to  America  its  admitted  priority  and  pre- 
eminence in  the  matter.  The  presentation  was  so  clear,  the  demonstration 
so  complete  that  the  general  acceptance  of  his  views  was  not  even  checked  by 
the  opposition  and  objections  raised  by  a  few  of  his  colleagues.  The  prom- 
inence which  he  gave  to  the  localized  tenderness,  to  what  has  since  been  uni- 
versally known  as  "McBurney's  Point,"  brought  a  ready  means  of  diagnosis 
within  the  reach  of  all  and  has  undoubtedly  led  to  the  saving  of  thousands  of 
lives. 

His  other  contributions  upon  the  same  subject  were:  "Appendicitis; 
the  Indications  for  Early  Laparotomy,"  read  before  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York  in  February,  1891 ;  "The  Incision  Made  in  the  Ab- 


430  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


dominal  Wall  in  Cases  of  Appendicitis,  with  a  Description  of  a  New  Method 
of  Operating,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  July,  1894;  "The  Treatment  of  the  Dif- 
fuse Form  of  Septic  Peritonitis  Occurring  as  a  Result  of  Appendicitis,"  in 
Medical  Record,  March  30,  1895.  The  chapters  on  "Surgical  Treatment  of 
Appendicitis,"  in  "System  of  Surgery,"  and  a  "Surgery  of  the  Vermiform 
Appendix,"    in   "International   Text-book   of   Surgery." 

In  "The  Radical  Cure  of  Inguinal  Hernia,"  Medical  Record,  March, 
1889,  he  introduced  the  first  really  efficient  opei-ation  for  relief  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  truss,  and  although  it  was  superseded  by  Bassini's  method, 
which  appeared  shorth-  afterwards,  it  deserves  to  be  remembered  as  a  suc- 
cessful attempt  to  accomplish  what  at  that  time  was  unattainable  except  in 
the  slighter  grades  of  the  affection. 

His  paper  on  "Dislocation  of  the  Humerus,  Complicated  by  Fracture 
at  or  near  the  Surgical  Neck,  with  a  New  Method  of  Reduction."  Annals  of 
Siirgcry,  April,  1894,  and  reprinted  May.  1896,  reported  the  successful  use 
of  a  method  for  the  relief  of  a  condition  which  previously  had  been  practi- 
cally relegated  to  palliative  measures.  And  in  "Removal  of  Biliary  Calculi 
by  the  Duodenal  Route."  Annals  of  Surgery,  1898.  he  again  gave  to  surgery 
an  entirely  new  and  effective  operation.  His  interest  in  thorough,  careful 
work  is  shown  in  the  articles  "The  Use  of  Rubber  Gloves  in  Operative  Sur- 
gery," Anmals  of  Surgery,  July,  1898:  "Remarks  Concerning  the  Practice 
of  Aseptic  Surgery."  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal.  ■March  22,  1902,  and  the 
chapter  on  "The  Technique  of  Aseptic  Surger)-,"  in  International  Textbook 
of  Surgery. 

Dr.  McBurney's  professional  work  has  been  characterized  throughout 
by  thoroughness  of  preparation,  soberness  of  judgment,  minute  care,  atten- 
tion to  detail,  manual  skill  in  execution,  and  fidelity  to  the  interests  of 
his  patients.  These  traits  have  won  for  him  the  confidence  of  his  patients 
and  the  respect  of  the  profession  to  so  high  a  degree  that  he  is  to-day  more 
widely  and  favorably  known  thi'oughout  the  land  than  any  other  surgeon. 
A  striking  instance  of  this  universal  regard  was  shown  in  the  immediate 
and  general  favor  with  which  the  news  was  received  that  he  had  been  called 
in  consultation  to  the  bedside  of  President  McKinley.  In  addition,  his  sin- 
cerity, his  kindliness,  and  his  loyalty  have  surrounded  him  with  a  host  of 
devoted  friends.  Dr.  McBurney's  New  York  home  is  at  28  West  Thirty- 
seventh  street. 

ROBERT  FULTON  WEIR,  M.  D.— 1859. 

Dr.  Robert  F.  Weir,  professor  of  surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  February  16,  1838,  in  New  York 
city,  the  son  of  James  and  Mary  Anne  (Shapter)  Weir,  the  former  named 
being  a  prominent  pharmacist  of  New  York  city,  and  a  descendant  of  a 
Scotch  ancestry,  while  the  latter  traces  her  origin  to  an  old  and  honored 
English  family.  Robert  Walter  Weir,  grandfather  of  Dr.  Weir,  came  to 
this  country  from  Scotland  before  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  was  for 
many  years  a  well  known  and  prominent  merchant  of  New  York  citj^. 

Dr.  Weir  attended  in  youth  the  public  schools  of  New  York  city,  later 


l^ihk^-Z 


^/fur 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  431 

the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  then  the  Free  Academy,  taking  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1854,  and  that  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1857; 
subsequently  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1859.  During  the  following  two 
years  he  was  house  surgeon  and  physician  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  and 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  in  1861  entered  the  regular  service  of  the 
United  States  army  in  the  capacity  of  assistant  surgeon  and  served  until  the 
close  of  the  war  in  1865 ;  from  1862  to  1865  he  had  charge  of  the  United 
States  of  America  General  Hospital  at  Frederick,  Maryland,  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  Government  Hospitals.  For  his  services  there  lie  was  publicly 
thanked  in  the  general  orders  of  the  Surgeon  General's  office.  Upon  his 
return  to  New  York  city  he  engaged  in  general  practice  and  was  also  ap- 
pointed surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  physician  to  the  Nursery  and 
Childs'  Hospital,  which  positions  he  held  for  ten  years;  in  1870  he  was  ap- 
pointed lecturer  of  surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons :  from 
1870  to  1875  he  was  the  professor  of  surg-ery  at  the  Women's  Medical  Col- 
lege; from  1873  to  1883  was  the  attending  surgeon  of  Roosevelt  Hospital, 
and  was  reappointed  in  1898  to  the  same  position,  which  he  still  holds;  from 
1880  to  1883  surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital;  from  1876  to  189S  surgeon  to 
the  New  York  Hospital;  in  1883  appointed  clinical  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in  1892  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  same  institution,  which  position  he  still  retains.  Dr.  Weir  has  contrib- 
uted largely  to  medical  literature,  the  first  among  these  contributions  being  a 
prize  essay  entitled  "Hernia  Cerebri,''  presented  at  the  graduating  exercises 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  March  10,  1859,  and  published 
by  recjuest  of  the  faculty. 

A  list  of  his  medical  articles  is  as  follows  :  "On  Esmarch's  Bloodless  Oper- 
ations with  Remarks,"  Medical  Record,  February  2,  1874;  "Two  Cases  of 
Congenital  Curvature  of  the  Penis,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  March, 
1874;  "Elephantiasis  of  the  Penis  from  Stricture  of  the  Urethra,  Amputa- 
tion," Archives  of  Dermatology,  Vol.  i,  No.  i,  1874;  "Paralysis  of  the 
Hand  and  Forearm  Caused  by  Esmarch's  Bloodless  Method,"  Medical  Rec- 
ord, May  15,  1874;  "Ichthyosis  of  the  Tongue  and  Vulva,"  Neiu  York  Med- 
ical Journal,  March,  1875  '•  "O^^  the  Dangers  of  Intra-Rectal  Examination," 
Medical  Record,  March  20,  1875 ;  "On  Hypertrophy  of  the  Prostate,"  Amer- 
ican Clinical  Lectures,  Vol.  11,  No.  8,  1876;  "The  Normal  Urethra  and  Its 
Constrictions  in  Relation  to  Strictures  of  Large  Calibre,"  Medical  Journal, 
April,  1876;  "Dislocation  Forwards  of  the  Lower  End  of  the  Ulna,"  Arch- 
ives of  Clinical  Surgery,  April  15,  1877;  "Carbolized  Jute  as  a  Wound 
Dressing,"  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  April,  1877;  "On  the 
Antiseptic  Treatment  of  Wounds  and  Its  Results,"  Nczt'  York  Medical 
Journal,  January,  1878;  "The  Rational  Treatment  of  Stricture  of  the  Male 
Urethra,"  Medical  Record,  June  15,  1878;  "The  Demerits  of  Ranke's  Thy- 
mol Dressing  for  Wounds."  Ohio  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  June,  1878; 
"On  Grittis'  Supra-Condyloid  Amputation  of  the  Thigh,"  Medical  Record, 
April  10,  1879;  "On  the  LTse  of  Catheters  in  the  Treatment  of  the  Hyper- 
trophied  Prostate,"  Medical  Record,  April  12,   1879;  "Trigeminal  Neuralgia 


432  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  Long  Standing  Cured  b}'  the  Administration  of  Large  Doses  of  Aconitiva," 
Archives  of  Medicine,  Vol.  ii,  1879;  "The  Elastic  Bandage  in  the  Treat- 
ment of  Aneurism,"  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  January,  1879; 
"Two  Cases  of  Intratympanic  Vascular  Tumor  with  Pulsating  Intact  Drum 
Membrane,"  American  Joiirnal  of  Otology,  Vol.  i,  April,  1879:  "Lecture 
on  the  Use  of  Catheters  in  the  Treatment  of  Hypertrophic  Prostate,"  The 
Hospital  Gazette,  October  4,  1879;  "On  Letholapaxy,"  American  Journal  of 
Medical  Science,  January,  1880:  "A  Clinical  Lecture  on  L^rinary  Infiltra- 
tion and  Abscess,"  Medical  Record,  November  15,  1879:  "Renal  Calculi; 
their  Causation,  Character,  Symptoms,  Treatment  and  Prevention,"  N^ew 
York  Medical  Journal,  August,  1880;  "Remarks  on  Antiseptic  Dressings," 
New  York  Medical  Journal,  January,  1880; '"On  the  Treatment  of  Gonor- 
rhoea," Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  April  24,  1880;  "On  the  Relief  of 
the  Deformity  of  a  Broken  Nose  by  Some  New  iNlethods,'"  Medical  Record, 
March  13,  1880;  "Some  New  Methods  of  Treating  Hydrocele,"  Medical 
Record.  July  15,  1882;  "Remarks  on  Carbolic  Acid,  Iodoform  and  Corros- 
ive-Sublimate Dressings  for  AYounds,"  N'ezv  York  Medical  Journal,  January  6, 
1883;  a  clinical  lecture  on  "Fixation  of  a  ^lovable  Kidney,"  N'ew  York  Medi- 
cal Journal,  February  17.  1883:  "The  Weak  Points  in  a  Lister  Dressing — Ad- 
vantages of  Corrosive  Sublimate  as  an  Antiseptic,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Niezvs, 
May  5.  1883  ;  Clinical  Remarks  on  "Catheter  Fever,"  Nezc  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, January  5,  1884;  "Antiseptic  Drainage  as  Used  at  the  New  York  Hospi- 
tal," Nezn:  York  Medical  Journal,  January  19.  1884;  remarks  on  "Rupture  of 
the  Bladder — Successfully  Treated  by  Perineal  Urethotomy  and  Pelvic  Drain- 
age," Nez^  York  Medical  Record,  March  29,  1884;  "Traumatic  Aneurism  of 
the  Vertebral  Artery  Cured  by  Digital  Compression,"  Archives  of  Medicine, 
April,  1884;  "On  the  Danger  of  Inducing  Anaesthesia  by  the  Rectum,"  New 
York  Medical  Record,  May  3.  1884;  clinical  remarks  "How  Fractures  of  the 
Thighs  are  Treated,"  Medical  Journal,  May  3,  1884;  remarks  on  "Extirpa- 
tion of  the  Kidney,"  Nez^.'  York  Medical  Journal,  December  2y,  1884; 
remarks  on  "Haemostatic  Forceps,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Record,  February 
14.  1885 :  "On  Antiseptic  Irrigation  of  the  Knee  Joint  for  Chronic  Serous 
Synovitis,"  Medical  Journal,  February  20,  1886;  "Resection  of  the  Large  In- 
testine for  Carcinoma,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Journal,  February  13,  1886;  "On 
the  Treatment  of  Varicocele."  Medical  Record,  March  20,  1886;  "On  Fatty 
and  Sarcomatous  Tumors  of  the  Knee  Joint,"  Medical  Record,  June  26,  1886; 
"On  the  Cure  of  Reducible  and  Irreducible  Hernia  by  Heaton's  Injection 
Method  and  by  Radical  Operation,"  Medical  Record,  ^larch  5.  1887;  "Hos- 
pital Experience,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  March  12,  1887:  "On  the 
Surgical  Treatment  of  Brain  Suppuration  Following  Ear  Diseases,"  Nezi' 
York  Medical  Record,  April  9,  1887:  "Brain  Surgery — Removal  of  a  Large 
Sarcoma  of  the  Occipital  Lobe,  Causing  Hemianopsis,"  Medical  Nezi's,  April 
16,  1887;  "A  Plea  for  Earlier  Operations  in  Perityphlitis  Abscess  with  a 
Case  of  Laparotomy  for  Perforation  of  the  Appendix  Vermiformis,"  Medi- 
cal Recoi'd,  June  II,  1887;  "A  Large  Fibroma  of  the  Abdominal  Wall  Simu- 
lating an  Ovarian  Tumor,"  Medical  Record,  December,  1887:  "Antiseptics — 
How  Used  and  How  Made  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  Medical  Nezvs,  De- 


OFFICERS  J.\D  ALUMNI.  433 


cember  17,  1887;  "H(3\v  Should  tlie  Sac  be  Treated  in  a  Herniotomy,"  A''t'Tc; 
York  Alcdical  Journal.  January  21,  1888;  "On  the  Technique  of  the  Opera- 
tions for  the  Removal  of  Intestinal  Obstructions,"  Medical  Record,  February 
II,  1888;  "Fractures  of  the  Head  of  the  Fibula  from  Muscular  Contraction," 
New  York  Medical  Journal,  May  26,  1888:  remarks  on  "Wliitehead's  Opera- 
tion for  Hemorrhoids"  and  "On  the  Scraping  Out  or  Erasion  of  Carbuncle," 
New  York  Alcdical  Journal,  June  11,  1888;  "Laparotomy  for  Perforation  of 
the  Appendix  Vermiformis  Fifteen  Hours  After  the  Onset  of  the  Acute 
Symptoms — Recovery,"  New  York  Medical  Journal,  April  27,  1889:  "On 
the  Treatment  of  the  So-Called  Perityphlitic  Abscesses,"  Medical  A^ezvs,  April 
27,  1889;  "Contribution  to  the  Diagnosis  and  Surgical  Treatment  of  Tumors 
of  the  Cerebrum,"  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  July,  August,  Sep- 
tember, 1888:  Hospital  Notes — "The  Treatment  of  Simple  Pyloric  Stenosis 
by  Gastro-Enterotomy  (by  Abbe's  Rings)  Rather  than  Loreta's  Stretching 
Operation,"  Medical  Nezcs,  December  14.  1889;  "Doe's  Ether  Anaesthesia 
Injuriously  Affect  the  Kidneys,"  Nc-a'  York  Medical  Journal,  March  i,  1890; 
"Gastro-Enterotomy  Rather  than  Resection  for  Cancer  of  the  Pylorus  with 
a  Case  of  Gastro-Enterotomy."  Nezv  York  Medical  Record.  June  10,  1891 ; 
"Remarks  on  the  Reimplantation  of  Bone  in  Trephining  with  an  Illustrative 
Case  of  Operation  for  Traumatic  Epilepsy,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal, 
May  16,  1891  ;  "On  the  Resection  of  the  Appendix  Vermiformis  During  the 
Quiescent  Stage  of  Chronic  Relapsing  Appendicitis,"  Annals  of  Srtrgcry, 
May,  1891 :  "Suprapubic  Cystotomy  for  Calculus,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal. !\Iay  30,  1891 ;  "A  Case  of  Gastrostomy  (Hackers  ^Method)  for  Impass- 
able Stricture  of  the  Cardiac  End  of  the  Esophagus,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Rec- 
ord, July  25,  1891  ;  "On  the  Adhesion  of  the  Ureter  to  the  Peritoneum," 
Medical  Record,  January  9,  1892:  "Laparotomy  for  Perforating  Round  Ul- 
cer of  the  Stomach,"  Jnternational  Medical  Magazine,  February,  1892;  "Re- 
marks in  Sub-Diaphragmatic  and  Rectal  Abscesses  of  Appendical  Origin," 
Medical  Record,  February  13,  1892;  "Intestinal  Anastomoses  (without  rings) 
Between  the  Ileum  and  the  Sigmoid  Flexure  for  Intestinal  Obstruction  (Neo- 
plasm) in  the  Transverse  Colon,"  Medical  Record,  April  9.  1892;  "Aneurism 
of  the  Ascending  Aorta,  Treated  by  Macewen's  Needling  !vIethod  for  Induc- 
ing a  White  Thromleus,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  May  2,  1892 ;  "Gas- 
trorrhaphy — for  Diminishing  the  Size  of  the  Dilated  Stomach,"  Medical  Jour- 
nal, July  9,  1892;  "A  Unique  Derangement  of  the  Knee  Joint  Demanding 
Surgical  Interference,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  July  16,  1892;  "On  Re- 
storing Sunken  Noses  A\'ithout  Scarring  the  Face,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, October  22,  1892  :  "How  Amputation  of  the  Breast  for  Carcinoma  Should 
be  Performed,"  Medical  Record,  December  31,  1892;  "Cholesystenterostomy 
by  Murphy's  Button,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  December  23,  1893 ; 
"Cases  in  Genito-Urinary  Surgery,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  August  11, 
1894:  "The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Surgical  Kidney,"  Medical  Record,  Sep- 
tember 15,  1894;  "On  the  Influence  of  Ether  Upon  the  Kidneys,"  Nezv  York 
Medical  Journal,  November  16,  1895;  "The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Round 
Ulcer  of  the  Stomach  and  its  Sequela:,  with  an  Account  of  a  Case  Success- 
fully Treated  by  Laparotomy,"  Medical  A^ezvs.  April  25  and  May  2,   1896; 


434  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"On  the  Treatment  of  Rupture  of  the  Urethra  by  Immediate  Suture  and 
Bladder  Drainage,"  Medical  Record.  May  9,  1896:  "Tumor  (Glioma)  of 
the  Left  Temporal  Lobe  of  the  Brain — Attempted  Removal,"  Medical  A^ezus, 
August  7,  1897:  "On  the  Replacement  of  a  Depressed  Fracture  of  the  Malar 
Bone,"  Medical  Record,  March  6,  1897:  "The  Operative  Treatment  of  Hal- 
•  lux  Valgus,'"  Annals  of  Surgery,  April,  1897:  "The  Extraction  of  Too  Long 
Retained  Silk  and  Silkworm  Gut  Ligatures  and  Sutures,"  Medical  Neivs, 
April  3,  1S97:  "On  the  Disinfection  of  the  Hands,"  Medical  Record,  April 
3,  1S97:  "On  the  Use  of  Antistreptococcic  Serum  of  Marmoreck,"  Neiv 
York  Medical  Journal,  June  12,  1897;  "On  Gastro-Enterostomy  Conjoined 
with  Entero-Enterostomy,"  Medical  Record,  Vol.  i,  p.  541,  1897;  "A  Per- 
sonal Experience  in  Renal  Surgery,"  Medical  Nezvs,  Vol.  ^2,  p.  76-108-143- 
T72-208;  "On  Gastro-Enterostomy,"  Medical  Nezvs,  Vol.  74,  p.  680,  1899; 
"On  Re-establishing  Surgically  the  Literrupted  Portal  Circulation  in  Cir- 
rhosis of  the  Liver."  Medical  Record.  June  24,  1899,  p.  149:  "On  the  Forma- 
tion of  an  Artificial  Anus."  Medical  Record.  April  21,  1900:  ".'^.n  Improved 
Operation  for  Acute  Appendicitis  or  for  Quiescent  Cases  with  Complica- 
tions," Medical  Nexvs,  February  17,  1900:  "On  Sliding  Hernia  of  the  Csecum 
and  Sigmoid  Flexure,"  Medical  Record.  Vol.  i,  p.  309,  igoo;  "On  Duodenal 
Ulcers,"  Transactions  of  the  American  Surgical  Association,  1900,  and  Med- 
ical Record,  Vol.  i,  1900;  "An  Improved  Method  of  Treating  High  Seated 
Cancers  of  the  Rectum,"  Medical  Nervs,  July  27,  1901 ;  "A  New  Use  for  the 
Useless  Appendix  in  the  Treatment  of  Obstinate  Colitis,"  Medical  Record, 
August  9,  1902  ;  valedictory  address  "On  the  Surgical  Presidents  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,"  N'ezu  York  Medical  Journal,  January  17,  1903. 

Dr.  Wen  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  which 
he  was  president  from  1901  to  1903:  Practitioners'  Society,  of  which  he 
was  president  in  1883;  New  York  Surgical  Society;  American  Surgical  As- 
sociation, of  which  he  was  president  in  1899  and  1900;  New  York  State 
Medical  Association ;  New  York  County  Medical  Association ;  New  York 
State  Medical  Society;  New  York  County  Medical  Society:  Greater  New 
York  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was  president  during  the  years  1900  and 
1901 ;  Corresponding  Society  of  Surgery  of  Paris;  honorary  member  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia;  and  in  1901  elected  to  honorary  mem- 
bership in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England.  He  is  also  connected 
with  the  University  Club,  Century  Association,  St.  Nicholas  Society  and  the 
Rockaway  Hunt  Club. 

Dr.  Weir  has  been  t\Aice  married ;  to  Maria  ^^'ashington  McPherson, 
October  8,  1863,  who  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Samuel  Washington,  eldest 
brother  of  George  Washington ;  they  had  one  child,  Alice  Washington  Weir, 
now  the  wife  of  E.  La  Montague,  Jr.,  of  New  York  city.  Mrs.  Weir  died  in 
1890,  and  on  November  7,  1895,  Dr.  Weir  was  united  in  marriage  to  Mary 
Badgley  Alden.  Dr.  Weir  has  traveled  extensively,  his  journeys  embracing 
all  the  continents  of  the  world  with  the  exception  of  South  America.  He  re- 
sides at  1 1  East  Fifty-fourth  street.  New  York  city. 


LA^^Oue/A^LX^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  435 

EDWIN  BRADFORD  CRAGIN,  A.  B.,  M.  D.— 1886.     • 

Dr.  Edwin  B.  Cragin,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  at  Colchester,  Connecticut, 
October  23,  1839,  the  son  of  Edwin  Timothy  and  Ardelia  Ellis  (Sparrow) 
Cragin.  On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Cragin  is  a  descendant  of  William  Brad- 
ford, born  in  1588  and  died  in  1657,  who  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  band 
of  Puritans  who  sailed  in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  Rock,  and  later  be- 
came first  governor  of  Plymouth  colony. 

Dr.  Cragin's  early  education  was  acquired  at  Bacon  Academy  in  Col- 
chester, where  he  was  prepared  to  enter  Yale  in  1879,  taking  his  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1882.  Deciding  to  study  the  profession  in  which  he  has 
since  gained  fame,  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  Yoi'k  city  in  1883.  and  three  years  later  was  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  also  receiving  the  first  Harsen  prize  of 
five  hundred  dollars  for  proficiency  in  examination.  From  June,  1886,  to 
December,  1887,  he  served  on  the  house  staff  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital, 
after  which  he  began  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York 
city.  He  has  been  called  upon  to  fill  various  important  professional  posi- 
tions, among  them  being  that  of  assistsant  gynecologist  to  the  out-patient 
department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  to  which  he  was  appointed  in  July,  1888; 
attending  gynecologist  to  the  same  department  on  November  27,  1888,  and 
assistant  gynecologist  to  the  hospital  proper  June  25,  1889.  On  June  27, 
1889,  he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Cancer  Hospital, 
but  on  account  of  pressure  of  work  was  forced  to  resign  this  position  No- 
vember 21,  1893.  On  November  14,  1895,  Dr.  Cragin  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  consulting  gynecologist  to  the  New  Yoi'k  Infirmary  for  Women 
and  Children,  and  on  January  22,  1896,  consulting  obstetric  surgeon  to  the 
Maternity  Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island.  December  18,  1893,  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  secretary  of  the  faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  July  i,  1895,  '^^"'^^  appointed  secretary;  in  April,  1898,  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the  college  with  the  title  of  lecturer  in 
obstetrics,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  James  W. 
McLane;  in  May,  1899,  l""^  ^^as  elected  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  college, 
at  which  time  he  resigned  his  position  at  the  Roosevelt  Hospital  and  also  as 
secretary  of  the  faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  At 
about  the  same  time  he  received  the  appointment  of  attending  physician  to 
the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital. 

In  addition  to  the  numerous  medical  articles  which  Dr.  Cragin  has 
contributed  to  the  medical  journals,  he  is  the  author  of  a  small  work  en- 
titled "The  Essentials  of  Gynecology,"  and  he  was  one  of  the  authors  of 
"The  American  Text  Book  of  Gynecology."  At  the  present  time  (1903) 
he  is  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a  text  book  on  obstetrics.  Dr.  Cragin  is 
a  member  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society,  New  York  County  Med- 
ical Society,  New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  Medical  Association  of  Greater 
New  York,  and  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Yale  Club  and  a  member  of  the  session  of  the  Central  Presbyterian 


436  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


church  of  Xew  York  city.  On  May  23,  1889,  Dr.  Cragin  married  Mary 
Randle  Willard,  of  Colchester,  Connecticut.  Their  children  are :  Miriam 
W.,  Alice  G.  and  Edwin  Bradford  Cragin,  Jr.  Dr.  Cragin  lives  at  10  W'est 
Fiftieth  street,  New  York. 

PEARCE  BAILEY,  M.  D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Pearce  Bailey  was  born  July  12,  1865,  in  New  York  city,  and  is  the 
son  of  William  E.  and  Harriet  B.  (Pearce)  Bailey,  both  natives  of  Rhode 
Island,  their  ancestors  having  beai  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Newport. 
On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Bailey  is  descended  from  Dr.  Jaccjues  Jerauld,  a 
Huguenot  who  settled  in  Boston  in  1700,,  and  later  practiced  medicine  in 
Medfield,  Massachusetts.  His  son  removed  to  Rhode  Island,  where  the  fam- 
ily have  since  remained. 

Dr.  Bailey  attended  the  private  schools  until  he  entered  Princeton  in 
1882.  Graduating  from  there  as  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1886,  he  studied  med- 
icine at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  taking  his 
degree  in  1889,  ^""^^  shortly  after  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from 
Princeton.  After  some  service  as  interne  in  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  he  went 
abroad,  and  spent  two  years  in  perfecting  himself  in  his  chosen  profession  in 
French,  German  and  Austrian  universities.  On  his  return  to  this  country 
he  began  practice  in  New  York  city,  devoting  himself  to  special  work  in 
diseases  of  the  mind  and  nervous  system.  In  1893  he  became  assistant  in 
the  department  of  nervous  diseases  in  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, from  which  position  he  was  made  instructor  in  neurology  to  the 
University,  which  he  still  holds.  From  1895  to  1897  he  was  also  assistant  in 
pathology  to  the  University.  In  1894  he  was  appointed  neurologist  to  the 
almshouse.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  consulting  nein-ologist  to  St.  Luke's 
Hospital,  and  in  1903  to  the  same  position  at  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  He  is 
also  connected  with  the  New  York  Orthopedic  Hospital,  the  Babies'  Hospital, 
St.  John's  Hospital  of  Yonkers,  New  York,  and  the  Memorial  Hospital  of 
Morristown,  New  Jersey. 

Dr.  Bailey  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  ^Medicine,  the  New  York 
Neurological  Society,  of  which  he  is  at  present  the  president,  the  Society  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence,  the  American  Neiu'ological  Association,  etc.  He  also 
belongs  to  the  University  Club,  the  Hugxienot  Society  and  several  other  or- 
ganizations. His  book  on  "Accident  and  Injury  in  the  Relations  to  Diseases 
of  the  Nervous  System"  (D.  Appleton  &  Company,  i8g8)  has  proved  an  im- 
portant medico-legal  contribution  and  is  about  to  appear  in  a  second  en- 
larged edition.  Dr.  Bailev's  residence  is  at  ^2  West  Fiftv-third  street.  New 
York. 

GEORGE  EMERSON  BREWER,  M.   D.— 1885. 

Dr.  George  E.  Brewer,  instructor  in  surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Westfield,  New  York,  July  28, 
1861,  the  son  of  Francis  B.  and  Susan  (Rood)  Brewer.  His  father  was  a 
son  of  Ebenezer  Brewer,  a  prominent  philanthropist  of  Pittsburgh,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Heman  Rood,  D.  D.,  for 


.==^^— 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  437 

many  3'ears  president  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Gilmanton,  New 
Hampshire. 

Dr.  Brewer  entered  Hamilton  College  in  1878;  three  years  later  gradu- 
ated with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in  1885  received  the  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  same  institution.  He  began  the  study  of  med- 
icine at  the  University  of  Buffalo,  but  later  entered  the  medical  school  of 
Harvard,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1885 ;  shortly  afterward  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  house  staff  of  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  and  later  served  as 
interne  at  the  Columbia  Hospital  for  Women  at  Washington.  He  then 
went  to  Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  pursued  a  course  of  study  in  pathology 
at  the  pathological  laboratory  of  Johns  Hopkins,  and  during  his  stay  in  the 
city  he  was  connected  with  the  Bay  View  Asylum.  In  1886  Dr.  Brewer 
came  to  New  York  city  and  devoted  himself  to  general  practice  at  first, 
but  subsequently  confined  his  practice  to  surgery.  He  was  appointed  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  the  out-patient  department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital  in  1886, 
and  after  serving  three  years  was  appointed  clinical  assistant  in  genito- 
urinary surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  in  1891  he  was 
made  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the  same  college.  In  1892  he 
was  appointed  attending  surgeon  at  the  City  Hospital;  in  1898,  adjunct 
surgeon  at  the  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  a  position  which  he  held  for  one 
year  only,  resigning  to  accept  the  position  of  junior  surgeon  to  the  Roose- 
velt  Hospital. 

Dr.  Brewer  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  fellow 
of  the  American  Surgical  Association,  fellow  of  the  American  Association 
of  Genito-Urinarj?  Surgeons  and  member  of  the  Society  of  American  Anat- 
omists, and  of  the  University,  Century  and  Harvard  Clubs.  On  June  29, 
1892,  Dr.  Brewer  married  Effie  Leighton  Brown,  of  Chester,  Pennsylvania. 
They  have  two  children,  Leighton  Brewer,  born  December  2j.  1895,  and 
George  E.   Brewer,   Jr.,  born   November   16,    1899. 

M.  ALLEN  STARR.  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  PH.  D.,  LL.  D.,  M.  D.— 1880. 

Dr.  M.  Allen  Starr,  professor  of  neurology  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  also  a  specialist  in  nervous  diseases  in  New  York  city,  was 
born  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  May  16,  1854.  He  is  a  descendant  of  Dr. 
Comfort  Starr,  a  native  of  Ashford,  county  Kent,  England,  who  came  to 
this  country  in  1632  and  settled  in  Warren,  Connecticut.  Judge  Peter  Starr, 
the  paternal  grandfather  of  Dr.  M.  Allen  Starr,  was  an  eminent  jurist  and 
lawyer  of  Middlebury,  Vermont ;  he  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  Mid- 
dlebury  College.  Egbert  Starr,  father  of  Dr.  M.  Allen  Starr,  founded  the 
College  library  in  Middlebury,  Vermont,  which  Dr.  Starr  now  supports. 
Mr.  Starr  was  a  prominent  merchant  in  New  York  city,  and  was  identified 
for  forty  years  with  the  dry-goods  firm  of  Stone,  Starr  &  Company.  He 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Charlotte  Augusta  Allen,  daughter  of  Moses 
Allen,  who  was  a  prominent  banker  of  New  York  city  from  1810  to  1840. 
Mr.    Starr   died  October    13,    1897,   at   the  age  of  eighty-four  years. 

M.  Allen  Starr  prepared  for  college  in  a  private  school  in  Orange. 
New   Jersey,   under   the   competent   supervision   of  the   Rev.   Dr.    Frederick 


438  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Adams,  entered  Princeton  in  1872,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in 
1876;  he  was  the  second  honor  man  ah  through  the  course  in  a  class  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty,  and  was  awarded  the  prizes  in  French  and  English  in 
1876.  From  Octoljer,  1876,  to  June,  1877,  he  was  in  Germany  studying 
physics  in  Helmholtz's  Laboratory,  Berlin,  Germany.  He  then  decided  to 
become  a  member  of  the  medical  profession,  and  matriculated  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1880,  receiv- 
ing his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  The  following  two  years  were  spent 
on  the  house  staf¥  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York  city,  and  in  April,  1882, 
he  went  abroad  and  for  a  year  studied  medicine  in  Heidelberg  under  Pro- 
fessors Erb  and  Schultze,  in  Vienna  under  Professor  Nothnagle,  and  in 
Paris  under  Professor  Charcot;  he  devoted  his  time  and  attention  to  nervous 
diseases  entirely.  He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  from 
Princeton  in  1884,  and  began  practice  as  a  specialist  in  nervous  diseases  in 
New  York  city  in  1884.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  nervous  diseases  at  the  New  York  Polyclinic.  He  retained  this  position 
for  three  years,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  clinical  professorship  of 
diseases  of  the  mind  and  nervous  system  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  one  year  later  was  appointed  professor.  He  is  also  consulting 
physician  to  the  Presbyterian,  Orthopedic,  St.  Vincent's  and  St.  ^Mary's 
Hospitals  and  to  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary. 

Among  Dr.  Starr's  numerous  contributions  to  medical  literature  are 
articles  on  "Spinal  Cord  Diseases,"  in  the  Loomis  ThompvSon  System  of 
Medicine,  published  by  Lea  Brothers  in  Philadelphia ;  and  in  the  Clifford- 
Allbutt  System  of  Medicine,  published  in  Lond(3n.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Familiar  Forms  of  Nervous  Disease,"  1890;  "Brain  Surgery,"  1893,  which 
has  been  translated  into  several  languages,  and  an  "Atlas  of  J'-Ierve  Cells," 
1896,  and  "Organic  Nervous  Diseases,"  1903 ;  and  in  addition  to  this  he  has 
published  many  articles  and  monographs  in  the  medical  journals  of  the 
country.  He  is  associate  editor  of  the  Psychological  Rci'ieiv  and  of  the 
Journal  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases.  In  June,  1899.  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  upon  Dr.  Starr  by  Princeton  LTniversity, 
Dr.  Starr  is  a  member  of  a  number  of  scientific  and  professional  societies, 
among  them  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine,  of  which  he  was  corresponding  secretary  from  1890  to  1900, 
and  is  now  vice-president ;  the  New  York  Neurological  Society,  the  Amer- 
ican Neurological  Society,  of  which  he  was  president  during  the  years 
1897-1898,  and  the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  whose  member- 
ship is  limited  to  one  hundred  and  fifty.  He  is  also  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Century,  the  University  and  the  Princeton  Clubs,  and  the  Ecwanock 
Golf  Club.  On  June  8.  1898,  Dr.  Starr  married  Miss  Alice  Dunning,  of 
New  York.     They  have  one  son. 

GEORGE    MOREWOOD    LEFFERTS,    A.  M.,    M.    Sc.,,    M.  D.— 1870. 

Dr.  George  M.  Lefferts,  emeritus  professor  of  laryngology  and  rhin- 
ology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  was  born  February  24, 
1846,  on  Long  Island   (Brooklyn),  where  his  ancestors  have  lived  for  two 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  439 

hundred  and  fifty  years,  and  wliere  some  branches  of  this  old  Dutch  family 
still  reside  at  Flatbush  and  Bedford.  In  1660  Pieter  Janse  Hoogwout,  an- 
cestor of  the  American  families  of  Lefferts  and  Haughwout,  emigrated  from 
Holland  to  New  Amsterdam,  with  his  wife,  Femmetie  Hermanse.  and  two 
sons,  Leffert  Pieterse  and  Pieter  Pieterse,  and  settled  in  Flatbush.  It  is 
from  the  former  and  elder  son,  Leffert,  that  Professor  Lefferts  is  directly 
descended. 

His  father  was  Marshall  Lefferts,  a  well  known  citizen  of  New  York,  a 
noted  electrical  engineer  and  inventor  of  improvements  in  telegraphy,  and 
during  the  war  (1861-3)  colonel  of  the  celebrated  Seventh  Regiment  of  that 
city.  He  died  in  1876.  Dr.  Lefferts"  mother  was  Mary  Allen,  daughter 
of   Gilbert   Allen,    an    old-time   merchant    of    New    York. 

Dr.  Lefferts  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  class  of  1867;  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Columbia  University,  in  1870,  and 
after  serving  eighteen  months  as  junior  and  resident  surgeon  and  physician 
of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York,  went  abroad,  and  for  the  following  two 
years  studied  in  the  hospitals  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  Paris  and  London.  In 
Vienna  (1872-3)  he  was  chief  of  clinic  to  Professor  Karl  Stoerk,  the  late 
celebrated  laryngologist  of  the  Imperial  Lhiiversity.  Upon  returning 
to  New  York  in  1873  Dr.  Lefferts  commenced  the  practice  of  the  specialty 
of  diseases  of  the  throat.  To  such  special  practice  he  has  confined  himself 
since  that  date. 

He  was  extra  mural  teacher  of  laryngology  to  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  1873-4;  appointed  instructor  in  laryngology,  March  5,  1875; 
clinical  lecturer,  November  9,  1875:  and  in  May,  1876,  clinical  professor  of 
laryngology  and  rhinology,  at  his  alma  mater.  Columbia  University  con- 
ferred upon  him,  upon  the  occasion  of  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  his 
professorship,  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Sciences.  This  professor- 
,ship  he  resigned  in  May,  1903,  after  an  active  service  of  thirty  years  in  the 
College,  in  response  to  the  ever-increasing  and  laborious  demands  of  a  gen- 
eral practice  of  his  specialty. 

Dr.  Lefferts  received  in  1869  from  Dickinson  College,  Pennsylvania, 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  honoris  causa.  At  different  times  he  has  oc- 
cupied such  public  positions  as  that  of  surgeon  to  the  DeMilt  Dispensary, 
throat  class,  1873-79;  ^^  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  throat  de- 
partment, 1874-1891  ;  to  New  York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital,  1882- 
1891 ;  and  to  Bellevue  Hospital,  outdoor-poor  department,  1886.  He  is 
an  honorary  fellow  of  the  Laryngological  Societies  of  Berlin  (1901),  and 
that  of  London  (1894)  ;  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  New  York, 
and  member  of  many  scientific  bodies ;  he  has  been  president  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Society  (1882),  and  the  New  York  Laryngological  Society 
(1876),  as  well  as  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons   ( i 89 i ) . 

Dr.  Lefferts  has  contributed  largely  to  the  medical  literature  of  the 
day,  among  his  contrilautions  being  one  "On  a  New  Instrument  for  the  In- 
sufflation of  Powders  in  the  Larynx,"   1873;  "Treatment  of  Two  Cases  of 


440  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Fibroid  Growths  Upon  the  Vocal  Chords  l)y  Excision  and  Evulsion,"  "Re- 
moval of  a  Brass  Ring,  which  had  Lodged  in  the  Larynx,  by  Sub-Hyoidean 
Laryngotomy,"  1874:  "Litra-Laryngeal  Growth  Treated  by  Excision." 
1875;  "Prolapse  of  Both  Ventricles  of  Larynx,  their  Removal  by  Thyrot- 
omy."  1876;  "Modern  Methods  of  Examining  Air  Passages."  Seguin's 
American  Clinical  Lectures.  He  has  also  translated  "Frankel  on  the  Gen- 
eral Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Nose,  Pharynx  and  Larynx,"  in  Ziems- 
sen's  Cyclopedia  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine.  Besides  the  above  he  has 
conducted  the  quarterly  reports  on  laryngology  in  the  New  York  Medical 
Journal  and  the  semi-annual  reports  on  syphilis  of  the  mouth,  throat  and 
larynx,  in  the  Archives  of  Dermatology.  He  is  the  American  editor  of  the 
Intcrnatioiralcs  Cciifralblaft  fiir  Laryngologic,  Rhinologie  iiiid  Vcn^'andte 
Wisseuschaftcn.  and  author  of  works  on  Chronic  Nasal  Catarrh,  its  diag- 
nosis and  treatment ;  a  pharmacopoeia  of  diseases  of  the  throat  and  nose : 
an  essav.  in  Ashhurst's  International  Encyclopaedia  of  Surgery,  on  "Dis- 
eases and  Injuries  of  the  Nose  and  its  accessory  sinuses."  and  articles  in 
Pepper's  System  of  Practical  ^Medicine,  by  American  authors:  was  formerly 
editor  of  the  Archives  of  Laryngologv.  New  York,  and  co-editor  of  the 
Archives  de  Laryngologie.  Paris,  and  collaliDrator  in  other  professional  pub- 
lications. 

Dr.  Lefferts  is  a  member  of  the  L'ni\-ersity.  New  York,  and  other  clubs. 
He  was  married  in  June.  1891.  to  Annie  Cuyler  Van  Vechten,  of  Albany, 
New  York,  and  they  now  reside  at  212  Madison  a\'enue,  New  York. 

FREDERIC   SCHILLER   LEE,   Ph.    D.— 1885. 

Professor  Frederic  S.  Lee.  adjunct  professor  of  ph\'siology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Canton.  New 
York.  June  16,  1859.  the  son  of  John  Stebljins  and  Elmina  (Bennett)  Lee, 
the  former  named  being  a  connection  of  John  Leigh,  who  came  from  London 
to  Ipswich.  Massachusetts,  in  1634.  and  the  latter  named  being  a  member  of 
the  old  and  honored  Bennett  and  Wheeler  families  of  New  Hampshire.  The 
family  is  distinctly  academic,  as  John  Stebbins  Lee  was  for  several  years  pres- 
ident of  St.  Lawrence  LTniversity  and  a  college  professor  for  more  than  forty 
years,  and  the  two  brothers  of  Frederick  S.  Lee  have  also  held  college  profes- 
sorships. 

Professor  Lee  obtained  his  preliminary  education  in  the  district  school  of 
Canton  and  the  village  graded  school;  in  1874  he  entered  the  St.  Lawrence 
University  at  Canton,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1878.  and 
three  years  later  that  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  accepted  a  position  as  teacher  of 
natural  science  in  the  Clinton  Liberal  Institute  of  Fort  Plain.  New  York, 
wdiere  he  remained  from  1879  to  1881.  He  then  remo\-ed  to  Baltimore  and 
took  up  graduate  study  in  biology  at  Johns  Hopkins  LTniversity.  He  was 
made  graduate  scholar  in  1883.  fellow  in  biology  a  year  later  and  received  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1885.  After  this  he  went  abroad  and  for 
a  year  was  engaged  in  research  work  in  physiology  under  Professors  Carl 
Ludwig  and  Max  von  Frey  at  the  University  of  Leipzig. 


.y".  /y^z^c^^L.^-^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  441 


After  his  return  to  America  Professor  Lee  became  instructor  in  biology 
at  St.  La\vrence  University,  resigning  from  this  position  in  1887  to  become 
instructor  in  physiology  and  histology  at  Bryn  Mawr  College,  where  in  18SS 
he  was  promoted  to  an  associateship  in  physiology  and  histology.  In  1891 
he  was  appointed  demonstrator  in  physiology  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  in  1895  was  made  adjunct  professor.  He  has  contributed 
numerous  scientific  articles  to  pltysiological  periodicals  of  America,  England 
and  Germany,  and  has  collaborated  in  the  authorship  of_ various  books  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  his  profession.  He  is  one  of  the  board  of  editors  of 
the  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  and  for  several  years  served  in  the  capac- 
ity of  secretary  of  the  American  Physiological  Society.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Societj^  of  Naturalists,  a  fellov."  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  a  fellow  of  the  American  Ethnological 
Society,  a  fellow  of  the  N'ew  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  a  member  of  the 
Centurv  Club  of  New  York. 


\villia:m  tillinghast  bull.  m.  d.— 1S72. 

William  Tillinghast  Bull,  ]\I.  D.,  born  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  ]\Iay 
18,  1849,  ^1''^  second  son  of  Henry  and  Henrietta  (Melville)  Bull,  has  a 
distinguished  ancestry.  His  first  American  ancestor  was  Henry  Bull,  born 
in  Wales  in  1609,  one  of  the  nine  founders  of  Aquidneck  (Newport), 
Rhode  Island,  and  twice  made  g"overnor  of  the  colony.  The  charter  or 
covenant  adopted  by  these  intrepid  men  and  dated  March  7.  1637,  was  char- 
acteristic and  read  as  follows :  "We.  whose  names  are  underwritten,  do 
swear  solemnly  in  the  presence  of  the  Great  Jehovah  to  incorporate  our- 
selves into  a  body  politic;  and  He  shall  help  us.  We  will  .submit  our  per- 
sons, lives  and  estates  unto  the  Lord  Jesus  Chri.st,  the  King  of  Kings,  and 
Lord  of  Lords :  and  to  all  these  perfect  laws  of  His  in  His  most  holy  word 
of  truth  to  be  guided  and  judgecl  thereby." 

The  tract  of  land  allotted  to  the  original  Henry  Bull  is  still  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  family  in  the  direct  line.  Dr.  BulFs  grandfather,  an  eminent  an- 
tiquarian and  author  of  "Memoirs  of  Rhode  Island,"  was  the  seventh  of  that 
name  in  the  direct  line  and  occupied  the  family  homestead  until  his  death. 
Henry  [Melville,  also  of  Newport,  was  the  maternal  grandfather  and  the 
transmitter  of  many  traditions  relating  to  the  daring  and  hardships  of  the 
Rhode  Island  pioneers. 

Amid  these  environments  the  scion  of  a  most  reputable  house  grew 
apace  and  at  length  in  1869  received  his  Bachelor's  degree  from  Harvard. 
With  much  pride  and  no  little  class  distinction  A\'illiam  T.  Bull  was  gradu- 
ated in  1872  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  New  York. 
His  thesis  on  "Perityphlitis"  was  awarded  the  faculty  prize,  and  was 
doubtless  inspired  by  the  work  of  his  preceptor.  Dr.  Henry  Berton  Sands, 
whose  later  efforts  contributed  materially  to  the  surgical  treatment  of  ap- 
pendicitis. After  the  completion  of  his  service  upon  the  surgical  staff  of 
Bellevue  Hospital.  New  York,  Dr.  Bull  went  to  Europe  in  1873  and  became 


442  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

a  hospital  student  of  exceptional  industry.  On  his  return  in  1875  ^^^  began 
private  practice  with  New  York  city  as  his  permanent  residence.  He  first 
turned  his  attention  to  dispensary  and  hospital  work,  being  appointed  house 
physician  to  the  New  York  Dispensary,  attending  surgeon  to  the  Cliambers 
Street  Hospital.  Later  he  became  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  (1879 
to  1880)  and  in  succession  demonstrator,  from  1880  to  1883,  adjunct  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  and  full  professor  in  1888.  To  this  record  may  also  be 
added  his  service  for  eleven  years  as  attending  surgeon  of  the  House  of  Re- 
lief, New  York  Hospital,  attending  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  (1880- 
84:  1888-89).  and  to  the  New  York  Hospital  (1883-1900).  In  1900  he 
was  appointed  surgeon  to  Roosevelt  Hospital. 

Li  the  institutions  named  he  had  many  triumphs  to  which  unwearied 
zeal  and  natural  aptitude  had  much  contributed.  An  improved  method  of 
laparotomv  in  the  treatment  of  gunshot  wounds  in  the  abdominal  region  yet 
remains  unchallenged  in  its  superiority.  His  innovations  have  certainly  de- 
creased the  mortality  in  a  marked  degree  from  eighty-seven  per  cent  down- 
w-ard.  A  woman  with  two  gunshot  wounds  of  the  abdomen  was  brought  to 
the  hospital  and  died  soon  afterward.  The  autopsy  convinced  the  young 
surgeon  that  by  incision  the  intestines  might  have  been  removed,  repaired 
and  replaced  with  a  life  saved.  Shortly  afterward  a  man  with  a  similar 
wound  became  the  subject  of  a  successful  operation,  and  Dr.  Bull's  method 
of  procedure  has  been  generally  copied,  especially  in  emergent  cases. 

Li  1888  Dr.  Bull  retired  from  the  Chambers  Street  Hospital  on  ac- 
count of  the  pressure  of  other  duties  and  the  demands  of  a  growing  private 
practice.  To  his  honors  were  added  that  of  consulting  surgeon  of  the  Man- 
hattan Hospital,  the  AVoman's  Hospital,  New  York  Hospital,  the  Orthopedic 
Hospital  and  Dispensary,  New  York  Cancer,  now  the  General  ]\Iemorial 
Hospital,  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  hernia  department.  Hospital  for  the  Rup- 
tured and  Crippled,  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
Hospital. 

Dr.  Bull  is  social  and  therefore  gives  a  moiety  of  his  time  to  many 
clubs,  such  as  the  Harvard,  the  LTniversity,  the  Century,  and  other  New  York 
clubs ;  an  enthusiast  regarding  the  future  of  his  profession,  he  is  easy  of  ap- 
proach to  his  colleagues  and  the  medical  student.  As  an  operator  Dr.  Bull 
is  logical  and  therefore  bold :  he  does  not  believe  in  the  delays  of  an  impend- 
ing crisis  and  therefore  makes  a  quick  use  of  the  expedients  at  hand.  The 
past  century  has  sketched  a  new  career  for  surgery  which  may  negative  much 
of  its  past  historv,  and  Dr.  Bull  has  at  least  won  a  name  on  its  rolls  of  honor. 
In  more  senses  than  one  he  was  an  innovator,  but  particularly  fortunate  in 
the  number  of  his  imitators  and  in  the  wide  adoption  of  his  recommendations. 

He  was  married.  May  30,  1893.  to  Mary  Nevins,  daughter-in-law  of 
ex-Secretary  of  State  James  G.  Blaine.  The  bride's  father  was  Colonel 
Richard  Nevins,  editor  of  the  Ohio  Statesman.  She  herself  was  an  accom- 
plished pianist  as  well  as  vocalist  and  also  excelled  in  private  theatricals. 
Dr.  and  Airs.  Bull  reside  at  35  AA'est  Thirty-fifth  street.  New  York. 


-n.c2'G\'ea.  cy  L-OJirp 


ell  ^rathsrs.  J-^^iv-1-S-i'.^ 


^l^Cc.C^^V 


^L^ 


yt^r^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUM XI.  443 

FRAXXIS  HARTMAX  MARKOE.  :M.  D.— 1879. 

Dr.  Francis  H.  ]^larkoe  is  the  elder  of  the  surviving  sons  of  the  late 
Dr.  Thomas  [Masters  [Nlarkoe.  the  distinguished  surgeon,  and  Charlotte  A.t- 
well  (How)  Markoe.  a  descendant  of  an  old  English  ancestry-  who  came 
from  the  counties  of  Devon.  Hertford  and  Essex,  England,  and  settled  in 
Maine  and  Massachusetts  during  the  great  emigration,  or  prior  thereto. 

Dr.  ]Markoe  was  bom  in  New  York  cit}-.  iNIarch  20.  1856,  and  his  early- 
education  was  acquired  in  the  private  school  of  JNIrs.  Leverett  and  continued 
at  Lyon's  Collegiate  Institute.  Xew  York  cit^^  From  1870  to  1872  he  at- 
tended Holbrook's  Militan,-  Academy  at  Sing  Sing.  Xew  York,  where  he 
completed  his  preparation  for  college.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  the 
class  of  1876,  and  immediately  after  began  his  medical  studies  in  the  College 
of  Phvsicians  and  Surgeons,  where  he  took  his  degree  in  1879.  as  one  of  the 
honor  men.  After  his  graduation  he  served  as  surgical  interne  at  the  X^'ew 
York  Hospital,  and  then  for  about  a  year  continued  his  studies  abroad  in 
the  celebrated  surgical  clinics  at  Heidelberg.  Berlin.  Munich.  Vienna.  Paris 
and  London.  Soon  after  his  return  he  engaged  m  the  general  practice  of 
his  profession  in  X'ew  York  cit}-,  where  he  gained  a  reputation  for  abilit}-  and 
skill  in  the  department  of  surgen.-.  He  also  became  connected  with  the  sur- 
gical staff  of  the  out-patient  department  of  the  X'ew  York  Hospital. 

In  1880  Dr.  ]\Iarkoe  was  appointed  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  has  been  associated  with 
its  teaching  staff  ever  since.  He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  from  1884 
to  1887.  when  he  became  clinical  lecturer  on  surgen.-,  a  position  he  occupied 
until  1900.  when  he  was  assigned  to  the  position  of  professor  of  clinical 
surgen,-.  From  1881  to  1887  he  was  attending  physician  at  the  Xurser}-  and 
Child's  Hospital,  and  during  the  same  period  was  connected  with  the  out- 
patient department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital.  During  the  years  18S2-S3  he 
sen-ed  as  assistant  sanitary-  inspector  of  the  Xew  York  board  of  health. 
With  this  varied  experience  in  his  early  practice,  he  became,  in  18S7.  attend- 
ing surgeon  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  two  years  later  acted  in  the  same  ca- 
pacity- at  St.  Luke's  Hospital.  The  former  connection  he  retained  until  1900 
and  the  latter  he  still  holds:  he  has  also  been  attending  surgeon  at  the  Xew 
York  Hospital  since  1899,  and  consulting  surgeon  at  the  Orthopedic  Hospi- 
tal since  1894,  What  has  particularly  distinguished  Dr.  ]Markoe,  apart  from 
his  zealous  interest  in  surgical  instruction  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  is  liis  skill  and  success  as  an  operating  surgeon.  He  received  the 
honoran^  degree  of  jNIaster  of  Arts  from  Princeton  Lmiversit}-  in  1901.  His 
writings  have  been  confined  to  lectures  and  clinical  reports. 

Dr.  ^larkoe.  like  his  father,  has  been  prominently  connected  with  the 
medical  societies  of  Xew  York,  He  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  New  York  State.  Coimts-  and  Cit\-  [Medical  Societies,  the  Surgical 
Societ}-  of  Xew  York,  the  iledical  and  Surgical  Societ\-,  the  Pathological 
Societ}-,  the  Clinical  Society-  and  the  .American  Surgical  Association.  He 
has  shown  his  interest  in  the  philanthropic  side  of  his  profession  by  mem- 
bership in  the  Physicians'  [Mutual  Aid  Association  and  the  Societ}-  for  the 
Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of  [Medical  [Men.     His  sympathies  have  not 


444  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


been  confined  to  the  medical  profession,  as  is  evinced  by  his  being  a  member 
of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children,  the  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  the  State  Charities  Aid  Association  and 
the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor.  Notwithstand- 
ing this  multiplicity  of  connections  associated  more  or  less  closely  with  his 
professional  life.  Dr.  Markoe  has  shown  the  breadth  of  his  interest  and 
sympathy  with  all  that  pertains  to  social  progress  and  improvement  by  sup- 
porting as  a  life  member  the  American  Geographical  Society,  New  York 
Historical  Society,  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden,  the  Zoological  Society,  and  the  Association  for 
Preservation  of  the  Adirondacks.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Municipal 
Art  Society  and  the  American  Bible  Society.  He  takes  special  pleasure  in 
outdoor  sports,  when  he  can  spare  the  time  for  recreation,  and  is  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  New  York  Yacht  Club,  the  Meadow  Club  at  South- 
ampton, Long  Island,  the  Narrows  Island  (North  Carolina)  Shooting  Club, 
and  St.  Andrews  Golf  Club.  Socially  he  is  a  member  of  the  Princeton,  Uni- 
versity, Century,  Union  and  Metropolitan  Clubs.  Fraternally  he  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Whig  Society  and  the  Zeta  Psi  Society.  He  finds  diver- 
sion and  relaxation  in  literature,  art  snd  music,  for  which  he  has  an  inherited 
fondness. 

On  March  9,  1882,  in  New  York  city.  Dr.  Markoe  married  Madeline 
Shelton,  whose  ancestors  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Connecticut  and 
Massachusetts.  Their  children  were,  Madeline  S.,  born  February  19,  1883, 
died  in  infancy,  and  Francis  Hartman,  Jr.,  born  June  11,  1S84.  Dr.  ]Mar- 
koe  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Presbyterian  church  and  reside  at  15 
East  Forty-ninth  street. 

ALBERT   HENRY   BUCK,   M.   D.— 1867. 

Dr.  Albert  Henry  Buck  was  born  in  New  York  city,  October  20,  1842, 
his  parents  being  Gurdon  and  Henrietta  E.  Buck,  nee  Wolff,  and  his 
grandparents  Gurdon  and  Susannah  Buck,  first  cousins  of  one  of  Connecti- 
cut's most  celebrated  governors,  Hon.  Gurdon  Saltonstall.  Dr.  Buck  was 
educated  primarily  in  the  city's  public  and  private  schools,  and  was  from 
the  very  start  a  conscientious  student.  Having  fitted  himself  for  college 
under  reputable  tutors,  he  chose  Yale  as  the  medium  for  the  fulfillment  of 
his  aspirations.  He  was  graduated  in  186-,-.  With  a  predilection  for  the 
study  of  medicine  fostered  by  the  absorbing"  ardor  of  his  father,  deservedly 
honored  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  New  York  city,  he 
won  his  diploma  as  a  member  of  the  class  of  1867.  Born  too  late  to  profit 
by  the  sanitary  and  surgical  lessons  of  the  Civil  war.  Dr.  Buck,  after  the 
usual  competitive  examination,  became  installed  in  the  New  York  Hospital 
on  the  medical  side.  Of  this  institution,  with  its  George  III  memories, 
spacious  grounds  and  stately  trees,  our  optimistic  student  rapturously  speaks. 

Having  during  his  studies  made  an  especial  investigation  of  ear  dis- 
eases, Dr.  Buck  was  invited,  in  1870,  to  become  one  of  the  aural  surgeons 
of  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  He  resigned  thirteen  years 
afterward   and   accepted  the  position   of   consulting  surgeon.      In   addition. 


o4^.^ir  ^ . /'^cieA  . 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  44S 

Dr.  Buck  is  clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  the  ear  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and  also  consulting  aural  surgeon  to 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  to  which  former  position  he  was  appointed  in 
1887  and  to  the  latter  in  1893. 

As  a  disseminator  of  valuable  knowledge  relating  to  diseases  of  the 
ear  and  kindred  subjects  Dr.  Buck  has  obtained  world-wide  fame.  Among 
his  books  perhaps  the  most  important  are  his  "Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Ear,"  published  in  1883  '^"d  which  has  reached  the  third  edition  of  its 
publication  (1898).  In  addition  he  is  the  author  of  articles  in  the  same 
field,  all  of  which  are  deemed  authoritative.  He  is  also  editor  of  the  Amer- 
ican edition  of  "Ziemssen's  Cyclopedia  of  Medicine"  (20  volumes),  as  well 
as  of  the  "Reference  Hand  Book  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  in  9  volumes, 
published  in  1884-1891.  and  a  new  edition  of  the  same  work  has  now 
reached  its  sixth  volume,  and  of  the  American  edition  of  "Ziegler's  General 
Pathology."  Dr.  Buck  was  married  in  i87i'  to  Miss  Laura  S.  Abbott,  a 
daughter  of  Rev.  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  the  well  known  historian.  They  are 
the  parents  of  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter. 

FRANCIS  PARKER  KINNICUTT,  M.  D.— 1871. 

Dr.  Francis  Parker  Kinnicutt  was  born  in  1846,  in  \Vorcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  is  the  son  of  Francis  Harrison  and  Elizabeth  Waldo  (Parker^ 
Kinnicutt.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides  were  of  old  New  England  stock,  his 
father  being  the  eighth  in  direct  descent  from  Roger  Kinnicutt,  who  settled 
at  Warren,  Rhode  Island,  in  1666.  The  old  homestead  is  still  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Dr.  Kinnicutt.  The  mother  of  Dr.  Kinnicutt,  Elizabeth  Parker,  was 
the  daughter  of  Leonard  Parker,  for  many  years  speaker  of  the  Massachu- 
setts house  of  representatives,  and  a  direct  descendant  of  Captain  John 
Parker,  the  first  jsroprietor  of  Groton,  Massachusetts,  in  1660.  She  was  the 
grancklaughter  of  I,evi  Lincoln,  Sr.,  Governor  of  Massachuetts,  and  attor- 
ney general  in  the  cabinets  of  both  President  Madison  and  President  Jeflfer- 
son.  Two  grandfathers  of  Dr.  Kinnicutt  were  in  the  battle  of  Lexington, 
and  direct  ancestors  fought  in  all  the  colonial  wars. 

Dr.  Kinnicutt  received  his  early  education  through  the  instruction  of 
private  tutors,  and  entered  Harvard  in  1864,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts  in  1868  and  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1869.  He  then  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1871  as  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  serving  for  eighteen 
months  as  a  member  of  the  resident  staff  of  Bellevue  Hospital  he  went 
abroad  and  continued  his  studies  at  the  hospitals  of  Vienna  and  London  and 
the  University  of  Heidelberg.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  entered 
upon  the  private  practice  of  his  profession.  He  is  physician  to  the  Presby- 
terian and  the  Cancer  Hospitals,  consulting  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
to  the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled,  the  Woman's  Hospital,  the 
Babies'  Hospital,  the  Minturn  Hospital  for  Contagious  Diseases,  and  to  the 
Memorial  Hospital  of  Morristown,  New  Jersey.  Dr.  Kinnicutt  is  a  member 
of  the  advisory  board  of  the  New  York  board  of  health,  a  member  of  the 
advisory  board  of  the  health  officer  of  the  port  of  New  York,  and  chairman 


446  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  the  medical  advisory  board  of  the  Sailors"  Snug  Harbor  of  New  York. 
Since  1893  he  has  been  professor  of  clinical  medicine  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University. 

From  1890  to  1892  Dr.  Kinnicutt  was  president  of  the  Alumni  Associa- 
tion of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in  1891  was  a  trustee 
of  the  college.  He  belongs  to  the  Century.  University,  Harvard  and  City 
Clubs.  Politically  he  is  a  Republican.  In  1875  Dr.  Kinnicutt  married  Eleo- 
nora  Kissel  of  New  York  city.  They  have  two  children.  The  elder  son, 
Francis  Harrison,  has  received  the  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  LL.  B.  from  Har- 
vard ;  the  younger,  Gustav  Hermann,  the  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  The 
elder  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1897.  the  younger  in  the  class  of  1898. 
Dr.  Kinnicutt  makes  his  home  at  39  East  35th  street,  New  York. 

EDWARD   THOMAS   BOAG. 

Edward  T.  Boag,  assistant  registrar  in  medicine  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  the  little  town  of 
Abbeville.  South  Carolina,  May  17,  1842.  He  is  the  son  of  Samuel  William 
and  Floride  Judith  Boag,  the  former  named  being  a  son  of  one  of  the 
distinguished  surgeons  of  the  British  navy,  and  the  latter  a  daughter  of 
Judge  Theodore  Gaillard.  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  who  was  descended 
from  one  of  the  first  Huguenot  settlers  of  the  colony. 

Edward  T.  Boag  attended  the  famous  Bishop's  School  of  Charleston, 
but  when  quite  young  came  to  New  York  and  spent  one  year  in  public 
school,  after  which  he  entered  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  where 
he  completed  his  literary  education.  He  obtained  a  position  as  clerk  in 
a  dry-goods  store,  where  he  remained  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war, 
when  he  enlisted  in  the  First  South  Carolina  Infantry.  He  served  through 
the  war  in  various  civil  positions,  rendering  distinguished  service;  he  was 
chosen  color-sergeant  of  his  regiment,  and  served  with  it  until  severely 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg  in  1862.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  returned  to  New  York  and  obtained  a  position  as  entry  clerk  in  the  large 
dry-goods  establishment  of  A.  T.  Stewart,  where  he  remained  for  one 
year.  In  November,  1868,  he  was  appointed  clerk,  and  shortly  afterward 
registrar  of  the  New  York  city  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in 
which  capacit}'  he  has  served  for  many  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Confederate  Veterans  of  New  York  city.  On  July  i,  1868.  l\Ir. 
Boag  married  Mary  Amelia  Dewees  of  Virginia.  Their  children  are :  William 
L.,  Jane  Gaillard.  and  Gaillard  Thomas  Boag. 

ANDREW  JAMES  McCOSH.  M.   D.— 1880. 

Dr.  Andrew  James  McCosh  was  bom  in  1858  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  and 
is  the  son  of  James  and  Isabella  (Guthrie)  McCosh.  The  former  was  the 
eminent  Scottish  theologian,  v.-ho  for  twenty  years  occupied  the  presidential 
chair  of  Princeton  University,  and  the  latter,  who  was  born  in  Brechin.  Scot- 
land, was  the  daughter  of  Alexander  Guthrie,  a  famous  surgeon,  and  niece 
of  the  great  preacher,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Guthrie.  The  Guthrie  family  has 
been  for  manv  centuries  one  of  the  most  disting-viished  in  Scotland. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  447 

The  boyhood  of  Dr.  McCosh  was  passed  in  Belfast,  until  he  reached 
the  age  of  ten  3'ears,  when  his  father  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  Prince- 
ton University.  In  1877  he  graduated  from  that  institution  as  Bachelor  of 
Arts,  and  in  1880  as  Master  of  Arts.  In  the  latter  year  he  graduated  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  being  one  of  the  ten 
honor  men.  After  serving  for  eighteen  months  as  interne  in  the  Chambers 
Street  Hospital  (New  York  Hospital),  he  went  abroad,  and  for  a  year  pur- 
sued his  medical  studies  in  Vienna.  On  his  return  to  this  country  he  en- 
tered, in  1882,  upon  a  career  of  private  practice,  in  association  with  Dr.  T. 
G.  Thomas,  with  whom  he  remained  for  eleven  years,  since  which  time  he 
has  practiced  alone.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospital,  and  occupied  for  two  years  the  chair  of  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  the  New  York  Polyclinic.  He  now  holds  the  position  of  clinical  lec- 
turer on  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  devotes 
himself  specially  to  general  surgery,  and  has  published  a  number  of  articles 
on  that  subject  in  the  medical  journals. 

Dr.  McCosh  is  a  member  of  the  IMedical  and  Surgical  Society,  the 
Clinical  Society,  the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  in  which,  for  two  years, 
he  filled  the  office  of  president,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  American  Surgical  Association,  and  the 
University  Club.  His  home  in  New  York  city  is  located  at  16  East  Fifty- 
fourth  street. 

HOWARD   DENNIS   COLLINS,    M.    D.— 1893. 

Dr.  Howard  D.  Collins,  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  is  a  descendant  of  an 
ancestry  that  rendered  distinguished  service  during  the  Revolutionary  war. 
He  was  born  in  New  York  city,  July  9,  1868,  the  son  of  George  and  Anna 
Maria  (Taft)  Collins,  both  members  of  old  and  honored  New  York  fami- 
lies. 

The  early  educational  advantages  enjo^^ed  by  Dr.  Collins  were  obtained 
in  the  private  schools  of  Europe,  and  in  1881,  his  parents  having  returned 
+0  this  country,  he  enrolled  as  a  student  in  the  Peekskill  Military  Academy 
at  Peekskill,  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1884.  He  then  entered  Rogers  high  school,  Newport,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, where  he  pursued  a  two  years'  course,  after  which  he  matriculated  at 
Yale,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1890.  Subsequently  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York  city,  received  his  degree  in  1893,  and  began  the  active  practice  of 
medicine  and  surgery  in  New  York. 

For  two  years  he  served  as  interne  on  the  surgical  staff  of  Roosevelt 
Hospital,  New  York  city,  and  in  1895  recei\-ed  the  appointment  of  assistant 
surgeon  at  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  in  which  capacity  he  served  for  two  years. 
Since  May,  1895,  he  has  served  as  assistant  demonstrator  in  anatomy  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in  May,  1897,  was  appointed  as- 
sistant surgeon  in  the  out-patient  department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  as- 
sistant to  the  attending  surgeon  of  the  same  institution.     In  April,  1900,  he 


448  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


severed  his  connection  v.-ith  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  since  October,  1900, 
has  been  the  assistant  visiting  surgeon  to  the  City  Hospital.  Dr.  Collins 
is  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of  3.1edicine  of  New  York  city,  the  Roosevelt 
Alumni  Association,  the  Psi  Upsilon  fraternity,  the  University  Club  of  New 
York  city,  the  Yale  University  Club  of  New  Haven,  and  the  Sons  of  the 
Revolution.  On  June  20.  1895,  Dr.  Collins  married  Helen  Gawtry,  of  New 
York  city.  They  have  a  son,  Harrison  G.  Collins,  and  a  daughter,  Dorothy 
Collins. 

ROBERT  AVATTS.  ^l.  D.— 1861. 

Dr.  Robert  Watts  was  born  in  Woodstock.  \'ermont,  ]\Iay  6,  1837.  the 
son  of  Dr.  Robert  and  Charlotte  (Deas)  Watts.  The  father,'  who  was  for 
many  years  the  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York,  is  written  of  at  length  in  connection  with  the  history 
of  the  institution. 

Dr.  Watts,  son  of  the  parents  named,  acquired  his  preliminary  educa- 
tion in  the  schools  of  New  York  city,  and  entered  Columbia  College  in  the 
class  of  1859,  but  at  the  end  of  his  sophomore  year  took  up  the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  received  his  degree 
of  Doctor  of  ]\Iedicine  in  1861.  He  received  the  appointment  of  surgeon 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-third  New  York  Volunteers  in  June.  1862, 
served  for  two  years  in  the  department  of  the  Gulf,  and  then  for  one  year 
in  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah,  under  the  command  of  General  Sheridan, 
but  for  the  greater  part  of  his  service  he  was  on  duty  as  surgeon  in  chief  of 
the  division  to  which  his  regiment  was  attached.  He  was  mustered  out  of 
the  United  States  service  in  June,   1865,  with  his  regiment. 

He  commenced  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  at  42  East  Twelfth 
street,  New  York  city,  and  in  1867  removed  to  45  West  Thirty-sixth  street, 
where  he  has  since  continued  to  attend  to  the  needs  of  a  large  patronage. 
In  the  fall  of  i860  he  received  the  appointment  of  assistant  house  physician 
and  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  the  following  year  was  appointed 
house  physician  and  surgeon  of  the  same  institution,  resigning  in  June, 
1862,  in  order  to  enter  the  army.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  clinical' assist- 
ant to  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary;  two  years  later  he  received 
the  appointment  of  visiting  physician  to  the  Charity  Hospital,  resigning 
after  ten  years'  service;  and  in  1870  he  became  visiting  physician  to  St. 
Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Children,  also  filling  a  similar  position  in  Roose- 
velt Hospital.  At  the  present  time  (1903)  he  acts  in  the  capacity  of  con- 
sulting physician  to  both  institutions.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York 
County  jNIedical  Society,  the  Greater  New  York  ]\Iedical  Association,  the 
Physicians'  ^lutual  Aid  Association  and  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Wid- 
ows and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men.  He  is  also  connected  with  the  Century 
Club,  the  Army  and  Navy  Club,  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion, 
and  George  Washington  Post  No.    103,   G.   A.   R. 

On  March  3,  1864,  at  Maiden,  New  York,  Dr.  AVatts  married  Frances 
Adeline  Kellogg,   a   daughter   of   Stephen    Kellogg,    formerly  a   resident   of 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  449 

Troy,  New  York.  Their  children  are:  Charlotte,  born  December  14, 
1864:  Robert,  born  February  11,  1867:  Stephen  Kellogg,  born  June  17, 
1869;  De  Lancey,  born  December  18,  1870;  and  Fanny  Kellogg,  born  Jan- 
uary 29,  1873. 

ROBERT  WATTS,  Jr..  A.   B.,  M.  D.— 1893. 

Dr.  Robert  Watts,  Jr.,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  February  11, 
1867,  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  and  Frances  Adeline  (Kellogg)  Watts.  He 
prepared  for  college  in  the  private  schools  of  New  York  city,  graduated 
from  Columbia  College  in  1889  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city  upon  the  completion  of  his 
studies  in  1893.  Immediately  after  his  graduation  he  was  appointed  in- 
terne at  Bellevue  Hospital,  which  position  he  held  for  two  years.  In  1895 
he  established  an  office  at  45  West  Thirty-sixth  street.  New  York,  for  the 
private  practice  of  his  profession,  but  removed  in  1902  to  1 1 1  East  Thirty- 
fifth  street.  In  1896  Dr.  \\'atts  received  the  appointment  of  assistant  at- 
tending physician  to  St.  ]Mary"s  Free  Hospital  for  Children,  and  in  1901 
he  was  appointed  to  fill  a  similar  position  in  the  Lying-in  Hospital  of  New 
York  city.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  [Medical  Society, 
Greater  New  York  ]\Iedical  Association  and  the  Physicians"  ^Mutual  Aid 
Association.  He  also  holds  hereditary  membership  in  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion.  At  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  October  3,  1902, 
Dr.   Watts  married  Helen  AVoodbridge,   daughter  of   Dr.   J.   Warren    Rice. 

lixn.f:us  edford  la  fetra,  ai.  d.— 1894. 

Dr.  Linnaeus  E.  La  Fetra,  instructor  in  diseases  of  children  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  traces  his  ancestr^^  on 
the  paternal  side  to  the  French  colonists  that  settled  in  New  Jersey  in  1647, 
and  to  Annetje  Jans  of  New  Amsterdam.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is  of 
English  origin,  his  grandmother  being  JNIary  Custis,  a  descendant  of  the 
historical  V-irginia  family  of  that  name.  Dr.  La  Fetra  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, October  12.  1868,  the  son  of  George  H.  and  Sarah  (Doan)  La 
Fetra. 

Dr.  La  Fetra  obtained  his  preliminary  education  in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  Washington  and  in  the  Columbian  University ;  later  he  entered  the 
Wesleyan  University,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1891  with  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  x\rts.  He  was  the  first  Seney  scholar  for  the  college  course, 
taking  prizes  aggregating  seven  hundred  dollars,  with  special  honors  in 
biology.  He  received  his  medical  training  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  graduating  in  1894  with  high  honors  for  the 
course  and  securing  the  first  Harsen  prize  of  five  hundred  dollars  for  pro- 
ficiency in  all  the  branches  of  medical  teaching.  He  served  as  house  sur- 
geon at  the  New  York  Hospital  during  1895-96,  at  the  Sloane  IMaternity 
Hospital  in  1896,  and  at  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital  during  1897,  be- 
ginning the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  October  of  that  year.  He 
filled  the  position  of  adjunct  lecturer  on  diseases  of  children  in  the  New  York 


450  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Polyclinic  from  1897  to  1901 ;  was  assistant  physician  to  the  Infants'  Hospi- 
tal on  Randall's  Island  from  1898  to  1902.  and  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
physiological  pedagogics  in  the  New  York  University  School  of  Pedagogy^ 
in  1899.  Ii'^  1902  he  was  made  instructor  in  diseases  of  children  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  chief  of  that  department  in  the 
Vanderbilt  clinic. 

Dr.  La  Fetra  is  a  member  of  the  Xew  York  County  Medical  Society, 
Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  Society  of  the  Alumni  of 
the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  and  a  fellow 
'^f  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  While  a  student  at  AVesleyan 
University  he  was  a  member  of  Psi  Upsilon  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  and  at 
the  present  time  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Athletic  and  of  the  Psi  Upsi- 
"lon  Club  of  New  York.  On  June  8,  1899,  Dr.  La  Fetra  married  Annie 
Edith  Parsons,  daughter  of  Charles  Parsons,  of  Toronto.   Canada. 

FRANK  HARTLEY,   ^I.   D.— 1880. 

Dr.  Frank  Hartley  was  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1856.  His 
father,  the  late  Hon.  John  Fairfield  Hartley,  LL.  D.,  was  from  1838  to  1875 
connected  with  the  L-nited  States  treasury  department,  the  last  ten  years  of 
the  time  holding  the  office  of  assistant  secretary.  The  old  Hartley  home- 
stead, which  has  been  in  possession  of  the  family  for  more  than  a  century, 
is  located  at  Saco,  Maine,  of  which  state  the  immediate  paternal  ancestors  of 
Dr,  Hartley  were  natives.  Both  branches  of  his  family  are  of  old  colonial 
New  England  origin. 

After  attending  public  school  m  Washington  Dr.  Hartley  entered  the 
Emerson  Institute,  where  he  was  prepared  for  Princeton,  from  which  in- 
stitution he  was  graduated  in  1877.  Having  decided  to  make  the  study  and 
practice  of  medicine  his  life  work,  he  became  a  student  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York :  pursued  his  studies  with  the  vigor  of 
an  enthusiast  and  was  graduated  in  1880.  After  a  brief  period  spent  in 
Bellevue  Hospital  he  became  a  student  of  great  industry  at  European  clin- 
ics, pursuing  his  post-graduate  course  in  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and  Vienna. 

Thus  endowed  with  more  than  ordinary  advantages,  he  began  practice 
in  New  York  and  soon  accjuired  a  high  reputation  as  a  surgeon.  In  1885 
he  was  appointed  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and  in  1889  was  advanced  to  the  post  of 
demonstrator.  He  was  appointed  lecturer  on  operative  surgery  at  the  same 
institution.  He  also  achieved  no  small  measure  of  success  as  a  quiz  master. 
Dr.  Hartley  was  chosen  assistant  surgeon  at  the  Roose\'elt  Hospital  in  1885 ; 
was  attending  surgeon  at  Bellevue  Hospital  from  1888  to  1892:  has  been 
similarly  connected  with  the  New  York  Hospital  since  1892,  and  has  been 
a  consulting  physician  to  the  French  and  New  York  Cancer  Hospital.  He 
is  closely  identified  with  the  leading  medical  bodies  of  New  York,  including 
the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  president  some 
3'ears  since :  the  Clinical,  the  Dermatological,  the  Genito-Urinary.  the  Aled- 
ico-Chirurgical,  and  Pathological  and  Southern  societies.  He  also  belongs 
to  the  University-,  Athletic  and  Princeton  Clubs  of  New  York. 


.<^"-  - 


^■:* 


W^^~ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  451 

V 

Dr.  Hartley  is  the  author  of  valuable  papers,  especially  upon  the  sub- 
jects of  the  extirpation  of  the  spleen  and  the  thyroid  gland.  He  originated 
the  new  method  of  incision  upon  the  neck,  involving  operating  in  the  natural 
cleavage  of  the  skin,  exposing  the  anterior  and  the  posterior  triangles  of  the 
neck  so  that  diseased  processes  may  be  removed  in  an  anatomical  manner, 
and  leave  the  slightest  observable  scar.  He  also  originated  the  method  of 
removing  the  gasserian  ganglion  for  inveterate  trigeminal  neuralgia,  an  op- 
eration which  becomes  necessary  in  critical  cases  where  operations  upon  the 
terminal  nerves,  as  well  as  all  medications,  have  failed  to  relieve  persistent 
pain.  In  1901  he  was  appointed  clinical  professor  of  surgery  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

VIRGIL  PENDLETON   GIBNEY,  LL.   D.,  M.   D.— 1871. 

Dr.  Virgil  P.  Gibney,  who  has  held  the  chair  of  orthopedic  surgery  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city  since  the  office 
was  endowed,  was  born  at  Providence,  near  Lexington,  Kentucky,  Septem- 
ber 29,  1847,  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  Alexander  and  Amanda  (VVeagley) 
Gibney.  Dr.  Gibney,  Sr.,  was  a  descendant  of  a  north  of  Ireland  ancestry, 
graduated  from  the  Transylvania  LIni\-ersity,  medical  department,  and  for 
many  years  successfully  practiced  his  profession  in  the  state  of  Kentucky; 
his  death  occurred  in  Lexington,  Kentucky.  His  wife  was  descended  from 
an  old  and  honored    Maryland    family. 

Dr.  Gibney  prepared  for  college  in  country  schools  and  in  an  academy 
in  Nicholasville,  Jessamine  county,  Kentucky;  pursued  his  studies  in  George- 
town College  for  one  year;  then  entered  the  College  of  Arts,  Kentucky  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1869 ; 
attended  one  course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Louisville  and  secured 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College 
in  1871 ;  obtained  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  Kentucky  University 
in  1872,  and  in  1898  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  same  institution.  He  did  not  have  sufficient  money  to  take  a  quiz 
and  grind,  but  taking  advantage  of  his  opportunities  in  the  Hospital  for  the 
Ruptured  and  Crippled,  he  kept  track  of  cases,  wrote  them  up  and  secured 
final  results.  By  dint  of  hard  work  in  this  hospital  as  interne,  for  thirteen 
years  he  kept  a  complete  history  of  cases,  made  a  systematic  study  of  ortho- 
pedic science,  and  is  perhaps  more  familiar  with  the  natural  history  of  the 
diseases  of  joints  and  deformities  than  any  other  physician  in  the  country. 

In  1884  he  engaged  in  private  practice,  which  steadily  increased  as  the 
years  went  by,  and  at  the  present  time  ( 1903)  the  territory  from  which  his 
patients  come  extends  from  Maine  to  the  northwest  states,  and  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  Florida.  In  1887  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in  chief  to  the  Hos- 
pital for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled,  which  position  he  has  filled  to  the 
present  time:  received  the  appointment  of  consulting  orthopedic  surgeon  to 
the  Nursery  and  Child's  General  Hospital ;  fills  a  similar  position  in  the 
Montefiori  Home;  in  1882  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  New  York 
Polyclinic,  holding  the  position  of  professor  of  orthopedic  surgery  for  thir- 
teen years,  and  now  occupies  the  chair  of  orthopedic  surgery  in  the  College 


452  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city.  Dr.  Gibney  is  a  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  American  Orthopedic  Association, 
being  its  first  president;  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Association,  the  Congress  of  American  Physicians,  the 
County  Medical  Society,  the  County  Medical  Association,  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  Society  of  Widows  and 
Orphans  of  Medical  Men,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  and 
the  Practitioners'  Society,  of  which  he  is  a  charter  member.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  University  Club,  the  Century  Association,  the  Richmond  Hill 
Golf  Club,  and  president  of  the  Brooklawn  Country  Club. 

Dr.  Gibney  has  contributed  many  valuable  medical  articles  which  have 
been  presented  before  the  societies  and  published  in  the  journals  and  periodi- 
cals of  the  day : 

"The  Strumous  Element  in  the  Etiology  of  Joint-disease,  from  an 
Analysis  of  Eight  Hundred  and  Sixty  Cases,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Journal, 
July  and  August,  1877. 

"Caries  of  the  Ankle  in  Children,"  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and 
Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Vol.   12,  No.  2,  April,   1880. 

"Peri-nephritis,"  Chicago  Medical  Journal  and  Examiner,  June,    iSSo. 

"The  Hip  and  Its  Diseases,"  Bermingham  &  Company,   1884. 

"The  Management  of  Abscesses  in  Connection  with  the  Bone  Diseases 
of  Childhood,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,    Philadelphia,     1887,    Vol.    4,    641- 

655- 

"Simple  and  yet  Very  Efficient  Treatment  for  Diseases  of  the  Knee  and 

Elbow,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Journal,   1888,  Vol.  47,  284-286. 

"The  Treatment  of  Lateral  Curvature  by  Posture  and  Exercise,"  Nezo 
York  Medical  Journal.    1888,   Vol.   48,   288-291. 

"Chronic  Joint  Diseases  and  Constitutional  Treatment,"  Nezv  York 
Medical  Record,  1S88,  Vol.  34,  472. 

"Immobilization  in  Articular  Diseases,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal, 
1888,  Vol.  48,  457-459. 

"Haematoma  of  Hip,"  Medical  Nezvs,  1888. 

"Treatment  of  Tuberculous  xA^ffections  of  the  Joints,"  Transactions  of 
New  York  Medical  Society,  Syracuse,   1888,  488-491. 

"Injury  to  the  Head,  Folowed  by  Spinal  Hemiplegia,  Without  Cerebral 
Disturbance,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Monthly,    1886-87,   Vol.    i,    11 5-1 17. 

"Clinical  Lectures  on  Lateral  Curvature  of  Spine,"  Philadelphia  Medi- 
cal Times,   1886-87,  Vol.   17,  205-210. 

"Remarks  on  the  Management  of  Club-foot,"  Transactions  of  Medical 
Society  of  New  York,  Syracuse,  1886,  363-367. 

"The  Treatment  and  Management  of  Tuberculous  Spondylitis,"  Medi- 
cal Press  West  Nezv  York,  Buffalo,  1887,  Vol.  2,  53-61. 

"Acute  Epiphysitis  of  the  Hip,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  1887,  Vol. 

31,  264;  disc.  277. 

"A  Case  of  Dissecting  Aneurism  About  the  Hip  Dependent  Upon  Rup- 
ture of  the  Internal  Pubic  Artery,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,   1887,  Vol. 

32,  241-243. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  453 

"TulDerculous  Osteitis  of  the  Knee  Joint,"  Ncn'  York  Iiifcriiational  Sur- 
gical Journal,    1889,  Vol.   2,   134-136. 

"The  Orthopedic  Treatment  of  Tuberculous  Disease  of  the  Knee  in 
Children,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  Philadelphia,  1889,  Vol.  6,  384-390. 

"Report  on  the  Treatment  of  Club-foot  by  Means  of  the  Thomas 
Wrench,"  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association;  1887-B8; 
Boston,    1889;  Vol.   I,  74-84. 

"The  Orthopedic  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis  Disease  of  the  Knee  in 
Children,"  Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society  of  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
1889,  267-276. 

"The  'Boat-belly'  of  Tuberculous  Meningitis,"  a  Clinical  Report, 
Archives  of  Pediatrics,  Philadelphia,  18S9.  Vol.  6,  548-550:  i  pi. 

"Remarks  on  the  Management  of  Hip  Disease,"  CiDiada  Practitioner, 
Toronto,    1889,   Vol.    14.    365-368. 

"The  Immediate  Correction  of  Deformities  Resulting  from  Disease  of 
the  Hip,"  Nciu  York  Medical  Journal,   1889,  Vol.  49,    1 16-120. 

"Report  on  the  Treatment  of  Club-foot  by  Means  of  the  Thomas 
Wrench,"  American  Surgical  Journal,  St.  Louis,  1889.  Vol.  9,  101-106;  also 
Atlanta  M-edical  and  Surgical  Journal,   1888-89,  N.   S.,   Vol.   5,  749-754. 

"Muscular  Deformities  of  Nervous  Origin  and  their  Treatment,"  Nczv 
York  Medical  Journal,  1889,  Vol.  49,  4.68-471. 

"Reproduction  of  the  Entire  Patella  After  Necrosis  and  Remo\'al  by 
Operation ;  Functions  of  the  Joint  Fully  Restored,"  New  York  Medical  Rec- 
ord, 1889,  Vol.  35,  417. 

"Spondvlolisthesis  of  Traumatic  Origin,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record, 
1889,  Vol.  35,  347. 

"Immobilization  in  Articular  Diseases,"  Transactions  of  the  American 
Orthopedic  Association,  1887-88;  Boston,  1889,  Vol.  i,  227-241. 

"The  Typhoid  Spine,"  New  York  Medical  Journal,  1889,  Vol.  i,  596- 
598. 

"The  Treatment  of  Drop-wrist  and  Allied  Paralysis,  with  Presentation 
of  a  Case,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  1889,  Vol.  36,  482. 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Flat-foot,"  American  Surgery,  St. 
Louis,   1890,  Vol.   II,  41-43. 

"The  Operative  Treatment  of  Talipes  Calcaneus  Paralyticus,"  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1890,  Vol.   122,  205-208. 

"The  Operative  Treatment  of  Talipes  Calcaneus  Paralyticus,"  New 
York  Medical  Journal.  1890,  Vol.  122,  246-249. 

"A  Case  of  Osteitis  Deformans,  or  Paget's  Disease,"  Neiu  York  Medi- 
cal Record,  1890,  Vol.  37,  452. 

"Artificial  Feet  in  a  Case  of  Arrested  Development,"  Nezv  York  Medi- 
cal Record,  1890, 

"Report  of  Two  Cases  of  Death  in  Young  Children  During  the  Ad- 
ministration of  Chloroform"  (with  H.  M.  Sherman),  Nezi'  York  Medical 
Journal,  1890,  Vol.  37,  289. 

"The  Typhoid  Spine,"  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Asso- 
ciation, Philadelphia,   1889,  Vol.  2,  19-30. 


454  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Flat-foot,"  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Orthopedic  Association,  1889,  Vol.  2,  287-289. 

"Cases  of  Cuneiform  Osteotomy  for  Relief  of  Double  Congenital- 
equino-varus,"  American  Surgery,  St.  Louis.  1890,  Vol.  11,  334-337. 

"A  Contributiiin  to  the  Therapeutics  of  Spastic  Paralysis,"  Nezt'  York 
Journal  of  Ncyjous  and  Mental  Diseases,  1890.  Vol.  17,  520-523. 

"Operative  Procedures  in  the  Bone  Diseases  of  Childhood,"  Neiv  York 
Medical  Journal,   1890,  Vol.  52.  181-183. 

"The  Prognosis  of  Lateral  Curvature  in  Young  Girls,"  Nezu  York 
Medical  Record,  1890,  Vol.  37,  204-206. 

"Talipes,  or  Club-foot,"  Revue  D'Orthopedie,  July  i,  1890,  Paris. 

"Rupture  of  the  Short  Head  of  the  Biceps,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, 1890,  Vol.  52,  665. 

"A  Further  Contribution  to  Typhoid  Spine,"  American  Medical  Maga- 
zine, Philadelphia,   1898-1902,  Vol.  4,  32. 

"Supplemental  Treatment  of  the  Paralysis  of  Acute  Anterior  Poliomy- 
elitis," Medical  Nezcs,  Philadelphia,  1891,  Vol.  59,  422-425. 

"An  Early  Diagnosis  the  Best  Treatment  in  Pott's  Disease  of  the 
Spine,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record.   1891,  Vol.  40,  474. 

"Orthopedic  Surgery ;  Its  Definition  and  Scope,"  Nezv  York  Medical 
Journal.   1S91,  Vol.   54,  507-509. 

"Muscular  Deformities  of  Nervous  Origin  and  Their  Treatment," 
Toledo,  November,   1891. 

"Tuberculous  Meningitis  Following  Opei'ation  for  Osteitis  of  Shoul- 
der," Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society,   1890-91,   120. 

"The  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  Hip-Joint  Disease,"  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  1891,  Vol.  125,  613-616. 

"Pott's  Disease  of  the  Spine,"  International  Clinical  Journal,  Philadel- 
phia, 1891,  Vol.  3,  146-152. 

"The  Treatment  of  Tumor  Albus,"  Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Lnterna- 
tional  Medical  Congress,  1890.  Berlin,  Vol.  3,  24-29. 

"The  Complications  and  Sequelae  of  Tuberculous  Lesions  Involving 
the  Joints,  with  a  Discussion  on  the  Most  Eflicient  Management,"  N^ezv 
York  Medical  Record,  1892,  Vol.  41,  344-347. 

"A  Further  Contribution  to  Typhoid  Spine,"  Transactions  of  the 
Amercan  Orthopedic  Association,  Philadelphia,   1891,  280-282. 

"Orthopedic  Surgery,  Its  Definition  and  Scope,"  Transactions  of  the 
American  Orthopedic  Association,   Philadelphia,   1891,   Vol.  4,   326-338. 

"Talipes  Calcaneus  Paralyticus;  Extreme:  Shortening  of  Tendo-Achil- 
lis  by  V-shaped  Incision  After  Willets,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  Philadel- 
phia, 1892,  Vol.  9,  284. 

"Some  of  the  Indications  for  Operative  Procedures  in  Orthopedic  Sur- 
gery," Denver  Medical  Times,  1892-93,  Vol,   12,  11-18. 

"Ankle-joint  Disease  in  Children,"  International  Medical  Magazine, 
Philadelphia,  1892,  Vol.  i,  715-719. 

"The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Acute  Arthritis  of  the  Hip  in  Infants," 
Nezjj  York  Medical  Record,  1892,  Vol.  42,  505. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  4S5 

"Lorenz  Operation  for  Congenital  Dislocation  of  Hip,"  Archives  of 
Pediatrics,  New  York,  1892,  Vol.  9,  911-913. 

"Excision  of  the  Hip  for  Extensive  Disease,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics, 
New  York,  1893,  Vol.   10,  39-41. 

"Sub-Cutaneous  Osteotomy  of  Femur  for  Correction  of  Deformity  at 
Hip,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  New  York,   1893,  Vol.   10,  41. 

"The  Modern   Treatment  of   Sprained   Ankle,"    New   York   Polyclinic, 

1893,  Vol.   I,  3-6. 

"Tuberculous  Osteitis  of  Hip,"  International  Clinic,  Philadelphia, 
1892,  2,  S.,  Vol.  3,  223-230. 

"The  Treatment  of  the  Suppurative  Stage  of  Osteitis  of  Hip,"  Supple- 
mented by  Analysis  of  ninety  Cases  in  Hospital  Practice,  American  Lancet, 
Detroit,  1893,  N.  S.,  Vol.   17,  121-124. 

"Discussion  on  the  Management  of  Suppuration  Complicating  Tuber- 
culous Disease  of  the  Bones  and  Joints,"  Transactions  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  1893,  230-238. 

"Final  Results  in  Tuberculous  Osteitis  of  the  Knee  in  Children  Com- 
monly known  as  White  Swelling, "^-^//WT/Vau  Journal  Medical  Society,  Phil- 
adelphia, 1893,  N.  S.,  Vol.  106,  403-413. 

"The  Treatment  of  Deformities  After  Paralysis,"  International  Medi- 
cal Magazine,   Philadelphia,    1893,  Vol.    2,  932-935. 

"Will  He  Outgrow  It?"'  Mother's  Nursery  Guide,  April,    1893. 

"The  Ischiatic  Crutch ;  Its  Place  in  the  Treatment  of  Hip  Disease," 
American  Medical  and  Surgical  Bulletin,  November  15,   1894. 

"Multiple  Congenital  Deformities  with  Arrest  of  Development,  more 
especially  a  Description  of  the  Hand  Resembling  a  Walrus  Fin,"  A^eic  York 
Medical  Record,   1893,  Vol.  44,  835-838. 

"A  Case  of  Myositis  Ossificans  with  Multiple  Exostosis,"  New  York 
Polyclinic,   1893,  Vol.  3,   161. 

"The  Non-operative  Treatment  of  Metatarsalgia,"  Nezv  York  Journal 
of  Nervous  and  Mlental  Diseases,  1894,  Vol.  21,  589-596. 

"The  Correction  of  Deformity  of  Hip  Disease ;  Its  Value  During  the 
Progress  of  the  Disease:  Its  Importance  on  the  Subsidence  of  all  Diseases; 
One  Hundred  Cases  Analyzed,"  International  Medical  Magazine,  Philadel- 
phia,  1894-95,  Vol.  3,  710-719,  2  pi. 

"Congenital  Dislocation  of  the  Hip,"  International  Clinic,  Philadelphia, 

1894,  4,  S.,  Vol.  3,  201-204. 

"Operative  Procedures  in  Congenital  and  Acquired  Dislocation  of  the 
Hip  in  Children,"  American  Surgeon,  Philadelphia,  1894,  Vol.  20,  621-641. 

"Chronic  and  Sub-acute  Rheumatoid  Arthritis  of  Knee,  Usually  Mon- 
articular," Dcnz'cr  Medical  Times.  1894-95,  Vol.   14,  245-252. 

"Sprained  Ankle;  A  Treatment  that  Involves  no  Loss  of  Time,  Re- 
quires no  Crutches,  and  is  not  Attended  with  an  Ultimate  Impairment  of 
Function,"  Neiv  York  Medical  Journal,  1895,  Vol.  61,   193-197. 

"Orthopedic  Surgery,"  System  Surgery  (Dennis),  Philaclelphia,  1895, 
Vol.  2,  265-365. 


456  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEOXS. 


"The  Management  of  Irritable  Spine,"  N'czi'  York  Medical  Record, 
i8g6,  A^ol.  49,  654-656:  discussion,  662-664. 

"The  Treatment  b_v  Super-heated  Dry  Air  of  Stifi:  and  Painful  Joints, 
Including  Rheumatism  and  Tuberculosis,  at  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and 
Crippled,"  iYcic  York  Medical  Record,  1897.  Vol.  51,  109-111. 

"Orthopedic  Operations  at  the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled 
from  October  i,  1895,  to  October  i,  1896,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  Philadel- 
phia, 1897.  A'ol.  II,  315-331. 

"Hernia,"  Tzcentieth  Centurx  Practitioner.  Xew  York,  1897,  Vol.  9, 
275-351,  and   (J.  B.  Walker). 

"Compression  Paraplegia  in  Pott's  Disease  of  the  Spine:  Based  upon  an 
Analysis  of  Seventy-four  Cases,"  Nezi'  York  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental 
Diseases.   1897,  ^'^ol.  24,   195-209. 

"Excision  of  the  Head  of  the  Astragalus  in  Inveterate  Club-foot," 
Denver  Medical  Times.  1897-98,  Vol.  17,  37-39. 

"Osteotomv  for  In\-ersion  in  Club-foot,"  New  York  Polvclinic,  1S97, 
Vol  5,   116. 

"Operative  Procedures  in  Orthopedic  Surgery,"  Transactions  of  the 
American  Orthopedic  Association,   Philadelphia,    1897,  ^^ol.   10,   210-215. 

"The  Correction  of  Spinal  Deformitj'  by  Manual  Force,  under  an  An- 
aesthetic," N'ezi.'  York  Medical  Journal,   1898,  Vol.  67,  427. 

"Nitrous  Oxide  and  Ether  for  Anesthesia,"  A'ac  York  Medical  Journal, 

1898,  Vol.  53.  457-459-. 

"The  Treatment  of  Convalescent  Club-f(jot."  Canada  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  Toronto,   1898,  Vol.  4,  131-136. 

"Clinical  Experience  in  the  Management  of  Tuberculosis  Sinuses  and 
Abscesses  and   Eoci,"    Virginia  Magazine.   Semi-monthly,    Richmond,    1898- 

1899,  Vol.  3,  375-379- 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Hip  Disease:  On  the  Ultimate  Re- 
sults of  the  ^lechanical  and  Operative  Treatment,  with  an  Analysis  of  One 
Hundred  and  Fifty  Cases  Observed  in  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled,"  (\Y.  ]. 
H.  Waterman  and  \\*.  G.  Reynolds),  Annals  of  Surgery,  Philadelphia,  1898, 
Vol  28,  435-454- 

"Supra-malleolar  Osteotomy  for  Obstinate  Club-foot,"  American  Sur- 
geon, Philadelphia,  1898,  Vol.  28,  517. 

"The  Correction  of  Spinal  Deformity  by  Stages  under  Anaesthetia," 
Transactions  of  the  Orthopechc  Association,  Philadelphia,  1898,  Vol.  11, 
89-108. 

"^letatarsalgia.  Its  Treatment  by  Specially  Constructed  Boots,"  Nezu 
York  Medical  Record,  1899,  Vol.   15,   151-154. 

"Three  Cases  Illustrating  the  Diagnosis  of  Coxa  \^ara,"  A'czv  York 
Medical  Record,  1899,  Vol.  15,  438. 

"A  Simple  and  Efficient  Treatment  of  Talipes  Calcaneus  Paralyticus 
in  Young  Children,"  Nezi'  York  Medical  N'ezvs,  1900,  Vol.  yy,  399-402. 

"Mechanical  and  Surgical  Problems  in  the  Paralysis  of  Children,"  read 
before  the  Hartford  Medical  Society,  April  2,  1900;  St.  Louis  Courier  of 
Medicine,  i\Iay,   1900. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  457 

"Certain  Aspects  of  Bone  and  Joint  Disease  of  Interest  to  tlie  General 
Practitioner,''  Medical  Ncivs.  October  28.  1899. 

"The  Treatment  of  Rheumatic  and  AHied  Diseases  CompHcated  by 
Deformity,"  February  i,  1901. 

"American  Year  Book  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,"'  George  M.  Gould- 
Saunders,  Philadelphia,  (W.  H.  W.  G.)  1896-97-98;  (W.  J.  H.  W.)  1899- 
1900- 1 90 1. 

"Diagnosis  and  Management  of  Some  of  the  More  Common  Lesions 
of  the  Adult  Knee,"  PJiUadclphia  Medical  Journal,  May  10,   1902. 

"Excision  of  the  Knee  for  Vicious  Deformity  and  Tuberculous  Disease 
in  the  Adult,"  1902. 

At  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  in  1883,  Dr.  Gibne}^  married  Charlotte 
L.  Chapin.  and  one  child  was  born  to  them,  Robert  Gibney;  Mrs.  Gibney 
died  in  1888.  At  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  in  1893,  he  married  Julia  A. 
Trubee,  a  descendant  of  honored  New  England  ancestry.  Their  children 
are:  Marion  Purdell  and  Susan  Trubee  Gibney.  The  family  reside  at  16 
Park  avenue.  New  York. 

JACOB  HERMAN  KNAPP,  M.  D.— 1854. 

Dr.  J.  Herman  Knapp,  professor  of  ophthalmology  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  at  Dauborn,.  Prussia, 
March  17,  1832,  the  son  of  a  prominent  agriculturist  and  member  of  the 
Prussian  house  of  representatives  and  the  German  Reichsrath. 

Dr.  Knapp  accpiired  his  literary  education  in  the  Gymnasium  at  Weil- 
burg,  Hesse-Nassau,  and  this  was  supplemented  by  a  five  years"  course  of 
study  in  medicine  and  allied  branches  at  the  universities  of  Munich,  Wiirz- 
burg,  Berlin.  Leipsic,  Zurich  and  Vienna,  graduating  in  1854  at  Giessen,  and 
the  following  year  passing  the  state  examination  at  Wiesbaden.  Desiring  to 
pursue  a  university  career,  he  spent  four  more  years  in  study  at  Paris,  Lon- 
don, Berlin.  Heidelberg  and  Utrecht.  He  was  admitted  as  Lecturer  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1859,  and  in  1864  he  was  appointed  professor  of  ophthalmology  in  the 
same  university.  In  i860  he  founded  an  ophthalmic  clinic,  which,  in  1866, 
was  made  one  of  the  university  institutions,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated ophthalmic  clinics  in  Europe,  being  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
Prof.  Theodore  Leber,  Dr.  Knapp"s  first  assistant  and  later  his  successor. 
Dr.  Knapp  resigned  his  professorship  at  Heidelberg  in  1868,  located  in  New 
York  city,  and  gave  the  impulse  to  the  founding  of  the  New  York  Oph- 
thalmic and  Aural  Institute,  a  dispensary,  hospital,  and  school  for  the  treat- 
ment, stud}'  and  teaching  of  eye  and  ear  diseases.  Since  its  organization  he 
has  acted  in  the  capacity  of  executive  surgeon  to  this  institution.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  ophthalmology  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  in  1882  and  held  this  position  imtil  1888,  when  he  resigned,  having 
been  elected  to  be  the  successor  of  the  late  Dr.  Cornelius  Rea  Agnew  as  pro- 
fessor of  ophthalmology  in  the  New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. In  1869  he  founded  the  Archives  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology,  a 
scientific  and  practical  quarterly,  published  in  English  and  German,  the  pio- 


4S8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

neer  journal  of  its  kind  in  this  country,  and  liis  literary  contributions  to 
ophthalmology  and  otology  have  been  very  numerous.  This  periodical,  as 
well  as  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute,  were  successful  from 
the  beginning,  and  are  so  to-day.  The  periodical  split  after  its  seventh  an- 
nual volume  into  two  bi-monthlies,  continuing-  to  publish  only  original  arti- 
cles and  original  systematic  cjuarterly  reports  on  the  progress  of  ophthal- 
mology and  otology.  In  1902,  at  the  age  of  se\'enty  years.  Dr.  Knapp  re- 
signed his  professorship  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  Colum- 
bia University,  whereupon  he  was  appointed  emeritus  professor  of  the  same 
college.  Being  in  good  health,  he  takes  pleasure  in  continuing  his  literary 
and  professional  work  both  in  private  and  hospital  practice.  His  ambition, 
shared  bv  the  trustees  of  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute,  is 
to  perpetuate  this  institution  by  the  erection  of  a  new,  spacious  and  well 
ecjuipped  building  near  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  affiliated 
with  Columbia  University.  A  fine  site  for  the  new  building  has  been  ac- 
quired at  the  northwest  corner  of  Sixty-fourth  street  and  Central  Park,  West. 

ROBERT  ABBE.  A.  B..  :\I.  D.— 1874. 

Dr.  Robert  Abbe,  lecturer  in  surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York  city,  is  a  descendant  of  an  old  and  honored  New  England 
familv.  who  trace  their  ancestry  back  to  the  year  1630.  His  father,  George 
Waldo  Abbe,  who  was  born  in  Windham.  Connecticut,  came  to  New  York  in 
boyhood,  and  later  became  a  prominent  factor  in  the  commercial  interests  of 
New  York.  He  married  Miss  Charlotte  Colgate,  whose  ancestors  had  been 
forced  to  flee  from  Kent.  England,  in  1795.  for  giving  too  free  expression  to 
their  republican  sentiments. 

Dr.  Robert  Abbe  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York.  April  13.  185 1.  and 
his  earlv  educational  advantages  were  obtained  in  the  public  schools,  after 
which  he  entered  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1870.  The  following  two 
years  he  was  engaged  in  that  institution  as  instructor  in  English,  drawing, 
algebra  and  geometry;  after  resigning  from  this  position  he  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1874  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  ^Medicine.  He  then  served 
three  years  as  resident  surgeon  in  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York.  Dr.  Abbe 
was  the  curator  and  assistant  attending  surgeon  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  New 
York,  from  1876  to  1880.  For  some  years  he  was  clinical  assistant  in  surgery 
and  the  department  of  diseases  of  the  skin  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School :  from 
1877  to  1884  he  was  attending  surgeon  in  the  out-patient  department  of  the 
New  York  Hospital.  His  appointment  as  attending  surgeon  for  St.  Luke's 
Hospital  dates  since  188.^,  and  for  the  New  York  Cancer  Hospital  since  1893, 
and  for  five  years,  from  1892  to  1897,  he  was  attending  surgeon  in  the  New 
York  Babies'  Hospital.  He  also  occupied  the  position  of  professor  of  didactic 
surgery  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College  for  two  years.  In  1889  Dr.  Abbe 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical 


^Hj^-^^c/^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  459 

School,  and  faithfully  discharged  the  duties  of  that  office  until  1897.  The 
following  year  he  was  offered  the  position  of  lecturer  in  surgery  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  he  accepted  and  is  serving  in  that  capacity 
at  the  present  time  (1902).  Dr.  Abbe  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Century 
Association,  the  University  Club  and  numerous  other  societies.  Dr.  Abbe 
married  Catherine  Amory  Palmer,  widow  of  Courtlandt  Palmer  of  New  York, 
and  they  now  reside  at  13  \\'est  Fiftieth  street.  New  York. 

CHARLES   STEDMAN   BULL,   ]\L   D.— 1868. 

Dr.  Charles  Stedman  Bull  was  born  in  New  York  city,  April  21,  1846, 
son  of  Henry  King  and  Eliza  (Ludlow)  Bull.  He  is  a  descendant  of  the 
famous  Captain  Thomas  Bull  of  the  British  army,  who  came  to  tins  coun- 
try in  1632,  landing  in  Boston,  and  was  one  of  the  original  settlers  of  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut.  Captain  Caleb  Bull,  great-great-grandfather  of  Dr.  Bull, 
served  as  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  was  an  original  member 
of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati :  Frederick  Bull,  a  son  of  Captain  Caleb  Bull, 
served  in  the  capacity  of  major  during  the  same  war.  On  the  maternal  side 
Dr.  Bull  is  descended  from  William  Ludlow  of  Hill  Deverill,  Wiltshire, 
England,  who  settled  there  about  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century.  His 
lineal  descendant  was  Jeremiah  Ludlow,  who  came  to  America  in  1693,  land- 
ing in  New  York  city,  and  who  later  took  up  his  residence  in  Essex  county. 
New  Jersey.  His  son,  Obadiah  Ludlow,  the  maternal  great-grandfather  of 
Dr.  Bull,  was  an  officer  of  New  Jersey  troops  during  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution. The  parliamentary  general.  Sir  Edmund  Ludlow,  and  the  former 
Earl  Ludlow  were  also  descended  from  the  same  AA'illiam  Ludlow  of  Eng- 
land. Dr.  Bull  also  traces  his  origin  to  the  ]\Iarquis  de  Seguin  de  Tal- 
lerange,  a  French  Huguenot,  who  fled  to  Holland  after  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes  and  his  son,  Jean  Jacjues,  came  to  this  country  and  in  1690 
settled  at  what  is  now  known  as  Segaiine  Point,  Staten  Island. 

Dr.  Bull  prepared  for  college  at  the  French  school  of  Professor  Elie 
Charlier,  and  was  graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1864  with  the  degree 
of  A.  B.,  and  taking  the  A.  j\L  in  1867.  He  received  his  i\[.  D.  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city  in  1868.  He  spent  an 
interneship  of  eighteen  months  in  Bellevue  Hospital  as  house  physician  and 
surgeon,  and  the  following  two  years  were  spent  abroad,  in  Vienna,  Heidel- 
berg, Berlin,  Utrecht.  Paris  and  London,  where  he  pursued  his  medical 
studies  under  the  guidance  of  Professor  von  Arlt,  Professor  von  Graefe  and 
Professor  Donders.  On  his  return  in  1871,  he  became  assistant  surgeon  to 
the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  and  clinical  assistant  at  the  New 
York  Eye  and  Ear  Lifirmary;  in  1872  he  was  assistant  surgeon  to  the  New 
York  Eye  and  Ear  Lifirmary,  and  was  visiting  surgeon  to  Charity  Hospital 
from  1875  to  1880.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  the  same  year  received  the  appointment  of  con- 
sulting ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  and  was  called 
to  fill  a  similar  position  in  St.  Mary's  Hospital  for  Children:  he 
retained     the    former    named    position    up    to    the    year    1888.       Dr.    Bull 


& 


460  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

was  adjunct  professor  of  ophthalmology  at  Bellevue  Hospital  ^Medical  Col- 
lege from  1880  to  1888,  and  in  the  latter  3-ear  was  appointed  professor  of 
ophthalmology  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  New  Yoi-k 
and  consulting  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital.  At  the  pres- 
ent time  (1903)  he  is  serving  as  professor  of  ophthalmologA'  in  the  Cornell 
University  ^ledical  College  and  consulting  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  P''es- 
byterian  Hospital,  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  St.  ^Mary's  Hospital  for  Chii 
dren. 

Dr.  Bull  is  the  author  of  many  valuable  medical  articles,  the  more 
prominent  ones  being :  "Choroiditis  Following  Cerebro-Spinal  [Menin- 
gitis,"  1873;  "Strychnia  in  Amaurosis  and  Amblyopia,"  1873:  "Retinal 
Hemorrhage  in  Disease  of  the  Brain,  Heart  and  Kidneys,"  1874:  "Lesions 
of  the  Optic  Xerve  and  Pupil  in  Diseases  of  the  Spinal  Cord,"  1875;  "P?-th- 
olog}"  and  Therapeutics  of  Contused  Wounds  of  the  Eyeball,"  1876;  "Rare 
Syphilitic  Neuroses  of  the  Eye,"  1877;  "Influence  of  the  Fifth  Nerve  in 
Iritis  and  Choroiditis,"  1876;  "Symptomatology-  and  Patholog}"  of  Intra- 
cranial Tumors,"  1875:  "Translation  of  Stelhvag's  Treatise  on  Diseases  of 
the  Eye." 

He  has  written  numerous  original  papers  on  diseases  of  the  eye,  in 
American  and  foreign  medical  journals:  is  assistant  collaborator  of  Fos- 
ter's Encyclopedic  ^Medical  Dictionary,  for  which  he  wrote  all  relating  to 
diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear,  and  of  the  system  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  by 
Norris  and  Oliver.  He  is  also  editor  of  the  third  and  fourth  American  edi- 
tions of  J.  Soelberg  Well's  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye. 

Dr.  Bull  is  a  member  of  the  American  jNIedical  Association.  American 
Ophthalmological  Society,  of  which  he  is  president.  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  New  York  Ophthalmological  Society,  New  York  Pathological  So- 
ciety, Practitioners'  Society,  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  New  York 
State  [Medical  Association,  and  of  the  Huguenot  Society  of  America,  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars,  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  the  Century  and 
University  Clubs.  In  1882  Dr.  Bull  was  married  to  Mary  E.  Kingsbury, 
daughter  of  Hon.  Frederick  J.  Kingsbvu"y,  of  \\'aterbury.  Connecticut.  Dr. 
Bull's  address  is  47  West  Thirty-sixth  street.  New  York. 


^^TLLIA^I  BRADLEY  COLEY.  ^I.  D.— 1888. 

Dr.  William  B.  Coley,  clinical  lecturer  in  surgery  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Westport,  Connecticut. 
January  12,  1862.  the  son  of  Horace  Bradley  and  Clarine  Bradley  (^^'ake- 
man)  Coley.  On  the  paternal  side  he  is  a  descendant  in  the  ninth  genera- 
tion from  Samuel  Coley,  who  in  1639  became  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Milford,  Connecticut.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is  descended  from  the  Rev. 
John  Wakeman,  the  second  Congregational  minister  to  settle  in  the  town  of 
Fairfield.  Connecticut,  and  son  of  Samuel  \\'akeman,  a  prominent  citizen  of 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  who  served  as  treasurer  of  the  New  Haven  colony  in 
1656.     His   maternal   grandfather,    Nathan    ^^"heeler.    was   a   descendant   of 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  461 


Thomas  Wlieeler,  wlio  settled  in  Poquonock,  Connecticut,  prior  to  the  vear 
1636. 

Dr.  Coley  was  a  student  in  a  private  school  conducted  by  the  Re\-.  James 
E.  Coley  at  Westport,  Connecticut,  later  attended  the  Easton  Academy,  Con- 
necticut, and  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1884,  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Arts.  From  1884  to  1886  he  served  as  senior  master  in  the  Bishop 
Scott  government  school  at  Portland,  Oregon,  after  which  he  matriculated 
in  the  medical  school  at  Harvard,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated 
in  1888.  The  following  two  years  he  served  as  interne  at  the  New  York 
Hospital  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Robert  F.  Weir  and  Dr.  William  T.  Bull, 
and  in  this  capacity  acquired  a  wide  and  varied  experience.  From  1891  to 
1897  he  acted  as  instructor  in  surgery  at  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Med- 
ical School ;  has  served  as  clinical  lecturer  in  surgery  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city  from  1897  to  the  present  time 
(1903)  :  is  the  attending  surgeon  to  the  General  Memorial  Hospital,  and  asso- 
ciate surgeon  to  the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled. 

Dr.  Coley  is  the  author  of  numerous  monographs  on  malignant  tumors 
and  abdominal  surgery,  which  have  been  published  in  the  leading  medical 
journals:  in  1893  he  published  his  first  paper  upon  the  radical  cure  of  hernia 
in  children,  with  a  report  of  fifty-one  cases,  and  the  criticism  was  made  by 
some  surgeons  that  hernia  in  children  should  not  be  operated  upon,  inas- 
much as  it  could  always  be  cured  by  mechanical  means.  As  a  reply  to  this 
criticism  Dr.  Coley  made  an  analysis  of  upward  of  fifteen  thousand  cases  of 
hernia  in  adults  observed  at  the  Hospital  for  Ruptured  and  Crippled  in 
New  York  city,  with  a  view  of  ascertaining,  as  nearly  as  possible,  how  rnany 
gave  a  history  of  hernia  in  infancy  and  childhood.  A  careful  study  of  these 
cases  warranted  the  conclusion  that  at  least  one-third  of  all  infants  and  chil- 
dren under  foiu'teen  years  with  inguinal  hernia  are  not  cured  by  mechanical 
treatment,  and  hence  the  employment  of  operative  methods  in  hernia  oc- 
curring in  children  is  entirely  justified,  provided  those  methods  are  free  from 
risk.  Since  the  publication  of  this  paper  Dr.  Coley  has  written  a  mono- 
graph on  "The  Radical  Cure  of  Inguinal  and  Femoral  Hernia,"  with  a  re- 
port of  one  thousand  cases  operated  upon  between  the  years  1891  and  1902, 
which  was  published  in  the  Annals  of  Snrgery,  June,  1903,  and  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Surgical  Association  in  1903.  He  is  also  the  au- 
thor, conjointly  with  Dr.  \\'illiam  T.  Bull,  of  the  section  on  hernia  in  "Den- 
nis System  of  Surgery,"  and  also  in  "International  Text  Book  of  Surgery." 

Dr.  Coley  is  a  fellow  of  the  American  Surgical  Association,  fellow  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Association,  member  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  State  Medical  Association,  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, and  the  Harvard  Medical  Society  of  New  York,  of  which  he  was 
president  in  1902.  Socially  he  is  a  member  of  the  University,  Yale  and 
Harvard  Clubs,  and  politically  is  an  adherent  of  the  principles  of  the  Repub- 
lican party.  Dr.  Coley  married  Miss  Alice  Lancaster,  of  Newton,  Massa- 
chusetts. Their  children  were :  Bradley  Lancaster,  born  January  23, 
1892;  and  Malcolm  .Coley,  born  November  28,  1896,  died  September  23, 
1901.     Dr.  Coley's  address  is  5  Park  avenue.  New  York. 


462  COLLEGE  OF  PHySICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

RICHARD  HOOPE  CUNNINGHAM,   M.   D.— 1888. 

Dr.  Richard  H.  Cunningham,  instructor  in  electro-physiology  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city.  \\as  born  in  the  city 
of  Richmond,  Virginia.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  Hanover  Academy, 
Virginia,  and  after  pursuing  a  five  years'  course  in  that  institution  became 
a  student  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  Here  he  spent  two  years  and  was 
awarded  diplomas  in  modern  langages.  chemistry,  physics,  botany,  biology, 
zoology  and  anatomy.  Later  he  matriculated  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Virginia,  graduated  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1886.  obtaining  the  obstetrical 
prize,  and  subsec|uently  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York  city,  from  which  he  received  his  medical  degree  in  the  class  of 
1888.  The  following  two  years  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  house  staff 
of  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  New  York  city,  after  which  he  went  abroad  and 
spent  the  following  four  years  in  medical  research  under  the  competent  su- 
pervision of  Drs.  Erb,  Arnold,  Charcot,  Mendel.  Horsley,  Dejerine,  Gowers 
and  other  eminent  physicians,  devoting  special  attention  to  neurology  and 
experimental  medicine. 

In  1894  Dr.  Cunningham  returned  from  Europe  and  entered  upon  the 
oractice  of  neurology  in  Richmond,  being  also  appointed  lecturer  on  ner- 
vous and  mental  diseases  in  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  located  in  New  York  city,  and  in  addition  to  his  large  private 
practice  accepted  the  position  of  demonstrator  of  physiology  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  was  tendered  to  him  in  1897,  and  he  is 
now  connected  with  the  University  in  the  capacity  of  instructor  in  electro- 
physiology.  He  is  a  specialist  of  high  authority  on  neurotic  and  mental  dis- 
eases. Dr.  Cunningham  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Neurological  Soci- 
ety, the  American  Physiological  Society,  the  ^ledical  Society  of  Virginia, 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  iN'ew  York,  and  the  Alumni  Associa- 
tion of  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital.  He  was  united  in  marriage  to  Gertrude  Agnes 
Stillman  October  5,   1891. 

ROBERT  WILLIAM  TAYLOR.  M.   D.— 1868. 

Dr.  Robert  William  Taylor,  of  40  West  Twenty-first  street,  New  York 
city,  was  born  in  London.  England.  August  11.  1842.  He  received  his  pre- 
liminary education  at  Grace  Church  School  in  Newark.  New  Jersey,  and  this 
was  supplemented  by  a  course  of  instruction  under  the  preceptorship  of 
private  tutors  in  classics  and  foreign  languages.  Desiring  to  become  a  mem- 
htv  of  the  medical  profession,  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city  and  studied  under  the  competent  direction 
of  Professor  Willard  Parker,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  physicians  of  New 
York.  Dr.  Taylor  was  graduated  from  the  latter  named  institution  in  1868 
with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine:  he  is  a  man  that  possesses  great  zeal, 
marked  ability,  close  application  to  duty,  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
science  of  medicine,  and  through  the  exercise  of  these  qualities  he  has  ob- 
tained a  position  in  the  medical  fraternity  that  might  well  be  envie^l  by  many 
a  practitioner.     Ever  since  his  graduation  he  has  made  a  specialty  of  skin 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  463 


diseases  and  genito-iirinary  diseases ;  for  six  years  he  acted  as  surg'eon  m 
venereal  diseases  in  the  New  York  Dispensary,  and  he  was  also  the  pro- 
fessor of  skin  diseases  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont. 

Dr.  Taylor  now  acts  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon  to  Bellevue  and  the 
City  Hospital,  consulting  surgeon  to  the  French  and  Columbus  Hospital,  and 
clinical  professor  of  venereal  diseases  in  Columbia  College  since  1891.  He  is 
one  of  the  incorporated  members,  and  acts  as  treasurer  of  the  Dermatological 
Society  of  New  York,  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society  of  New 
York,  the  Neurological  Society,  the  Medical  Journal  Association,  the  Amer- 
ican Dermatological  Association,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  and 
the  Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons.  Dr.  Taylor  is  the  author  of  a 
practical  treatise  on  genito-urinary  and  venereal  diseases,  also  syphilis, 
-.idiich  was  published  in  1900  by  Lee  Brothers  &  Company,  Philadelphia. 
Pennsylvania. 

ALEXANDEI-i   EDDY   HOSACK,    M.    D.— 1824. 

Dr.  Alexander  Eddy  Hosack,  son  of  Dr.  Da\'id  and  Elizabeth  (\V'arner) 
Hosack,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  April  6.  1805.  He  was  trained  by 
private  tutory,  a  college  course  being  forbidden  him  on  account  of  his  frail 
physical  condition.  From  his  early  youth  he  had  taken  an  interest  in  medi- 
cine, and  he  gained  considerable  knowledge  of  the  science  through  his  intimate 
association  with  his  father,  who  liacl  cherished  a  desire  that  his  son  should 
succeed  him  in  the  profession.  He  subsequently  entered  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Pennsyh'ania,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
at  the  age  of  nineteen  years.  For  three  years  he  studied  in  Paris  under 
two  of  the  most  distinguished  French  practitioners.  Dupuytren  and  Amus- 
sat,  and  also  served  as  interne  in  one  of  the  principal  hospitals.  Establish- 
ing himself  in  New  York  city,  he  soon  enjoyed  an  extensi\-e  personal  prac- 
tice, and  also  busied  himself  in  various  institutions,  principallv  those  on 
Ward's  Island,  which  he  was  instrumental  in  establishing,  and  the  Marine 
Hospital,  with  which  he  was  connected  for  many  years  in  the  capacity  of 
attending  physician.  He  was  known  as  a  most  accomplished  diagnostician 
and  an  industrious  and  original  originator.  He  was  noted  as  first  in  New 
York  to  make  use  of  sulphurous  ether  as  an  anaesthetic,  which  he  repeatedly 
administered  when  performing  operations  in  cases  of  amputation  and  cal- 
culus, and  in  the  latter  of  which  he  was  specially  successful,  treating  a  vast 
number  of  patients.  In  one  notable  instance  he  removed  so  manv  as  seven- 
teen calculi  from  one  patient,  who  completely  recovered  and  was  restored 
to  a  condition  of  such  vigor  that  he  sur\-ived  all  the  nine  physicians  who 
witnessed  the  operation  upon  him. 

Dr.  Hosack  introduced  to  the  profession  an  invention  for  performing 
staphyloraphy,  and  his  device  was  subsequently  brought  to  such  a  degree 
of  perfection  as  to  be  accepted  as  of  permanent  value.  Through  a  long  con- 
tinued series  of  experiments  he  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  death  by  hang- 
ing is  painless,  the  first  pressure  of  the  cord  upon  the  neck  producing  an  ini- 


464  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS.. 

mediate  cessation  of  sensation,  and  he  pnshed  his  theory  so  far  as  to  assert 
that,  in  some  cases,  the  effect  was  actually  pleasing.  He  contributed  various 
valuable  essays  to  medical  journals  and  addresses  to  medical  societies,  m 
which  he  gave  to  the  profession  the  results  of  his  investigations.  Among 
them  were  tb.e  following:  "Description  of  an  Instrument  for  the  Tying  of 
Deep-Seated  Arteries,"  "Use  and  Advantages  of  the  Actual  Cautery,"  "Me- 
moir on  Staphyloraphy,"  "Popliteal  Aneurism  Cured  by  Compression  with  a 
New  Instrument,"  "Anaesthesia,"  "Pustule  Maligne  and  Its  Treatment," 
and  "History  of  the  Case  of  the  Late  Dr.  John  Kearney  Rodgers."  Dr. 
Hosack  died  in  Newport.  Rhode  Island,  March  2,  1871,  and  his  character 
and  attainments  are  commemorated  in  a  memorial  founded  upon  a  becjuest 
of  $70,000  made  by  his  widow. 

This  memorial  is  known  as  Hosack  Hall,  a  spacious  lecture  hall  in  t!ie 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  Upon  the  wall  is  a  tablet  bearing  the 
following  inscription  : 

HOSACK  HALL. 

As  a  Memonal 

of  her 

Husband, 

ALEXANDER  EDDY  HOSACK,  M.  D., 

This  Hall  Is  Erected  bv 

CELINE  B.  HOSACK, 

MDCCCLXXXIX. 

GEORGE  HENRY  EOX,  A.  M.,  M.  D.— 1869. 

Dr.  George  Henry  Fox  was  born  at  Ballston  Spa,  Saratoga  county, 
New  York,  October  8,  1846,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Norman  and  Jane  (Freeman) 
Fox  and  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Jehiel  Fox,  a  pioneer  Baptist  minister,  who 
organized  most  of  the  churches  of  the  Lake  George  Association.  He  pre- 
pared for  college  in  the  Rochester  Collegiate  Institute,  and  in  1863  entered 
the  University  of  Rochester.  The  following  year  he  enlisted  in  the  Seventy- 
seventh  New  York  Volunteers,  and  after  serving  eight  months  returned  to 
college,  where  he  was  graduated  with  his  class  in  1867.  He  received  his 
medical  degree  from  the  LTniversity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1869,  and  the  same 
year  was  appointed  an  interne  in  the  Philadelphia  Hospital.  In  1870  he 
went  abroad  and  for  three  years  prosecuted  his  medical  studies  in  the  uni- 
versities of  Berlin,  Vienna,  Paris  and  London.  He  returned  to  X^ew  York 
in  1874  and  the  following  year  received  the  appointment  of  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  Dispensary.  In  1877  he  became  clinical  professor  of  diseases  of 
the  skin  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  the  Ncav  York  Infirmary,  and 
two  years  later  became  clinical  professor  of  dermatology  at  Starling  Medical 
College,  Columbus,  Ohio.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  clinical  professor  of 
skin  diseases  in  the  New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which 
position  he  retains  at  the  present  time  (1903).  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
professor  in  the  Post-Graduate  A-Iedical  School  and  Hospital,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  was  vice  president. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  465 

Dr.  Fox  is  the  author  of  "Photographic  Ilkistrations  of  Skin  Diseases," 
pubhshed  in  1880,  second  edition  in  1886:  "Photographic  lUustrations  of 
Cutaneous  Syphilis,"  1881 ;  "Ilkistrated  Medicine  and  Surgery,"  1882-83; 
"Electrolysis  in  the  Removal  of  Superfluous  Hair,"  1886:  "Skin  Diseases  of 
Children,"  1897;  "Photographic  Atlas  of  Skin  Diseases,"  1900;  "Smallpox," 
illustrated,  1902.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
and  has  served  as  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New 
York  and  of  the  State  Medical  Society.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Univer- 
sity Club,  the  Psi  Upsilon  Cluli  and  the  New  York  Camera  Club,  and  as  a 
photographer  has  made  good  use  of  his  skill  in  illustrating  his  scientific  pub- 
lications. Dr.  Fox  finds  recreation  and  di\'ersion  from  his  professional  duties 
in  the  study  of  entomology  and  ornithology.  On  August  30,  1872,  Dr.  Fox 
married  Harriet  Gibbs,  daughter  of  Francis  Henry  Gibbs,  of  Nunda,  New 
York.  He  has  four  children.  The  oldest,  Dr.  George  Howard  Fox,  is  a 
graduate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons   (1898). 

WILLIAM  JOHN  GIFS.   IL   S.,   Ph.  D.— 1897. 

Dr.  William  J.  Gies,  adjunct  professor  of  physiological  chemistry  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Sin"geons  of  New  York  city,  is  of  German  descent, 
his  father,  John  Gies,  having  come  from  Germany  to  this  country  in  his 
boyhood,  and  having  subsecjuently  taken  up  his  residence  in  Reisterstown, 
Maryland,  where  William  John  Gies  was  born  February  21,  1872.  His 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  John  M.  Ensminger,  founder  and  editor  of  the 
Manhcim  Sentinel  (1846-1899). 

Dr.  Gies  was  a  pupil  in  the  public  schools  of  Reisterstown,  Maryland, 
and  of  Manheim,  Pennsylvania;  in  1888  he  graduated  from  the  Manheim 
high  school  at  the  head  of  his  class ;  the  following  year  he  entered  Pennsyl- 
vania College,  Gettysburg,  from  which  institution  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  on  the  completion  of  his  course  in  1893  and  graduated 
with  second  honor.  He  then  became  a  student  at  Yale,  and  after  a  year's 
study  at  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Philosophy.  His  name  was  on  the  honor  list  and  he  received  honorable 
mention  for  the  Belknap  prize  in  zoology  and  geology.  The  following  three 
years  were  devoted  to  graduate  studies  in  biology  at  Yale,  which  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1897,  and  the  previous  year 
Gettysburg  made  him  Master  of  Science.  In  1895  -^r.  Gies  received  the 
appointment  of  laboratory  assistant  in  zoology  at  Yale  under  Professor 
Verrill,  which  was  held  to  the  end  of  the  year.  Later  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant in  physiological  chemistry  under  Professor  Chittenden,  which  position 
was  held  until  1898.  He  also  filled  the  position  of  tutor  in  physiology  at 
the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  from  January  to  June,  during  1896,  1897  and 
1898.  During  his  course  at  Gettysburg  he  held  various  elective  positions, 
among  them  the  captaincy  of  the  baseball  team  for  two  years,  editorship 
of  Tlie  Spcetruui  and  of  the  College  Monthly.  He  was  the  founder  of  "Pen 
and  Sword  "'  In  1898  he  established  at  Gettysburg  what  are  now  known  as 
the  "Gies  Literarv  Prizes." 


466  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

In  189S  Dr.  Gies  was  appointed  instructor  of  physiological  chemistry 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  has  had  charge  of  the  prac- 
tical work  of  departmental  organization  and  laboratory  instruction,  and  the 
direction  of  research,  ever  since.  He  is  now  adjunct  professor  of  physiologi- 
cal chemistry  and  since  June  30,  1903,  has  been  the  acting  head  of  the  de- 
partment. 

He  spent  the  summer  of  1899  at  the  University  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
engaged  in  physiological  researches  with  Professors  Hugo  Kronecher  and 
Leon  Asher.  The  summers  of  1901  and  1902  were  spent  at  the  ^Marine 
Biological  Laboratory  at  Wood's  Hall,  Massachusetts,  in  biochemical  inves- 
tigations with  Professor  Jacques  Loeb  and  Dr.  Rodney  H.  True.  The  results 
of  all  these  investigations  have  been  published. 

Since  1902  Dr.  Gies  has  been  the  consulting  chemist  at  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden,  where  he  has  aided  in  organizing  the  chemical  laboratory, 
gives  instruction  in  chemical  botany  and  directs  chemico-botanical  research. 

He  is  an  active  member  of  various  national  and  foreign  scientific  socie- 
ties, is  a  charter  member  of  the  Columbia  Chapter  of  Sigma  Xi  and  is 
secretarv  of  the  Society  for  Experimental  Biology  and  Medicine.  He  has 
published  the  results  of  numerous  biochemical  researches  since  1896  and  has 
lately  issued  the  first  volume  of  reprints  of  experimental  studies  from  his 
department.  Since  1900  he  has  been  a  trustee  of  Irving  College,  Mechanics- 
burg,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  married  in  1899  to  Miss  Mabel  L.  Lark,  a 
graduate  of  Irving  College  and  for  two  years  a  graduate  student  at  Bryn 
Mawr.     He  has  one  child,  a  boy. 

CHARLES  N.   DOWD,   ]M.   D.— 1886. 

Dr.  Charles  North  Dowd,  of  135  West  Seventy-third  street.  New  York 
city,  was  born  in  New  Britain,  Connecticut.  His  parents,  Charles  F.  and 
Harriet  Miriam  (North)  Dowd,  were  descended  from  ancestors  who  were 
among  the  very  early  settlers  of  Connecticut.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
educator,  was  president  of  the  North  Granville  Ladies'  Seminary  and  after- 
wards of  the  Temple  Grove  Ladies'  Seminary  at  Saratoga  Springs,  and  was 
the  originator  of  the  system  of  standard  time  throughout  the  United  States 
which  has  been  in  use  since  1883. 

Charles  N.  Dowd  was  prepared  for  college  in  Saratoga  Springs,  and 
entered  Williams  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1879.  For  th.ree 
years  afterward  he  was  engaged  in  teaching,  and  for  a  year  studied  in  Europe. 
He  then  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city, 
and  was  graduated  with  the  class  of  1886,  taking  a  Harsen  prize  for  pro- 
ficiency at  examination.  He  served  an  interneship  in  Roosevelt  Hospital  for 
two  years  after  his  graduation,  and  on  December  i,  1888,  began  privafe 
practice  at  260  West  Fifty-seventh  street.  New  York  city.  On  May  i.  1889, 
he  removed  to  135  West  Seventy-third  street,  where  he  has  since  been  lo- 
cated. For  many  years  he  has  worked  regularly  in  general  surgery  in  the 
General  Memorial  Hospital  and  St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Children. 

Dr.  Dowd  has  been  and  is  an  industrious  teacher  in  the  line  of  his  pro- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  467 


fession.  He  was  assistant  gynecologist  and  then  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
Vanderbilt  Chnic  from  1886  to  1895;  i^^  1887  he  was  assistant  instructor  in 
histology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  and  since  1898  he  has 
occupied  the  position  of  instructor  in  surgery  in  the  same  institution.  He 
nas  been  assistant  surgeon  and  then  attending  surgeon  in  the  General  Memor- 
ial Hospital  from  1890  to  the  present  time,  and  in  St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital 
for  Children  from   1894  to  the  present  time. 

He  has  published  in  professional  journals  many  articles  on  surgical  sub- 
jects, and  among  them  the  following:  "Fibrous  Mammary  Tumors,"  Nezu 
York  Medical  Record,  April  16,  1892.  "An  Apparatus  for  the  Steriliza- 
tion of  Catgut,"  Ibid.,  December,  1892.  "Wound  Treatment,"  an  article  in 
Flandbook  of  Medical  Sciences  (supplement),  1893.  "Different  Types  of 
Exudative  Inflammation,"  Kczi'  York  Medical  Record,  September,  1894. 
"Cleft  Hand :  Report  of  a  Case  Successfully  Treated  by  the  Use  of  Periostal 
Flaps,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  August.  1896.  "A  Plastic  Operation  for  Restor- 
ing the  Lower  Lip,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  February  20,  1897.  "Is 
Pain  a  Valuable  Sign  in  the  Diagnosis  of  Cancer  of  the  Breast?"  N^ezv  York 
Medical  Record.  August  7,  1897.  "The  Submaxillary  Part  of  the  Opera- 
tion for  Epithelioma  of  the  Lip,"  Nezc  York  Medical  Record,  December  23, 
1899.  "Epithelioma  of  the  Tongue,"  International  Journal  of  Surgery,  Oc- 
tober, 1900.  "Strangulated  Hernia  in  Infants,  with  Rqjorts  of  Cases,"  arti- 
cles in  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  May,  1897.  and  April,  1898,  and  Nezv  York 
Medical  Record,  October,  1901.  "Facial  Angiomata  Successfully  Treated 
by  Electrolysis,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  January,  1898.  "Tubercular  Cer- 
vical Lvmph  Nodes,"  a  study  based  on  thirty-six  cases  submitted  to  opera- 
tion, Annals  of  Surgery,  jMay,  1899.  "The  Etiology  of  Mesenteric  Cysts," 
Annals  of  Surgery,  October,  1900.  "Gangrenous  Intussusception  in  a  Child 
Four  Years  Old,  Intestinal  Resection,  Recovery,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  July, 
1902.  "Surgical  Treatment  of  Empyema,"  a  report  based  on  seventy-five 
cases  observed  chiefly  in  St.  Mary's  Hospital  for  Children,  Nez^'  York  Medi- 
cal  Ncii's.  September,  1902.  "Intussusception,"  article  in  Reference  Hand- 
book of  the  ■Medical  Sciences,  1902.  "Tubercular  Femoral,  Inguinal  and  Iliac 
Lymph  Nodes  Secondary  to  Foot  Wounds,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  May,  1903, 
To  the  above  might  be  added  numerous  reports  of  surgical  cases  printed  in 
the  transactions  of  the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  in  the  Annals  of  Surgery. 

Dr,  Dowd  is  a  member  of  the  leading  professional  associations,  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  in  which  he  was  formerly  chairman  of  the 
surgical  section;  the  Surgical  Society,  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society, 
of  which  he  is  the  present  president ;  the  Roosevelt  Hospital  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation and  the  West  End  Medical  Society,  of  each  of  which  he  was  formerly 
president:  the  Hospital  Graduate  Club  and  the  Harlem  Medical  Association, 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Century  Club  of  the  Williams  College  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation, and  of  Williams  College  Chapter,  Alpha  Delta  Psi,  He  was 
married  June  16,  1891,  to  Miss  Eleanor  R.  Bliss,  daughter  of  Hon.  Archi- 
bald Bliss,  of  Brooklyn.  She  died  November  23,  1898,  leaving  one  child, 
Constance. 


468  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

GEORGE  FREDERICK  SHRADY,   M.   D.— 1858. 

Dr.  George  Frederick  Shrady  was  born  January  14,  1837,  in  New  York 
city,  and  is  a  son  of  John  and  Margaret  Shrady.  He  is  descended  from  an 
oki  New  York  family.  Both  his  grandfathers  were  soldiers  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  and  his  father  served  in  the  war  of  1812. 

He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York.  In  1858  he  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  Columbia  University,  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
The  same  year  he  was  awarded,  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  the  Wood  inter-col- 
legiate prize  for  proficiency  in  anatomy.  In  1857  and  1858  he  was  resident 
surgeon  in  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  is  now  consulting  surgeon  to  St. 
Francis'  Hospital,  to  the  Columbus  Hospital,  New  York ;  the  Home  for  In- 
curables, Fordham,  New  York;  the  General  Memorial  Hospital,  the  Red 
Cross  Hospital,  New  York;  and  the  Vassar  Hospital,  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York.  He  is  consulting  physician  in  chief  to  the  hospitals  of  the  New  York 
health  department,  and  was  for  ten  years  one  of  the  managers  of  the  Hud- 
son River  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  During  the  Civil  war  he  served 
as  acting  assistant  surgeon,  United  States  army,  on  duty  at  the  Central  Park 
Hospital,  New  York.  Later  he  was  detailed  to  field  duty  on  the  operating 
corps. 

Dr.  Shradv  attended  General  Grant  in  his  last  illness,  and  by  his  ability 
greatly  alleviated  the  sufferer's  last  hours.  In  the  celebrated  case  of  the  late 
Emperor  Frederick  of  Germany,  Sir  Morell  Mackenzie  was  in  almost  con- 
stant cable  communication  with  Dr.  Shrady,  consulting  with  him  on  all  the 
important  changes  of  symptoms.  As  surgical  pathologist  he  assisted  Dr. 
Bliss  in  the  care  of  President  Garfield,  and  on  behalf  of  the  stafT  made  a  re- 
port to  the  profession  and  the  public  on  the  results  of  the  autopsy.  He  was 
present  at  the  autopsy  of  Guiteau,  the  assassin  of  President  Garfield,  and  as- 
sisted in  determining  some  points  connected  with  the  supposed  existence  of 
insanity  in  that  criminal.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  oue  of  the  medical 
experts  to  attend  the  execution  of  Kemmler,  the  first  to  suffer  electrocution, 
and  at  that  time  condemned  the  method  in  unqualified  terms.  Dr.  Shrady 
is  considered  a  high  authority  on  subjects  connected  with  general  surgery 
and  has  a  large  private  practice. 

He  is  a  well  known  writer,  and  has  an  established  reputation  as  an 
editor.  He  has  contributed  extensively  to  medical  journals,  and  was  for 
several  years  one  of  the  editors  of  the  American  Medical  Times.  When 
the  Medical  Record  was  founded,  in  1866,  he  was  chosen  its  editor  in  chief, 
and  has  served  as  such  for  thirty-seven  years.  In  addition  to  various  original 
articles  on  surgery,  he  contributed  to  its  columns,  in  1879,  the  widely  quoted 
"Pine  Ridge  Papers,"  satirical  and  witty  treatises  on  charlatan  medical  prac- 
titioners. 

Dr.  Shrady  has  been  president  of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society, 
the  American  Medical  Editors'  Association,  and  the  Practitioners'  Society 
of  New  York.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  and  New  York  Academies 
of  Medicine,  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and  other  scientific  and 
professional  associations,  in  addition  to  being  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNL  469 

and  Ardsley  Clubs.  Dr.  Shrady  married,  in  i860.  ]\Iary  Lewis,  of  New 
York  city,  who  died  in  1883.  and  in  1888  he  married  Hester  Ellen  Cantine, 
of  Ulster  county.  New  York.  He  has  three  sons  and  one  daughter.  Dr. 
Shrady's  New  York  address  is  8  East  Sixty-sixth  street. 

FRANCIS  DELAFIELD,  \L  D.— 1863. 

Francis  Delafield  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  August  3,  1841, 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  Edward  Delafield  and  Julia  Floyd.  His  father  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Association  of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  and  one  of  its  most  active  and  liberal  supporters. 

Francis  Delafield  was  educated  at  Yale,  graduating  in  i860,  after  which 
he  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  graduated 
in  1863.  He  continued  his  medical  studies  in  Europe.  The  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  by  Yale  College  in  1890.  During  his  long 
and  active  professional  life,  in  connection  with  his  practice.  Dr.  Delafield  has 
filled  the  following  offices:  Curator  to  Bellevue  Hospital.  t866:  visiting 
surgeon,  1875-1886,  and  consulting  physician  since  1886:  surgeon  and  con- 
sulting physician  to  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary ;  consulting  physician 
to  St.  ]\Ia'ry's  Hospital:  adjunct  professor,  1876,  and  later,  1882,  professor 
of  pathology  and  practice  of  medicine  in  New  York  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  is  now  emeritus  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine. 

As  a  pathologist,  as  well  as  a  practicing  and  consulting  physician,  Dr. 
Delafield  enjoys  an  enviable  reputation  both  in  this  country  and  abroad. 
His  "Studies  in  Pathological  Anatomy"  is  regarded  by  his  professional 
brethren  as  a  standard  work  of  reference.  His  earlier  work  is  "Handbook 
of  Post-mortem  Examinations  and  Alorbid  Anatomy,"  which,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Dr.  T.  Ivlitchell  Prudden,  he  made  the  basis  of  his  notable 
"Handbook  of  Pathological  Anatomy  and  Histology."  He  has  also  written 
a  "Manual  of  Physical  Diagnosis,"  and  several  other  valuable  contributions 
to  medical  literature,  including  especially  important  papers  on  "Renal  Dis- 
eases," "Inflammation  of  the  Colon,"  etc. 

Dr.  Delafield  is  a  member  of  the  Century,  City,  Metropolitan,  Riding 
and  Yale  clubs,  the  Yale  Alumni  Association,  the  Association  of  the  Alumni 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  New  Pathological  Society,  the  State  Medical  Society,  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of 
Widows  and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men,  and  of  the  Physicians'  Alutual  Aid 
Association. 

FREDERICK   PETERSON,    M.    D.— 1879. 

Dr.  Frederick  Peterson  was  born  March  i,  1859.  in  Faribault,  Minne- 
sota, and  is  the  son  of  John  Frederick  and  Hilma  (Lindholm)  Peterson. 
He  was  educated  at  high  school  and  by  private  tutors  in  Buft'alo  and  in  Ger- 
many. In  1879  he  graduated  from  the  medical  school  of  the  University  of 
Buft'alo,  and  was  professor  of  patholog}-  in  this  school  after  his  return  from 
Germanv  for  several  years.  He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philos- 
ophy from  the  LTniversity  of  Niagara. 


470  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

He  is  chief  of  clinic  and  instructor  in  nervous  and  mental  diseases  in  the 
New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  ex-professor  of  insan- 
ity in  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  the  New  York  Infirmary.  He  is 
ex-president  of  the  New  York  Neurological  Society,  of  the  board  of  man- 
agers of  the  Craig  Colony  for  Epileptics,  and  president  of  the  New  York 
State  Commission  in  Lunacy.  Dr.  Peterson  married,  April  3.  1895,  An- 
toinette Rotan.     His  address  is  4  West  Fiftieth  street,  New  York  city. 

CHARLES  HOWARD  PECK,  M.  D.— 1892. 

Dr.  Charles  H.  Peck  was  born  in  Newtown,  Connecticut,  June  18, 
1870.  the  son  of  Captain  A.  W.  Peck,  who  commanded  a  company  of  the 
Seventeenth  Connecticut  Volunteers  throughout  the  Civil  war.  and  whose 
family  have  resided  in  Newtown  for  upward  of  five  generations ;  and  I^ouisa 
W.  (Booth)  Peck,  also  of  old  New  England  ancestry,  formerly  residing  in 
Bridgeport,  Connecticut. 

Dr.  Peck's  boyhood  was  passed  upon  the  farm,  his  education  being  re- 
ceived at  the  Newtown  Academy.  He  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  wdiich  lie  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1892.  being  the  winner  of  the  first  Harsen  prize  of  five  hundred  dol- 
lars for  proficiency  in  his  studies.  In  July.  1892.  he  was  appointed  interne 
in  the  medical  division  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  serving  as  such  for  eigh- 
teen months,  and  after  a  second  competitive  examination  served  on  the 
first  surgical  division  of  the  same  institution  from    fanuarv,    1894,  to  Julv, 

^895- 

He  commenced  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city, 

devoting  most  of  his  time  and  attention  to  general  surgery,  and  from  July, 
1895,  to  January,  1898,  served  as  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the  out-patient  de- 
partment of  the  Hudson  Street  Hospital.  Since  March,  1897,  he  has  been 
attending  surgeon  to  the  French  Hospital,  and  since  July  i,  1900,  has  been 
assistant  instructor  of  operative  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Hospital  Alumni 
Association,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York  Surgical 
Society,  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  County  Aledical  Association-  and 
the  Greater  New  York  Medical  Association.  On  September  2,  1896,  Dr. 
Peck  married  Miss  Betsy  F.  Chaffee,  daughter  of  the  late  A.  B.  Chaffee,  of 
Montreal,  Canada.  Their  children  are  Charles  Howard,  Jr.,  and  Nelson 
C.  Peck.     They  reside  at  37  West  Forty-eighth  street,  New  York. 

JULIUS   HAYDEN   WOODWARD.   B.   S..   M.   D.— 1882. 

Dr.  Julius  H.  Woodward  was  born  in  Castleton,  Vermont,  May  31, 
1858,  the  son  of  Adrian  T.  and  Lois  C.  (June)  Woodward,  the  former 
named  being  a  successful  physician  of  Brandon,  Vermont,  and  the  latter  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  toAvn  of  Brandon,  Vermont. 
Theodore^  Woodward,  grandfather  of  Dr.  Woodward,  was  a  prominent 
physician  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine,, 
then  the  principal  medical  school  of  New  England. 


(^^^L^  i¥"^2c^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  471 

Dr.  Woodward  prepared  for  college  in  the  Brandon  graded  schools 
and  in  Norwich  University,  later  entered  Cornell  University,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1879,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science.  Three 
years  later  he  was  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York,  winning  the  third  Harsen  prize  for  proficiency,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  received  his  medical  degree  from  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Vermont.  After  serving  an  interneship  of  twenty  months 
in  Bellevue  Hospital  Dr.  Woodward  returned  to  Vermont,  and  commenced 
the  active  practice  of  his  profession  at  Brandon.  Vermont,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  his  father.  In  1886  he  studied  diseases  of  the  eye  under  Professor 
J.  Hirschberg  in  Berlin  and  upon  his  return  to  this  country  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  the  University  of  Vermont ;  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  from  1887  to  1893  inclusive, 
professor  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  from  1889  to  1898.  also  professor  of 
diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat  for  a  portion  of  this  period.  In  January, 
1887,  Dr.  Woodward  removed  to  Burlington.  Vermont,  where  his  prac- 
tice was  confined  especially  to  the  eye.  ear.  nose  and  throat :  he  was  ophthal- 
mic surgeon  of  the  JNIary  Fletcher  Hospital  of  Burlington  and  also  oph- 
thalmic surgeon  of  the  Fannie  Allen  Hospital.  In  November.  1897,  he 
removed  to  New  York  city,  established  an  ofifice  at  58  West  Fortieth  street, 
and  in  addition  to  his  large  private  practice  acted  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon 
to  the  Metropolitan  Throat  Hospital,  and  the  New  York  Nose  and  Throat 
Hospital  for  a  short  period  of  time. 

Dr.  Woodward  has  contributed  many  papers  and  brochures  upon  the 
eye,  ear.  nose  and  throat,  the  principal  ones  being :  "The  Medico  Legal 
Relations  of  Vision  and  Audition  and  of  Injuries  to  the  Eve  and  Ear." 
constituting  eight  chapters  of  the  third  volume  of  Whitthaus  &  Becker's 
"Medical  Jurisprudence,  Forensic  jMedicine  and  Toxicolog}-."'  He  has  also 
delivered  many  lectures  before  the  various  medical  societies  with  which 
he  is  connected.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Nr.w  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
the  Alumni  Society  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  the  Societe  Francaise  d'Ophthal- 
mologie,  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  Medical  Union, 
and  the  Rutland  County.  Vermont.  Medical  and  Surgical  Society.  He 
takes  particular  interest  in  athletics,  fencing,  hunting  and  fishing  during  his 
hours  of  rest  and  recreation.  On  May  25,  1883,  in  New  York  city.  Dr. 
Woodward   was   united   in   marriage  to  Miss   Laura   F.   Nelson. 

JOHN  EDWIN  STILLWELL,   M.  D.— 1836. 

John  Edwin  Stillwell,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  son  of  William  Stillwell.  M.  D.,  by 
his  wife  Hannah  Seabrook,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  July  25,  1813,  where 
he  died  November  26,  1873.  He  was  seventh  in  descent  from  Lieutenant 
Nicholas  Stillwell.  the  founder  of  the  family  in  America,  who  settled  in 
New  Amsterdam  about  1638,  and  became  famous  in  the  early  history  of  this 
region.  Dr.  Stillwell.  through  his  paternal  and  maternal  lines,  descended 
from  ten  of  the  first  settlers  of  this  country,  and  from  twentv  who  held 
official  positions  of  trust  and  responsibiliy  during  the  colonial  and  revolu- 


4/2  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4XS  AND  SURGEONS. 

tionary  periods.  His  father,  Dr.  ^^"illiam  Stillwell,  born  in  1768,  was  one 
of  New  York's  most  successful  practitioners :  his  great-grandfather.  Dr. 
Stephen  TaUman,  born  in  1702,  was  equally  well  known  in  Monmouth 
county,  New  Jersey,  and  his  great-great-grandfather.  Dr.  James  Tallman, 
born  about  1670,  was  one  of  the  earliest  medical  men  of  Rhode  Island. 

John  E.  Stillwell  was  graduated  from  Columbia  College  in  1832.  and 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1836.  His  student  life 
was  passed  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Smith,  and  upon  his  gradua- 
tion he  became  an  interne  of  the  old  New  York  Hospital.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  ^Market  street,  subsequently  moved  to  Pitt  street,  later  to  East  Broad- 
way, when  it  was  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  finally  to  East  Twelfth  street, 
all  in  New  York.  In  the  course  of  years  he  amassed  a  business  of  enor- 
mous proportions,  not  infrequently  ministering  to  seventy-five  persons  a 
day,  then  possible  because  of  the  restricted  size  of  the  city  and  the  concen- 
tration of  work  to  limited  areas.  This  is  all  the  more  remarkable,  as  he 
was  best  known  as  an  accoucheur,  the  most  time-consuming  of  all  the 
departments  of  medicine.  To  save  time  it  was  his  custom,  as  his  calls  lay 
near  each  other,  to  have  his  carriage  follow  his  footsteps  rather  than  to 
drive,  and  it  was  only  used  for  distant  work. 

For  many  years  he  was  one  of  the  visiting  physicians  to  the  Eastern 
Dispensary,  when  it  was  deemed  one  of  the  city  hospitals.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  East  River  Medical  Association,  a  member  of 
the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, a  member  of  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans, 
etc.,  etc. 

Dr.  Stillwell,  without  excqjtion,  was  a  man  of  the  fewest  words  who 
ever  practiced  medicine.  His  power  of  condensation,  his  lucidity  and  direct- 
ness of  expression,  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  lengthen  a  conversation. 
His  brevity,  however,  caused  him  to  be  misunderstood,  and  he  was  accused 
of  a  hauteur  entirely  foreign  to  him.  As  a  matter  of  fact  his  goodness  of 
heart  and  thoughtfulness  never  permitted  him  to  utter  a  hasty  or  unkind 
word,  and  he  ever  stood  as  an  apologist  for  many  of  mankind.  He  finally 
succumbed  to  the  strain  of  medical  practice,  and  died  after  a  year  or  .more 
of  enforced  retirement.  On  the  17th  of  ]\Iarch,  1844,  he  married  Elizabeth 
Gillies,  b}-  whom  he  had  three  daughters,  and  one  son,  the  present  Dr.  lohn 
E.   Stilhvell,   of   New   York. 

WTLLIAM  EDGAR  STILLWELL,  ^I.  D.— 1830. 

William  Edgar  Stillwell,  M.  D.,  also  a  son  of  William  Stillwell,  :\I.  D., 
by  his  wife  Hannah  Seabrook,  was  born  in  the  cit}-  of  New  York,  j\Iarch 
14,  1807,  where  he  died  February  6,  1867.  He  was  a  student  in  the  office 
of  Dr.  Joseph  ]\I.  Smith,  and  a  graduate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York  city,  in  1830.  He  became  the  assistant  of  his  father. 
Dr.  William  Stillwell,  and  later  his  successor.  He  was  successfully  estab- 
lished in  Roosevelt  street,  Oliver  street.  Tenth  street,  and  finally  at  315 
Second  avenue,  his  removals  being  necessitated  by  the  constantly  changing 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  473 

residential  parts  of  the  city.  In  1832  he  became  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Count}'-  Medical  Society.  Dr.  Stillwell  was  a  man  of  great  self-reliance 
and  an  able  practitioner.  His  manner  was  dignitied  and  suave,  and  he 
built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  In  1843  he  married  Lydia  A. 
Ostrander,  by  whom  he  had  two   daughters  and  one  son. 

THADDEUS  HALSTED  MYERS.  M.  D.— 1885. 

Dr.  Thaddeus  Halsted  Myers,  of  New  York  city,  is  a  representative  on 
the  paternal  side  of  a  German  family,  the  founder  of  the  American  branch 
having  come  to  America  in  17 10  with  the  second  Palatinate  emigration, 
settling  first  in  New  Jersey  and  subsequently  in  Middletown,  New  York. 
Various  members  of  the  Myers  family  served  in  the  continental  army 
during  the  Revolutionary  war.  On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Myers  is  of 
English  descent,  the  emigrant  ancestor,  Timothy  Halsted,  having  settled  in 
Hempstead,  Long  Island,  in  1657.  John  Kirtland  Myers,  father  of  Dr. 
Myers,  was  prominent  in  the  mercantile  and  financial  world  of  New  York, 
having  been  at  one  time  connected  with  the  firm  of  Halsted,  Haines  &  Com- 
pany, and  later  president  of  the  Pacific  Mutual  Insurance  Company.  He 
married  Sarah  Louise  Halsted. 

Thaddeus  Halsted  Myers,  son  of  John  Kirtland  and  Sarah  Louise 
(Halsted)  Myers,  was  born  August  31.  1859,  in  Yonkers.  New  York, 
where  he  attended  the  public  schools  of  the  town,  afterward  becoming 
a  student  at  the  Williston  Seminary  at  Easthampton,  Massachusetts.  In  1877 
he  entered  the  academic  department  of  Yale  University,  graduating  in  the 
class  of  1881,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Deciding  to  devote 
himself  to  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  pursued  his  preparatory  studies  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  Henry  B.  Sands  and  Dr.  William  S.  Halsted,  and  later 
entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which 
institution  he  graduated  in  the  class  of  1885.  After  serving  for  eighteen 
months  on  the  surgical  staff  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  as  house  surgeon 
at  the  New  York  Foundling  Hospital  for  one  year.  Dr.  jNIyers  entered 
upon  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city. 

About  the  time  of  beginning  private  practice  Dr.  Myers  took  charge  of 
the  surgical  class  in  the  Presbyterian  Dispensary,  and  also  of  a  class  in 
general  medicine  at  the  Roosevelt  Dispensary,  becoming  at  the  same  time 
assistant  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Orthopedic  Dispensary  and  Hospital. 
In  1890  Dr.  flyers  was  elected  attending  orthopedic  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's 
Hospital,  which  position  he  still  holds.  The  following  year  he  was  made 
consulting  orthopedic  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Ljang-in  Hospital,  in  1892 
consulting  orthopedic  surgeon  to  the  House  of  Annunciation,  receiving  in 

1894  the  same  appointment  to  St.  John's  Riverside  Hospital  in  Yonkers, 
and   in    1896   to  All    Souls'    Hospital    in   Morristown.      He   was   elected   in 

1895  orthopedic  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Foundling  Hospital.  His  con- 
nection with  the  New  York  Orthopedic  Hospital  and  Dispensar}^  began 
in  1893.  when  he  was  elected  attending  surgeon,  becoming,  in  1898,  assistant 
to  the  surgeon  in  chief,  and  receiving,  on  his  resignation  from  active  service, 
in   1899,  the  appointment  of  consulting  surgeon. 


474  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Dr.  Meyers'  specialty  is  orthopedic  surgery,  on  the  various  brandies 
of  which  science  he  has  written  a  numl^er  of  vahiable  papers,  the  titles  of 
which  are  given,  with  references  to  the  works  in  which  they  are  included : 
Articles  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association,  Vol. 
2;  "Prognosis  of  Pressure  Paralysis,"  ibid..  Vol.  3;  "Potts  Disease  and 
Pregnancy."  ibid..  Vol.  4;  "Lateral  Dislocation  of  the  Knee-joint  due  to 
Tubercular  Disease,  or  Paralysis  with  Especial  Reference  to  Mechanical 
Treatment,"  ibid.,  Vol.  5;  "A  New  Fixation  Splint,"  ibid..  Vol.  5;  "Forcible 
Correction  of  Club-foot  by  Double  Lever  Stretching  Apparatus,"  ibid..  Vol. 
6;  "Some  Clinical  Aspects  of  Rickets,"  American  Lancet,  June.  1892; 
"Treatment  of  Congenital  Dislocation  of  the  Hip,"  Transactions  of  the 
American  Orthopechc  Association,  Vol.  7;  "Spasmodic  Wry  Neck  with  Es- 
pecial Reference  to  Conium  and  Atropine  in  its  Treatment,"  ibid..  Vol.  8; 
"Congenital  Dislocation  of  the  Femur,  with  presentation  of  a  case  cured," 
Transactions  of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  1896;  "Excavation  of 
the  Astragalus  for  Inveterate  Club-foot,"  American  Medico-Surgical  Bul- 
letin, June  15,  1894;  "Mechanical  Therapeutics  as  Applied  to  Certain  Forms 
of  Infantile  Paralysis  Affecting  the  Lower  Extremities.''  Medico-Surgical 
Bulletin,  March.  1892 ;  "A  New  Automatic  Traction  Hip  Splint,"  Trans- 
actions of  the  Orthopedic  Section  of  the  New  York  .\cademy  of  ^ledicine. 
March  2.  1891  ;  and  the  following  articles,  all  of  which  are  to  be  found 
in  the  Annual  of  Universal  Medical  Sciences  for  1888:  "Bronchitis," 
"Emphysema."  "Atalectasis."  "Broncho-Pneumonia  in  Children"  and 
"Pleurisy."  In  the  Medical  News  of  May  27.  1899,  were  published  two 
articles  entitled :  "The  Treatment  of  Fracture  of  the  Neck  of  the  Femur" 
and  "Acute  Joint  Diseases  of  Infancy;"  also  one  on  "Non-Tubercular  In- 
flammation of  the  Spine."  Dr.  Myers  assisted  Dr.  William  P.  Northrup  in 
editing  the  first  and  second  American  editions  of  Ashley  and  Wright's 
"Diseases  of  Children."  having  charge  of  the  surgical  department. 

Dr.  Myers  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Society,  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the 
New  York  Pathological  Society,  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Society,  the  Lenox 
Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  Greater  New  York,  in  all  of.  which 
he  is  an  active  participant.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Century.  University, 
Yale  Clubs,  and  Richmond  Hill  Golf  Club.  His  fondness  for  fishing  and 
other  outdoor  sports  is  one  of  his  prominent  characteristics.  In  politics 
Dr.  Meyers  is  a  Republican,  and  belongs  to  St.  Thomas'  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church.  Dr.  Myers  married.  October  6.  1897,  Miss  Sarah  Hawley, 
of  New  York  and  Rodgerville.  Connecticut,  and  is  the  father  of  one  son, 
Halsted  Hawley  Myers. 

WILLIAM   STEPHEN   STONE,  M.   D.— 1891. 

Dr.  William  Stephen  Stone  was  born  May  3,  1867.  in  New  Britain, 
Connecticut,  and  is  the  son  of  Jay  S.  and  Ann  Eliza  (W'arner)  Stone.  The 
former  is  a  graduate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia 
University.        Dr.    Stone   received   his   preparatory   education    in   the   public 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  475 

schools  of  liis  native  place,  and  in  18S8  graduated  from  Yale  University  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University,  from  which  he  received,  in 
1891,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  graduation  he  served  as 
interne  for  eighteen  months  in  the  Chambers  Street  Hospital,  for  one  year 
in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  for  three  months  in  the  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital.  Since  January  i,  1894,  he  has  been  engaged  in  private  practice, 
devoting  himself  chiefly  to  gynecology  and  obstetrics.  In  1895  ^^  filled  the 
position  of  alumni  fellow  in  pathology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  was  also  assistant  in  the  department  of  the  diseases  of  women  of 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic.  In  1896  he  was  appointed  instructor  in  gynecology 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  a  position  which  he  still  holds. 
He  is  assistant  attending  gynecologist  to  the  General  Memorial  Hospital, 
and  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Society  of  the  New  York  Lying-in  Hospital. 

Dr.  Stone  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  articles  on  gynecology,  which 
have  ap])eared  in  the  Ncz^'  York  Medical  Journal,  and  in  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Obstetrics  ami  Diseases  of  Women.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Pathological  Society,  the 
Obstetrical  Societ}',  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  the  alumni  as- 
sociations of  the  New  York,  the  Roosevelt,  and  the  Sloane  Maternity  hos- 
pitals.    He  belongs  to  the  Yale  and  the  Externe  Clubs. 

Dr.  Stone  married,  June  12,  1896,  in  New  York  city,  Hermine  de 
Siron,  of  Brussels,  Belgium ;  they  have  no  children.  Mrs.  Stone  is  a  grad- 
uate of  St.  Luke's  Hospital  Training  School  for  Nurses,  and  a  member  of 
St.  Luke's  A-lumna;  Association.  She  was  one  of  those  who  tendered  their 
services  to  the  government  during  the  Spanish-American  war,  and  served 
for  ten  weeks  as  a  nurse  in  the  Sternberg  Hospital  at  Chickamauga.  The 
residence  of  Dr.  Stone  is  at  1730  Broadway. 

CHARLES  ALBERT  ELSBERG,  A.  B.,  M.  D.— 1893. 

Dr.  Charles  Albert  Elsberg,  of  New  York  city,  was  born  August  24, 
1 87 1,  in  New  York,  a  son  of  Albert  and  Rebecca  (Moses)  Elsberg,  the 
former  being  a  prominent  merchant  of  the  city  of  New  York,  where  his 
death  occurred  in  1891.  Dr.  Louis  Elsberg  was  a  celebrated  laryngologist. 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1885,  was  president  of  the  Laryngological 
Society  and  professor  of  laryngology  at  the  New  York  Uiiiversity  and 
Polyclinic. 

Charles  Albert  Elsberg  acc^uired  his  preliminary  education  in  public 
school  No.  70,  located  on  Seventy-fifth  street,  New  York.  He  then  entered 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1890 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1893.  He  was  awarded  the  Harsen 
general  prize  of  five  hundred  dollars,  he  being  the  first  in  his  class;  he 
also  obtained  the  Harsen  clinical  prize  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  Im- 
mediately  after   his   graduation   he   served   an   interneship  of   two   years   in 


476  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  New  York,  after  which  he  studied  abroad  for  one 
year.  Upon  liis  return  he  estabhshed  an  office  in  New  York  city,  where  he 
has  since  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  surgery.  In  addition  to  his  pri- 
vate practice  he  was  actively  connected  with  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital 
for  three  months,  was  assistant  pathologist  at  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital  for  two 
years,  attending  surgeon  to  the  out-patient  department  for  one  year,  and 
since  then  adjunct  attending  surgeon  to  the  same  institution.  He  also  acts 
in  the  same  capacity  at  the  Montefiore  Hospital. 

Dr.  Elsberg  has  writen  several  articles  on  surgical  subjects,  among 
them  being  "Experimental  Investigation  of  the  Treatment  of  Wounds  of 
the  Heart  by  Means  of  Suture  of  the  Heart  Muscle,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Journal  of  Experimental  Medicine  in  1898,  and  translated  into 
various  foreign  languages.  Dr.  Elsberg  is  a  fellow  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  County 
Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Pathological 
Society,  the  Alumni  Society  of  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  the  Alumni  of 
Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  etc. 

RUDOLPH   OTTO  BORN,   M.   D.— 1877. 

Dr.  Rudolph  O.  Born,  professor  of  ophthalmology  at  the  New  York 
Polyclinic,  was  born  in  Burg,  by  Magdeburg,  Germany,  July  31,  1853.  His 
early  education  was  acquired  in  the  gymnasium  of  his  native  town,  and  from 
1872  to  1875  he  was  a  student  in  the  Berlin  Medical  College  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin.  He  then  came  to  the  United  States  and  during  the  winter 
of  1875  ^"d  1876  acted  in  the  capacity  of  assistant  in  St.  Francis'  Hospital, 
after  which  he  pursued  a  course  of  study  for  one  winter  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he  re- 
ceived his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  the  class  of  1877.  Eor  three 
years  after  his  graduation  Dr.  Born  was  connected  with  the  Ophthalmic 
and  Aural  Institute  as  interne,  and  since  that  time  he  has  filled  the  position 
of  assistant  surgeon  and  surgeon  of  the  same  institution,  his  time  being 
devoted  entirely  to  ophthalmology.  He  is  also  the  professor  of  ophthal- 
mology in  the  New  York  Polyclinic  Medical  School  and  Hospital.  Dr. 
Born  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  German  Medical  Society,  and  the  Greater  New  York 
Medical  Society.  On  March  12,  1901,  Dr.  Born  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Josephine  Houghtaling,  of  New  York  city.  His  address  is  23  West 
Thirty-fifth  street.  New  York. 

WALDRON  BURRITT  VANDERPOEL,  M.  D.— 1879. 

Dr.  Waldron  Burritt  Vanderpoel,  of  New  York  city,  is  a  representative, 
on  the  paternal  side,  of  an  old  Knickerbocker  family,  the  first  ancestor  hav- 
ing emigrated  early  in  the  seventeenth  century  from  the  old  city  of  Amster- 
dam, in  Holland,  to  the  little  city  of  New  Amsterdam,  which  formed  the 
capital  of  the  province  of  New  Netherland.     The  Vanderpoel   family  may 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  A77 

still  be  found  in  the  ancient  city  across  the  sea,  and  on  this  side  of  the 
ocean  the  American  branch  has  remained  in  its  first  home,  through  all  the 
changes  of  three  centuries,  and  was  represented  in  the  earlj'  decades  of  the 
nineteenth  century  by  Jacob  Vanderpoel,  grandfather  of  Dr.  Vanderpoel. 
On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Vanderpoel  is  descended  from  Caledonian  ancestry, 
his  mother's  father  having  been  Benjamin  Waldron,  a  native  of  Scotland. 

Jacob  Vanderpoel,  son  of  the  former  bearer  of  that  name,  was  in 
business  in  New  York  city  until  1857,  when  he  retired,  and  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life  devoted  his  attention  to  his  extensive  real  estate  inter- 
ests. Mr.  Vanderpoel,  while  all  his  life  interested  in  public  affairs,  and 
at  one  time  urged  to  accept  the  nomination  as  mayor  of  this  city  on  a  citi- 
zens' ticket,  yet  steadfastly  refused  to  hold  office  of  any  kind.  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  he  reluctantly  accepted  the  office  of  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation from  Mayor  \A'ickham,  and  later  that  of  dock  commissioner  from 
Mayor  Ely.  He  married  Catharine  Ann  Waldron,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Waldron,  mentioned  above. 

Waldron  Burritt  Vanderpoel,  son  of  Jacob  and  Catharine  Ann  (Wal- 
dron) Vanderpoel,  was  born  August  16,  1854,  in  New  York  citj',  and  was 
prepared  for  college  at  Phillips  Academy,  in  Andover,  Massachusetts,  where 
he  graduated  in  1872;  he  entered  Yale  University,  but  almost  immediately 
left,  owing  to  a  change  in  his  plans  which  caused  him  to  spend  what  would 
have  been  the  Freshman  year  in  European  travel.  On  his  return,  in  the 
fall  of  1873,  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  in  Dartmouth  College,  gradu- 
ating in  June,  1876,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  in  the  autumn  of 
1876,  with  Dr.  Willard  Parker  as  preceptor,  and  the  following  year  con- 
tinued his  studies  under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  Francis  Deerfield,  thus  enjoy- 
ing, during  his  career  as  a  student,  exceptional  advantages  in  the  pre- 
ceptors whose  instruction  he  was  privileged  to  receive.  Dr.  Vanderpoel 
graduated  February  28,  1879,  ^"d  on  the  ist  of  the  following  April  en- 
tered Bellevue  Hospital,  where  he  finished  his  service  as  house  surgeon. 
April  I,  188 1.  In  November,  1879,  Dr.  Vanderpoel  commenced  private 
practice  at  his  present  address,  106  East  Twenty-fourth  street,  since  which 
he  has  advanced  step  by  step  to  the  leading  position  which  he  now  oc- 
cupies. 

From  June,  1881,  to  1893,  Dr.  Vanderpoel  acted  as  attending  physician 
at  the  DeMilt  Dispensary,  and  in  June,  1882,  received  the  appointment  of 
visiting  neurologist  at  Randall's  Island  Hospital,  becoming,  ir  March,  1884. 
visiting  physician  to  the  same  institution,  which  position  he  held  until  No- 
vember, 1895.  Dr.  Vanderpoel's  contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  pro- 
fession, while  varied,  have  been  mostly  fragmentary,  and  largely  reports  of 
cases  of  interest.  He  has  embodied  some  original  ideas  on  the  subjects 
of  renal  and  dietetic  diseases  grouped  into  papers  on  albuminuria  and 
glycosuria,  read  before  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  State  Medical 
Society  and  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital. 

Notwithstanding  the  absorbing  nature  of  his  duties  as  a  physician. 
Dr.  Vanderpoel  has  found  time  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  law,  receiving 


478  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

from  the  New  York  Law  School,  in  June,  1901,  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Laws,  and  in  July  of  the  same  year  being  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar. 
Dr.  Vanderpoel  is  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  a 
member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Medical  Society  of  Greater  New  York,  and  the  Society  of  the 
Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital.  By  virtue  of  his  Knickerbocker  ancestry  and 
social  standing  Dr.  Vanderpoel  is  a  member  of  the  Holland  Society,  and 
the  scope  and  ^•ersatility  of  his  individual  tastes  and  studies  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  he  belongs  to  the  American  Geographical  Society.  He  is  a 
parishioner  and  reg^ilar  attendant  of  the  church  of  St.  IMary  the  Virgin,  an 
Episcopal  church   in  Forty-sixth  street. 

CHARLES  HEXRY  MAY,  M.  D.— 1883. 

Dr.  Charles  Henrj^  May,  a  specialist  in  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear,  was 
born  August  7,  1861,  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  is  the  son  of  Hairy  and 
Henrietta  May.  The  preparatory  education  of  Dr.  ]\Iay  was  recei\-ed  in 
the  private  and  public  schools  of  New  York,  and  he  afterward  became  a 
student  in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  He  studied  chemistry,  and 
in  1877  entered  the  New  York  College  of  Pharmacy,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1879.  at  the  head  of  his  class,  receiving  the  gold  medal  for  general 
proficiency.  The  same  year  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  graduating  in  1863,  with  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine.  On  this  occasion  he  was  again  at  the  head  of  his  class,  and 
was  awarded  the  first  Harsen  prize  of  five  hundred  dollars  for  proficiency 
at  examination,  as  well  as  the  first  Harsen  prize  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  for  clinical  reports.  For  nine  months  he  served  as  substitute  interne 
at  Roosevelt  Hospital,  after  which  he  spent  eighteen  months  as  interne  at 
Mount  Sinai  Hospital.  He  then  engaged  in  general  practice  for  two  years 
and  at  the  expiration  of  that  time  spent  a  year  abroad,  devoting  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  eye  and  ear  at  Halle,  Berlin  and  Viaina.  Since  1887  he 
has  applied  himself  exclusively  to  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and 
ear,  his  private  practice  being  extremely  large.  He  was  formerly  .visiting- 
ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon  to  the  City  Hospital  on  Randall's  Island,  lec- 
turer on  ophthalmology  at  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  clinical  assistant  at  the 
Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  and  assistant  surgeon  at  the  New  York 
Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute.  Since  1892  he  has  held  the  positions  of 
chief  of  clinic  in  the  eye  department  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  instructor 
in  ophthalmology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York. 
In  1893  he  was  appointed  adjunct  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon  to  IMount 
Sinai  Hospital,  which  position  he  still  holds. 

Dr.  May  is  one  of  the  editors  of  Annals  of  OphtliaUnoIogy.  and  is  a 
contributor  to  the  New  International  Enclyclopedia,  published  by  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Company.  He  is  the  author  of  "A  Manual  of  Diseases  of  the 
Eye,"  which  has  been  adopted  as  a  text  book  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  and  many  of  the  other  large  medical  colleges  of  the  United  States. 
The  first  edition  appeared  in  1900,  the  second  in  1901,  and  a  third  is  now 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  -  479 

passing  through  the  jiress.  This  work  has  been  received  Avith  no  less  favor 
in  Europe  than  in  the  United  States.  A  German  translation  ( Hirschwald, 
Berlin)  is  in  press,  and  a  French  edition  is  in  course  of  preparation. 

Dr.  May  is  also  the  author  of  the  following  miscellaneous  articles : 
"Scarlatinous  Otitis,"  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Children.  April,  1889;  "A  Resume  of  Experience  at  the  Atn"al 
Clinic  of  Professor  Schartze  in  Halle,  Germany."  A^'rrc'  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, May  25,  1889;  "The  Constitutional  Factor  in  Diseases  and  Errors  of  the 
Eye,"  Virginia  Medical  Monthly.  March,  1891  ;  "The  Early  Eye  Symptoms 
in  Chronic  Alcoholism,"  American  Journal  of  Inebriety,  April,  i8gi  :  "The 
Prevention  and  Treatment  of  Ophthalmia  Neonatorem,"  Medical  Record, 
February  16,  1895;  "Mixed  Forms  of  Trachoma  and  Spring  Catarrh,"  An- 
nals of  Ophthalnwlogy,  January,  1896;  "Treatment  of  Contusions  of  the 
Lids,"  Medical  Record,  April  10,  1897;  "Restoration  of  the  Conjunctival 
Cul-de-Sac  by  A'leans  of  Thiersch  Skin  Grafts,"  x-lrchives  of  Ophtlialniology, 
March,  1899;  "Acute  Inflammation  of  the  Middle  Ear  Complicating  Scar- 
let Fever  and  Measles,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  July.  1899;  "A  Case  of 
Cerebral  Abscess;  Operation,"  Arcliives  of  Otology,  February,  igoo;  "A 
Series  of  Mastoid  Operations,"  Medical  Record,  August  14,  igoo;  "Trans- 
plantation of  a  Large  Wolff  Graft  Forming  a  New  Lining  of  the  Orbit," 
Archives  of  Ophtlialniology,  September,  igoi.  Dr.  May  is  the  inventor  of 
an  ophthalmoscope,  whicli  apjjeared  in  igco,  and  is  known  as  the  "May 
Ophthalmoscope."  Se\-eral  minor  instruments  are  likewise  the  product  of 
his  ingenuity. 

Dr.  May  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academ}^  of  Medicine,  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  County  Medical  Society  of  New  York, 
the  Medical  Association  of  Greater  New  York,  the  Metropolitan  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Manhattan  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  American  Otological 
Society,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  and  the  New  York  Otolog'- 
ical  Society.  He  spends  part  of  every  summer  in  foreign  travel  in  order 
to  obtain  needed  rest,  and  also  for  the  purpose  of  visiting  the  European  eye 
and  ear  clinics  and  hospitals.  In  these  brief  journeys,  and  also  in  literary 
work,  he  finds  his  chief  recreation.  Dr.  May  married,  in  i8g3,  in  New 
York,  Rosalie  Allen,  a  resident  of  that  city.  They  reside  at  698  Madison 
avenue. 

DAVID  BOVAIRD,  JR.,  A.  B.,  M.  D.— 1892. 

Dr.  David  Bovaird,  physician  and  surgeon  of  New  York  city,  was 
born  in  Coultersville,  Pennsylvania,  September  28,  1867,  a  son  of  David 
and  Mary  A.  (McLenahan)  Bovaird.  Shortly  after  his  birth  his  parents 
removed  to  Titusville,  later  to  Bradford,  where  Br.  Bovaird  is  engaged  in 
the  successful  manufacture  of  oil-well  machinery.  Both  parents  were  born 
abroad  and  are  descended  from  a  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 

David  Bovaird  acquired  his  preliminary  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Titusville  and  Bradford,  Pennsylvania :  he  then  attended  the  normal 
school  at  Genesee,  New  York :  later  he  pursued  a  course  of  study  at  Prince- 
ton University,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in   1889  with  the  degree  of 


480  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  subsequently  he  became  a  student  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  in  1892  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  He  was  awarded 
the  Harsen  prize  for  his  diligence  and  profjciency,  and  he  also  secured  a 
Harsen  medal  for  clinical  reports.  He  spent  an  interneship  of  two  years 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  one  year  in 
the  New  York  Foundling  Hospital.  In  1895  Dr.  Bovaird  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  opened  an  ofhce  in  New  York  city  and 
from  the  beginning  his  efforts  were  attended  with  a  high  degree  of  success; 
he  conducts  a  general  practice,  but  has  devoted  a  large  portion  of  his  time 
to  special  work  in  pediatrics.  He  is  the  attending  physician  to  the  Randall's 
Island  Hospitals,  acts  in  the  same  capacity  to  the  Seaside  Hospital  of  St. 
John's  Guild,  is  pathologist  to  the  New  York  Foundling  Hospital,  and  tutor 
of  general  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York. 

Dr.  Bovaird  has  contributed  many  articles  to  medical  literature,  such  as 
"An  Essay  on  Primary  Splenomegaly,"  "Endothelial  H}-perlapsia  of  the 
Spleen,"  "Two  Cases  in  Children — Autopsy  and  ^lorphological  Examina- 
tion in  One."  which  in  1900  was  awarded  the  Ahmini  Association  prize  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  and  was  published  in 
the  Auicrican  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences  'n  October,  1900:  ""Three  Steps 
in  the  Tuberculosis  Process  in  Children."  published  in  the  A^£~:c'  York  Med- 
ical Journal  July  i,  1899:  "Empyema  in  Infants."  published  in  the  Medical 
News,  December  27,,  1899;  "Primary  Intestinal  Tuberculosis  in  Children, 
Its  Frequency  and  the  Evidence  of  the  Relation  to  Bovine  Tuberculosis," 
the  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  December,   1901. 

Dr.  Bovaird  is  a  member  of  the  Princeton  Club,  the  Academy  of  jNIed- 
icine,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  the  Alumni  Society 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the  Alumni  Society  of  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital,  the  Externe  Club,  and  the  Society  of  Internal  i\Ied- 
icine.  On  December  27,  1898,  he  was  united  in  marriage  at  Alontreal, 
Canada,  to  Miss  Louise  Larken,  of  AVoodbridge,  England.  Their  children 
are :     Cecily  Jean  and  George  Crary  Bovaird. 

WALTER  ROBARTS  GILLETTE,  A.  B..  A.  ^L.  ^L  D.— 1863. 

Dr.  Walter  R.  Gillette,  general  manager  of  the  ;Mutual  Life  Insurance 
Company  of  New  York  city,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  Abram  D.  and  Hannah 
(Jenkins)  Gillette.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Madison  University,  where,  in 
1861,  he  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  three  years  later 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred  uj)on  him  by  the  same  institution. 
From  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  he  received  his 
medical  degree  in  1863.  Dr.  Gillette  received  the  appointment  of  acting 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  United  States  army  during  the  progress  of  the 
Civil  war,  in  which  position  he  served  for  two  years. 

In  1865  he  established  an  office  in  New  York  city,  where  he  engaged 
in  active  practice.      During  several  years   he  was   medical  director  of  the 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  481 


Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  and  in  1890  was  appointed 
general  manager  of  this  company,  in  which  capacity  he  is  serving  at  the 
present  time.  He  was  formerly  connected  with  the  medical  department 
of  the  New  York  University  as  adjunct  professor  of  obstetrics.  He  was  also 
visiting  physician  to  the  Charity,  Bellevue,  St.  Francis'  and  Maternity 
Hospitals,  also  the  New  York  Lying-in-Asylum,  and  now  acts  in  the  capacity 
of  consulting  physician  to  these  various  institutions  with  the  exception  of 
Charity,  now  City,  Hospital.  Dr.  Gillette  is  the  author  of  several  valuable 
professional  articles  which  have  been  published  in  the  medical  journals. 
His  New  York  address  is  24  West  Fortieth  street.   New  York  city. 

JAMES  EDWARD  MOREN  LORDLY,  ^L  D.— 1868. 

Dr.  James  Edward  Moren  Lordly  was  born  April  27.  1845,  i"  Chester, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  is  the  son  of  Charles  and  Margaret  (McCurdy)  Lordly. 
The  family  is  of  English  origin,  and  during  the  Revolutionary  war  was 
represented  in  New  York;  but  being  Royalists,  on  the  evacuation  of  that 
city  by  the  English,  they  removed  to  Shelburne.  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  from 
these  ancestors  that  Dr.  Lordly  traces  his  descent. 

The  boyhood  of  Dr.  Lordly  was  passed  in  Nova  Scotia,  his  early 
education  being  acquired  in  the  public  schools  and  at  Dalhousie  College. 
After  his  graduation  he  became  assistant  to  a  druggist  in  Halifax,  and  in 
1865  went  to  New  York,  where  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1868  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine.  Since  his  graduation  he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  general 
practice,  and  from  1869  to  1872  was  assistant  sanitary  inspector  to  the 
health  department  of  New  York  city,  holding,  in  1872  and  1873,  the  office 
of  surgeon  to  the  police  department.  In  1874  he  became  clinical  assistant 
in  the  throat  and  lung  department  of  the  Northwestern  Dispensary,  holding 
this  position  for  about  six  years. 

For  several  years  Dr.  Lordly  served  as  school  trustee  for  the  Twentieth 
ward,  and  was  formerly  active  in  Republican  politics  in  the  fifteenth  assembly 
district.  He  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  and  the  New  York  County  Medical  Societ}',  but  has  recently  sev- 
ered his  connection  with  these  organizations.  Dr.  Lordly  married,  in  1872, 
Nellie  F.  Crabtree,  of  New  York.  They  had  two  children :  Rupert  L.,  and 
Grace  G.,  now  Mrs.  Ansel  Higgins,  of  New  York.  Mrs.  Lordly  died  in 
July,   1902.     Dr.  Lordly's  address  is  121  West  Forty-eighth  street. 

LUCIUS   AVALES   HOTCHKISS.   M.   D.~i884. 

Dr.  Lucius  AA'ales  Hotchkiss  was  born  December  31,  1859,  in  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  and  is  the  son  of  Wales  and  Frances  Augusta  (Collins) 
Hotchkiss.  He  traces  his  descent  from  old  New  England  ancestry.  He 
received  his  preparatory  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  and  private  schools  elsewhere,  after  which  he  entered  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  received,  in   1881,  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 


482  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


He  then  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York,  graduating  from  that  institution  in  1884  with  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine.  After  serving"  for  eighteen  months  as  interne  on  the  second 
surgical  division  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  he  entered  general  practice,  but  now 
devotes  himself  to  general  surgery.  From  1886  to  1895  he  served  as  assist- 
ant surgeon  to  the  out-patient  department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  1886-87 
assistant  surgeon  to  New  York  Orthopedic  Hospital,  1888-90  assistant 
surgeon  to  New  Y'ork  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital,  and  from  1892  to  1895 
as  assistant  to  the  attending  surgeon  of  Roosevelt  Hospital.  From  1890 
to  1895  he  filled  the  position  of  attending  surgeon  to  the  Colored  (now  the 
Lincoln)  Hospital,  since  1889  has  been  assistant  surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital, 
and  since  1895  attending  surgeon  to  the  J.  Hood  Wright  Memorial  Hos- 
pital. From  1890  to  1897  he  was  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  where  he  has  been,  since  the  latter  year, 
instructor  in  surgery.  From  1889  to  1899  he  occupied  the  chair  of  anatomy 
at  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  the  New  Y'ork  Infirmary.  He  has 
contributed,  from  time  to  tinie,  to  the  medical  journals  a  number  of  articles 
on  surgical  subjects. 

Dr.  Hotchkiss  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  ^Medical  Societv, 
the  County  Medical  Association,  the  State  Medical  Association,  the  Society 
of  Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  the  American  Medical  Association,  and 
the  New  York  Surgical  Society;  he  was  president  of  the  last  named  in 
1902-03.  He  belongs  to  the  University  Club,  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution, 
and  the  Columbia  College  Alumni  Association.  Dr.  Hotchkiss  married,  in 
June,  1891,  in  Saco,  Maine,  Alice  Hartley  Greene.  They  have  four  children, 
one  son  and  three  daughters.  The  New  York  address  of  Dr.  Hotchkiss 
is  T^y  West  Forty-eighth  street. 

AVILLlAAl  KELLY  SHIPSON.  :\I.  D.— 1880. 

Dr.  William  Kelly  Simpson  was  born  in  Hudson,  Columbia  county. 
New  York,  April  10,  1855,  a  son  of  George  N.  and  Caroline  (McCann) 
Simpson.  His  paternal  ancestors  came  to  the  LTnited  States  in  the.  early 
colonial  days,  settled  in  the  state  of  Virginia  and  were  prominently  identified 
with  its  history.  Dr.  Simpson  acquired  his  preliminary  education  in  Hud- 
son and  at  the  Episcopal  Academy  of  Connecticut,  at  Cheshire:  later  he  en- 
tered Cornell  University,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1S76.  He  then 
matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city, 
from  which  he  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1880.  He  spent 
an  interneship  of  two  years  in  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  then  entered 
upon  private  practice.  His  practice  is  confined  to  laryngology,  rhinology 
and  otolog}'. 

Among  the  professional  positions  he  has  held  are  attending  phvsician 
to  the  outdoor  department  of  the  New  York  Foundling  Asvlum,  to  the 
throat  and  nose  department  of  the  Northern  Dispensary,  attending  surgeon 
to  the  Metropolitan  Throat  Hospital,  and  attending  surgeon  of  the  throat 
department  in  the  outdoor  department  of  the   Presbyterian   Hospital.     Dr. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  483 

Simpson  was  also  formerly  instructor  of  laryngology  in  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital.  Up  to  the  present  time  (1903)  he  is 
attending  surgeon  in  the  nose  and  throat  department  of  the  New  York  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary,  consulting  laryngologist  to  the  Seton  Hospital,  Spuyten 
Duyvil,  the  St.  John's  Hospital  of  Yonkers,  and  consulting  laryngologist  to 
the  New  York  Eoundling  Hospital.  He  is  also  chief  of  clinic  and  instructor 
in  laryngology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, of  New  York. 

Dr.  Simpson  is  the  inventor  of  the  Intra-Nasal  Tampons  for  Epistaxis, 
which  are  in  general  use:  the  invention  being  the  application  of  the  Bernays 
sponge  to  the  principle  of  intra-nasal  pressure.  He  is  the  author  of  num- 
erous papers  and  monographs  bearing  on  the  subject  of  diseases  of  the  nose 
and  throat,  which  have  been  read  before  various  medical  societies  and  pub- 
lished in  the  various  medical  journals,  among  them  being:  "A  Case  of 
Acute  Rheumatic  Laryngitis  of  Gonorrhoeal  Origin,"  "A  Case  of  Naso- 
pharyngeal Polypus,"  "A  Case  of  Sarcoma  of  the  Soft  Palate,  Illustrating 
the  Degeneration  of  a  Benign  Into  a  Malignant  Growth,"  "A  Consideration 
of  Some  of  the  More  Important  Principles  of  Intra-Nasal  Stn"gery,"  "Intu- 
bation in  Diphtheria,"  "Specialism  in  Medicine,"  "The  Treatment  of  Non- 
membraneous  Stenosis  of  the  Larynx  in  the  Adult,  by  O'Dwyer's  Method  of 
Intubation,  with  Report  of  Five  Cases,"  "The  Use  of  Bernay's  Aseptic 
Sponge  in  the  Nose  and  Naso-Pharynx  with  Special  Reference  to  Its  IJse 
as  a  Pressure  Haemostatic,"  "A  Study  of  the  Proper  Application  of  Intuba- 
tion in  Chronic  Stenosis  of  the  Larynx."  He  is  also  contributor  of  the  ar- 
ticles on  stenosis  and  tumors  of  the  larynx  in  Keating's  "Cyclopedia  of  Chil- 
dren," and  the  articles  on  diphtheria  of  nose  and  throat,  intubation,  syphilis, 
tuberculosis,  leprosy  and  lupus  of  the  nose  and  throat,  chronic  laryngeal 
stenosis,  foreign  bodies  in  nose  and  throat,  and  rhinoliths  in  Posey  and 
Wright's  "Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat,"  1903. 

Dr.  Simpson  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society, 
the  Greater  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical  Association,  fellow  of  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  ex-chairman  of  Section  of  Laryngology,  ex- 
president  of  the  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  ex-president  of  the 
Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  ex-president  of  Manhattan  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society,  New  York,  ex-president  of  the  Alumni  Society  of  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital,  member  of  the  New  York  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association, 
fellow  of  the  American  Laryngological  Association,  and  secretary  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  Congress  of  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Cornell  Club,  ex-president  of  the  Musurgia  Glee 
Club,  and  member  of  the  Zeta  Psi  fraternity  and  St.  Andrew's  Golf  Club. 

Dr.  .Simpson  married.  October  25,  1882,  Miss  Anna  Farrand,  of  Hud- 
son, New  York.  Three  children  have  been  born  to  them,  namely :  Sarah 
H.  T-,  Kenneth  Farrand,  and  a  child  who  died  in  infancy.  The  family  are 
members  of  St.  James  Protestant  church,  situated  at  Seventy-first  street  and 
Madison  avenue.  New  York  city,  and  they  reside  at  952  Lexington  avenue. 
In  his  hours  of  leisure  Dr.  Simpson  takes  much  pleasure  in  art,  music  and 
golf. 


484  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


ROBERT   LEWIS.  Jr..   M.   D.— 1885. 

Dr.  Robert  Lewis,  Jr.,  instructor  of  otolog}'  in  the  College  of  Ph}-*!- 
cians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  March  8,  1862,  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  the  son  of  Robert  and  Catherine  LeAvis.  Dr.  Lewis  obtained 
his  preliminar}'  education  in  the  private  and  public  schools  of  New  York 
city,  then  entered  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  subsequently 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1885. 
Shortly  after  receiving  his  medical  diploma  he  was  appointed  an  interne  of 
the  Randall's  Island  and  Infants'  Hospitals.  He  served  on  the  staff  of  these 
hospitals  for  eighteen  months.  In  January,  1887,  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  first  house  surgeon  in  the  Harlem  branch  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  re- 
maining until  December,  1887,  when  he  established  an  office  in  New  York 
city  and  engaged  in  the  general  practice  of  medicine  and  surger}'.  In  1888 
he  was  appointed  a  clinical  assistant  in  the  ophthalmic  department  of  the 
New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  later  advanced  to  assistant  surgeon, 
which  position  he  held  until  his  resignation  in  1892.  He  also  received  the 
appointment,  in  1888,  of  clinical  assistant  in  the  ear  department  of  the 
Vanderbilt  Clinic:  in  1896  was  appointed  instructor  of  otology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  in  1898  he  returned  to  the  New  York  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  was  appointed  first  a  clinical  assistant  and  six 
months  later  an  assistant  surgeon,  and  in  May,  1901,  to  full  surgeon  in  the 
aural  department.  He  was  visiting  aurist  to  Randall's  Island  Hospital,  but 
resigned  after  a  few  years'  service.  In  1891  Dr.  Lewis  began  the  special 
practice  of  otologv^  and  rhinolog\%  and  the  following  year  was  admitted  into 
partnership  with  Dr.  Albert  H.  Buck.  This  partnership,  which  Dr.  Lewis 
speaks  of  as  being  "an  ideal  one,"  still  exists. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  have  been  liberal,  the  more  prom- 
inent ones  being:  "A  Remarkable  Angioneurosis  of  the  Tongue,"  N'ezu 
York  Medical  Journal,  October  9,  1897;  "Two  Cases  of  Mastoiditis  with 
Complications,"  American  Otological  Society,  1898:  "A  Brief  History  of 
Five  Cases  of  Mastoiditis,"  Medical  Record,  October  28,  1899:  "A  Case  of 
Otitic  Brain  x\bscess  and  the  Lessons  which  It  Obviously  Teaches,"  Aledical 
Record,  March  15,  1902:  "Complications  of  Chronic  Suppuration  of  the 
Middle  Ear."  The  Medical  Neil's,  January  17,  1903.  He  also  wrote  the 
chapter  on  the  "Pathological  Conditions  of  the  A'ault  of  the  Pharynx  and 
Nasal  Cavities,"  for  the  third  edition  of  Dr.  Albert  H.  Buck's  book  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Ear,"  and  articles  on  "The  Mastoid  Operations,"  published  in 
Vol.  v.,  pages  701-713,  in  "The  Reference  Hand  Book  of  the  Medical  Sci- 
ences"; "x\ffections  of  the  Auricle,"  Vol.  III.,  pages  606-612,  and  "The  Anat- 
omy and  Physiology  of  the  Auricle,"  Vol.  II.,  pages  636-640,  in  "The  Ref- 
erence Hand  Book  of  the  Medical  Sciences." 

Dr.  Lewis  is  a  member  of  the  American  Otological  Society,  the  New- 
York  Otological  Society,  the  American  Laryngological,  Rhinological  and 
Otological  Societies,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  x\merican  Med- 
ical Association,  the  New  York  State  and  County  ]\Iedical  Associations,  the 
New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and  the  New  York  County  Medical  So- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  485 

ciet}-,  from  which  he  was  delegate  to  the  State  Society  in  1900  and  1901, 
censor  in  1901  and  second  vice-president  in  1902.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Chi  Graduate  Chapter  of  Phi  Gamma  Delta. 

Dr.  Lewis  has  always  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  various  sociological 
questions  of  the  day,  and  holds  advanced  views  upon  many  of  the  disputed 
problems.  He  is  also  much  interested  in  the  country  and  in  country  life, 
and  in  architecture  as  it  pertains  to  the  country  home.  In  Xew  York  city. 
August  29,  1892,  Dr.  Lewis  married  Lillie  B.  Graham  of  New  York  city. 
Thev  have  one  son,  Robert  Graham  Lewis.  Their  home  is  at  48  West  For- 
tieth street. 

JOSE  MAMA  FERRER,  A.  B.,  A.  M..  M.  D.— 1879. 

Dr.  Jose  ]\L  Ferrer  is  a  direct  descendant  of  a  family  whose  origin  in 
the  north  of  Spain  (Asturias  and  Catalund)  is  traced  to  the  twelfth  century. 
St.  Vincent  Ferrer  was  among  his  ancestors  as  well  as  many  noble  and  dis- 
tinguished men  and  women.  Buenaventura  Pascual  Ferrer,  grandfather 
of  Dr.  Ferrer,  was  a  grandee,  and  was  much  esteemed  by  Charles  HI;  he 
received  the  appointment  of  royal  treasurer  of  Cartagena  de  Indias  in  South 
America,  and  while  residing  there  his  son,  Jose  ]Maria  Ferrer,  father  of  Dr. 
Ferrer,  was  born.  Jose  ]\I.  Ferrer,  Sr.,  a  well  known  lawyer  of  his  day 
in  Habana,  Cuba,  was  appointed  to  fill  various  important  official  positions 
under  the  Spanish  crown,  and  traveled  much  in  Europe  and  other  countries. 
He  was  united  in  marriage  to  Catherine  Deacon  O'Brien,  a  highly  cultured 
and  pious  lady,  born  in  !NIatanzas,  Cuba. 

Dr.  Ferrer  obtained  his  primary  education  in  the  schools  of  Cardenas, 
Cuba,  graduated  from  Manhattan  College,  New  York  city,  in  1876,  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  three  years  later  received  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts  from  the  same  institution.  In  the  meantime  he  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which 
institution  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1879.  He  also  pursued  a  course 
of  study  in  Vienna  at  the  Algemeines  Krankenhaiis.  and  for  a  year  devoted 
his  attention  to  study  in  Paris  and  London,  returning  to  New  York  in 
October,  1882.  He  received  the  appointment  of  interne  to  the  Charity, 
now  City,  Hospital  in  1879,  was  appointed  assistant  to  the  out-patient  depart- 
ment of  Bellevue  Hospital  in  1883,  assistant  to  the  Hudson  Street  Hospital 
Dispensary  in  1884,  was  appointed  visiting  physician  to  St.  Elizabeth's  Hos- 
pital in  1886,  but  did  not  qualify,  and  for  eight  years  conducted  a  class  in 
the  out-patient  department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital.  At  the  present  time 
(1903)  Dr.  Ferrer  acts  in  the  capacity  of  visiting  ph3''sician  to  St.  Vincent's 
Hospital,  attending  physician  to  the  French  Hospital  and  attending  physician 
to  the  Alanhattan  College.  In  1880  he  began  the  private  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  214  East  Fiftieth  street,  and  resumed  his  practice  upon  his  return 
from  Europe  in  October,  1882;  subsequently  he  visited  Cuba  and  upon  his 
return  in  May,  1883,  opened  an  office  at  43  East  Thirtieth  street,  the  follow- 
ing year  removed  to  35  East  Thirty-first  street,  where  he  remained  ten  years, 
and  finally  located  at  his  present  address,  441  Park  avenue. 


486  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Dr.  Ferrer  is  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  a  member 
of  the  Alumni  Society  of  Manhattan  College,  of  which  he  is  president; 
Alumni  Society  of  City  Hospital,  Northwestern  Medical  Society,  New  York 
Covmty  Medical  Society,  and  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association.  He 
is  also  connected  with  the  University  Ckib,  New  York  Athletic  Club,  Catholic 
Club,  and  formerly  was  a  member  of  the  Circulo  Colon  Cervantes  of  New 
York,  and  the  seventh  district  committee  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society. 
His  favorite  pursuits  during  his  hours  of  recreation  are  music,  travel  and 
riding. 

MORTON   ROBERTS   PECK,   M.   D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Morton  Roberts  Peck  was  born  September  21,  1863,  in  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  and  is  the  son  of  William  H.  Peck  and  Georgia  C.  Roberts.  On 
the  paternal  side  he  traces  his  descent  from  Deacon  William  Peck,  one  of 
the  founders  of  New  Haven.  Dr.  Peck  received  his  preparatory  education 
at  Cornwall  Heights  School,  at  Cornwall-on-the-Hudson,  after  which  he 
took  a  two-years'  course  at  Harvard  University.  He  then  entered  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1889,  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Aledicine,  and  the  following  year 
entered  upon  a  career  of  private  practice.  He  served  for  eighteen  months 
as  interne  in  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  has  been  connected,  for  nine  years,  with 
the  department  of  neurology  in  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic. 

Dr.  Peck  is  a  member  of  the  Harlem  Medical  Association,  the  Bellevue 
Alumni  Association  and  the  New  York  State  Medical  Association.  He 
served  for  four  years  as  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Twelfth  Regiment,  with 
the  rank  of  captain.  He  belongs  to  the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  and  the 
Seawanhaka-Corinthian  Yacht  Club,  his  fa\'orite  modes  of  recreation  being- 
hunting,  fishing  and  yachting.  Dr.  Peck  married,  in  1893,  at  Cornwall-on- 
the-Hudson,  Adele  Matthiessen,  a  resident  of  that  place.  They  have  two 
children — Kenneth  and  Dorothy.  Dr.  Peck's  address  is  126  AVest  Eighty- 
first  street.  New  York. 


CHARLES  TALBOT  POORE,  M.  D.— 1866. 


Charles  Talbot  Poore,  a  leading  specialist  in -the  surgical  diseases  of 
children,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  October  14,  1839,  the  son  of  David 
Poore  and  Ann  Taylor  Talbot.  His  grandfather,  Dr.  Joshua  Poore,  was  a 
leading  medical  practitioner  of  Stratford,  Connecticut.  The  founder  of  the 
paternal  line  settled  in  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  in  the  first  half  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  a  number  of  his  descendants  became  prominent  in 
Boston  and  Newburyport.  Dr.  Poore's  mother  was  the  daughter  of  George 
W.  Talbot,  a  well  known  New  York  merchant,  engaged  in  the  china  trade, 
and  the  latter's  father  was  the  famous  Commodore  Silas  Talbot  of  the  United 
States  navy,  during  the  Revolution.  He  also  superintended  the  building  of 
the  frigate  Constitution  and  commanded  the  vessel. 

Charles  Talbot  Poore  was  prepared  for  college  at  Dr.  Dudley's  school 
at  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  and  entered  Williams  College  in   1857.  at- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  487 

tending  until  the  beginning  of  his  senior  year ;  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Henry  B.  Sands,  of  New  York  city,  at  the  same  time  attending  the  New 
York  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in.  1866  was  graduated  from 
this  institution.  In  August,  1865,  he  entered  the  surgical  division  of  the 
New  York  Hospital,  where  he  remained  for  two  years.  He  has  since  been 
engaged  in  private  practice  in  this  city.  Since  1872  he  has  been  attending 
surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Children,  and  during  the  past  four 
years  has  been  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and 
Crippled. 

He  has  frequently  contributed  to  the  medical  journals,  nutaljly  on  the 
subject  of  diseases  of  the  joints.  He  has  clso  published  "Osteotomy  and 
Osteoclasis  for  Deformities  of  the  Lower  Extremities"  (Appleton,  1S86), 
and  contributed  the  article  on  "Osteology"  in  the  Reference  Handbook  on 
Medical  Sciences  (William  Wood  &  Company.  1887),  and  the  aj-ticle  on 
"Diseases  of  the  Major  Articulations"  in  the  Encyclopedia  of  Diseases  of 
Children  (Lippincott,  1890).  He  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  New  York,  the  Union  League  and  Century  Clubs,  the  New  Eng- 
land Society,  and  the  St.  Nicholas  Society.  He  married,  in  1893,  Helen, 
daughter  of  the  late  Charles  E.  Talbot,  of  New  York  city. 

JAMES  DITMARS  VOORHEES,  M.  D.— 1893. 

Dr.  James  Ditmars  Voorhees,  of  New  Yoi'k  city,  is  a  representative  of  a 
family  which  has  been,  from  the  earliest  colonial  period,  resident  on  T-ong 
Island,  the  founder  of  the  family  in  America  having  emigrated  from  Holland 
in  1620.  The  signature  of  this  first  ancestor,  Albert  Coerte  Van  Voor  Hees, 
shows  the  original  spelling  of  this  ancient  name. 

James  Ditmars  Voorhees  was  born  May  21,  1869,  in  Morristown.  New 
Jersey,  and  is  the  son  of  George  E.  and  Mary  G.  (Ditmars)  Voorhees.  He 
received  his  preparatory  education  at  the  Morristown  high  school  and  the 
Morris  Academy,  after  which  he  entered  Princeton  L'uiversity,  graduatmg 
in  1890  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  From  the  same  institution  of 
learning  he  received,  in  1893,  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  having  in  the 
meantime  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the  class  of  1893;  he  was  awarded  the 
second  Harsen  prize,  as  is  shown  by  the  College  records.  The  year  after 
his  graduation  Dr.  Voorhees  was  appointed  resident  physician  at  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital  in  New  York  city,  which  position  he  held  for  two  years ;  in 
1896  he  was  appointed  to  the  same  office  in  the  New  York  Foundling  Hos- 
pital, where  he  remained  for  one  year.  In  1897  the  appointment  of  resident 
physician  at  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  was  given  him,  where  he  re- 
mained for  three  and  a  half  years.  At  the  same  time  Dr.  Voorhees  was 
appointed  instructor  in  obstetrics  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
which  position  he  now  holds.  On  leaving  the  hospital  he  was  given  the 
position  of  assistant  attending  physician  and  entered  upon  a  career  of  private 
practice,  in  which  he  has  attained  a  high  measure  of  success.  In  1901  Dr. 
Voorhees  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and   .Surgeons. 


488  COLLEGE  OF  PHySICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Dr.  Voorhees  has  pul)lished  in  the  A^ezv  York  Medical  Record  several 
valuable  articles  on  matters  pertaining  to  his  profession,  entitled  respectively : 
"Two  Cases  of  Morphine  Poisoning  Treated  by  Forced  Inspiration ;"  "Case 
of  Eclampsia  Complicated  by  a  Marked  Erythema  Multiforme;"  "Case  of 
Septicaemia  Treated  by  Unguentum  Crede  and  Antistreptococcus  Serum :" 
"Care  of  Incubator  Babies."  Pediatrics,  May,  1900;  "Dilatation  of  the  Cervix 
by  Means  of  a  Modified  Champetier  de  Ribes"  Baloon."  published  in  the 
Medical  Record  of  September  9,  1900,  and  awarded  the  Stevens'  triennial 
prize  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  the  same  year ;  the  surgi- 
cal instrument  described  in  this  article  was  the  invention  of  Dr.  Voorhees, 
and  is  regarded  as  a  valuable  additon  to  the  apparatus  of  surgical  science: 
and  "Craniotomy,"  American  Journal  of  Obsfcfrics,  December,   1902. 

AVhile  at  college  Dr.  Voorhees  became  a  member  of  the  Ivy  Club,  the 
Omega  Society,  and  the  University  Glee  Club.  He  also  belongs  to  the 
Princeton  Club  of  New  York,  the  University  Club,  the  Count}'  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  Sloane 
Maternity  Hospital,  and  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital. In  politics  he  is  a  staunch  member  of  the  Republican  party.  He 
belongs  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  church.  Dr.  Voorhees  married,  April 
2,  1902,  Miss  Louise  Brown,  daughter  of  S.  0.  Brown,  of  New  York  city. 

JAMES  RAYNOR  HAYDEN,   11.  D.— 1884. 

Dr.  James  Raynor  Hayden  traces  his  descent  from  old  New  England 
stock,  his  ancestors  on  both  sides  having  been  among  the  earliest  settlers  of 
the  colonies  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  Through  his  father,  James 
Albert  Hayden,  he  is  descended  from  John  Hayden  of  Devonshire,  England, 
who  settled  in  Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  in  1630;  and  on  his  mother's  side 
from  the  Hon.  William  Whiting,  who  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hart- 
ford colony.  Dr.  Hayden's  father,  James  Albert  Hayden,  was  born  in  Wa- 
terbury,  Connecticut,  March  8,  1825,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits. 
He  married,  January  26,  1853,  Harriet,  a  daughter  of  Judge  James  R.  AA'hit- 
ing,  of  New  York. 

James  Raynor  Hayden  was  born  May  20,  1862,  in  New  York  city,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Columbia  grammar  school,  after  which  lie  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  received 
his  degree  in  May,  1884.  He  served  for  eighteen  months  as  surgical  in- 
terne in  the  New  York  Hospital.  He  then  went  abroad  for  a  year,  during 
which  time  he  pursued  his  professional  studies  in  Vienna,  applying  himse'f 
especially  to  the  subject  of  genito-urinary  diseases,  under  the  instruction  of 
Professor  Ultzmann.  Soon  after  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  was 
appointed  clinical  assistant  in  the  Surgical  Clinic  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons.  In  May,  1891,  he  resigned  this  position  in  consequence 
of  receiving  the  appointment  of  chief  of  clinic  and  instructor  in  genito-urin- 
ary diseases  in  the  same  institution.  This  latter  position  he  still  retains. 
He  was  appointed,  in  1892,  professor  of  genito-urinary  diseases  in  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  Vermont,  where  he  lectured  until  his 


^,^^. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  489 

resignation  in  1898.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  visiting  surgeon  to  the  City 
Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island,  and  served  in  this  capicity  for  five  years,  at 
the  end  of  which  time  he  resigned  to  accept  the  appointment  of  assistant  at- 
tending genito-nrinary  surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  in  December, 
1901,  received  the  appointment  of  visiting  sui'geon  to  the  Private  Patients' 
Pavilion  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  In  December,  1902,  he  was  appointed 
attending  genito-urinary  surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital.  Both  of  these  posi- 
tions he  still  holds. 

Dr.  Hayden  is  the  author  of  a  work  on  "Genito-Urinary  Diseases,"  pub- 
lished by  Lea  Brothers  &  Company,  of  Philadelphia.  This  book  has  been 
received  with  great  favor  in  professional  circles,  having  passed  through  sev- 
eral editions,  and  being  used  as  a  text  book  in  medical  colleges.  Dr.  Hayden 
has  also  been  a  contributor,  from  time  to  time,  to  various  medical  journals. 
He  is  the  originator  of  several  surgical  instruments  and  apparatus. 

Dr.  Hayden  is  a  member  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County 
of  New  York,  and  the  American  Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons. 
He  is  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Medical  Associa- 
tion of  Greater  New  York,  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  New  York 
Hospital,  and  the  Phj^sicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association.  In  1892  he  was 
commissioned  ensign  and  assistant  surgeon  in  the  First  Naval  Battalion, 
National  Guard  State  of  New  York.  He  belongs  to  the  Century  Club,  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars  and  the  Naval  Reserve  Association.  Dr.  Hayden 
was  married,  in  May,  1889,  to  Mary  Johnson  Trumbull,  of  Worcester, 
Massachusetts.  They  have  three  children,  Dorothy  Trumbull,  Ruth  Trum- 
bull, and  Faith  Trumbull  Hayden.  Dr.  Hayden  resides  at  107  West 
Fifty-fifth  street,  New  York. 

CLARENCE. WHITFIELD  BUCKM ASTER,  M.  D.— 1894. 

Dr.  Clarence  W.  Buckmaster  was  born  in  Greenport,  Long  Island,  July 
8,  1872,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Williams  and  Julia  Anna  (Conant)  Buck- 
master,  the  former  named  being  a  minister  of  the  gospel  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  denomination,  and  at  the  present  time  is  acting  in  the  capacity  of 
pastor  of  St.  John's  church  at  Tuckahoe. 

Dr.  Buckmaster  attended  the  Newburgh  (New  York)  Academy,  and 
after  pursuing  the  regular  course  was  graduated  in  1891.  Then  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  city,  and  after  a  three  years'  course  under  the  efficient  preceptorship  of 
Dr.  Thurman  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  the  class  of  1894.  Dr. 
Buckmaster  spent  sixteen  months  at  St.  John's  Hospital,  Yonkers,  New  York, 
as  interne,  and  since  that  time  has  been  engaged  in  the  general  practice  of 
medicine  and  surgery.  For  two  years  he  served  as  dispensary  physician  to 
St.  John's  Hospital,  and  on  April  17,  1899,  was  appointed  a  visiting  physi- 
cian to  the  same  institution;  he  also  fills  the  position  of  medical  examiner 
for  the  Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Company.  Dr.  Buckmaster  is  a  mem- 
ber of   the  Westchester   County  Medical   Society,    is   delegate  to   the   State 


490  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Medical  Societ)',  and  a  member  and  secretar)'  of  the  Yonkers  Practitioners' 
Club,  and  is  also  a  member  of  a  number  of  clubs  and  societies.  On  April 
i6.  1902,  Dr.  Buckmaster  married  Edna  Emily  Knight,  a  daughter  of  Arthur 
T.  Knight,  of  Yonkers,  New  York.  Both  Dr.  Buckmaster  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  St.  John's  Episcopal  church  of  Yonkers.  Dr.  Buckmaster's 
address  is  80  Ashburton  avenue. 

HENRY  SKIXNER  HATHAWAY.  M.  D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Hemy  Skinner  Hathaway  was  born  ]\Iarch  11,  1862,  in  New  York 
city,  and  is  the  son  of  Bailey  J-  and  Margaret  S.  (Skinner)  Hathaway.  He 
is  descended  from  an  English  family  which  has  been  represented  in  New 
York  state  about  two  hundred  years.  Dr.  Hathaway's  early  education  was 
received  in  his  native  city,  where  he  attended  a  private  school,  and  also  at  Mr. 
Hooper's  School  at  Yonkers.  In  1884  he  graduated  from  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, with  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  and  Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 
He  was  then  engaged  for  three  years  in  teaching  in  a  private  school  in  New 
York  city,  spending  his  evenings  in  the  study  of  anatomy.  In  1887  he 
entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University, 
from  which  he  received,  in  1890,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  ]\Iedicine.  He 
has  been  engaged,  since  graduation,  in  the  work  of  a  general  practitioner. 
Since  1897  he  has  been  attending  physician  to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Home 
for  Old  People.  He  is  a  member  of  the  medical  board  of  the  ^Metropolitan 
Hospital. 

Dr.  Hathaway  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  articles  which  have  appeared 
from  time  to  time  in  the  medical  journals.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County, 
State,  and  National  [Medical  Societies.  Dr.  Hathaway  married,  in  1894, 
Lucy  S.  Hathaway,  of  Rochester,  New  York.  They  have  one  son — John 
Henry  Hathaway.  Dr.  Hathaway's  address  is  146  \\'est  Ninety-second 
street.  New  York. 

WILLIAM  HAZARD  SHERAIAN,  M.  D.— 1S84. 

Dr.  William  Hazard  Sherman  was  born  July  14,  1859,  in  New  York  city, 
and  is  the  son  of  William  C.  H.  and  Amelia  (Taft)  Sherman.  The  former 
served  in  the  Civil  war  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  was  at  one  time  a 
member  of  the  New  York  assembly.  The  latter  was  the  daughter  of  R. 
Orra}'  Taft,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Dr.  Sherman  received  his  preparatory  education  at  the  Sigler  School,  in 
Newburgh,  New  York,  and  graduated  from  Yale  University  in  1880  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  then  entered  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  receiving  from  that  institution,  in  1884,  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  From  November  i,  1883,  to  June  i.  1885, 
he  was  one  of  the  internes  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  from  the  latter  date 
to  June  I,  1886,  served  in  a  similar  capacity  in  both  the  medical  and  surgical 
divisions  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  Since  August  i,  1886,  he  has  been 
chief  of  staff  of  St.  John's  Riverside  Hospital,  in  Yonkers,  New  York,  and 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  491 

on  Jul_v  I,  1898.  was  appointed  consulting  surgeon  to  the  White  Plains  Hos- 
pital of  WHiite  Plains,  Xew  York.     Both  these  positions  he  still  holds. 

Dr.  Sherman  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
Westchester  County  Medical  Society,  the  Psi  Upsilon  fraternity,  the  Yacht 
Club  of  Yonkers,  the  University  Club  of  New  York,  and  St.  Andrew's  Golf 
Club.  He  is  a  member  of  St.  John's  Protestant  Episcopal  church  of  Yonkers. 
Dr.  Sherman  married,  June  13,  1893,  Bessie,  daughter  of  Henry  C.  Snow,  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts.  Their  children  are,  Lavinia  Kimball,  Ellen  Rock- 
wood,  and  Emma  Taft.  who  died  in  infancy.  Dr.  Sherman's  address  is  271 
Warburton  avenue,  Yonkers. 

ARCHIBALD  MURRAY  CAMPBELL,  M.  D.— 1873. 

Dr.  Archibald  Murray  Campbell  was  born  October  2/.  1843,  i"  Perth- 
shire, England,  and  is  the  son  of  John  and  Rachel  (Frampton)  Campbell. 
His  early  childhood  was  passed  in  his  native  country,  and  at  the  age  of  seven 
he  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  the  United  States,  the  family  becoming,  in 
1850,  residents  of  New  York. 

In  one  of  the  public  schools  of  this  city  Dr.  Campbell  received  his  ele- 
mentary education,  after  which  he  spent  a  year  and  a  half  in  a  preparatory 
school,  and  then  entered  Kenyon  College  at  Gambier,  Ohio,  where  he  re- 
mained one  year.  At  the  end  of  this  time  he  became  a  student  in  Columbia 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1865  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts,  receiving,  in  1868,  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  same 
institution.  In  1869  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
from  which  he  received,  in  1873,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

For  one  year,  1865-66,  Dr.  Campbell  was  engaged  in  teaching  at  Garri- 
son, Nev,-  York,  and  in  1866  became  assistant  superintendent  of  the  Home  for 
Incurables  at  Fordham,  New  York.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  this  institution,  and  in  1876  removed  to  Mount  Vernon,  where  he 
entered  upon  a  career  of  private  practice.  From  1876  to  1886  he  was  attend- 
ing phvsician  to  the  Home  for  Incurables,  and  since  the  latter  year  has  been 
consulting  physician  to  the  same  institution.  From  1878  to  1902  he  was 
attending  phvsician  to  the  New  York  Infant  Asylum,  and  has  been  consulting 
physician  and  surgeon  to  the  Mount  Vernon  Hospital  since  its  foundation. 
In  this  institution  he  also  holds  the  office  of  president  of  the  medical  board. 

Dr.  Campbell  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  Westchester,  in  which  he 
has  filled  the  offices  of  censor  and  treasurer,  and  of  which  he  was  president  in 
1882,  and  in  the  centennial  year  of  1897.  He  also  belongs  to  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  the  Society  of  Medical  Jurisprudence.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Jenkins  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  has  been  president,  in 
addition  to  having  filled  various  other  positions  in  that  body.  He  belongs  to 
the  Mount  Vernon  Medical  Society,  in  which  he  has  held  a  number  of  offices, 
and  of  which  he  has  been  president.  He  is  a  trustee  of  the  Eastchester  Savings 
Bank.  Dr.  Campbell  is  much  interested  in  educational  matters,  and  held  the 
office  of  trustee  of  public  schools.     He  is  a  member  of  Trinity  Protestant 


492  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Episcopal  church,  in  which,   foi'  twenty-three  years,  he  has  held  the  offices 
of  vestryman  and  senior  warden. 

Dr.  Campbell  married,  Sejitember  17,  1873,  Mary  Louise  Cuthell,  of 
West  Fai^ms.  They  had  one  child,  Mar}^,  now  Mrs.  Perci^■al  Schmuck,  of 
Mount  Vernon.  Mrs.  Campbell  died  in  1877,  ^^'^'^  o"  November  30,  1880, 
Dr.  Campbell  was  united  to  Emma  A.  Cuthell.  B)'  his  second  marriage  he 
has  become  the  fatlier  of  three  sons — Murray,  Archibald  B.,  and  Hamilton 
Cuthell,  who  died  in  childhood.  On  December  26,  1902,  his  second  wife 
died. 

JAMES  WRIGHT  MARKOE,  M.  D.— 1885. 

Dr.  James  W.  Markoe  was  born  in  New  York  city,  July  19,  1862,  a  ' 
descendant  of  Peter  Markoe,  who  in  1702  settled  on  the  Island  of  Santa 
Cruz,  where  he  remained  until  1747,  being  the  owner  of  an  estate  there  known 
as  Clifton  Hall.  Francis  Markoe,  grandfather  of  Dr.  Markoe,  was  born  on 
the  Island  of  St.  Croix,  West  Indies.  June  5,  1774.  the  son  of  Francis  and 
Elizabeth  ( Hartmann)  Markoe,  a  descendant  of  French  Huguenot  ancestors 
who  emigrated  from  MontJjeliard,  Franche  Comte,  France,  to  the  ^A"est  Indies, 
upon  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Francis  Markoe  came  to  the 
United  States  to  acquire  his  education,  and  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1795;  he  then  returned  to  his  native  town,  but  a  few  years  later  disposed  of 
his  interest  in  the  estate  to  his  brother  and  took  up  his  permanent  residence 
in  this  country.  For  several  years  he  was  eng'aged  in  a  Philadelphia  counting- 
house,  but  subsecjuently  located  in  New  York  city,  where  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  brother-in-law,  Thomas  Masters,  in  the  shipping  indus- 
try, conducting  business  under  the  firm  name  of  Masters  &  Markoe.  On 
November  4,  1797,  Mr.  Markoe  married  Sarah  Caldwell,  a  daughter  of  Sam- 
uel and  Martha  (Rownd)  Caldwell,  of  Philadelphia.  Ten  children  were 
born  of  this  marriage.  Mr.  Markoe  died  in  New  York  city,  February  16, 
1848. 

Dr.  Thomas  Masters  Markoe,  father  of  Dr.  Markoe,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania,  September  13,  1819,  and  was  prepared  for  college  at 
Dillingham's  School  in  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  and  entered  Princeton  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1836.  He  began  the 
study  of  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York, 
where  he  obtained  his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1841.  In  1839,  while 
still  a  student  in  the  medical  college,  Dr.  M^arkoe  was  appointed  junior  assist- 
ant of  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  since  that  time,  with  the  exception  of 
a  short  absence  while  filling  the  chair  of  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  at 
Castleton,  Vermont,  was  associated  with  the  institution,  first  as  curator  of  the 
Pathological  Museum,  then  as  lecturer  on  pathological  anatomy,  then  attend- 
ing surgeon,  and  lastly  consulting  surgeon.  On  his  retirement  as  attending 
surgeon,  the  board  of  governors  procured  his  portrait  in  oil  to  hang  in  the 
Governor's  room  in  the  hospital.  For  several  years  he  filled  the  chair  of 
pathological  anatomy  in  the  University  of  the  Cit)^  of  New  York,  and  in 
i860  was  chosen  to  fill  a  responsible  position  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.      As  adjunct  professor  of  surgery  he  served  ten  years  and 


^ 


cxyiyt^:^^&-Q.,.^^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  493 

was  then  made  professor  in  that  branch:  from  1879  to  1891  he  occupied  the 
chair  of  professor  of  the  principles  of  surgery;  and  upon  his  retirement  in 
the  latter  year  was  made  professor  emeritus;  he  was  also  vice-president  of  the 
college  for  a  number  of  years.  During  the  Civil  war  Dr.  Markoe  served  in 
a  professional  capacity  with  the  medical  department  of  the  army  at  Fortress- 
Monroe,  Yorktown,  Fredericksburg  and  other  points,  receiving  his  appoint- 
ment from  the  governor  of  New  York  and  the  president  of  the  United  States. 
Dr.  Markoe  held  memljership  in  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  County  Med- 
ical Society,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  Surgical  Society,  the  Medical  and 
Surgical  Society,  and  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  the  Widows  and  Orphans 
of  Medical  Men.  He  has  written  a  numlser  of  important  surgical  articles, 
and  is  the  author  of  a  well  known  treatise  on  diseases  of  the  bones.  On 
November  20,  1850,  Dr.  Markoe  married  Charlotte  Atwell  How,  and  the 
following  named  children  were  born  to  them :  Charlotte,  Thomas  Caldwell, 
Francis  Hartman,  James  Wright  and  Sallie  Caldwell  Markoe. 

Dr.  James  W.  Markoe  received  his  early  education  from  private  tutors 
in  St.  Paul's  School,  New  Hampshire,  and  in  1881  matriculated  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city ;  after  taking  a  four 
years'  course  he  graduated  in  1885  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  Hospital,  on  the  surgical  side,  and  re- 
mained there  for  eighteen  months,  after  which  he  was  engaged  for  six  months 
in  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital.  The  following  year  he  continued  his 
studies  in  the  Frauen  Clinic  of  Munich,  Germany,  and  after  his  return  to 
New  York  city  was  for  one  year  resident  physician  of  the  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital,  this  institution  being  opened  by  him  in  December,  1889.  In  1890, 
in  association  with  Drs.  Lambert  and  Painter,  Dr.  Markoe  founded  the  Mid- 
wifery Dispensary,  which  in  1892  was  absorbed  by  the  Society  of  the  Lying-in 
Hospital.  He  has  also  acted  in  the  capacity  of  attending  physician  at  this 
hospital  since  1892,  his  time  and  attention  being  entirely  devoted  to  obstet- 
rics, and  a  general  oversight  of  hospital  constitutions,  appointments  and 
management.  The  physicians  in  attendance  have  absolute  control  of  this 
hospital. 

Dr.  Markoe  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  the  Society  for  Relief  of  Widows  and 
Orphans,  and  is  also  connected  with  the  Century  Club,  Metropolitan  Club, 
the  Racquet  Club  and  the  New  York  Yacht  Club.  He  is  a  vestryman  of  St. 
George'j  Protestant  Episcopal  church  of  New  York  city.  Dr.  Markoe  was 
married,  in  1894,  to  Annette  B.  Wetmore,  a  daughter  of  David  Wetmore, 
of  New  York  city,  and  a  descendant  of  Cotton  Mather.  They  have  one 
child,  Annette  Markoe.  Their  residence  is  at  12  West  Fifty-fifth  street.  New 
York. 

NATHAN  GROSS  BOZEMAN,  Ph.  B.,  M.  D.— 1885. 

Nathan  Gross  Bozeman  was  born  in  Montgomery,  Alabama,  February 
13,  1856,  and  was  named  for  Professor  S.  D.  Gross,  of  Philadelphia.  He  is 
the  son  of  Dr.  Nathan  Bozeman  and  Fannie  Lamar,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  B.  B. 
Lamar,  of  Huguenot  descent,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  city  of  Macon, 


494  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Georgia,  and  a  cousin  of  Judge  L.  O.  C.  Lamar.  His  maternal  great-grand- 
father was  John  Lamar,  -who  died  in  Jones  county,  Georgia,  and  as  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution  was  not  only  brave  to  a  fault,  but  his  services  Avere  of  long 
continuance  and  his  sufferings  excessive.  Very  shortly  after  entering  the 
army  he  was  deputed  with  others  to  the  performance  of  a  perilous  duty,  in 
which  he  was  deserted  by  his  companions  and  left  to  execute  the  order  alone, 
which  he  did,  to  the  admiration  and  astonishment  of  all.  For  this  act  ot 
intrepidity  and  fidelity  the  government  tendered  him  a  lieutenant's  commis- 
sion in  the  regular  forces,  which,  however,  he  modestly  declined,  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  too  young  and  inexperienced  to  assume  the  responsibilities 
of  the  station,  being  at  this  time  only  :n  his  seventeenth  year.  He  served 
under  Generals  Marion  and  Pickens,  attached  generally  to  the  battalion  of 
the  latter ;  was  at  the  battle  of  the  Eutaw  Springs,  Cowpens,  siege  of  Augusta, 
and  in  several  other  engagements ;  he  was  once  taken  prisoner,  but  made  his 
escape  from  the  camp  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  rescuing  at  the  same  time  one  of 
his  cousins;  was  twice  wounded  during  the  war  by  the  British,  and  once  by 
the  Indians  after  his  removal  to  Georgia. 

Dr.  Bozeman's  great-grandfather,  Joseph  Bozeman,  who  was  of  Dutch 
descent  and  a  citizen  of  Bladen  county,  North  Carolina,  also  fought  for 
American  independence  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  after  which,  in  1806,  he 
emigrated  with  his  family  from  Georgia  to  Kaskaskia,  Illinois,  attempting 
to  reach  the  Louisiana  territory.  But  on  account  of  the  usual  spring  over- 
flow of  the  Mississippi  river,  which  caused  much  delay,  and  the  unhealthful 
climate  there,  they  retraced  their  steps  to  Georgia,  and  after  a  few  years 
settled  in  Alabama,  which  was  then  a  territory.  An  accurate  journal  was 
kept  on  this  journey  to  the  greath  northwest,  and  the  different  stages  of  it  in 
the  wild  country  through  which  they  passed  are  therein  described. 

Dr.  Bozeman  came  with  his  father  and  sisters  when  ten  years  old  to 
reside  in  New  York  city,  having  sustained  the  loss  of  his  mother  by  death  a 
few  years  previously.  He  received  his  early  education  at  Manhattan  College, 
New  York,  Seton  Hall  College,  South  Orange,  New  Jersey,  and  in  schools 
at  Morristown,  New  Jersey,  and  Baltimore,  Maryland.  In  1873  he  was 
sent  to  Europe  and  studied  in  Coburg,  Germany,  Vevay,  Switzerland,  and  in 
Paris.  On  his  return  to  this  country  in  February,  1877,  he  entered  the 
academic  department  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  was  graduated  in 
the  school  of  modern  languages  the  following  June.  So  pleased  was  Pro- 
fessor Scheie  de  Vere,  the  head  of  this  department,  at  his  achievement  of 
passing  successfully  the  examinations  which  usually  recpire  a  two  years' 
course,  that  he  was  the  first  to  congratulate  him  in  his  room  early  on  the 
following  morning.  In  1879  he  entered  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of 
Yale  University,  and  was  one  of  the  ten  high-stand  men  of  the  freshman  class. 
He  was  graduated  in  1882,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 
The  same  year  he  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  graduating  in  1885. 

Shortly  afterward  he  passed  the  competitive  examination  for  a  position 
on  the  house  staff  of  the  Woman's  Hospital,  and  served  the  regular  term,  the 
last  year  as  house  surgeon.     His  father,  Dr.   Nathan  Bozeman,  Dr.   T.   A. 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUM  XL  495 

Emmet.  Dr.  T.  G.  Thomas.  Dr.  James  B.  Hunter,  and  Dr.  C.  C.  Lee  were 
the  attending  surgeons,  from  the  teachings  of  whom  he  tried  dihgently  to 
learn  the  principles  of  g}-necological  treatment  and  surgery.  Naturally  he 
was  much  interested  in  his  father's  work,  and  from  the  very  beginning 
watched  closely  the  details  of  it  and  endeavored  to  master  them.  In  1888 
he  was  rewarded  by  being  appointed  assistant  attending  surgeon  to  the  hos- 
pital. At  the  same  time  he  held  the  position  of  outdoor  visiting  physician  to 
the  French  Hospital  and  instructor  at  the  Post-Graduate  ]\IedicaI  School. 
At  present  he  is  visiting  gynecologist  to  St.  Francis  Hospital.  Jersey  City, 
and  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Hoboken;  also  consulting  gynecologist  to  the 
Bayonne  City  Hospital,  and  Hackensack  Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
New  York  State  ^Medical  Association.  New  York  County  ]^Iedical  Society. 
Woman's  Hospital  3>Iedical  Society,  the  New  York  Physicians'  ^lutual  Aid 
Association,  the  Greater  New  York  Aledical  Association,  and  of  the  Delta 
Psi  fraternitv.  He  has  spent  much  time  developing  an  original  method  of 
applving  continuous  irrigation  for  drainage  after  certain  surgical  operations, 
and  has  made  many  important  contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  pro- 
fession. 

Among  his  papers  are  the  following :  "The  After  Treatment  of  Kolpo- 
Uretero-Cystotomy  and  Other  Similar  Operations  by  a  New  System  of  Con- 
tinuous Irrigation  and  Drainage:"  Xcz^'  York  Medical  Journal,  June,  1889. 
"Accidental  Uretero-Vaginal  Fistula  Following  Hysterectomy — Cure  by 
Kalpo-Uretero-Cystotomy.  Gradual  Preparatory'  Treatment  and  Button- 
Suture:"  Medical  Journal  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  May.  1892.  "Recto- 
Abdominal  Fistula  Following  Laparatomy.  Treated  Satisfactorily  by  Im- 
proved Double-Current  Irrigation:"  Xeic  York  Medical  Record.  1891.  "An 
Air  and  AA'ater  Irrigator  and  Drain  for  Prolonged  Douching  in  Deep  Cav- 
ities:'' invention  described  in  A't-ii'  York  Medical  Journal,  May  27,  1893.  "A 
New  Yaginal  Douche  with  Automatic  Outflow :"  Nezi'  York  Medical  Journal, 
September  29,  1894.  "A  Case  of  Ovarian  Cyst  without  Attachments  in  the 
Pelvis;'"  American  Gynecological  and  Obstetrical  Journal,  June.  1897. 
"Tubular  Drainage  Through  the  A'agina  for  Chronic  Cystitis  with  Report  of 
Cases;''  American  Gynecological  ami  Obstetrical  Journal.  July.  1897.  "The 
Palliative  Treatment  of  Cancer  of  the  Cervi-Uteri  and  Bladder  in  AA'omen :" 
American  Medical  Association  Press,  1897.  "Two  Cases  of  Tubal  Preg- 
nancv  Operation  in  the  Prerupture  Stage;"  American  Gynecological  and  Ob- 
stetrical Journal,  August,  1898. 

ALLEN  AIASON  THOAIAS,  Jr.,  Ph.  B..  AI.  D.— 1880. 

Dr.  Allen  AI.  Thomas  was  born  in  AMckford,  Rhode  Island,  September 
26,  i8^6.  the  son  of  Allen  AI.  and  Charlotte  Proctor  (Smith)  Thomas.  The 
Thomas  familv.  for  four  previous  generations,  have  all  been  born  on  the 
estate  in  AMckford.  which  land  was  granted  to  them  in  the  time  of  Roger 
AMlliams.  His  maternal  ancestors  were  early  settlers  of  Providence.  Rhode 
Island. 

Dr.  Thomas  acquired  his  preparatory  education  at  the  Episcopal  Acad- 


496  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


emy  in  Cheshire.  Connecticut,  graduated  from  Yale  in  the  class  of  1877  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy,  and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  received  his  medical  degree  in  1880.  After  an  interneship  of  sixteen 
months  in  Chambers  Street  Hospital  he  was  appointed  to  AVard's  Island, 
where  he  was  given  charge  of  the  obstetrical  pavilion  in  the  emigrant  ward, 
which  was  under  the  command  of  Dr.  Tuttle;  eight  months  later  Dr.  Thomas 
succeeded  Dr.  Tuttle  as  physician  in  chief  of  Ward's  Island,  and  subsequently 
assumed  the  duties  of  physician  in  chief  and  superintendent  of  the  emigrant 
department.  His  term  of  service  on  Ward's  Island  covered  a  period  of  eight 
years.  In  1888  Dr.  Thomas  visited  Europe,  was  a  student  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  Pasteur  Institute  at  Paris,  and  the  remainder  of  the  time  was  devoted 
to  hospital  work  in  Paris,  Vienna  and  London.  Upon  his  return,  in  1889, 
he  located  in  New  York  city  and  has  confined  his  practice  to  obstetrics  ever 
since,  and  in  addition  to  his  private  practice  he  acts  in  the  capacity  of  attend- 
ing physician  at  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital  and  also  filled  a  similar 
position  for  three  years  at  the  Sloane  iNIaternity  Hospital  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Obstetrical  Society,  Clinical  Society,  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  County  Medical  Society,  Greater  New  York  Medical 
Association,  and  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club.  Socially  he  is  connected  with 
the  Fortnightly  Club,  Century  Club,  University  Club,  Riding  and  Driving, 
Ardsley  and  St.  Anthony  Clubs,  and  "Sons  of  the  Revolution."  In  his  relig- 
ious views  he  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church;  his 
eldest  brother.  Elisha  Smith  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
1898,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Kansas.  Dr.  Thomas' 
address  is  45  West  Fifty-fourth  street.  New  York. 

STEPHEN  SMITH,  M.  D.— 1851. 

Stephen  Smith,  M.  D.,  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  city,  1851  ;  A.  M.,  Brown  University,  1871 ;  LL.  D.,  Rochester  Uni- 
versity, 1891,  was  born,  February  19,  1823,  in  Spafiford,  Onondaga  county, 
New_  York.  He  is  the  third,  and  Dr.  J.  Lewis  Smith  was  the  fourth,  son 
of  Hon.  Lewis  Smith  and  Chloe  Benson.  His  ancestry  is  English.  His 
great-grandfather  on  the  paternal  side  was  John  Smith,  an  early  settler  of 
Milford,  Connecticut,  where  his  name  appears  among  those  of  the  pioneers 
on  a  public  tablet.  His  grandfather.  Job;  Smith,  settled  at  Ridgefield,  Con- 
necticut, where  he  enlisted  in  Colonel  Philip  Burr  Bradley's  regiment,  other- 
wise the  "Fifth  Regiment  Continental  Line"  for  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
He  was  commissioned  paymaster  with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant,  January 
I,  1777,.  and  was  promoted  first  lieutenant,  August  17,  1779.  His  commis- 
sion, signed  by  John  Hancock,  president  of  the  continental  congress,  is  in 
possession  of  the  family.  He  married  Elizabeth  Keeler,  of  Norwalk,  Connec- 
ticut, and  after  several  years'  residence  at  Salem,  Westchester  county.  New 
York,  emigrated  to  Onondaga  county.  New  York,  about  1790. 

On  the  maternal  side  Dr.   Smith  was  descended  from  the  Bensons  of 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  497 

Mendon,  Massachusetts.  His  great-grandfather,  Stephen  Benson,  removed 
to  Owasco,  Cayuga  count)',  New  York,  in  1795,  tor  the  purpose  of  locating 
on  a  mihtary  tract,  which  was  subsequently  divided  among  his  sons.  Elkanah, 
the  grandfather  of  Dr.  Smith,  married  Deborah  Wheelock. 

Lewis  Smith  and  Chloe  Benson  were  married  in  181 3  and  located  on 
a  farm  in  Spafford,  Onondaga  county.  He  was  a  member  of  the  assembly 
in  1 820- 1 -2-3  and  sheriff  of  the  county  in  1824-5-6-7.  He  died  in  1829  of 
typhoid   fever. 

Though  Dr.  Smith  had  a  hardy,  long-lived  ancestry,  his  mother  reaching 
the  great  age  of  ninety-seven,  he  was  enfeebled  by  infantile  diseases  and  grew 
to  manhood  quite  unfitted  to  endure  the  hard  labor  peculiar  to  a  farmer's  life, 
especially  at  that  period.  Despite  some  physical  disqualifications  he  contin- 
ued to  devote  himself  to  farm  work  until  the  age  of  twenty-three  years,  when 
he  was  compelled  to  select  another  occupation.  The  opportunities  for  an 
education  were  extremely  meager  in  the  remote  rural  districts  at  that  time, 
when  the  towns  were  beginning  as  hamlets,  and  modes  of  communication 
were  precarious.  The  common  school  was  poorly  equipped  and  unsatisfac- 
torily managed  so  that  the  individual  scholar  was  left  to  his  own  devices  for 
the  acquisition  of  the  very  rudiments  of  an  education.  One  of  the  most 
powerful  stimulants  to  the  young  people  of  that  district  to  acquire  more  than 
the  ordinary  public  school  education  was  a  well  chosen  village  library.  Sev- 
eral young  men  were  thus  led  to  prepare  for  college  at  the  Cortland  Academy 
in  Homer.  Before  he  had  determined  to  study  for  a  profession,  young 
Smith  had  studied  Latin  and  Greek,  partly  by  himself  and  partly  with  the 
aid  of  a  friend  who  had  an  academic  education. 

He  now  attended  two  terms  of  the  academy  at  Homer,  when  he  was 
declared  to  be  prepared  for  the  sophomore  class  of  college.  Instead  of  com- 
pleting a  college  course,  ill  health  induced  him  to  enter  upon  the  study  of 
medicine  with  Dr.  Caleb  Green,  of  Homer,  whose  accjuaintance  he  had  formed 
while  in  attendance  upon  the  academy.  Dr.  Green  was  a  private  pupil  of 
Professor  Frank  H.  Hamilton,  then  of  Rochester,  and  professor  of  surgery 
in  the  Geneva  Medical  College;  he  was  an  excellent  stvident,  an  enthusiast  in 
his  profession,  and  having  recently  graduated,  he  proved  to  be  an  admirable 
instructor,  being  subsequently  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the 
Geneva  Medical  College. 

By  the  advice  of  Dr.  Green  the  determined  pupil  attended  his  first  course 
of  lectures  in  the  old  Geneva  Medical  College,  which,  organized  in  1836,  was 
merged  into  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Syracuse  University  in  1872.  At 
that  time  its  faculty  contained  such  men  as  Hamilton,  Flint,  Lee,  Hadley 
and  Coventry,  and  the  courses  of  lectures  were  as  thorough  as  in  any  college 
in  the  entire  country.  An  interesting  incident  occurred  while  Dr.  Smith 
was  in  attendance  at  Geneva  Medical  College.  Miss  Emily  Blackwell  at- 
tended the  course  and  graduated,  this  being  the  first  instance  of  the  co-edu- 
cation of  the  sexes  in  a  medical  school.  Notwithstanding  the  opposition 
which  the  scheme  has  encountered,  it  is  a  notable  fact  that  the  presence  of 
Miss  Blackwell  in  the  class  always  had  a  most  excellent  effect  upon  the  con- 
duct of  a  very  boisterous,  hilarious  lot  of  students.     She  was  not  onlv  treated 


498  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

with  the  greatest  courtesy  at  all  times,  but  her  quiet  and  attentive  manner 
won  the  esteem  of  all,  and  her  graduation  with  honor  was  applauded  as  a 
tribute  to   her  pluck   by  students   and    faculty   alike. 

At  the  close  of  the  term.  Dr.  Smith  became  a  private  pupil  of  Professor 
Hamilton,  who  had  removed  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo  and  had  been  ap- 
pointed professor  of  surgery  in  the  recently  established  Buffalo  Medical  Col- 
lege. He  attended  his  next  course  of  lectures  in  this  college  and  in  the 
spring  of  1849  became  the  medical  interne  of  the  newly  established  hospital  of 
the  Sisters  of  Charity.  During  the  following  summer  cholera  appeared  in 
epidemic  form,  and  this  hospital  being  the  only  one  in  the  city,  tiie  wards 
set  apart  for  cases  of  cholera  were  filled  by  patients  during  the  entire  sum- 
mer. At  the  close  of  the  epidemic  Dr.  Smith  himself  had  a  mild  attack  of  the 
disease. 

Dr.  Austin  Flint  was  the  attending  physician,  and  being  then  at  the 
outset  of  his  career,  gave  a  large  share  of  his  time  to  the  clinical  study  of  the 
diseases  met  with  in  this  new  hospital.  This  experience  to  the  young  student 
was  always  referred  to  by  him  as  being  invaluable.  Professor  Flint  himself 
was  then  laying  the  foundations  of  his  future  success  as  a  clinician  and  his 
exhaustive  bedside  study  of  each  case  with  note  book  in  hand,  in  which  he 
entered  daily  very  copious  notes  of  e\'ery  detectible  feature  of  the  disease^ 
was  an  obiect  lesson  that  could  not  fail  to  make  a  deep  and  lasting  impres- 
sion on  a  susceptible  and  earnest  student,  as  he  saw  that  frequent  references 
and  comparisons  kept  the  memory  bright  and  tlie  judgment  clear. 

Professor  Frank  H.  Hamilton,  the  surgeon  to  the  hospital,  was  already 
distinguished  as  a  lecturer  and  writer  on  surgery.  It  was  the  period  of 
the  introduction  of  ether  as  an  anesthetic,  and  the  student  had  an  opportunity 
to  witness  operations  with  and  with.out  ether,  the  larger  number  being  with- 
out anesthesia.  At  this  time  Professor  Hamilton  was  in  the  midst  of  the 
preparation  of  his  great  work  on  "Fractures  and  Dislocations,"'  and  much 
of  the  materials  passed  under  the  logical  scrutiny  of  Dr.  Smith,  who  acted 
as  an  amanuensis  to  the  author. 

In  the  autumn  of  1850  Dr.  Smith  came  to  Xew  York  and  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the  spring 
of  185 1.  During  the  term  he  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Samuel  S.  Purple, 
editor  of  the  Nezi'  York  Journal  of  Medicine.  This  event  had  much  to  do 
with  his  future  literary  work,  for  it  led  him  to  become  contributor,  then  an 
assistant  editor,  and  finally  sole  editor  of  that  periodical.  Dr.  Smith  grad- 
uated at  the  close  of  the  session  of  185 1,  his  thesis  being  an  elaborate  dis- 
cussion of  fractures.  Through  the  good  offices  of  Professor  Hamilton  he 
had  been  advised  that  he  could  have  the  position  of  demonstrator  in  the 
Buffalo  Medical  College,  and  he  had  virtually  decided  to  make  that  city  his 
residence,  but  while  preparing  to  leave  New  York  his  attention  was  attracted 
by  a  notice  that  there  was  a  vacancy  in  the  resident  staff  at  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital which  would  be  filled  by  competitive  examination.  He  made  an  appli- 
cation with  eleven  others  and  as  a  result  received  the  appointment,  which  at 
once  changed  the  entire  course  of  his  professional  life.  This  opportunity, 
rare  for  a  recent  graduate,  was  improved  to  the  utmost  and  added  much  to 
the  attainments  and  qualifications  for  his  future  career  as  teacher  and  author. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  499 

Bellevue  Hospital  was  at  that  time  (1850)  undergoing  transition  from 
an  almshouse  hospital  to  a  general  hospital  with  a  necessarily  new  organiza- 
tion. The  recently  appointed  medical  board  embraced  the  names  of  the  lead- 
ing }-ounger  ph}-sicians  and  surgeons  of  the  city,  viz..  James  Rushmore  Wood, 
Benjamin  \Y.  Macready.  Alonzo  Clark,  John  O.  Stone,  John  T.  Metcalfe, 
Willard  Parker,  S.  Conant  Foster  and  William  H.  Van  Buren,  now  all  de- 
ceased. The  New  York  Hospital  was  the  only  other  general  hospital  in 
the  city  and  had  the  reputation  of  giving  valuable  continuous  clinical  instruc- 
tion for  students  without  interfering  with  the  lectures.  A  generous  rivalry 
naturally  sprang  up  between  the  two  hospitals,  the  object  of  each  being  to 
so  organize  and  systematize  clinical  instruction  as  to  appeal  to  the  larger  num- 
ber of  students  attracted  to  the  American  metropolis.  As  Bellevue  was  much 
the  larger  hospital  and  the  visiting  staff  was  composed  of  amliitious  young 
men.  several  of  whom  had  learned  the  art  of  the  desired  method  of  teaching 
in  European  hospitals,  the  members  of  the  resident  staff  had  unusual  advan- 
tages for  a  post-graduate  course.  An  important  feature  of  the  instruction 
was  developed  through  the  efforts  of  Professor  Alonzo  Clark,  who  was  an 
enthusiastic  student  of  pathology.  His  daily  demonstrations,  during  the 
progress  of  autopsies,  of  the  changes  caused  by  disease,  were  attended  by 
an  eager  class  of  students  and  physicians.  Much  study  in  unison,  mild  con- 
troversies and  man}'  doubts  regarding  the  outcome  of  the  final  examination 
for  the  degree  became  the  vogue. 

Dr.  Smith  entered  the  surgical  division,  having  as  visiting  surgeons 
Drs.  Parker  and  Van  Buren,  and  as  house  surgeon  Dr.  John  Moore,  after- 
wards surgeon  general  of  the  United  States  arm3^  now  retired  and  living  in 
Washington.  The  surgical  practice  of  that  division  Avas  of  the  highest  order 
of  that  time,  but  to-day  it  seems  to  have  been  at  least  inefficient,  for  suppura- 
tion of  wounds  followed  by  general  debility  and  exhaustion  was  the  rule. 
Hundreds  of  well  devised  and  skillfully  executed  operations  signally  failed 
ow'ing  to  the  prostrating  Hoods  of  pus  which  was  regarded  only  as  a  nat- 
ural seciuence  of  the  operation.  To  the  student  in  active  hospital  service 
during  the  pre-antiseptic  period,  and  A\-ho  personally  witnessed  the  transi- 
tion to  the  antiseptic  period,  the  lessons  learned  were  of  incalculable  value. 

Several  important  events  made  Dr.  Smith's  residence  in  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital memorable.  First,  and,  perhaps,  most  important,  was  Professor 
Clark's  introduction  of  the  treatment  of  acute  peritonitis  by  large  doses  of 
opium.  He  was  at  that  time  holding  the  professorship  of  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  the  medical  college  at  Pittsfield  Massachusetts,  and  was  a  recent 
appointee  to  the  newly  created  chair  of  physiology  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.  While  giving  the  course  at  Pittsfield  he  was  several 
times  called  in  consultation  in  cases  of  peritonitis.  He  was  led  to  advise 
the  use  of  large  doses  of  opium  in  these  cases  in  the  belief  that  the  subsidence 
of  the  inflammation  depended  chiefly  upon  perfect  rest  or  quiet  of  the  intes- 
tines. To  secure  this  condition  he  relied  on  opium  and  presribed  it  to  the 
extent  of  causing  and  maintaining  semi-narcotism. 

At  that  time  Bellevue  had  a  large  maternitv  service,  the  number  of  oh- 


500  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

stttrical  cases  amounting  to  from  fifty  to  sixty  monthly.  Under  the  condi- 
tions existing  at  that  period  outbreaks  of  puerperal  fever  were  common,  es- 
pecially in  the  fall  or  winter  months.  The  disease  was  very  fatal,  recoveries 
being  the  rare  exceptions  during  many  epidemics.  Professor  Clark  came  to 
the  city  in  the  autumn  of  185 1  and  announced  his  faith  in  the  power  of  opium 
to  cure  peritonitis.  He  requested  the  opportunity  of  treating  the  first  cases 
of  puerperal  peritonitis  which  should  occur  and  thus  testing  his  new  theory. 
The  privilege  was  cordially  granted  and  the  first  announcement  of  an  out- 
break of  the  pestilence  was  awaited  with  considerable  anxiety.  Meantime 
a  convenient  ward  was  set  apart  for  this  trial,  and  one  of  the  older  members 
of  the  resident  staff  was  selected  to  carry  out  the  treatment.  With  its  usual 
promptness  the  first  case  was  reported  and  within  twenty-four  hours  a  sec- 
ond case  appeared.  The  patients  were  removed  to  the  isolation  ward,  and 
the  treatment  began.  The  physician  in  charge  was  timid  in  his  dosage  and 
did  not  give  to  exceed  one  grain  of  opium  hourly.  This  amount  did  not 
induce  sleep  and  both  patients  died  without  any  mitigation  of  the  symptoms. 
Professor  Clark  was  greatly  chagrined  at  this  failure  of  his  new  method 
and  ecjually  anno3'ed  at  the  criticisms  of  his  colleagues.  He  alleged  that 
the  treatment  had  not  been  carried  out  according  to  his  directions  and  main- 
tained that  the  result  had  not  impaired  his  confidence.  He  therefore  im- 
mediately applied  to  the  warden  to  furnish  him  with  a  member  of  the  staff 
on  whom  he  could  rely  to  fully  carry  out  his  orders.  The  warden  selected 
Dr.  Smith.  Professor  Clark  immediately  sought  a  private  interview  with 
him  and  the  first  question  which  he  asked  was,  "Did  you  ever  attend  a  com- 
mon school  ?"  The  Doctor  replied  that  he  had.  "Did  the  schoolmaster  ever 
threaten  that  he  would  whip  you  within  an  inch  of  your  life?''  the  professor 
continued.  The  reply  was  that  he  had  not  only  often  heard  the  threat,  but 
had  several  times  experienced  its  execution.  "You  are  the  man  I  want," 
the  professor  said,  and  added :  "Now  I  shall  select  you  to  treat  my  next 
patients  and  I  wish  you  to  give  them  opium  to  within  an  inch  of  their  lives; 
do  not  be  governed  by  the  amount  but  entirely  by  the  effects;  select  reliable 
nurses,  but  I  wish  you  to  see  the  patients  every  hour,  day  and  night,  and 
give  the  opium  yourself;  keep  them  so  narcotized  that  they  can  be  aroused 
only  by  a  decided  shaking." 

The  task  was  undertaken  by  the  junior  member  of  the  staff  with  many 
misgivings,  but  with  a  resolute  determination  to  comply  strictly  with  his 
instructions,  whatever  might  be  the  consequences.  All  higher  laws  were 
negatived  by  the  optimism  of  the  superior  oificer.  Within  twenty- four  hours 
five  new  cases  were  reported  and  were  immediately  placed  in  the  isolation 
ward.  The  treatment  was  begun  with  one  grain  of  opium  every  hour  for 
three  hours ;  as  no  effect  was  noticeable  the  opium  was  increased  to  two  grains 
every  hour  for  three  hours :  no  result  being  apparent  the  amount  was  in- 
creased to  three  grains  every  hour  and  at  the  expiration  of  three  hours  all 
but  one  of  the  patients  were  sleeping  quietly,  but  they  readily  awoke  when 
the  bedside  was  approached.  Another  grain  was  therefore  added,  making 
four  grains  every  hour.  The  second  four-grain  dose  was  given  at  midnight 
and  Dr.  Smith  retired  to  his  room  quite  exhausted  with  his  vigils,  but  as  the 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  501 

nurses  called  him  punctuall}-,  he  lay  down  on  the  sofa  and  slept  during  the 
interval  of  the  doses.  This  time,  they  failed  to  call  him,  and  on  awakening, 
he  found  that  it  was  three  o'clock.  He  hastened  to  the  ward,  where  he  found 
the  nurse  sleeping  soundly  in  a  rocker,  and  the  patients  were  apparently  all 
sleeping.  One,  a  very  pale-faced  young  woman,  whose  features  were  dimly 
lighted  by  a  flickering  candle,  had  the  ghostly  appearance  of  death.  Her  eyes 
were  open,  the  lower  jaw  had  fallen,  the  pulse  could  not  be  felt,  and  for  a 
moment  there  was  no  respiration.  Then  there  was  a  slight  gasp,  another, 
and  yet  another,  and  a  fourth  just  within  the  minute.  Evidently  no  time 
had  been  lost  in  the  attempt  to  save  her  and  after  a  struggle  of  four  hours 
she  had  become  conscious  and  made  a  satisfactory  recovery,  not  only  from 
profound  narcotism  but  from  the  puerperal  fever,  the  symptoms  of  Avhich 
did  not  recur.  Three  of  the  four  remaining  patients  continued  to  take  four 
grains  of  opium  every  hour  for  one  or  two  days,  when  the  symptoms  of 
peritonitis  subsided  and  all  made  good  recoveries.  Four  consecutive  cases 
were  thus  cured,  an  experience  unknown  in  Bellevue  Hospital. 

The  fifth  case  proved  much  more  obstinate.  Four  grains  an  hour  caused 
only  slight  somnolence  and  as  the  pulse  ranged  from  one  hundred  twenty 
to  one  hundred  thirty  per  minute,  with  great  tenderness  of  the  abdomen, 
tympanitis  and  rapid  respiration,  the  dose  was  gradually  increased  from  four  to 
twelve  grains  per  hour,  when  narcotism  became  sufficiently  pronounced  and 
the  dosage  was  maintained  until  she  had  taken  1,960  grains,  by  actual  weight. 
During  treatment  she  neither  vomited  nor  had  a  movement  of  the  bowels. 
The  symptoms  began  to  improve  about  the  fifth  day  and  from  that  time  she 
rapidly  recovered.  This  was  the  fifth  consecutive  case  of  cure,  and,  as  the 
symptoms  showed  that  she  was  suffering  from  the  severest  form  of  puer- 
peral fever,  her  recovery  was  conceded  to  prove  the  value  of  the  opium  treat- 
ment. 

Another  incident  of  interest  during  Dr.  Smith's  residence  in  Bellevue 
was  the  occurrence  of  a  severe  epidemic  of  typhus  fever  in  the  city.  For 
several  months  the  hospital  was  crowded  with  typhus  cases  to  the  exclusion 
of  the  ordinary  diseases.  Of  the  twelve  internes  eight  had  the  fever  and 
two  died.  As  Dr.  Smith,  perhaps  born  an  immune,  escaped  an  attack,  there 
were  periods  when  he  and  two  others  had  the  sole  care  of  several  hundred 
cases  of  the  fever.  Professor  Clark  was  in  charge  of  the  fever  wards,  and 
the  course  of  the  epidemic  came  to  rely  chiefly  on  the  free  administration 
of  brandy  in  the  critical  stage.  So  successful  was  this  treatment  that  he 
spoke  of  brandy  as  nearly  a  specific  in  the  treatment  of  typhus  at  the  crisis 
of  its  course.  He  gave  a  favorable  prognosis  in  those  cases  which  progressed 
without  complication  to  the  stage  of  semi-tmconsciousness,  so  great  was  his 
confidence  in  the  power  of  brandy,  if  given  judiciously,  to  tide  them  over. 
On  one  occasion  a  professor  in  a  St.  Louis  medical  college  came  to  the  hos- 
pital with  Professor  Clark  to  witness  the  treatment  of  typhus.  He  was  alto- 
gether skeptical  in  regard  to  the  alleged  value  of  brandy,  and  as  a  test  he  was 
requested  to  select  the  cases  which  in  his  opinion  were  hopeless  or  be3rond  the 
power   of  any  remedy.      He   selected   six  cases,   two  of   whom   he  believed 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIAXS  AND  SURGEOXS. 


were  dying,  and  left,  promising  to  call  on  the  following  day.  The  cases 
were  immediately  isolated  and  treatment  begim.  The  patients  were  semi- 
comatose to  the  extent  of  recognizing  no  one,  although  they  could  swallow 
with  difficult}-  liquids  put  into  their  mouths.  Dr.  Smith  personally  super- 
vised their  treatment  and  gave  hot  brandy  and  miUc  averaging  every  thirtv" 
minutes.  The  most  hopeless  case  took  twenty  ounces  of  brandy.  \\'hen  the 
professor  visited  the  hospital  all  of  the  patients  had  so  far  recovered  as  to 
answer  questions  intelligently  and  several  asked  for  water  and  food.  All 
had  evidently  passed  the  crisis  safely.  The  St.  Louis  professor  was  incredu- 
lous, and.  perhaps  mortilied  by  reason  of  his  prognosis,  inquired  if  these 
were  reallv  the  patients  whom  he  had  selected,  intimating  that  they  might 
have  died  and  others  had  been  substituted. 

During  his  first  year  in  Bellevue  an  occurrence  at  his  countn.-  home  lur- 
nished  Dr.  Smith  the  theme  for  a  paper  on  rupture  of  the  urinan,-  bladder, 
which  was  published  in  the  Xen'  York  Journal  of  Medicine  for  ^lay,  185 1. 
and  was  aftenvards  translated  into  French,  German  and  Spanish.  The  young 
phvsician  in  whose  practice  the  case  occurred  was  censured  by  the  older  medi- 
cal men  of  the  vicinity  for  his  diagnosis,  the  contention  being  that  rupture 
of  the  bladder  rarely  if  ever  occurred  and  was  not  proved  in  this  case  either 
by  the  svmptoms  or  the  autopsy.  The  attending  physician  urged  his  friend, 
Dr.  Smith,  to  make  a  collection  of  cases  preparatory  for  the  trial.  The  only 
medical  libran,-  in  the  cit\-  at  that  time  belonged  to  the  New  York  Ho.spital, 
then  located  on  Broadway  near  Duane  street.  It  was  opened  daily  only  from 
twelve  to  one  o'clock,  but  in  spite  of  the  disadvantages.  Dr.  Smtih  succeeded 
in  collecting  seventy-five  cases  and  tabulating  them  so  that  they  could  be 
used  at  the  trial.  The  collection  completely  nullified  the  testimony  of  the 
medical  witnesses  who  had  so  severely  criticised  the  physician  in  charge  of 
the  case.  The  collection  having  been  examined  by  Dr.  ^'alentine  ^Mott,  Sr., 
he  expressed  great  surprise  at  the  number  and  strongly  advised  the  young 
author  to  publish  them  with  a  suitable  text.  The  paper  appeared  in  the  Neiv 
York  Journal  of  Medicine  for  ^May.  185 1.  and  was  widely  copied  at  home 
and  abroad. 

Dr.  Smith  remained  in  Bellevue  two  years,  owing  to  the  t\"phus  epidemic 
from  which  the  staff  suffered  so  severely.  The  ordinary'  term  was  eighteen 
months.  He  aftenvards  spent  six  months  in  the  quarantine  hospital  during 
the  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  which  spread  over  Bay  Ridge.  Long  Island.  He 
located  in  Xew  York  in  1852  and  in  1853  became  joint  editor  with  Dr.  Pur- 
ple of  the  Xeiv  York  Journal  of  Medicine,  to  which  he  had  contributed  sev- 
eral articles.  He  was  soon  after  appointed  physician  to  the  Xew  York  and 
the  Xorthern  dispensaries,  with  which  he  remained  connected  for  several 
years,  as  they  afforded  large  opportunities  for  practical  clinical  studies. 

In  1854,  scarcely  two  years  after  he  left  Bellevue  as  a  student,  the  board 
of  governors  unanimously  appointed  him  visiting  surgeon  to  this  great  hos- 
pital. This  event,  taken  in  connection  with  his  editorship  of  the  Journal  of 
Medicine,  may  be  taken  as  a  point  of  departure  in  tracing  the  various  activi- 
ties of  Dr.  Smith  and  of  estimating  the  character  of  his  work. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  .  503 


AS    A    PRACTICAL    SURGEON. 

At  the  period  when  Dr.  Smith  entered  Bellevue  as  visiting  surgeon,  sur- 
geons were  classified  as  operative  and  conservative.  In  the  pre-antiseptic 
period  operations  were  often  performed  to  save  the  patient  from  the  fatal 
result  which  would  certainly  follow  the  profuse  suppuration  occurring  in  all 
wounds.  Conservatism  consisted  in  preventing  suppuration,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, with  the  means  then  employed.  Dr.  Smith  was  conservative.  He  em- 
ployed such  preventive  measures  as  very  hot  water  applied  immediately  to 
the  surface  of  the  wound  after  the  operation :  irrigations  of  wounds  with 
dilute  creosote:  dusting  the  surface  of  wounds  with  pulverized  cinchona:  ap- 
plying balsam  Peru.  etc.  But  notwithstanding  his  conservatism  in  the  field 
of  operative  surgery  Dr.  Smith  has  made  some  notable  advances.  He  was 
accustomed  to  prepare  feeble  patients  for  the  shock  of  operations  bv  feeding 
them  on  hot  milk  and  whiskey  for  eight  to  ten  hours  preceding  the  opera- 
tion. The  value  of  the  method  was  threefold,  viz :  it  supplied  the  patient  with 
ample  nourishment:  it  furnished  the  heart  a  mild  put  persistent  stimulant; 
it  rendered  the  patient  so  insensible  to  pain  that  be  recphred  much  less  ether. 
No  shock  has  e\-er  been  noticeable  when  this  method  has  been  pursued. 

Dr.  Smith  performed  many  of  the  important  operations  of  the  period 
and  devised  several  which  have  been  accepted.  He  performed  Syme's  ampu- 
tation at  the  ankle  joint  with  excellent  results,  this  being  the  second  of  the 
kind  in  this  country.  He  ligated  the  common  iliac  artery  in  the  presence  of 
Dr.  Valentine  'Slott.  who  made  the  first  operation:  Dr.  Smith's  case  was  the 
thirty-second.  He  devised  a  new  method  of  amputation  at  the  knee  joint 
which  has  been  accepted  by  authorities  at  home  and  abroad  as  giving  the 
best  results.  He  treated  fistula-in-ano  by  complete  excision  and  immediate 
union,  obtaining  perfect  results  in  twelve  consecutive  cases.  In  an  incised 
wound  of  the  liver,  he  applied  a  suture  in  the  form  of  an  X  or  cross.  He 
successfully  ligated  the  external  carotid  near  the  origin  for  cancer  of  the 
face.  Recently  he  published  a  new  method  of  amputation  at  the  knee  joint 
for  gangrene  of  foot  due  to  embolism  of  the  popliteal  at  its  bifurcation.  He 
secured  excellent  results  by  anchylosis  of  the  knee  joint  by  excisions  for  in- 
fantile paralysis  of  leg,  known  as  "dangle  limb."  He  practiced  Lannalogtte's 
craniectomy  for  microcephalus.  In  a  fracture  with  displacement  of  the  elev- 
enth dorsal  vertebra  followed  by  paraplegia,  he  excised  the  displaced  frag- 
ment but  without  permanent  relief. 

Dr.  Smith  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  City  Hospital,  Blackwell's  Is- 
land, in  1864:  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  in  1885:  to  Columbus  Hospital  in 
1890.  He  is  now  consulting  surgeon  to  these  hospitals.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  war  he  was  commissioned  as  a  volunteer  surgeon  by  Governor 
Morgan,  and  served  in  the  hospital  at  Fortress  Monroe  after  the  seven  days' 
battles  of  General  ]\IcClellan,  and  in  the  hospitals  at  Fredericksburg  during 
the  battles  of  the  \\'ilderness.  He  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  the 
Military  Hospital,  Central  Park,  New  York,  and  afterwards  surgeon  in 
charge  of  the  City  Hospital  while  it  was  in  charge  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  army.     Under  appointment  of  the  United  States  sanitary  com- 


504  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

mission  he  inspected  the  mihtary  hospitals  and  made  a  full  report  on  their 
condition  and  management. 

Subsequently  he  was  selected  by  the  trustees  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital, 
New  York,  fund  to  prepare  plans  for  that  hospital.  The  original  hospital 
was  constructed  according  to  those  plans,  which  were  published  in  an  elab- 
orate report  made  to  the  managers  by  Dr.  Smith.  This  hospital  attracted 
much  attention,  and  the  plans  proved  to  be  the  basis  for  the  construction  of 
several  hospitals.  When  the  trustees  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  fund 
were  preparing  to  erect  a  hospital  they  appointed  a  commission  of  six  experts 
on  hospital  construction  to  report  on  plans.  Dr.  Smith  was  selected  as  one 
of  the  commission  and  prepared  a  report  with  complete  plans  for  the  hos- 
pital, which  was  published  in  the  volume  issued  by  the  trustees.  These  plans 
were  accepted  by  the  architect  of  the  board  with  slight  modification,  but 
on  his  removal  from  office  a  new  set  of  plans  was  made  according  to  which 
the  present  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Avas  constructed. 

AS    A    TEACHER. 

Dr.  Smith  has  had  a  large  experience  as  a  teacher,  ^^'hen  he  began  to 
practice,  the  medical  colleges  encouraged  private  teaching  and  accordingly 
it  was  the  custom  among  recent  graduates  to  have  private  classes  of  medical 
students.  Dr.  Smith  early  began  to  teach  and  the  numbers  of  his  pupils 
increased  so  that  he  had  as  many  as  sixty  in  a  single  class.  On  entering  upon 
his  new  duties  in  Bellevue  he  at  once  began  clerical  teaching,  which  added 
much  to  the  popularity  of  his  classes.  It  was  to  this  circumstance  that 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  had  its  origin.  Several  members  of  the 
visiting  staff  also  had  private  classes  which  attended  the  clinics  at  Bellevue. 
Frequently  upwards  of  two  hundred  students  would  be  present  at  a  lecture. 

These  facts  suggested  to  Dr.  Smith  the  propriety  of  establishing  at  Belle- 
vue Hospital  a  fully  organized  medical  college.  He  first  mentioned  the  matter 
to  Dr.  Sayer,  after  one  of  the  latter's  largely  attended  clinical  lectures,  who 
received  the  suggestion  with  his  usual  enthusiasm.  The  only  other  member 
of  the  staff  who  favored  an  immediate  eft'ort  to  obtain  a  charter  for  a  medical 
college  was  Dr.  Isaac  E.  Taylor.  The  president  of  the  charities  commission 
at  that  time  was  Hon.  Simeon  Draper,  a  man  of  great  personal  popularity 
and  of  dominating  political  influence.  Dr.  Taylor  was  his  family  physician 
and  intimate  personal  friend.  To  determine  the  attitude  of  Mr.  Draper 
toward  the  project  Drs.  Taylor  and  Smith  waited  on  him  and  unfolded  the 
project  of  a  medical  school  at  Bellevue.  Mr.  Draper  received  their  proposi- 
tion in  much  doubt,  but  promised  to  confer  with  his  colleagues  and  be  gov- 
erned by  their  decision.  The  conclusion  which  the  commission  reached  was 
that  if  the  medical  board  of  the  hospital  would  recommend  that  a  medical 
school  be  established  in  connection  with  the  hospital,  the  commission  would 
endeavor  to  secure  a  charter  from  the  legislature.  As  the  medical  board 
contained  members  of  the  faculties  of  the  other  colleges  it  was  doubtful  about 
securing  its  approval.  Therefore,  when  the  matter  was  brought  before  the 
board,  it  was  in  the  form  of  a  suggestion  by  the  commission.     The  propo- 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNL  505 

sition  was  regarded  by  many  members  of  the  board  as  chimerical,  and  was 
adopted  with  httle  discussion. 

A  charter  was  drafted  and  it  was  decided  to  call  the  new  college  the 
"Bellevue  Hospital  IMedical  College"  in  order  to  secure  the  advantages  which 
the  prestige  of  the  hospital  would  give  the  new  school.  The  charter  was 
obtained,  the  faculty  organized,  and  the  first  course  of  instruction  began  in 
the  autumn  of  1861  with  a  class  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  students.  Dr.  Smith 
held  the  professorship  of  the  principles  of  surgery  and  clinical  surgery  until 
1865.  when  he  was  appointed  as  lecturer  for  one  year  and  thereafter  as  pro- 
fess of  anatomy.  He  resigned  this  professorship  in  1872,  and  afterwards 
accepted  the  position  of  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  University  Medi- 
cal College. 

In  teaching  anatomy  Dr.  Smith  departed  from  the  stereot}-ped  method 
and  piirsued  a  course  peculiarly  his  own.  The  underlying  principle  of 
his  system  was  that  the  human  organisms  should  be  studied  as  we  would 
study  any  other  mechanism,  that  is,  according  to  the  laws  governing  mechan- 
ical construction.  The  student  was  thus  placed  in  the  attitude  of  an  inventor 
or  creator,  and  all  his  studies  were  along  the  line  of  devising  and  creating 
structures  adapted  to  perform  functions.  His  constant  effort  was  to  arouse 
and  stimulate  to  intense  activity  the  inventive  faculty  of  the  student.  This 
method  of  studying  the  human  mechanism  proved  to  be  eminently  successful. 
The  a^-erage  student  became  at  once  interested  in  the  study  of  anatomy  and 
the  technicalities  were  readily  learned  and  not  easily  forgotten. 

In  teaching  clinical  surgery  Dr.  Smith's  method  was  to  group  series  of 
cases  and  thus  illustrate  ever)-  progressive  phase  of  the  disease.  In  a  large 
hospital  this  could  often  be  done  with  great  perfection  and  thus  in  one  lecture 
the  dift'erent  stages  of  a  disease  would  be  presented  as  an  impressive  object 
lesson.  This  method,  with  a  very  accurate  analysis  of  the  principal  features 
of  the  case  and  a  practical  illustration  and  application  of  the  lessons  to  be 
learned,  made  his  clincs  very  attractive  and  popular. 

AS    A    SURGICAL    AUTHOR. 

In  the  field  of  surgical  literature  Dr.  Smith's  labors  have  been  con- 
spicuous both  for  the  quantity  and  quality  of  his  work.  Following  his  mono- 
graph on  "Rupture  of  the  Urinary  Bladder,"  which,  as  already  stated,  was 
written  while  he  was  on  the  resident  staff  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  are  a  series 
of  papers  in  the  NeiL-  York  Journal  of  Medicine  from  his  pen.  Several  of 
these  papers  are  elaborate  reports  based  on  cases  in  the  practice  of  surgeons 
of  Bellevue,  especially  of  Dr.  Willard  Parker.  The  most  important  of  these 
papers  were  as  follows :  "Polypus  Laryngis,"  "Rare  Forms  of  Dislocations," 
"Spontaneous  Fractures,"  "Injuries  of  the  Bladder,"  "Amputation  at  the 
Knee  Joint,"  "Fracture  of  the  Processus  Dentatus."  For  Dr.  James  R. 
Wood  he  prepared  a  statistical  paper  on  "Ligature  of  the  Common  Carotid 
Artery." 

In  the  number  of  the  Journal  for  ^larch,  1852,  he  published  an  elaborate 
paper  "On  The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Epilepsy,""  with  a  table  of  twentv-seven 


So6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

cases  of  trephining  the  skull  for  that  affection.  This  was  the  most  important 
paper  on  this  subject  which  had  appeared  at  that  date.  In  the  same  journal 
for  September,  1852,  was  published  a  paper  on  "Statistics  of  Amputation 
at  the  Hip  Joint,"  with  tables  of  statistics  of  amputation  in  continental, 
British  and  American  practice.  In  the  Journal  for  January,  1853,  the  subject 
of  "Amputation  at  the  Large  Joints"  is  continued  with  statistics  of  ampu- 
tation at  the  shoulder  and  elbow  joints. 

In  1858  Dr.  Smith  became  sole  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Medicine.  In 
i860  he  determined  to  convert  the  Journal  into  a  weekly  periodical,  the  first 
number  of  which  appeared  on  the  first  of  July  of  that  year  under  the  title  of 
American  Medical  Times.  It  was  a  quarto  of  thirty-two  pages  and  took 
the  form  and  makeup  of  the  Medical  Times  and  Gazette  of  London.  It 
pro\"ed  at  once  a  great  success.  The  editorials  were  devoted  to  the  discussion 
of  current  medical  topics,  which  were  afterwards  collected  and  published  in 
a  duodecimo  volume  of  four  hundred  pages  tmder  the  title  "Doctor  in  Medi- 
cine," this  being  the  title  of  the  first  paper  in  the  volume.  As  the  Civil  war 
began  soon  after  its  establishment,  many  of  the  early  editorials  related  to  the 
affairs  of  the  medical  department  of  the  army.  The  periodical  was  continued 
four  years  and  was  suddenly  discontinued  owing  to  a  crisis  occurring  in  the 
affairs  of  the  publishers. 

The  most  important  contribution  of  Dr.  Smith  to  surgical  literature  is 
his  work  on  the  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Operative  Surgery,"  a  handbook 
which  originated  in  a  manifest  need  of  both  the  regular  and  the  volunteer 
surgeons  at  the  commencement  of  the  Civil  war.  The  works  on  surgery  at 
that  time  were  ponderous  volumes  to  be  consulted  only  at  leisure  and  would 
come  to  hand  too  late  when  the  wagon  trains  were  far  in  the  rear.  Although 
Dr.  Smith  had  collected  his  illustrations  very  leisurely,  the  mo\-ement  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  from  before  Washington  to  Fortress  Monroe  in  the 
spring  of  1862  impressed  the  public  mind  that,  according  to  the  prediction, 
the  war  would  end  in  "ninety  days."  For  this  reason  among  many  others 
the  publisher  urged  that  the  book  be  completed  without  delay.  Accordingly 
the  compiler  began  to  prepare  the  text  on  the  first  day  of  May  and  was  freed 
from  the  printers  on  the  27th  of  the  same  month.  The  venture  was  re^varded 
by  a  sale  amounting  to  not  less  than  twelve  thousand  copies  before  peace 
was  declared.  In  passing,  reference  might  be  made  to  the  significant  coinci- 
dence that  within  a  month  there  appeared  in  Richmond,  V^irginia,  another 
work  with  a  different  text,  but  the  exact  illustrations. 

Encouraged  by  his  venture  as  described.  Dr.  Smith  in  1879  prepared 
another  edition  more  specially  adapted  to  civil  practice,  which  received  high 
commendation,  particularly  from  surgeons  like  Gross,  Hamilton,  Mott, 
Paget  and  Esmarch.  Eight  thousand  copies  of  this  edition  were  quickly  sold. 
In  1887  the  work  was  again  revised,  largely  rewritten,  and  published  in  oc- 
tavo form,  and  took  rank  along  with  the  standard  works  on  the  principles 
and  practice  of  operative  surgery.  Dr.  Smith  edited  an  edition  of  Hamil- 
ton's work  on  "Fractures  and  Dislocations,"  which  is  now  out  of  print,  but 
in  its  day  commanded  a  ready  sale  and  was  quoted  as  an  authority. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  507 

While  engaged  in  editorial  duties  Dr.  Smith  collected  a  valuable  library 
for  reference,  especially  along  the  line  of  the  serial  publications.  This 
library  finally  contained  the  current  literature  of  this  country.  Great  Britain 
and  France  for  the  last  century  in  a  very  complete  form.  In  i8g6,  however, 
he  donated  the  larger  part  of  this  growing  collection  t(j  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  Syracuse  University,  where  it  forms  a  nucleus  and  is  constantly 
expanding  along  the  same  lines.  But  before  the  year  just  mentioned  Dr. 
Smith  had  organized  the  Medical  Library  and  Journal  Association  of  New 
York  city.  This  body  finally  dissolved  and  transferred  its  collection  to  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  practically  to  merge  with  the  New  York 
Hospital  Library  and  Pathological  Museum,  which,  owing  to  its  inaccessibil- 
ity, had  lost  its  prestige,  particularly  with  students. 

IN    THE    FIELD    OF    SANIT.XRY    REFORM. 

Dr.  Smith  long  ago  acquired  a  leading  position  in  the  field  of  sanitary 
reform,  not  only  in  this  city  and  state  but  in  connection  with  the  general 
government.  An  interesting  incident  occurred  in  his  early  professional 
career  which  made  such  an  impression  upon  his  mind  tliat  he  ne\-er  lost  an 
opportunity  to  aid  in  securing  proper  sanitary  legislation.  While  attending 
typhus  fever  in  Bellevue  Hospital  he  traced  a  succession  of  cases  numbering 
twenty  as  coming  from  a  single  house  in  East  Twenty-first  street,  and  there 
found  the  wreck  of  a  building  which  was  the  resort  of  tramps  of  most  untidy 
habits.  The  agent  refusing  to  give  the  name  of  the  owner  obliged  the  self- 
constituted  inspector  to  visit  the  police,  inasmuch  as  there  was  no  health 
department.  The  staggering  discovery  was  then  made  that  there  was  no 
law  or  ordinance  by  which  the  house  could  be  either  cleaned  or  closed.  On 
examining  the  tax  books  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Acton,  president  of  the 
police  commission,  the  owner  of  the  building  was  found  to  be  a  resident  of 
Union  Square  and  a  member  of  a  church  advocating  practical  morals.  This 
landlord  was  visited,  the  condition  of  his  house  described,  and  the  fact  made 
apparent  that  it  was  unquestionably  a  "fever-nest,"  which  ought  to  be  closed 
or  renovated.  Deaf  to  all  appeals,  and  claiming  that  he  did  not  even  have 
the  power  of  dispossession  notwithstanding  his  prompt  payment  of  taxes, 
he  refused  to  do  anything  to  mend  the  situation. 

Dr.  Smith,  somewhat  discomfited,  next  called  on  William  Cullen  Brvant, 
the  editor  of  the  Evening  Post,  and  relating"  the  circumstances,  explained  the 
want  of  laws  or  ordinances  empowering  the  police  to  remedy  the  evil.  After 
a  few  minutes'  reflection  the  editor  advised  that  Mr.  Acton  should  arrest 
the  owner  on  the  charge  of  maintaining  a  public  nuisance  and  inform  him 
when  the  gentleman  would  be  brought  into  court.  A  reporter  of  the  Post 
would  be  present  to  secure  the  facts  for  publication,  and  they  would  be  the 
subject  of  proper  editorial  comment. 

When  the  gentleman  appeared  in  the  Jefferson  Market  police  court  he 
was  confronted  by  the  reporter,  pencil  and  paper  in  hand,  who  briskly  inter- 
rogated him  as  to  his  name,  residence,  location  of  the  tenement  house  and 
its  habitues,  its  condition,  and  such  other  matters  as  might  be  fit  for  publica- 


5o8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL-INS  AND  SURGEONS. 

tion.  Alarmed  at  his  position,  the  owner  inquired  about  his  own  rights 
before  the  bar  of  justice  and  as  regarded  his  tormentor's  reasons  for  rigid 
cross-examination  without  an  attorney's  Hcense,  and  was  at  once  informed 
that  he  was  fuUy  authorized  by  the  editor  of  the  Evening  Post,  who  intended 
to  pubhsh  verbatim  all  the  facts  as  elicited,  with  full  editorial  comments.  The 
gentleman  became  greatly  alarmed  and  l^egged  that  the  matter  be  dropped, 
promising  that  he  would  at  once  have  the  house  put  in  good  sanitary  condi- 
tion. The  terrorization  with  court  stu'roundings  had  the  not  uncommon 
dramatic  result,  for  the  house  was  at  once  N-acated  and  soon  was  pointed  out 
as  a  pattern  to  be  copied.  Nor  was  this  all,  for  the  lauilding  became  one  of 
the  most  attractive  tenements  in  that  district,  sought  out  by  the  ijest  class 
of  tenants,  who  willingly  paid  the  higher  rents  which  the  landlord,  as  they 
claimed,  justly  charged.  The  landlord,  too,  was  highly  pleased  and  without 
irony  thanked  Dr.  Smith  for  his  public  spirit  and  his  own  reward  of  virtue 
with  a  better  income.  This  experience  made  a  profound  impression  on  Dr. 
Smith  and  led  to  his  subsequent  efforts  to  secure  the  much  required  sanitary 
organization,  with  ample  health  laws  for  the  city. 

For  several  years,  in  cooperation  with  others,  he  aided  in  drafting  bills 
and  bringing  them  before  the  legislature,  but  all  these  efforts  failed  until 
the  Citizens'  Association  was  formed,  of  which  Peter  Cooper  was  president. 
This  body  was  composed  of  a  large  number  of  citizens  of  wealth  and  influ- 
ence, whose  purpose  was  to  promote  schemes  for  improving  the  city  in  every 
department  and  to  defeat  improper  Isills  before  the  legislature.  It  had  a 
sanitary  and  a  legal  bureau.  Dr.  Smith  became  an  active  member  of  the 
former  and  Mr.  Dorman  B.  Eaton  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  latter. 
In  this  organization  w-ere  found  the  forces  necessary  to  secure  the  long  sought 
legislation  and  the  judicious  enforcements  with  due  regard  for  the  rights  of 
enlightened  citizenship. 

As  the  cause  of  failure  in  securing  adecjuate  legislation  had  Ijeen  due 
chiefly  to  the  want  of  official  facts  in  regard  to  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
city,  it  was  decided  to  organize  and  carry  out  a  scheme  of  inspection  under 
the  auspices  of  the  association.  Of  this  work  Dr.  Smith  had  charge  with 
plenary  powers.  He  divided  the  city  into  thirty-one  inspection  districts  and 
appointed  a  young  physician  to  each.  The  plan  of  inspection  required  a  per- 
sonal examination  of  every  building  of  whate\-er  name  and  nature  in 
each  district  and  where  accessible  every  room  in  each  building  was  inspected, 
its  size,  arrangement,  condition  and  uses  noted,  as  also  all  the  facts  relating" 
to  the  persons  occupying  them.  The  inspection  was  completed  in  three 
months  and  the  reports  when  bound  made  seventeen  volumes  of  most  sug- 
gestive expedients.  Dr.  Elisha  Harris,  an  efficient  and  tireless  co-worker,  pre- 
pared the  text  of  the  report  submitted  to  the  association,  which  was  imme- 
diately printed.  The  popular  verdict  has  been  repeatedly  approved  that  there 
was  never  a  voluntary  sanitary  inspection  of  a  large  city  comparable  to  that 
performed  by  the  Citizens'  Association  in  1863-64.  No  work  of  its  class 
could  have  been  better  done  with  all  the  temptations  for  sensational  embel- 
ishments  and  with  such  calm,  honest  statements.  It  was  now  proposed  by 
the  association  to  have  a  bill  drafted  creating  a  metropolitan  health  depart- 


& 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  509 

ment,  along  the  same  lines  as  tlie  meh-opolitan  police  department  and  closely 
allied  to  it.  The  task  of  preparing  the  bill  was  committed  to  Dr.  Smith  and 
Mr.  Eaton.  Dr.  Smith  made  the  first  draft,  embodying  all  of  the  essential 
medical  and  sanitary  provisions.  Mr.  Eaton,  who  had  thoroughly  studied 
the  health  laws  of  England  along  with  their  many  amendments,  perfected 
the  measure. 

The  bill  was  introduced  into  the  legislature  of  1865  and  Dr.  Smith  and 
Mr.  Eaton  were  directed  to  appear  in  its  behalf  before  the  joint  committee 
on  cities  of  the  two  houses.  Senator  Andrew  D.  White  presided.  The  im- 
pression made  upon  the  committees  by  the  arguments  was  so  favorable  that 
a  prominent  member  remarked  at  the  close  of  the  hearing  that  if  the  two 
houses  were  in  session  the  bill  would  pass  at  once  after  such  admirable  pre- 
sentations. Dr.  Smith's  speech,  as  published  in  the  Nezu  York  Times,  occu- 
pied more  than  one  side  of  its  daily  issue,  and  the  many  controversies  -which 
loomed  up  in  the  papers  showed  that  it  must  at  least  have  been  pretty  general- 
ly read.  The  bill  was  defeated,  however,  at  that  session,  but  the  agitation 
was  editorially  continued,  and  so  public  sentiment  became  further  solidified 
in  its  favor  by  a  threatened  invasion  of  cholera  and  the  actual  existence  of 
a  smallpox  epidemic,  perhaps  primarily  due  to  the  disbanded  legions  of  the 
Civil  war  returning  to  their  homes.  Thus  during  the  early  days  of  the 
session  of  1866  it  found  its  place  in  the  statutes  of  the  Empire  state.  More 
than  all,  it  has  proved  to  be  the  source  of  all  the  health  legislation  in  this 
country,  municipal,   state  and  national. 

In  March,  1868.  Governor  Fenton  appointed  Dr.  Smith  one  of  the  com- 
missioners. In  1870,  the  legislature  amended  the  law  by  removing  its  metro- 
politan feature  and  limiting  the  area  of  operation  to  the  city  of  New  York. 
This  change  legislated  the  commissioners  out  of  office  and  a  new  commission 
was  appointed  by  the  mayor.  Dr.  Smith  was  again  selected  by  Mayor  A. 
Oakey  Hall.  In  1872  the  law  was  again  amended  and  a  new  board  created, 
and  Dr.  Smith  was  re-appointed  by  Mayor  AVilliam  F.  Havermeyer.  In 
1875,  on  the  expiration  of  his  term,  he  retired  from  the  board. 

As  early  as  1870  Dr.  Smith  conceived  the  idea  of  organizing  a  national 
sanitary  association,  the  object  of  which  should  be  the  mutual  co-operation 
of  all  the  health  boards,  sanitarians  and  scientists  of  the  United  States  inter- 
ested in  the  reform  movement.  In  1870  he  had  succeeded  by  an  extensive 
correspondence  in  exciting  sufficient  interest  in  the  enterprise  to  secure  a  large 
meeting  of  delegates  from  many  cities  and  states  at  Long  Branch,  where  the 
organization  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association  was  effected.  Dr. 
Smith  was  elected  its  first  president  and  was  subsequently  re-elected  four 
times,  but  he  declined  the  last  election.  This  association  has  steadily  grown 
until  it  has  become  one  of  the  most  influential  bodies  in  the  countrj^,  and 
it  has  now  extended  the  scope  of  its  beneficent  work  by  incorporating  Canada 
and  Mexico  as  an  integral  portion  of  its  organization. 

Early  in  the  seventies  Dr.  Smith  began  the  agitations  in  favor  of  a 
national  board  of  health.  At  his  suggestion  several  prominent  sanitarians 
in  different  states  met  in  conference  at  Washington  for  the  purpose  of  exam- 
ining the  situation  and  determining  the  propriety  of  introducing  a  bill  into 


510  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Congress  creating  such  a  board.  But  the  project  was  decided  to  lie  prema- 
ture and  the  time  not  j^et  ripe  for  the  enactment  of  uniform  sanitary  laws 
throughout  the  Union.  In  1878  occurred  the  great  yellow  fever  epidemic 
in  the  Mississippi  valley,  which  created  a  strong  public  sentiment  in  the 
southern  states  favorable  to  the  creation  of  a  national  health .  organization. 
This  was  regarded  by  Dr.  Smith  and  those  acting  with  him  as  the  proper 
occasion  for  the  introduction  of  a  bill  into  Congress  creating  a  health  organi- 
zation in  the  general  government.  Accordingly  Dr.  Smith  drafted  a  bill 
establishing  a  department  of  health,  which  was  introduced  into  the  Senate 
by  Senator  Lamar,  of  Mississippi.  Much  opposition  was  developed  during 
the  session  to  any  health  legislation,  but  the  devastations  of  the  pestilence 
had  been  so  widespread  in  the  south,  and  the  fear  of  its  return  in  the  follow- 
ing year  was  so  great  that  it  became  apparent  that  the  people  of  the  southern 
states  would  compel  relief  from  Congress.  Several  measures  were  introduced, 
but  each  met  with  opposition  and  it  was  only  on  the  last  day  of  the  session 
that  a  compi'omise  measure  was  introduced  and  passed.  This  act  merely 
created  a  board  of  health  with  only  power  to  stud}'  the  cjuestion  of  the  neces- 
sity of  a  permanent  board  of  health.  An  extra  session  was  called  owing 
to  the  failure  of  appropriations,  and  this  gave  an  opportunity  to  the  people 
of  the  south  to  demand  that  additional  power  should  be  given  the  new  board. 
Accordingly  a  supplementary  act  was  passed  giving  the  board  full  power 
to  take  proper  measures  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  stricken  communities  and 
appropriating  an  adequate  amount  of  money.  Dr.  Smith  was  appointed  by 
President  Hayes  one  of  the  members  of  the  board,  a  position  which  he  held 
twelve  years. 

Meantime,  Dr.  Smith  was  active  in  endea\-oring  to  secure  the  passage 
of  a  law  creating  a  board  of  health  for  the  state  of  New  York.  In  1882 
he  prepared  a  bill,  and  unaided  succeeded  in  securing  its  passage  by  the 
legislature  Excepting  certain  amendments  made  from  time  to  time,  tlie 
present  public  health  law  of  New  York  is  virtually  the  bill  as  originally 
drafted  by  Dr.  Smith. 

In  1894  Dr.  Smith  was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  one  of  the 
three  delegates  to  represent  the  United  States  government  in  the  Interna- 
tional Sanitary  Conference  of  Paris,  which  was  called  by  the  government  of 
France.  The  object  of  this  conference  was  to  make  international  rules  and 
regulations  governing"  the  visitations  of  pilgrims  to  Mecca.  It  was  held  by 
the  French  sanitary  authorities  that  cholera  always  reached  Europe  only  by 
means  of  these  pilgrims :  that  the  pilgrims  from  the  Ganges,  the  habitat  of 
cholera,  brought  the  infection  to  Mecca,  where  they  communicated  it  to 
the  European  pilgrims,  and  thus  it  found  transportation  to  Europe.  The 
conference  was  in  session  three  months,  during  which  time  it  perfected  sani- 
tary rules  governing  the  movements  of  both  Asiatic  and  European  pilgrims, 
and  gave  to  the  world  an  example  of  the  triumph  of  necessity  over  sentiment. 

IN    THE   FIELD  OF    CHARITY. 

Soon  after  his  settlement  in  New  York  Dr.  Smith  was  visiting  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  department  of  charities  on  Blackwell's  Island,  in  company 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  511 

with  a  party  of  ladies.  It  was  a  hot  August  day,  and  among  the  buildings 
visited  was  one  devoted  to  orphan  or  abandoned  infants.  These  children 
were  in  a  most  deplorable  condition.  All  were  ill  with  various  forms  of  dis- 
ease :  their  attendants  were  "ten  days"  women  who  were  sent  to  the  island 
for  drunkenness ;  their  condition  as  regards  clothes  and  cleanliness  indicated 
gross  neglect.  While  examining  these  children,  Mr.  Simeon  Draper,  presi- 
dent of  the  commission,  came  into  the  ward  with  a  disheartened  air.  Dr. 
Smith  incjuired  as  to  the  percentage  of  deaths  of  these  children,  to  which 
Mr.  Draper  replied :  "Ninety-six,  and  the  remaining  four  per  cent  hardly 
seem  worth  saving."  One  of  the  ladies,  profoundly  impressed  with  the  an- 
swer, afterward  rec|uested  Dr.  Smith  to  investigate  the  methods  of  treating 
this  class  of  de])endents  elsewhere,  to  determine  if  such  an  .enormous  death 
rate  was  usual  and  necessary.  Accordingly  he  entered  upon  an  extensive 
correspondence  and  obtained  statistical  reports  from  Germany,  France  and 
Great  Britain.  The  result  of  the  inquiry  showed  that  in  well  managed  insti- 
tutions the  mortalit}'  of  this  class  had  been  as  low  as  four  per  cent,  while 
the  average  varied  from  nine  to  fifteen  per  cent  in  different  year?.  The 
result  of  this  inquiry  was  the  organization  of  a  society  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  an  institution  for  the  care  of  these  almshouse  waifs.  Out  of 
the  movement  sprang  the  New  York  Infant  Asylum,  of  which  Dr.  Smith 
was  one  of  the  incorporators,  and  the  Foundling  Asylum,  which  he  assisted 
Sifter  Irene  in  organizing. 

Dr.  Smith  has  been  a  conspicuous  worker  in  the  field  of  charity.  In 
1 88 1  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  state  board  of  chari- 
ties by  Governor  Cornell.  In  the  following  year  Governor  Cornell  appointed 
him  state  commissioner  in  lunacy,  a  position  which  he  held  six  years.  On 
his  retirement  from  that  office  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Flower  com- 
missioner of  the  state  board  of  charities  in  1888.  On  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  office  he  was  reappointed  by  Governor  Black.  In  September,  1897, 
he  was  appointed  b}'  Mayor  Strong  a  commissioner  of  the  department  of 
charities  of  the  city  of  New  York,  of  which  he  was  elected  president.  He 
retained  this  position  until  the  close  of  Mayor  Strong's  administration,  when 
he  was  again  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the  state  board  of  charities  by 
Governor  Black.  He  was  induced  to  accept  this  position  in  the  belief  that 
he  could  effect  many  reforms  which  his  long  connection  with  the  department 
made  apparent  to  him,  but  the  conditions  prevented  any  special  changes. 

As  commissioner  in  lunacy  he  visited  the  asylums  for  the  insane,  public 
and  private,  two  to  four  times  annually,  and  during  those  visits  he  made 
exhaustive  inspections  of  each  establishment  in  great  detail,  saw  every  in- 
mate and  conversed  with  each  one  who  desired  an  interview.  There  were 
at  that  time  about  fifteen  thousand  insane  in  the  institutions  of  the  state, 
large  numbers  of  whom  were  in  the  almshouses.  At  the  conclusion  of  his 
first  visit  he  was  thoroughly  convinced  that  the  entire  lunacy  system  of  this 
state  should  be  changed.  The  contrast  between  the  management  of  institu- 
tions under  control  of  the  state  compared  with  county  institutions  was  so 
strikingly  in  favor  of  the  former  that  it  was  apparent  that  the  state  should 
have  the  control  of  all  asvlums  for  the  insane.     There  were  two  methods 


512  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  effecting  this  reform ;  either  the  state  should  assume  sufficient  authority 
over  the  management  of  ahnshouses  to  control  the  details  of  their  operations, 
or  the  state  should  assume  the  entire  care  of  all  of  the  insane  in  state  insti- 
tutions. As  there  was  strong  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  counties  to  the 
proposition  that  they  should  surrender  their  insane  entirely  to  the  state,  Dr. 
Smith  drafted  a  bill  which  would  enable  the  state  to  appoint  and  support  a 
certain  number  of  attendants  for  the  insane  in  almshouses,  provided  the 
state  authorities  could  make  the  rules  governing  the  management  of  the 
insane  under  county  care.  But  this  policy  was  abandoned  owing  to  its 
unpopularity  among  the  county  officials.  As  the  most  active  worker,  the 
persistent  sanitarian  then  drafted  a  bill  which  provided  for  a  gradual  re- 
moval of  the  insane  in  the  poorhouses  into  the  state  asylums,  and  began 
the  agitation  which  ended  in  the  adoption  of  the  present  state  care  act.  At 
first  the  proposition  of  state  care  of  all  of  the  insane  was  rejected  not  only 
by  the  counties,  but  by  the  state  board  of  charities  and  many  prominent  citi- 
zens who  were  consulted.  At  length  Dr.  Smith  submitted  the  matter  to  the 
more  active  members  of  the  state  charities  aid  association  and  urged  them 
to  undertake  the  passage  of  the  bill.  At  first  they  did  not  favor  such  action, 
but  subsequently,  under  the  advice  of  Professor  Theodore  Dwight,  they 
approved  the  scheme  and  volunteered  to  secure  the  passage  of  a  bill  that 
would  effect  this  reform,  and  consented  to  undertake  the  task.  Meantime, 
on  further  study  of  the  situation.  Dr.  Smith  decided  that  the  only  remedy 
was  a  radical  measure  which  would  place  all  the  insane  under  state  care  by 
removing  them  bodily  from  the  almshouses  and  transferring  them  to  the 
state  asylums.  Accordingly  he  drafted  a  new  bill,  now  known  as  the  "state 
care  act,"  which  would  effect  this  object  and  which,  after  very  many  modifica- 
tions, was  finally  passed  by  the  legislature  and  effected  a  lasting  reform 
in  the  lunacy  system  of  the  state. 

Before  his  retirement  from  the  office  of  state  commissioner  in  lunacy 
in  1887,  Dr.  Smith  had  concluded  that  the  proper  oversight  of  the  insane, 
then  numbering  about  twenty  thousand,  required  a  commission  made  up  of 
well  qualified  commissioners.  Accordingly  he  drafted  a  bill  creating  a  lunacy 
commission,  consisting  of  one  physician,  one  lawyer  and  a  business  man. 
This  bill  became  a  law  in  1889,  ^nd,  with  subsequent  amendments,  is  the 
present  law  governing  the  lunacy  system  of  the  state. 

When  Dr.  Smith  entered  upon  duty  the  question  of  non-restraint  of  the 
insane  was  a  somewhat  dominant  question.  All  of  the  old  paraphernalia  and 
restraint  devices  were  still  in  use  throughout  the  state  with  but  few  instances 
of  discontinuance  or  modification.  Still,  so  earnest  were  the  superintendents 
in  their  efforts  to  maintain  the  most  advanced  position  in  the  care  of  the 
insane  that  at  the  close  of  his  term  mechanical  restraint  had  been  abandoned. 
Dr.  Smith,  rather  from  choice  than  otherwise,  directed  his  attention  largely 
to  improvements  in  the  details  of  mangement,  a  task  for  which  he  was  well 
qualified  by  his  long  connection  with  the  large  hospitals  of  the  city.  On 
his  recommendation  training  schools  for  nurses  were  established,  the  first 
being  in  the  Buffalo  asylum,  and  their  success  has  amply  justified  his  wisdom. 
In   1889  Dr.    Smith  was  again  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the  state 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  513 


board  of  charities  and  has  remained  a  member  of  that  board  to  the  present 
time  by  two  reappointments.  His  woriv  in  the  field  of  state  charities  has 
covered  every  branch  of  their  service.  It  may  be  truly  said  that  probably 
no  other  one  individual  has  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the  charitable  in- 
stitutions of  the  state. 

A  review  of  the  preceding  sketch  furnishes  another  striking  illustration 
of  the  possiljilities  for  de\-elopment  and  advancement  which  American  insti- 
tutions offer  to  those  born  and  bred  under  the  most  humble  circumstances. 
Handicapped  by  ill  health  from  childhood,  subjected  to  the  hard  labor  of  a 
farm  in  boyhood  with  only  the  meager  facilities  for  education  of  a  poorly 
managed  public  school,  compelled  to  delay  the  commencement  of  the  study 
of  medicine  to  a  period  of  life  when  most  men  have  graduated.  Dr.  Smith 
had  the  opportunity  to  achieve  success,  not  only  in  his  profession,  but  in 
civil  affairs.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that,  although  he  did  not  enter  upon 
the  study  of  medicine  until  he  was  in  his  twenty-third  year,  he  spent  six  years 
in  preparation,  the  greater  part  of  the  time  being  in  hospitals.  During  this 
period  he  not  only  served  full  terms  on  the  medical  and  surgical  divisions 
in  general  hospitals,  but  he  seized  occasions  as  they  offered  to  serve  in  cholera, 
typhus  fever,  smallpox  and  yellow  fever  hospitals.  He  also  took  special 
courses  of  clinical  studies  in  diseases  of  the  skin,  eye  and  ear.  Dr.  Smith 
attributes  whatever  success  he  may  have  achieved  to  two  facts ;  first,  thor- 
ough preparation  in  his  profession,  and  second,  persevering  work  in  every 
position  which  opened  to  him.  His  progress,  although  not  rapid,  was  con- 
tinuous and  substantial.  Though  an  entire  stranger  in  the  city,  he  unosten- 
tatiously secured  a  remunerative  private  practice  which  in  later  years  has 
aft'orded  him  an  ample  income.  With  a  marvelous  industry  he  varied  his 
duties  with  hospital  work  in  public  and  private  teaching,  with  editing  a 
medical  periodical,  in  writng  elaborate  papers  and  in  preparing  his  work  on 
operative  surgery.  But  these  activities  could  not  absorb  all  of  his  time, 
for  he  held  official  relations  with  boards  of  health  and  the  charities  commis- 
sions of  the  city  and  state  that  required  a  large  amount  of  time  and  thought. 
The  public  positions  which  Dr.  Smith  has  held  probably  exceed  that  of 
any  other  medical  man  in  the  country,  for  to  summarize,  he  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  office  three  times  by  the  mayors  of  Ncav  York,  seven  times  by  the 
governors  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  twice  by  the  presidents  of  the  United 
States. 

BENJAMIN  RALPH  SWAN,  M.  D.— 1868. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Ralph  Swan  was  born  December  i,  1837,  in  Woodstock, 
Vermont,  and  is  the  son  of  Benjamin  and  Ann  (Isham)  Swan,  the  former  a 
native  of  Woodstock,  Vermont,  and  the  latter  of  Colchester,  Connecticut. 
Dr.  Swan  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  in  the  class  of  1868,  and  for  a  year  held  the  position  of  surgeon  to  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company.  Since  1870  he  has  practiced  his  profession 
in  San  Francisco,  California.  During  his  student  days  he  was  a  pupil  in  the 
office  of  Dr.  Gurdon  Buck,  of  New  York,  and  for  a  year  previous  to  his 
graduation  served  in  the  Nursery  Hospital  on  Randall's  Island.     From  1871 


514  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEOXS. 

to  1881  he  was  visiting  physician  to  the  Protestant  Orphan  Asylum  of  San 
Francisco,  and  from  1883  to  1901  occupied  the  chair  of  professor  of  diseases 
of  children  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  California.  From 
1874  to  1877  he  was  coroner  of  the  cit}"  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  and  is 
ex-staff  surgeon  of  the  division  of  the  National  Guard  of  California. 

During  the  Civil  war  Dr.  Swan  was  a  member  of  Company  A,  Twent}"- 
third  Regiment,  National  Guard  State  of  New  York,  and  in  1863  accompanied 
the  regiment  to  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Swan  is  a  member  of  the 
American  ^ledical  Association,  the  ^ledical  Society  of  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia, the  San  Francisco  County  ^Medical  Society,  the  California  Academy 
of  iledicine,  and  holds  the  office  of  medical  referee  in  the  JNIutual  Life 
Insurance  Company  of  Nev."  York.  He  belongs  to  the  California  Academy 
of  Sciences,  the  San  Francisco  Art  Association,  and  the  Bohemian,  Pacific 
Union,  and  Sierra  Clubs. 

TAMES  W.  SCRIBNER.  ^l.  D.— 1847. 

Dr.  James  \^^.  Scribner,  deceased,  was  born  at  Tarrjtown,  New  York, 
January-  17,  1820.  His  grandfather,  Enoch  Scribner.  was  a  resident  of  Bed- 
ford, Westchester  county,  to  which  place  he  is  supposed  to  have  moved  from 
Connecticut.  He  was  united  in  marriage  to  ^lary  IMiller.  and  they  were  the 
parents  of  two  sons,  Joseph  2\I.  and  James  ^I.  Scribner.  Joseph  il.  Scribner, 
father  of  Dr.  James  W.  Scribner.  was  born  ]vlay  11,  1793,  and,  wishing  to 
lead  a  professional  life,  began  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  due  course  of 
time  became  a  prominent  physician.  He  married  Rebecca  Ward,  daughter 
of  Thomas  A\'ard,  of  Sing  Sing,  New  York.  Their  children  were :  Dr. 
James  W.,  John  C  Mar\".  wife  of  Robert  Jameson,  and  Philip  \'\\  Scrib- 
ner.    The  father  of  these  children  died  December  28,  1847. 

Dr.  James  W.  Scribner  attended  the  village  schools  until  he  was  fifteen 
years  of  age,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Collegiate  School  at  Bedford. 
Haying  acquired  a  good  classical  education,  he  commenced  the  study  of  med- 
icine with  his  father  as  preceptor,  who  was  then  and  had  been  for  many  years 
one  of  the  physicians  in  charge  of  the  Westchester  almshouse,  and  in  this 
institution  Dr.  Scribner  had  ample  opportunit}'  for  gaining  a  wide  and"  varied 
experience  while  3-et  a  student.  After  attending  three  courses  of  lectures  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  citA'',  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  that  institution  in  1847.  The  following  year  he  began  practice  in 
his  native  town  and  continued  it  until  the  close  of  his  life,  being  invariably 
favored  with  a  large,  responsible  and  remunerative  practice.  He  became  his 
father's  successor  in  the  medical  profession,  and  was  appointed  to  fill  his  place 
at  the  almshouse.  During  his  entire  life  Dr.  Scribner  held  a  high  position 
among  his  professional  brethren  in  the  county  in  which  he  resided ;  so  acute 
were  his  perceptions,  so  widely  read  was  he  in  his  profession,  and  so  skillful 
in  applying  his  acquirements  to  a  practical  use,  that  if  he  had  made  a  specialt}' 
of  any  one  department  of  medicine  he  would  have  become  noted  as  a  leader 
in  it.  But  instead,  he  devoted  himself  to  a  general  practice  and  was  content  to 
gain  a  local  reputation  as  a  skillful  physician,  surgeon  and  obstetrician.     His 


'/^^.i:^ 


^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  515 


counsel  was  frequently  sought  by  physicians  at  a  distance,  and  in  his  own 
neighborhood  his  services  were  always  in  demand  where  a  consultation  was 
necessary.  He  was  devoted  to  his  profession,  and  could  seldom  be  induced 
to  withdraw  himself  from  his  work  in  order  to  take  needed  relaxation.  Dur- 
ing the  last  year  of  his  life,  while  suffering  from  the  acute  pain  of  a  ma- 
lignant disease  and  from  the  depression  naturally  arising  from  such  a  condi- 
tion, he  attended  regularly  to  business  day  and  night,  without  murmur  or 
complaint. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Westchester  County  Medical  Society,  having 
been  elected  to  the  highest  office;  a  member  of  the  New  York  State  Medical 
Society,  the  American  Medical  Association,  an  honorary  member  of  the  Cali- 
fornia State  Medical  Society,  and  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  National  Med- 
ical Association  in  187 1.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  village  of  Tarry- 
town  for  several  terms,  was  chosen  president  of  the  Westchester  County  Ag- 
ricultural Society,  and  also  served  in  the  capacit}^  of  president  of  the  board 
of  education  at  Tarrytown  for  many  years. 

By  Dr.  Scribner's  death,  which  occurred  January  28,  1880,  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  labored  so  faithfully  for  many  years  suffered  an  irrepar- 
able loss :  all  classes  mourned  him  as  a  friend,  he  being  a  man  of  the  highest 
character  and  most  sterling  integrit}'.  These  traits  were  spoken  of  in  un- 
qualified terms  by  those  most  intimately  associated  with  him  in  professional, 
social  or  private  life. 

JAMES  EDWARD  NEWCOMB,  A.  B.,  M.  D.— 1883. 

Dr.  James  E.  Newcomb  was  born  in  New  London,  Connecticut,  Au- 
gust 27,  1857,  and  is  the  son  of  James  and  Sarah  (Weaver)  Newcomb,  the 
former  named  being  a  descendant  of  Governor  William  Bradford,  who  was 
born  in  1588  and  died  in  1657,  and  who  was  a  passenger  in  the  Mayflower 
and  served  as  the  first  governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony.  James  Newcomb 
was  prominently  identified  for  many  years  with  the  mercantile  pursuits  of 
NeAv  London,  but  of  late  j-ears  has  retired  from  the  active  duties  of  busi- 
ness life  and  i=  now  enjoying  a  well  earned  rest.  Mrs.  Newcomb  is  descended 
from  the  Brewsters  of  Plymouth,  and  her  father.  Wanton  A.  Weaver,  was 
one  of  the  old  whaling  merchants  of  New  London. 

Dr.  Newcomb  prepared  for  college  in  the  Bulkeley  School  of  New  Lon- 
don, received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  from  Yale  University  in.  1880, 
and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York,  from  which  he  obtained  his  medical  diploma  in  1883.  He  was 
then  appointed  on  the  medical  division  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  where  he  served 
an  interneship  of  eighteen  months,  and  since  then  has  been  engaged  in  private 
practice  in  New  York  city,  of  late  years  devoting  much  time  and  special  at- 
tention to  disease;,  of  the  nose  and  throat.  He  is  the  attending  laryngologist 
of  the  out-patient  department  of  Roosevelt  Hospital  and  DeMilt  Dispensary, 
and  instructor  in  laryngology  in  the  Cornell  Universit}^  Medical  College. 
Dr.  Newcomb  was  the  American  editor  of  Gruenwald's  "Atlas  and  Epitome  of 
Diseases  of  th.e  Mouth,  Pharynx  and  Nose,"  and  has  published  a  consider- 


Si6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

able  number  of  papers  covering  the  field  of  medicine  in  which  he  is  especially 
interested.  Pie  has  also  contributed  a  chapter  on  "Diseases  of  the  Pharynx 
and  Tonsils"'  to  the  American  Text  Book  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose 
and  Throat,  nnd  has  written  that  portion  of  Burnett's  Text  Book  published  in 
1901,  devoted  to  the  "Diseases  of  the  Pharynx  and  Larynx." 

Dr.  Newcomb  is  a  member  of  the  American  Laryngological  Association, 
of  which  he  is  secretarv ;  the  American  Academy  of  ■Medicine,  the  New 
York  Academy  of  [Medicine,  the  New  York  County  ^ledical  Society,  the 
Hospital  Graduates'  Cltib,  the  West  End  Medical  Society,  the  Society  of  the 
Alumni  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  and 
a  life  member  of  the  New  London  County  (Connecticut)  Historical  Society. 
He  is  also  a  n-ember  and  trustee  of  the  Calvary  Baptist  church  of  New  York 
city.  On  March  23,  1887,  Dr.  Newcomb  was  united  in  marriage  to  ]Miss 
Elizabeth  W'ilmot,  of  New  York  city,  and  they  reside  at  118  West  Sixty- 
ninth  street 

ROBERT  COLEMAN  KE:MP.  M.  D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Robert  Coleman  Kemp  was  born  April  26,  1865,  in  New  York 
city,  and  is  the  son  of  John  H.  and  Emeline  A.  (Coleman)  Kemp.  The 
former  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  firm  of  Kemp,  Day  &  Company,  of 
116  Wall  street.  The  Kemp  family  originated  in  England  and  a  branch 
settled  in  Salem,  Massachusetts,  and  it  is  from  the  stock  thus  created  that 
Dr.  Kemp  traces  his  descent.  His  grandfather,  Aaron  Kemp,  a  native  of 
Salem,  ]\Iassachusetts,  was  quartermaster  of  the  Seventh  Regiment  during 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  was  also  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Twenty-seventh  Regiment.  The  father  of  Dr.  Kemp  also  served  in  the  Sev- 
enth Regiment  during  the  Civil  war,  with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant,  and 
now  belongs  to  the  Veteran  Corps  of  that  regiment.  He  is  a  member  of 
Kane  Lodge,  F.  and  A.  M.,  and  of  Lafayette  Post,  G.  A.  R.  On  the 
maternal  side  Dr.  Kemp  descends  from  the  founder  of  the  Angevin  family 
of  New  Rochelle,  who  was  one  of  the  freeholders  of  that  town  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  i\nne.  He  also  numbers  among  his  maternal  ancestors  Pere- 
grine AVhite,  the  first  white  child  born  in  New  England,  and  is  related  to 
the  well  known  Coffin  and  Bunker  families  of  Nantucket. 

Dr.  Kemp  was  fitted  for  college  by  a  private  tutor,  and  entered  Co- 
lumbia University,  from  which  he  received  in  1885  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts.  He  then  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
graduating  from  that  institution  in  1889  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine.  After  serving  for  two  years  as  interne  in  the  surgical  division 
of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  he  entered,  in  July,  1891,  upon  a  career  of 
private  practice.  Eor  about  four  years  he  filled  the  position  of  attending 
surgeon  to  the  Episcopal  Church  Hospital,  Infirmary  and  Dispensarj-.  He 
served  as  clinical  assistant  in  the  surgical  division  of  the  medical  school 
and  hospital  of  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  and  was  subsequently  appointed 
instructor  in  surgerjr  to  that  institution.  He  is  now  attending  physician  to 
the  New  York  Red  Cross  Hospital,  associate  professor  of  internal  medicine 


irll4yO    ^<'^<^^*<<^«'«^//2^^^^i^?^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  517 

at  the  New  York  School  of  CUnical  Medicine,  attending  physician  to  the 
department  of  gastro-intestinal  diseases,  St.  Bartholomew's  Clinic,  and  con- 
sulting physician  to  the  Manhattan  State  Hospital,  West,  Ward's  Island. 

Dr.  Kemp  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled,  "Enteroclysis,  Hypoder- 
moclysis  and  Infusion ;  a  Manual  for  Physicians  and  Students ;  Introduction 
by  William  H.  Thompson,  M.  D.,  LL.  D."  Among  the  articles  which 
he  has  published  from  time  to  time  in  the  medical  journals  may  be  men- 
tioned the  following:  "Treatment  of  Scarlatina  Nephritis,"  Pediatrics. 
Vol.  10,  Nos.  7,  8,  10,  II,  1900;  "Further  -Experimental  Researches  on 
the  Effects  of  Different  Anaesthetics  on  the  Kidneys,"  Ne^d'  York  Medical 
Journal.  November  18  and  25,  and  December  2,  1899;  "Indications  for 
Double-current  Rectal  Irrigation,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Journal,  March  13, 
1897;  "Experimental  Researches  with  Entroclysis,  Hypodermoclysis,  etc.; 
Effects  Produced  on  Intestinal  Absorption,  Renal  Secretion,  etc.,"  Nezo  York 
Medical  Journal,  January  29,  1898;  "Experimental  Researches  on  the  Ef- 
fects of  Different  Anaesthetics  on  the  Kidneys,"  is  the  title  of  an  article 
written  by.  Dr.  Kemp  in  association  with  Dr.  William  H.  Thompson,  and 
published  in  the  New  York  Medical  Record,  1898. 

In  May,  1898,  Dr.  Thompson  read  before  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians  an  article  entitled,  "The  Care  of  Septic  Endocarditis,  and  Ex- 
perimental Researches  with  Antistreptococcus  Serum,"  prepared  by  himself 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Kemp ;  "Hypodermocl3'sis,  Experiments,  Technique 
and  Clinical  Uses,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  February  28,  1903,  and 
numerous  other  articles. 

Dr.  Kemp  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  County  Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  State  Medical  Association,  the  Manhattan  Clinical  Society,  the 
American  Urological  Association,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association, 
and  the  Alumni  Association  of  Roosevelt  Hospital.  Pie  belongs  to  the 
Greek  letter  societies — Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  Dr. 
Kemp  married.  November  28,  189 1,  Isabel  Shields,  of  New  York  city.  His 
address  is   107  East  Fifty-seventh  street. 

MAUS  ROSA  VEDDER,  M.  D.— 1860. 

Dr.  Maus  Rosa  Vedder,  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Schenectady, 
New  York,  March  19,  1835,  and  is  the  seventh  representative  of  the  Vedder 
family  in  America.  This  is  an  old  and  respected  Dutch  family,  who  have  in 
their  possession  those  solid  ^lrtues  which  constitute  the  citizen  pillar  of  the 
state.  The  progenitor  of  the  American  branch  of  the  family  was  Harmon 
Albertse  Vedder,  son  of  Albert  Vedder,  a  native  of  Holland,  who  came  to 
this  country  about  1635,  and  was  doubtless  a  cadet  of  one  of  the  noble 
families  of  the  Netherlands. 

Dr.  Maus  Rosa  Vedder,  seventh  son  of  Nicholas  A.  Vedder,  acquired 
his  preliminary  education  at  the  Lyceum,  and  he  was  also  given  private  in- 
struction by  his  elder  brother;  in  1852  he  entered  Union  College,  and  after 
pursuing  the  usual  course  was  engaged  in  mercantile  life  for  one  year.     The 


5i8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


following  year  was  spent  in  travel  around  the  world,  in  visiting  the  West 
Indies,  China,  and  California ;  after  his  return  from  his  travels  he  pursued 
a  course  of  study  in  medicine  under  the  competent  direction  of  Kis  brother, 
Dr.  Alexander  M.  Vedder,  then  a  full  course  at  the  Albany  Medical  College, 
and  subsequently  took  a  three  years'  course  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  i860  with  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  The  thesis  presented  by  him  was  a  very  able 
one  on  "Extra  Uterine  Gestation,"  which  was  awarded  the  Faculty  prize. 
Shortly  after  his  graduation  he  was  appointed  resident  physician  of  Black- 
well's  Island,  later  house  physician  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  where  he  remained 
two  years.  He  then  offered  his  services  to  the  government  and  was  immedi- 
ately appointed  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army,  and  assigned  to 
duty  at  I'airfax  Court  House,  Virginia ;  at  a  later  period  he  was  ordered 
to  Carver  Barracks,  Washington,  D.  C,  where  he  performed  the  duties  of 
discharging  surgeon. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1863  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  army  to  asso- 
ciate himself  with  his  brother.  Dr.  Joseph  H.  Vedder,  who  was  born  in 
Schenectady,  New  York,  March  2,  183 1,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine 
with  his  brother.  Dr.  Alexander  Vedder;  later  he  matriculated  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  his  post-graduate  studies  were  pursued  in 
hospitals  in  and  near  New  York  city.  In  1854  Dr.  Joseph  H.  Vedder  estab- 
lished an  office  in  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  by  his  professional  skill  and 
exemplary  character  won  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the  residents  of  the 
vicinity  to  a  degree  seldom  attained  by  a  young  man  starting  on  a  profes- 
sional career.  He  made  a  specialty  of  surgery,  and  introduced  a  novel  im- 
provement in  the  construction  of  splints  for  fractures,  and  an  apparatus  for 
making  extension  in  hip  and  joint  diseases ;  after  eight  5'ears  of  incessant 
labor  in  his  profession  he  contracted  pulmonary  disease  and  in  order  to 
alleviate  his  suffering  visited  Minnesota  and  Cuba,  but  iinding  that  the  climate 
did  not  improve  his  condition  he  returned  to  his  native  city,  where  his  death 
occurred  July  18,  1864,  'ind  his  remains  were  interred  in  the  family  burial 
plot  in  Vale  Cemetery,  Schenectady.  He  'necame  a  member  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  church  of  Flushing  in  i860,  and  at  the  time  of  his  decease  was  the 
secretary  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, of  which  he  was  an  organizer. 

After  the  death  of  his  brother  in  1864,  Dr.  Maus  R.  Vedder  continued 
to  attend  to  the  large  and  select  patronage  they  had  acquired  in  Flushing, 
but  in  1866  the  state  of  his  own  health  demanded  a  brief  respite  from  duty, 
and  he  again  visited  Europe,  spending  much  of  his  time  in  the  great  hospitals 
and  schools  of  Great  Britain.  He  returned  after  a  few  months  to  Flushing, 
where  he  remained  until  1870,  when  he  located  in  New  York  city,  where 
he  has  since  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  being  recognized 
as  a  diagnostician  of  particular  excellence.  In  June,  1897,  he  devised  and 
perfected  an  improvement  in  the  obstetrical  forceps  which  has  been  viewed 
with  great  favor  b}'  several  of  the  most  eminent  American  obstetricians,  a 
description  of  which  appeared  in  the  New  York  Medical  Record  of  March 
23,  1878.     He  is  the  author  of  an  article  enti<-]ed  "The  Plaster  of  Paris  Splint 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  519 

Improvement   Based  tipon   Practice,"   published   in   the  New   York   Medical 
Journal,  September  15.  1888. 

Dr.  Vedder  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Royal  Arch  ]\Iasons,  the  Union 
League  Club,  the  St.  Nicholas  Society,  the  Holland  Society,  the  Chi  Psi 
Society  and  the  Transporation  and  Manhattan  Clubs.  On  April  14,  1863, 
Dr.  Vedder  married  Miss  Sarah  Augusta  Oulwater,  only  daughter  of  James 
Outwater,  a  respected  and  wealthy  citizen  of  Tivoli-on-the-Hudson,  well 
known  for  his  success  in  developing  river  transportation.  Six  children  have 
been  born  to  them,  all  of  whom  are  now  living,  with  the  exception  of  one, 
who  died  in  infancy.  Dr.  Vedder  is  the  owner  of  a  beautiful  summer  resi- 
dence on  the  top  of  Watchung  Mountain,  Caldwell,  Essex  county,  New  Jer- 
sey, which  he  has  occupied  and  enjoyed  since  1890.  His  city  home  is  at  708 
Madison  avenue. 

DANIEL  MacMARTIN  STIMSON,  ^I.  D.— 1868. 

Dr.  Daniel  ^Nlac^Martin  Stimson  was  born  January  2,  1844.  in  Edin- 
burg,  Saratoga  county.  New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Azariah  Ellithorp  and 
Margaret  (MacMartin)  Stimson.  The  former,  who  was  a  man  of  influence 
in  the  community,  served  three  terms  in  the  New  York  state  legislature. 
One  of  Dr.  Stimson's  paternal  ancestors  was  Isaac  Johnson,  captain  of  the 
train  band,  who  was  killed  in  King  Philip's  war,  while  leading  his  troops 
into  action.  On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Stimson  is  descended  from  a  Scottish 
family  which  for  two  generations  has  been  influential  in  the  state  of  New 
York.  Judge  Duncan  MacMartin,  of  Broadalbin,  Fulton  county.  New  York, 
was  the  maternal  grandfather  of  Dr.  Stimson,  and  was  for  six  years  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  senate. 

The  boyhood  of  Dr.  Stimson  was  passed  in  the  state  of  Delaware,  where 
he  attended  a  select  school,  and  in  Albany,  New  York,  where  he  graduated 
from  the  Albany  Academy.  In  1861  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  of 
Union  College,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1864,  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  from  which  he  received,  in  1867,  the  degree 
of  [Master  of  Arts.  In  undertaking  the  study  of  medicine,  he  desired  to 
receive  the  instructions  of  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  whose  name  is  an  inspira- 
tion to  all  members  of  the  profession,  and  with  this  end  in  view  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  Avhich  he 
received,  in  1868,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Aledicine.  He  then  served  for 
eighteen  months  as  interne  in  the  Charity  (now  the  City)  Hospital,  after 
which  he  went  abroad,  where  he  studied,  in  Berlin  and  Vienna,  such  branches 
of  medical  science  as  would  be  specially  serviceable  in  a  career  of  general 
practice.  From  Vienna  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  pursued  his  studies  in 
the  Hotel  Dieu  and  I'Hopital  Charite.  After  a  brief  period  spent  in  visiting 
the  hospitals  in  London,  he  returned,  in  1870,  to  the  United  States,  and  began 
private  practice  in  Albany,  New  York,  being  made  cit}^  physician  and  visiting 
surgeon  to  St.  Peter's  Hospital.  In  1871  he  came  to  New  York,  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  his  father-in-law,  this  asso- 
ciation remaining  unbroken  until  1886,  when  it  was  dissolved  by  the  death 
of  Dr.  Parker. 


520  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


For  a  number  of  years  Dr.  Stimson  filled  the  chair  of  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  Women's  Medical  College  of  the  New  York  Infirmary,  and 
also  that  of  professor  of  surgery.  He  was  visiting  surgeon  on  the  original 
staff  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  holding  this  position  for  two  or  three 
years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  resigned.  In  1876  he  became  attending 
visiting  surgeon  to  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  resigning  this  position  about  six 
years  ago,  since  which  time  he  has  been  consulting  surgeon  to  the  same 
institution,  and  holds  the  same  position  in  the  New  York  Infirmary  for 
Women  and  Children.  He  was  consulting  surgeon  to  the  State  Immigrants' 
Hospital  on  W'ard  Island  until  that  institution  was  abolished,  and  is  now 
connected  in  the  same  capacity  with  the  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital,  and 
the  \Mllard  Parker  Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  consulting  board  of 
Loomis'  Sanitarium  at  Libert}'.  Xew  York,  and  also  belongs  to  the  con- 
sulting board  of  the  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor  on  Staten  Island.  He  holds  the 
position  of  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Northern  Dispensary.  In  Albany  Dr. 
Stimson  served  as  surgeon  to  the  Tenth  Regiment,  National  Guard  State  of 
New  York,  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  since  1878  became  major  and  sur- 
geon of  the  Seventh  Regiment,  National  Guard  State  of  New  York,  resign- 
ing this  position  after  twenty-one  and  a  half  years  of  service. 

While  a  student  in  Union  College  Dr.  Stimson  belonged  to  the  Philo- 
matheon  Society,  and  the  Kappa  Alpha  Society,  the  latter  being  a  secret  or- 
ganization. During  his  residence  in  Albany  he  was  a  member  of  the  Beck 
Literary  Society.  He  now  holds  membership  in  the  Roman  Medical  Society, 
the  Academy  of  ^vledicine,  the  County  ^ledical  Society,  the  ^Medical  Society 
of  Greater  New  York,  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  and  the  City  Hos- 
pital Graduates'  Alumni  Association.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Century  Asso- 
ciation, the  University  Club,  the  Players'  Club,  the  Metropolitan  Club,  the 
Fencers'  Club,  the  jNIurray  Bay  Golf  Club,  and  of  a  Canadian  fishing  club. 
He  belongs  to  the  University  Place  Presbyterian  church.  Dr.  Stimson  mar- 
ried. April  13.  1871.  Edith,  daughter  of  Professor  Willard  Parker:  they 
are  the  parents  of  one  daughter,  ]\Iargaret.  Dr.  Stimson's  address  is  11  West 
Seventeenth    street,    New    York. 

PETER  MURRAY,   M.  D.— 1884. 

Dr.  Peter  Murray  was  born  in  Letterkenny,  county  Donegal,  Ireland, 
August  15.  1863.  the  son  of  Charles  and  Susan  (McGlinchey)  Murray,  the 
former  named  being  a  prominent  merchant  of  Letterkenny.  where  his  ances- 
tors have  resided  for  many  generations.  Dr.  Peter  Murray  acquired  his 
early  literary  education  in  the  national  and  high  schools  of  Ireland,  which 
he  attended  until  he  attained  the  age  of  sixteen  years.  In  1879  he  came  to 
this  country ;  the  same  year  he  entered  ^Manhattan  College  of  New  York, 
where  he  pursued  a  two  years'  course  and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he 
was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1884. 

Immediately  after  receiving  his  diploma  he  was  appointed  assistant  phvsi- 
cian  to  the  New  York  City  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  which  position  he  retained 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  5^1 


until  October  i,  1889,  when  he  opened  an  cjffice  at  206  Amsterdam  avenue 
and  for  one  and  one-half  years  enjoyed  a  large  practice;  he  then  changed 
his  residence  to  204  Amsterdam  avenue,  where  he  resided  for  two  years ; 
from  there  he  removed  to  208  Amsterdam  avenue,  and  after  a  residence  of 
five  years  there  located  at  157  West  Seventy-first  street,  and  finally  purchased 
the  house  next  door,  159  West  Seventj'-first,  where  he  has  since  continued  in 
active  practice.  For  four  years  he  acted  in  the  capacity  of  assistant  surgeon 
to  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Iniirmary,  and  he  has  also  been  the  medical 
examiner  for  the  Penn  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Philadelphia. 
Dr.  Murray  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Association,  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Celtic 
Medical  Society,  and  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Catholic  Club  and  an  attendant  and  member  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church.  Dr.  Murray  was  united  in  marriage,  April  28.  iSgi,  to 
Miss  Helen  J.  Alorris,  a  native  of  New  York  city,  where  the  ceremony  was 
performed. 

WILLIAM  MECKLENBURG  POLK,  LL.  D..  M.  D.— 1869. 

Dr.  William  Mecklenburg  Polk,  son  of  Leonidas  and  Frances  Devereux 
Polk,  was  born  in  Ashwood,  Maury  county,  Tennessee,  August  15,  1844. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  in  Marion,  Alabama,  and  at  St.  James 
College,  Maryland,  where  he  prepared  for  admission  to  the  Military  Insti- 
tute of  Lexington,  Virginia,  then  conducted  under  the  personal  direction 
of  General  (Stonewall)  Jackson.  There  he  pursued  the  mathematical  and 
scientific  course  of  study  preparatory  to  entering"  West  Point  Military  Acad- 
emy. When  the  war  between  the  states  was  begun  he  was  in  his  seventeenth 
year,  but  physically  well  equipped,  and  with  a  knowledge  of  military  tactics 
that  enabled  him  at  once  to  be  of  assistance  to  his  government.  He  began 
service  in  1861  under  General  (Stonewall)  Jackson  in  Richmond  as  drill 
master  of  Virginia  state  troops,  and  later,  while  attached  to  the  staff  of 
General  Zollicoffer,  served  as  drill  master  of  Tennessee  state  troops.  From 
April,  1 86 1,  to  May,  1865,  Dr.  Polk  was  continually  in  active  service,  and 
it  is  doubtful  if  any  soldier  under  either  flag  took  part  in  more  battles  and 
skirmishes. 

He  participated  in  the  battles  of  Columbus  (Kentucky),  New  Madrid, 
Fort  Pillow,  Shiloh,  siege  of  Corinth,  Munfordsville,  Perryville,  Stone  River, 
Tullahoma,  Chickamauga,  Chattanooga,  the  Meridian  campaign,  Resaca,  New 
Hope  Church,  Kennesaw,  Atlanta,  Allatoona,  Franklin,  Nashville,  Blakely, 
Mobile,  and  at  the  final  surrender  at  Meridian,  Mississippi,  in  May,  1865. 
He  was  second  lieutenant  in  Bankhead's  battery  of  Smith's  Brigade  at  Colum- 
bus, Kentucky,  in  1861.  In  May,  1863,  he  was  appointed  assistant  chief 
of  artillery  in  Polk's  Corps,  later  adjutant  to  regiment  of  artillery,  Stewart's 
Corps,  and  subsequently  captain  in  adjutant  general's  department.  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  on  the  staff  of  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  His  position  in  the 
Confederate  army  was  such  that  he  was  often  brought  closely  in  contact 
with  its  leading  figures,   such  as   General   Albert   Sidney  Johnston,   General 


522  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Joseph  E.  Johnston,  General  Bragg,  General  Beauregard,  General  Hardee, 
General  Wheeler  and  General  Forrest.  A  large  part  of  his  experience  in 
the  Confederate  army  is  interestingly  recorded  in  a  two-volume  work  which 
he  wrote  and  puhlished  in  m.emory  of  his  father,  a  brief  biography  of  whom 
is  incorporated  in  this  memoir. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Dr.  Polk  accepted  a  position  as  superintendent 
of  the  outdoor  department  of  the  Brierfield  (Alabama)  iron  works,  and 
while  thus  employed  became  interested  in  the  study  of  medicine,  beginning 
its  study  at  that  time  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  E.  W.  C.  Bailey.  He  then 
attended  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Louisiana  (now  Tulane 
University).  In  1868  he  came  to  New  York,  where  he  continued  his  studies 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1869.  Immediately  thereafter  he  entered  Belle\'ue  Hospital  as  interne  on 
the  medical  side  and  served  the  required  eighteen  months,  during  which 
time  he  was  brought  into  close  relations  with  Dr.  John  S.  Metcalfe,  Dr. 
Alonzo  Clark,  Dr.  Austin  Flint,  Dr.  James  R.  Wood  and  Dr.  Alfred  L. 
Loomis.  At  the  close  of  his  service  he  received  an  appointment  as  one  of  the 
curators  to  the  pathological  department  of  the  hospital,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  for  one  and  a  half  years.  Later  he  received  an  appointment  as  assist- 
ant demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  and  was 
advanced  to  the  position  of  professor  of  materia  medica,  tlierapeutics  and 
clinical  medicine  in  the  same  institution.  After  tilling  this  position  for  four 
years,  in  1879  he  accepted  the  appointment  to  the  professorship  of  obstetrics 
and  diseases  of  women  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  Meanwhile,  in  1874,  he  had  been  appointed  visiting 
physician  to  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  in  1878  visiting  physician  to  St.  Luke's 
Hospital. 

After  accepting  the  position  of  professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  in  the  university.  Dr.  Polk  resigned  from  the  staff  of  St.  Luke's 
Hospital  in  order  to  concentrate  his  attention  upon  gynecological  work  in 
Bellevue,  where,  in  conjunction  with  Dr,  W.  Gill  Wylie  and  Dr.  W.  T.  Lusk, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  creation  of  the  large  gynecological  service  which 
sprung  up  in  that  institution  under  the  combined  efforts  of  these  three  men. 
Dr.  Polk  continued  to  devote  himself  mainly  to  surgical  gynecology  and 
gradually  withdrew  from  the  teaching  of  obstetrics,  being  succeeded  in  that 
department  by  Dr.  J.  Clifton  Edgar,  and  restricted  himself  to  gynecology 
with  the  title  of  professor  of  diseases  of  women.  In  1890  Dr.  Polk  began  to 
devote  himself  exclusively  to  surgical  gynecology,  and  since  then  his  pro- 
fessional labors  have  been  devoted  entirely  to  surgical  operations  upon  women. 

In  1898,  when,  through  the  interest  of  Colonel  Oliver  H.  Pozen  in 
higher  medical  education,  the  medical  department  of  Cornell  University  was 
inaugurated.  Dr.  Polk  was  honored  by  the  appointment  as  dean  of  the  faculty, 
a  position  which  he  now  holds.  He  also  fills  the  chair  of  diseases  of  women 
in  the  same  institution.  Upon  him,  together  with  Dr.  Louis  Stimson,  de- 
volved the  arduous  labor  of  successfully  organizing  this  department.  He 
vigorously  threw  himself  into  the  work  of  perfecting  the  school,  and  being 
surrounded  with  associates  who  ably  assisted  in  executing  his  plans,  at  the 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  523 

end  of  the  fovirth  year  has  succeeded  in  establishing  a  medical  college  which 
is  now  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading  institutions  of  its  kind  in  America. 
To  the  medical  department  of  Cornell  University,  and  to  special  surgical 
work  in  diseases  of  women.  Dr.  Polk  now  gives  all  of  his  time  and  attention 
To  the  development  of  the  institution  and  to  the  advancement  of  gynecology 
he  hopes  to  be  able  to  devote  the  remainder  of  his  active  life. 

Dr.  Polk  was  president  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society,  president 
of  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  vice-president  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  New 
York  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Obstet- 
rical Society,  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  Practitioners'  Society,  the 
Pathological  Society,  and  corresponding  fellow  of  the  Societe  Obstetricale  et 
Gynecologicjue  of  Paris,  France.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Century  and 
Metropolitan  Clubs,  and  a  vestryman  of  Trinity  Corporation  of  the  city  of 
New  York.  In  1893  the  University  of  the  South  conferred  upon  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Dr.  Polk  was  married  November  14,  1866,  to  Miss  Ida  Ashe  Lyon  of 
Demopolis,  Alabama.  Mrs.  Polk  is  a  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  Francis  S, 
Lyon,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  for  many  years  representative  in  Congress 
from  the  middle  district  of  Alabama.  He  was  the  author  of  the  revised  con- 
stitution of  Alabama  in  1878-9,  but  was  especially  distinguished  for  his  work 
subsequent  to  the  financial  crisis  of  1837,  when  as  one  of  a  committee  of 
three  appointed  by  the  legislature  he  succeeded  in  having  his  own  plans 
adopted,  which  saved  the  credit  of  the  state  by  placing  its  finances  upon  such 
a  sound  basis  that  repudiation  was  avoided,  and  the  state  has  ever  since  been 
able  to  meet  its  obligations.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Polk  are  the  parents  of  two  sons : 
Francis  Lyon  Polk,  born  September  13,  1871,  a  member  of  the  New  York 
bar,  and  John  Metcalfe  Polk,  ]\I.  D.,  born  May  5,  1875,  now  pursuing  post- 
graduate studies  in  Vienna. 

The  origin  of  the  Polk  family  is  obscure.  An  old  traditioii  of  the 
derivation  of  the  family  name  in  its  original  form  of  Pollock  is  too  clearly 
apocryphal  to  be  worth  repeating".  The  branch  of  the  Pollock  family  from 
which  Dr.  Polk  traces  his  descent  was  represented  in  the  reign  of  James 
VI  of  Scotland  and  I  of  England,  by  John  Pollock,  a  gentleman  of 
some  estate  in  Lanarkshire,  not  far  from  what  was  then  the  small  but  im- 
portant cathedral  city  of  Glasgow.  Those  were  troublous  times  in  church  and 
state,  and  John  Pollock,  who  was  an  uncompromising  Presbyterian,  left  his 
native  land  to  join  the  new  colony  of  Protestants  which  had  been  established 
in  the  north  of  Ireland. 

Robert  Pollock,  a  son  of  John  Pollock,  served  as  a  subaltern  officer  in 
the  regiment  of  Colonel  Tasker  in  the  parliamentary  army  against  Charles  I, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaigns  of  Cromwell.  On  the  death  of 
Cromwell  and  the  accession  of  the  second  Charles,  Robert  Pollock  resolved 
to  emigrate  with  his  wife  and  family  to  the  American  plantations.  In  1659, 
after  a  stormy  voyage,  he  landed  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  Soon 
after  his  emigration  the  surname  of  Pollock  began  to  be  written  Polk, 
Among  the   descendants   of  Robert   Polk  were  Charles   Polk,   governor   of 


524  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Delaware,  Trusten  Polk,  governor  of  Missouri  and  United  States  senator, 
and  James  K.  Polk,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representati\-es  and  president 
of  the  United  States.  John  Polk,  the  eldest  son  of  Robert  Pollock,  married 
Joanna  Knox;  William,  their  son,  married  Priscilla  Roberts,  and  afterward 
removed  to  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  where  his  fourth  son,  Thomas  Polk,  great- 
grandfather of  the  subject  of  this  memoir,  was  born. 

In  1753  Thomas  Polk  settled  in  ]\Iecklenburg  county,  in  the  western 
part  of  the  province  of  North  Carolina.  In  1755  he  married  Susan  Spratt. 
By  industry  and  enterprise  he  prospered.  His  personal  qualities  made  him 
a  leader,  and  in  1769  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  provincial  assembly  of 
North  Carolina.  He  procured  the  passage  of  an  act  to  establish  Queens 
College  in  the  town  of  Charlotte.  In  1771  he  was  again  a  member  of  the 
provincial  assembly  and  took  a  leading  part  in  all  the  patriotic  movements 
preceding  the  Revolution,  becoming  the  leading  spirit  in  the  framing  of  the 
Mecklenberg  declaration  of  independence,  proclaiming  the  freedom  of  ^Nleck- 
lenburg  from  the  control  of  Great  Britain.  This  he  read  before  a  meeting  of 
citizens  at  the  county  seat  ]May  20,  1775,  a  year  before  the  signing  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  in  Philadelphia.  He  participated  as  a  colonel 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  during  three  }"ears  of  the  time  under  the  direct 
command  of  Washington. 

William,  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Polk,  was  born  on  the  9th  of  July, 
1758,  near  the  town  of  Charlotte,  in  the  county  of  ]\Iecklenburg,  North 
Carolina.  In  April,  1775,  before  he  was  quite  seventeen,  he  took  up  his 
sword  in  behalf  of  independence,  and  was  chosen  on  the  26th  of  November, 
1776,  by  the  provincial  congress  of  his  state  to  be  major  of  the  Ninth  Regi- 
ment of.  the  North  Carolina  troops,  and  joined  his  regiment  in  Halifax  in 
March.  1777.  Before  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age  he  took  command  of 
his  regiment  and  marched  it  into  the  Jerseys  to  join  the  army  of  Wash- 
ington, under  whom  he  served  for  several  years,  retiring  with  the  rank  of 
colonel.  He  -was  twice  married.  He  removed  to  Raleigh,  and  from  181 1 
to  1819  was  president  of  the  State  Bank  of  North  Carolina.  He  resigned 
to  devote  more  of  his  time  and  personal  attention  to  his  estate  in  Tennessee, 
which  comprised  an  area  of  one  hundred  thousand  acres.  In  1812  he  was 
appointed  by  President  IMadison  brigadier  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  remarkably  tall,  being  six  feet,  four  .inches  in  height.  He 
died  at  his  residence  in  Raleigh,  on  January  4,  1834,  and  was  buried  with 
military  honors. 

Leonidas  Polk  was  born  in  Raleigh.  North  Carolina.  April  10.  1806.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  entered  ^^'est  Point 
Hilitar}^  Academy,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1827,  and  immediately 
became  second  lieutenant  of  artillery.  While  there  he  was  baptized  by  Rev. 
Charles  P.  Mcllvaine.  chaplain  of  the  academy  and  afterwards  bishop  of 
Ohio,  who  induced  him  to  follow  the  ministry,  and  he  accordingly  resigned 
his  commission  the  following  December.  He  began  the  study  of  theology. 
and  in  1830  was  made  deacon  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  bv  Bishop 
Moore,  and  in  the  following  May  was  ordained  priest  by  the  same  bishop. 
He   served   in  the   iNIonumental   church.    Richmond,   as   assistant   rector   for 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  525 

about  a  year,  when  he  went  to  Europe  to  recuperate  his  health.  Upon  his 
return  he  removed  to  Tennessee,  and  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's  church, 
Columbia,  in  1833.  He  was  deputy  to  the  general  convention  in  1835,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  standing  committee  of  the  diocese.  On  September  15, 
1838,  he  was  elected  missionary  bishop  of  the  southwest,  and  was  con- 
secrated in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  the  following  December.  During  his  mission- 
ary episcopate  he  had  charge  of  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory,  Texas,  Louis- 
iana, Mississippi  and  Alabama.  He  was  elected  bishop  of  Louisiana  Octo- 
ber 16,  1841,  and  resigning  the  position  of  missionary  bishop  he  entered 
upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  in  his  new  office  the  following  January.  His 
pioneer  work  was  fraught  with  many  perils  by  land  and  water.  Travel  was 
slow  and  fatiguing,  and  his  journal  records  many  instances  of  his  having 
to  swim  several  streams  before  reaching  his  destinations.  During  his  epis- 
copate Bishop  Polk  made  sixteen  deacons,  and  ordained  nineteen  priests,  and 
the  number  of  churches  increased  from  three  to  thirty-three.  In  1856  he, 
in  connection  with  Bishop  Stephen  Elliott,  started  the  movement  to  establish 
the  University  of  the  South  at  Sewanee,  Tennessee.  On  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  war  he  entered  heartily  into  all  the  plans  of  the  leaders  for  estab- 
lishing a  southern  confederacy  and  urged  upon  the  Confederate  authorities 
the  importance  of  fortifying  strategical  points  for  defensive  and  offensive 
operation.  In  June,  1861,  he  accepted  a  commission  as  major  general  offered 
by  President  Davis,  and  was  placed  in  command  of  all  that  territory  extend- 
ing from  the  mouth  of  the  Red  river  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  to 
Cairo  on  the  Ohio,  with  headquarters  at  Memphis,  Tennessee.  The  works 
at  New  Madrid  and  Fort  Pillow,  Columbus  (Kentucky),  Island  No.  10, 
Memphis,  and  other  points  were  constructed  tmder  his  supervision.  General 
Polk  commanded  in  person  the  Confederate  troops  at  the  battle  of  Belmont, 
fought  November  7.  1861.  In  1862  he  was  ordered  to  join  the  army  of 
Generals  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  and  Beauregard  at  Corinth,  Mississippi, 
and  as  commander  of  the  First  Corps  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
and  in  subsequent  operations  that  ended  in  the  evacuation  of  Corinth.  He 
was  in  command  at  the  battle  of  Perryville,  and  commanded  the  armies  of 
Kentucky  and  Mississippi,  conducting  the  Confederate  retreat  from  the 
former  state.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  general  in  October, 
1862.  Through  alleged  disobedience  of  orders  at  Chickamauga,  he  was 
retired  from  his  command,  and  ordered  to  Atlanta.  President  Davis  dis- 
missed the  charges  and  offered  to  reinstate  him  in  his  command,  but  he 
declined  and  was  then  placed  in  charge  of  the  paroled  prisoners  of  Vicksburg 
and  Port  Hudson  at  Enterprise,  Mississippi,  until  December.  1863,  wdien  he 
was  assigned  to  the  department  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  east  Louisiana 
in  place  of  General  Johnston,  who  had  superseded  General  Bragg  in  the 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  He  joined  Johnston  at  Resaca,  de- 
feating Sherman's  attempt  to  take  that  place  and  thereby  turn  Johnston's 
left  flank;  he  was  engaged  at  New  Hope  Church.  AVhile  reconnoitering  on 
Pine  Mountain  near  Marietta,  Georgia,  he  was  killed  by  a  cannon  ball, 
June  T4,  1864.  In  1830  he  was  married  to  Frances  Ann,  daughter  of  John 
Devereux,  of  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  and  left  eight  children. 


526  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


RICHARD  THEODORE  BANG,  A.  M.,  M.  D.— 1879 

Richard  Theodore  Bang,  A.  M.,  M.  D..  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
December  3,  1855,  the  son  of  Henry  and  EHzabeth  Eleanor  (Bartels)  Bang. 
His  father  was  an  oiiicer  in  the  Prussian  army,  and  came  to  America  as  a 
poHtical  refugee  in  1848:  his  mother  was  the  daughter  of  a  leading  lawj^er 
in  Hanover,  Germany.  He  attended  private  schools  in  boyhood  and  was 
prepared  for  college  by  tutors,  entering  the  freshman  class  of  Columbia  in 
1872  and  obtaining  his  A.  B.  in  1876.  In  the  fall  of  this  year  he  matriculated 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  and  took  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1879,  receiving  in  the  same  year  that  of  Master 
of  Arts  from  the  University.  He  passed  successfully  the  competitive  exam- 
ination for  the  position  of  resident  physician  and  surgeon  of  St.  Luke's 
Hospital  in  Ncav  York  city,  and  filled  that  office  for  three  years,  when  he 
resigned  in  order  to  begin  private  practice.  He  was  assistant  attending 
physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital,  out-patient  department,  for  five  years, 
and  attending  physician  to  the  Good  Samaritan  Dispensary  from  1887  to  1895. 
Since  August,  1893,  Dr.  Bang  has  been  United  States  examining  surgeon 
for  the  pension  department  at  Washington. 

Dr.  Bang  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the 
New  York  Pathological  Society,  the  New  York  County  and  New  York 
State  Medical  Associations,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  the 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Alumni  Association  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  the 
National  Association  of  United  States  Pension  Examining  Surgeons,  the 
New  York  Alumni  Association  of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  fraternity,  the  Colum- 
bia College  Alumni  Association,  and  several  other  societies  and  organizations. 
Dr.  Bang  married.  May  18,  1882,  Frances  Goeller,  and  they  have  one  child, 
Eleanor  Richardson  Bang. 

HENRY  LING  TAYLOR,  Ph.   B.,  M.   D.— 1881. 

Dr.  Henry  Ling  Taylor,  born  in  New  York  city,  March  17,  1857,  is  a 
descendant  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Taylor  who  was  born  in  England  in  1642, 
and  came  to  this  country  in  1668.  He  entered  Harvard  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1671,  and  for  many  j'ears  served  as  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  church  in  Westfield,  Massachusetts.  He  married  for  his 
second  wife  Miss  Ruth  W3dlys,  a  granddaughter  of  John  Haynes,  governor 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  1635  under  the  iirst  charter,  and  the  line  of 
descent  was  continued  through  a  son  of  this  union.  This  branch  of  the 
Taylor  family,  in  its  near  or  remote  connections,  has  furnished  a  number  of 
presidents  to  Yale  College.     The  Rev.  Edward  Taylor  died  in   1729. 

Dr.  Charles  Eayette  Taylor,  father  of  Dr.  Henr}'  Ling  Taylor,  was 
born  in  Vermont  in  1827,  and  graduated  from  the  medical  depaitment  of  the 
University  of  Vermont  in  1856.  He  went  to  London  in  the  summer  of 
1856,  and  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Swedish  movements  from  Dr.  M. 
Roth,  who  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Ling,  of  Sweden.  He  subsequently  inter- 
ested himself  in  the  treatment  of  deformities  and  raised  orthopedic  surgery 
from  a  state  of  neglect  to  its  present  position  of  importance,  and  through 


v^  • 


OFJ^ICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  527 

his  clear  appreciation  of  correct  principles  of  treatment  and  ingenuity  in 
devising  and  utilizing  various  mechanical  devices,  made  possible  the  cure 
of  many  crippling  diseases  and  malformations,  including  Pott's  disease  of 
the  spine.  The  New  York  Orthopedic  Dispensary  was  founded  through 
his  instrumentality,  in  1866.  and  he  was  the  first  orthopedic  surgeon  at  St. 
Luke's  Hospital,  New  York.  He  was  united  in  marriage  to  ]Miss  Mary  S. 
Skinner,  of  AVilliston,  Vermont. 

Dr.  Henry  Ling  Taylor  acquired  his  elementary  education  at  private 
schools  in  America  and  at  the  Lyceum  of  Hanover,  Germany,  after  which 
he  entered  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated with  honors  in  1877,  taking  first  prizes  in  French,  German,  geology 
and  zoology.  He  then  pursued  his  studies  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  received  his  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  in  1881,  being  also  awarded  the  second  Faculty  prize  of  three 
hundred  dollars.  Dr.  Taylor  served  as  interne  at  the  Roosevelt  Hospital 
for  eighteen  months,  and  soon  after  established  himself  in  private  practice, 
devoting  his  attention  to  the  treatment  of  joint  and  spinal  affections  and 
deformities.  For  a  number  of  years  he  has  been  on  the  surgical  staff  of 
the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled,  and  has  acted  as  consulting 
orthopedic  surgeon  to  the  New  York  State  Epileptic  or  Craig  Colony.  He 
is  now  professor  of  orthopedic  surgery,  attending  orthopedic  sur- 
geon to  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital.  As 
a  specialist  in  the  treatment  of  deformities,  spinal  and  joint  affections  and 
kindred  diseases,  he  is  eminently  fitted  to  occupy  the  place  in  the  profession 
left  vacant  by  the  death  of  his  father,  and  as  a  medical  writer  he  is  both 
competent  and  prolific,  being  the  author  of  over  fifty  orthopedic  papers  and 
over  a  dozen  on  other  subjects. 

The  list  of  orthopedic  papers  is  as  follows :  "Location,  Age,  and  Sex 
in  Pott's  Diseases  of  the  Spine,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record,  August, 
1881 :  "Primary  Crural  Asymmetry,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record, 
April,  1884;  "The  Paralysis  of  Pott's  Disease,  and  Its  Behavior  Under 
Protective  Treatment,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record,  June,  1886;  "The 
Cure  of  Pott's  Disease  with  Recession  of  the  Deformity,"  published  in  the 
Medical  Record,  January,  1887;  "A  Case  of  Pott's  Disease  with  an  L^nusual 
Deformity,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record.  November  19.  1887:  "De- 
scription of  Improved  Spinal  Apparatus,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record, 
November,  1887.  and  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  As- 
sociation in  1888 :  "A  New  Method  for  Overcoming  Adduction  at  the  Hip- 
joint,"  published  in  the  Nezv  York  Medical  Jountal,  November,  1887;  "The 
Mechanical  Treatment  of  Senile  Coxitis,"  published  in  the  Ne-w  York  Med- 
ical Journal,  December,  1888,  and  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Or- 
thopedic Association  in  1888;  "The  Prevention  and  Treatment  of  Crural 
Adduction,"  published  in  the  Medical  News,  March,  1889;  "Principles  and 
Methods  of  Examination  in  Orthopedic  Practice,"  published  in  the  Mary- 
land Medical  Journal.  July.  1889;  "The  "  Therapeutic  Value  of  Systematic 
Passive  Respiratory  ?vIovements,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record.  May, 
1889 ;   "The  Treatment  of  Pes    Equino-A^arus    b}'    Continuous    Leverage," 


528  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in 
1889,  and  in  the  Medical  Record.  March,  1890;  "The  Rational  Treatment 
of  Hip-joint  Disease/'  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orth- 
opedic Association  in  1889,  and  in  the  Times  and  Register.  April,  1890:  "A 
Ready  Method  for  Counter-Extension  at  the  Knee,"  published  in  the  Bos- 
ton  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  October,  1890,  and  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in  1890:  "The  Treatment  of  Lat- 
eral Curvature  of  the  Spine,''  published  in  the  Nczv  York  Medical  Journal, 
November,  1890,  and  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  As- 
sociation in  1890;  "Adjusted  Locomotion  in  the  Recovering  Stage  of  Hip- 
joint  Disease,"  published  in  the  N'czv  York  Medical  Journal,  July.  189 1; 
"Two  Cases  of  a  Peculiar  Type  of  Primary  Crural  Asymmetry,"  published 
in  the  University  Medical  Magazine.  October,  1891.  and  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in  1891 ;  "The  Value  of  ]\Ie- 
chanical  Treatment  in  Old  and  Neglected  Cases  of  Pott's  Disease,"  pub- 
lished in  the  Medical  Nezvs,  December,  1891,  and  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Orthopedic  Association  in  189 1 :  "The  Treatment  of  Club-foot 
by  Continuous  Leverage,"  published  in  the  N'ezv  York  Medical  Journal,  No- 
vember, 1892,  and  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Asso- 
ciation in  1892;  "Osteitis  Deformans  (Paget)  with  Report  of  Two  Cases," 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in 
1892,  and  in  the  Medical  Record,  January,  1893:  "Remarks  on  the  IMan- 
agement  of  Suppuration,  Complicating  Tuberculous  Disease  of  the  Bones 
and  Joints,"  published  in  the  Annals  of  Surgery,  April,  1893:  "Report  on 
Orthopedic  Surgery,''  published  in  the  A'Czv  York  Medical  Journal.  Feb- 
ruary 25,  July  8,  December  30,  1893,  and  September  15,  1894:  "Lnproved 
Apparatus  for  Pott's  Disease  of  the  Spine,"  published  in  the  Canada  Medi- 
cal Record,  November,  1893;  "Improved  Long  Traction  Hip-splint  and 
Proper  Method  of  Applying  Adhesive  Plaster,"  published  in  the  Southern 
Medical  Record,  November,  1893:  "Mechanical  Treatment  of  Osteitis  of 
the  Knee,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  As- 
sociation in  1893,  '^"fl  '"  ^'"'s  Neiv  York  Medical  Journal.  November,  1893; 
"Lifantile  Scorbutus  and  Its  Relation  to  Orthopedic  Practice."  published 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in  1894,  and 
in  the  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  September,  1894;  "Congenital  Luxation  of 
the  Knee,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  As- 
sociation in  1895 :  "The  Management  of  Infantile  Cerebral  Palsies,"  pub- 
lished in  the  Medical  Progress.  October,  1896;  "Congenital  Absence  of  the 
Radius,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Asso- 
ciation in  1897;  "The  Present  Status  of  Practical  Orthopedics."  published 
-in  the  Medical  Nck's.  October,  1897;  "Laxity  of  the  Ligaments  with  Con- 
genital Hip  Luxation,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American 
Orthopedic  Association  in  1897,  and  in  the  iVac  England  Medical  Monthly, 
February,  1898;  "Growth  of  Spondylitics,"  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in  1898,  and  the  Nezu  York  Med- 
ical Journal.  October.  1898:  "A  Bivalve  Plastic  Splint  for  Pott's  Disease," 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the   American   Orthopedic  x\ssociation   in 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  529 

i8g8,  and  in  the  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  November,  1898;  ''Enlarg-ement 
of  the  Tibial  Tubercles,  Two  Cases,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Orthopedic  Association  in  1S99,  and  in  the  Archives  of  Pedia- 
trics, August,  1899:  eleven  short  papers  on  pediatrics,  August  15.  1899,  to 
March  i,  1900;  "Retardation  of  the  Growth  as  a  Cause  of  Shortening  After 
Coxitis,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Asso- 
ciation in  1900,  and  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Journal,  January,  1901 ; 
"The  Effect  of  Osteitis  of  the  Knee  on  the  Growth  of  the  Limb,"  published 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association  in  1901,  and 
in  the  Neiv  York  Medical  Journal,  April,  1902;  "Deformities  of  the  Chest," 
Reference  Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  published  by  W.  Wood  & 
Company,  in  1901,  Vol.  2,  pages  804-812;  "Diseases  and  Affections  of  the 
Patella."  in  Vol.  6  of  the  same  work;  "Chronic  Joint  Disease  in  Children," 
published  in  the  Medical  Nezcs,  Augi'St  16,  1902;  "The  Surgery  of  Rick- 
ets,'' published  in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association',  Octo- 
ber II,  1902;  "Final  Results  After  the  Mechanical  Treatment  of  Pott's 
Disease,"  published  in  the  Post-Graduate,  January,  1903.  and  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association,  1902 ;  "The  Lorenz 
Method,"   published    in   the   Post-Graduate,   January,    1903. 

Dr.  Taylor's  papers  on  other  subjects  are  as  follows:  "A  Case  of 
Zoster  Following  Traumatism,"  published  in  the  Nc7i'  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, June,  1884;  "Hygiene  of  Retlex  Action,"  published  in  the  Journal 
of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases,  March,  1888:  "American  Childhood  from 
a  Medical  Standpoint,"  published  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly,  October. 
1892;  "A  Physiological  Effect  of  Cave  Visiting,"  published  in  the  Science, 
May,  1893;  "Infantile  Scorbutus,"  published  in  the  American  Medico-Sur- 
gical Bulletin,  February,  1894;  "Exercise  as  a  Remedy,"  published  in  Ap- 
pleton's  Popular  Science  Monthly.  March,  1896;  "Ingrown  Toe-nail  Me- 
chanically Treated,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Ortho- 
pedic Association  in  1896,  and  in  the  American  Medico-Surgical  Bulletin, 
June,  1896:  "Infantile  Athletics — Babyhood,"  May,  1897;  "Physical  Train- 
ing in  the  Public  Schools,"  published  in  the  Dietetic  and  Hygiene  Gazette, 
September,  1897;  "Exercise  and  Vigor,"  ibid.,  August.  1898;  "Exercise." 
pp.  404-417.  Vol.  i;  "Gavage,"  pp.  435-436,  Vol.  i;  "Massage,"  pp.  600- 
610.  Vol.  I,  in  Practical  Therapeutics,  published  bv  D.  Appleton  &  Com- 
pany, in  1896;  "The  Work  of  Charles  Fayette  Taylor,  M.  D.,  in  the  Field 
of  Therapeutic  Exercises,"  published  in  the  American  Physical  Education 
Re-viezv,  Vol.  4.  No.  3.  1899,  and  "Memoir  of  J.  Henry  Fruitnight,  M.  D.." 
published  in  the  Medical  Nczvs,   March,    1901. 

Dr.  Taylor  is  ex-chairman  of  the  orthopedic  section  of  the  New  York 
Academv  of  Medicine,  ex-president  of  the  Northwestern  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Society,  ex-vice-president  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association, 
member  of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the  New  York  State 
and  County  Medical  Associations,  Roosevelt  Hospital  Alumni  Society,  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Am.erican  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Physical  Education,  the  Berzelius  Societv  at  Yale,  the  Yale  Club,  the  Na- 


530  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


tiona!  Arts  and  Good  Government  Club,  and  member  of  the  Physical  Edu- 
cation Societ}^  of  New  York  and  Vicinit}^  He  is  associate  editor  of  the 
Physical  Education  Revieiv.  Politically  he  is  an  independent  and  an  active 
member  of  the  Citizens'  Union,  and  the  Independent  Club  of  the  Twenty- 
first  assembly  district. 

On  December  30,  1890,  Dr.  Taylor  married  Miss  Daisy  Louise  Brodt, 
of  Geneseo,  New  York,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Henry  Brodt,  a  na- 
tive of  Troy,  New  York.  Their  children  are :  Charles  Fayette,  born 
September  24,  1894;  John  Henry,  born  July  30,  1896;  and  Philip  Brodt 
Taylor,  born  March  7,  1899.  Dr.  Taylor's  address  is  125  West  Fifty- 
eighth  street. 

EDWARD   ^V.   LAMBERT,   M.   D.— 1857. 

Dr.  Edward  W.  Lambert  was  born  February  15,  1831,  in  Boston. 
Massachusetts,  and  is  the  son  of  William  G.  and  Sally  (Perley)  Lambert. 
The  former  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of  A.  A.  Lawrence  &  Company,  com- 
mission merchants  of  Boston.  Dr.  Lambert  is  descended  from  old  New 
England  stock,  the  founder  of  this  branch  of  the  family  having  emigrated 
to  America  in  1639,  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Robinson.  This  ancestor  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  Rowley,  Massachusetts,  Avhere  he  was  the  owner  of  a 
tract  of  land  which  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Lambert.  The  famil)^ 
was  a  leading  one  in  the  Massachusetts  colonies,  the  grandfather  of  Dr. 
Lambert  having  been  present  at  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill. 
The  great-grandfather  of  Dr.  Lambert  on  the  maternal  side  also  participated 
in  these  engagements,  the  Perley  family  having  been  a  prominent  one  dur- 
ing the  colonial  period,  and,  in  association  with  the  Goulds,  having  founded 
the  town  of  Boxford,  Massachusetts. 

At  the  age  of  eight  years  Dr.  Lambert  was  taken  by  his  parents  to 
Brooklyn,  New  York,  where  he  received  his  early  education  in  private 
schools.  In  1844  the  family  returned  to  Boston,  and  in  the  town  and  high 
schools  of  that  city  Dr.  Lambert  completed  his  preparatory  education.  He 
was  then  employed  as  a  shipping  clerk  in  a  drj^  goods  store,  some  of  his 
duties,  among  them  the  building  of  fires,  being  such  as  are  not  now  classed 
among  the  requirements  of  the  position.  At  Northampton  Dr.  Lambert 
was  fitted  for  college,  and  in  185 1  entered  Yale  University  as  a  sophomore, 
graduating  in  1854  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  then  entered 
the  office  of  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  serving  as  his  right-hand  man,  and  at  the 
same  time  attending  the  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  graduated  in  1857  as  a  Doctor  of 
Medicine.  After  serving  for  eighteen  months  as  interne  in  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital, he  began  practice  as  a  medical  examiner.  For  a  year  or  two  he  was 
assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  under  Dr.  Sands,  and  in  1862  was  ai:)- 
pointed  attending  physician  to  the  DeMilt  Dispensary.  For  ten  years  he 
filled  the  ofiice  of  visiting  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  for  three 
years  was  attending  physician  to  the  Nurserjr  and  Child's  Hospital.  In 
1859  he  became  medical   examiner  to  the   Equitable  Life   Insurance   Com- 


CJld-   La)^  <^^<:;.^^i^^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  531 

pany,  which  position  he  still  holds.  From  i860  to  1870  his  professional 
services  were  devoted  Avithout  compensation  to  the  indigent  members  of  the 
church  of  the  Holy   Communion. 

Dr.  Lambert  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Pathologi- 
cal Society,  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  INIedical  and  Surgical  Society, 
and  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans.  He  also  belongs 
to  the  Lawyers'  Club,  the  LTniversity,  Century  and  Yale  Clubs,  and  the  col- 
lege societies  of  the  Psi  Upsilon  and  the  Skull  and  Bones.  His  favorite 
recreations  are  found  in  fishing,  golf,  and  in  the  exercise  of  walking.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle.  Dr.  Lambert  married,  in  Se])- 
tember,  1858,  Martha  Waldron,  a  resident  of  Boston,  but  a  native  of  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire,  and  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  old  families  of  that 
state.  They  are  the  parents  of  four  sons  and  four  daughters :  Samuel  W., 
Alexander,  Adrian  Van  S.,  all  physicians ;  Elliot  C,  Mrs.  D.  W.  Richards, 
Mrs.  W.  R.  Barbour,  Mrs.  K.  D.  Cheney,  Jr.,  and  Miss  Katharine.  Dr. 
Lambert's  address  is   120  Broadway,   New  York  city. 

PERCIVAL  RANNEY  BOLTOX,   M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Percival  Ranney  Bolton  was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  his 
preparatory  education  was  received  at  St.  Paul's  School,  Concord.  New 
Hampshire:  in  1886  he  graduated  from  Yale  Laiiversity  with  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Philosophy.  He  then  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York,  receiving  from  that  institution,  in  1890,  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  serving  for  eighteen  months  as  interne  in  the 
New  York  Hospital  he  entered  upon  private  practice,  in  which  he  has  devoted 
himself  to  general  surgery.  For  four  or  five  j'ears  he  was  attending  surgeon 
at  the  almshouse  and  workhouse  hospitals,  and  for  five  or  six  years  assistant 
surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital.  He  now  holds  the  positions  of  attending 
surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  deputy  attending  surgeon  to  the 
House  of  Relief  connected  with  that  institution.  He  filled  the  position  of 
instructor  in  surgery  to  the  medical  school  of  the  New  York  LTniversity 
until  the  organization  of  the  medical  school  of  Cornell  LTniversity,  when 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  professor  of  clinical  surgery  and  instructor  in  surgery 
in  that  institution.  Dr.  Bolton  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Surgical 
Society,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  belongs  to  the  Uni- 
versity Club.     His  New  York  address  is  48  West  Forty-ninth  street. 

HERMAN  ARTHUR  EHRMANN,  M.  D.— 1886. 

Dr.  Herman  A.  Ehrmann,  a  specialist  of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  March  14,  1865,  a  son  of  Frank  and  Lena  (Guling) 
Ehrmann,  the  former  named  being  for  many  years  a  prominent  and  suc- 
cessful pharmacist  of  New  York  city,  residing  at  30  West  Fifty-ninth  street. 
From  1873  to  1880  Dr.  Ehrmann  attended  the  Royal  Gymnasium  in  Stutt- 
gart, Germany,  where  he  acquired  an  excellent  literarj^  education;  he  then 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  entered  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 


532  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

York,  where  he  remained  for  a  period  of  three  years.  Subsequently  he  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  city,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1886, 
with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Dr.  Ehrmann  then  went  abroad 
and  perfected  his  medical  studies  in  the  Strassburg  University,  remaining 
until  1888,  when  he  was  appointed  assistant  to  Professor  Jvirasz  at  Heidel- 
berg in  the  Throat  and  Nose  Clinic,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  1890  he  acted 
in  the  capacity  of  assistant  to  Dr.  Max  Schaffer,  of  Bremen,  nose  and 
throat  specialist. 

Shortly  after  his  return  to  this  country  Dr.  Ehrmann  entered  upon  the 
active  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery,  making  a  specialty  of  nose,  throat 
and  ear  diseases,  being  specially  equipped  for  this  branch  of  the  profession 
both  by  study  and  experience;  he  is  also  actively  connected  with  the  throat 
and  nose  department  of  the  German  Dispensary  of  New  York.  Dr.  Ehr- 
mann has  contributed  several  articles  on  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat,  the 
most  important  one  being  "The  Use  of  Trichlor  Acetic  Acid  in  Nose  and 
Throat  Diseases,"  published  in  the  Munich  Medical  Nczi's  in  1890.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  German  Medical  Society,  New  York  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion. New  York  Medical  Association,  and  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Asso- 
ciation. He  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  Greek  letter  society 
and  the  German  Liederkranz  Singing  Society.  On  ]\Iarch  7,  1894,  Dr.  Ehr- 
mann v.-as  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Amelia  Schimper.  of  Union  Hill, 
New  Jersey. 

CONDICT  WALKER  CUTLER,  B.   S.,  M.  D.— 1882. 

Dr.  Condict  A\\  Cutler  was  born  at  Morristown,  New  Jersey,  Febru- 
ary 27,  1859.  and  traces  his  ancestry  back  to  Sin  Gevaise  Cutler,  who  was 
born  in  London,  England,  came  to  this  country  in  1701,  and  settled  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts.  His  son  was  an  active  participant  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war,  and  for  the  bravery  he  displayed  during  that  great  struggle 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  Augustus  W.  Cutler,  father  of  Dr. 
Cutler,  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  legal  profession,  a  state  senator, 
and  congressman  from  New  Jersey  for  many  3-ears ;  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Julia  R.  Walker,  a  descendant  of  Peregrine  White,  who  was  born 
on  board  the  Mayflower,  in  the  harbor  of  Cape  Cod,  November  20.  1620, 
the  son  of  William  W.  AYhite.  ]\Ir.  Cutler  died  January  i,  1897,  survived 
by  his  widow,  who  is  a  member  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution  and 
the  Colonial  Dames. 

Dr.  Cutler  obtained  his  preliminary  education  in  the  private  schools  of 
INIorristown,  which  he  attended  until  1875,  when  he  became  a  student  of 
Rutgers  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1 879,  with  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science.  He  then  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he 
was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1882,  having  obtained  the  first  Harsen  prize 
of  five  hundred  dollars  for  proficiency.  Immediately  after  his  graduation 
he  was  appointed  interne  of  the  House  of  Relief  attached  to  the  New  York 


^^U^^A^yT^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  533 


Hospital,  but  resigned  at  the  end  of  six  months  to  fill  a  similar  position  in 
Bellevue  Hospital,  where  he  remained  twenty  months ;  the  following  three 
months  he  acted  in  the  same  capacity  at  St.  John's  General  Hospital  on 
Staten  Island,  and  then  commenced  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in 
New  York  city.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  physician  in  chief  of  the  New 
York  Dispensary:  in  1892  became  professor  of  dermatology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont  Medical  College,  which  position  he  retained  until  1896; 
was  the  attending  physician  to  Randall's  Island  Hospital  from  1896  to 
1898;  surgeon  to  the  Eastern  Dispensary  during  the  year  1897,  and  in- 
structor of  dermatology  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  College  from  1890 
to   1892. 

Dr.  Cutler  is  the  author  of  the  following  named  books :  "Essentials 
of  Physics  and  Chemistry,"  published  in  1889  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons; 
"Manual  of  Differential  Medical  Diagnosis,"  published  in  1890  by  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons:  "Differential  Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin,"  published 
in  1892  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons:  "Lectures  on  Dermatology,''  published  in 
1896  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  He  has  also  contributed  several  brochures 
which  have  been  published  in  the  .Vrzc  York  Medical  Journal,  among  them 
being:  "Treatment  of  Typhoid  Eever,"  "Sweating  and  Its  INIanagement," 
"Diseases  of  the  Skin  in  General  Practice." 

Dr.  Cutler  is  a  member  of  the  Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  the  County 
Medical  Society,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  American  Der- 
matological  Society,  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  the  Physicians'  Mutual 
Aid  Association,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was  president  of  the  New  York 
Dermatological  Society.  He  was  also  connected  with  the  Zeta  Psi,  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  and  the  New  York  Athletic  Club.  On  January  30,  1885,  in 
New  York  citv.  Dr.  Cutler  married  Miss  Cora  Carpenter,  of  Warsaw,  In- 
diana. They  have  one  child,  Condict  Walker  Cutler,  Jr.  Mrs.  Cutler  is 
a  member  of  the  Colonial  Dames,  and  traces  her  ancestry  back  to  the  early 
settlers  of  this  country.  Dr.  Cutler  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  church,  of  which  he  has  been  elder  for  many  years.  His  New 
York  address  is   135  ^^'■est  Seventy-sixth  street. 

WILLIAM  OLIVER  MOORE,  LL.  B.,   M.  D.— 1872. 

Dr.  William  Oliver  Moore,  of  New  York  city,  is  a  descendant  of  the 
Rev,  John  Moore,  who  traces  his  lineage  back  to  William  the  Conqueror. 
Dr.  William  O,  Moore  is  a  son  of  Cornelius  Luyster  Moore,  who  was  born 
at  Astoria,  New  York,  a  descendant  of  the  old  English  family  of  Moores, 
and  Mary  Ann  Syers,  who  was  born  at  Orange  ^Mountain.  New  Jersey,  a 
descendant  of  a  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 

Dr.  Moore  acquired  his  early  literary  education  at  the  academy,  New- 
town, New  York,  then  in  the  grammar  school.  Twenty-seventh  street,  New 
York,  later  attended  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  but  was  forced  to 
withdraw,  on  account  of  sickness,  at  the  beginning  of  the  junior  year;  he 
then  matriculated  in  the  medical  department  of  Columbia  University,  and 
was  graduated  in  1872  after  a  three  years'  course,  with  the  degree  of  Doctor 


534  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

of  Medicine.  He  spent  an  interneship  of  two  years  at  the  Charity  (now 
City)  Hospital,  Xew  York;  in  1873  he  was  appointed  surgeon-in-charge  of 
the  smaUpox  and  typhoid-fever  hospitals  on  BlackwelV-s  Island,  New  York; 
acted  as  interne  from  1873  to  1877  at  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary; 
assistant  surgeon  from  1877  to  1887:  was  professor  of  diseases  of  the  eye 
and  ear,  medical  department  of  the  E'niversity  of  Vermont,  from  1883  to 
^889;  filled  the  same  chair  in  the  Woman's  ■Medical  College  of  the  New 
York  Infirmary,  1887  to  1892;  and  acted  in  the  same  capacity  at  the  New 
York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  New  York,  since  1882. 
Dr.  IMoore  is  the  visiting  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Orphans'  Home  and 
Asylum  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  New  York  city,  since  1885,  and 
is  also  the  consulting  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon  to  the  Flushing  Hospital, 
borough  of  Queens.  New  York.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  much  of  his  pro- 
fessional work  has  been  devoted  to  charitable  and  humanitarian  efforts.  In 
1877  Dr.  Moore  commenced  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  New 
York  city,  and  devoted  himself  especially  to  ophthalmology  and  otolog}-. 
In  addition  to  the  duties  of  his  private  practice  he  acts  in  the  capacity  of 
medical  examiner  for  the  Union  Central  Life  Insurance  Company,  the  North- 
Westeru  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  and  the  Michigan  Life  Insurance 
Company.  Dr.  Moore  possessed  such  a  zeal  for  acquiring  knowledge  that  he 
pursued  a  course  of  study  in  the  Columbia  Veterinary  College  of  New  "iork, 
where  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Veterinary  Surgery  in 
1880.  and  during  the  years  1900-1901-1902  was  a  student  at  the  New  York 
University  Law  School,  where  he  obtained  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws 
in  June,  1902,  but  owing  to  the  faithful  and  conscientious  manner  in  which 
he  pursued  his  studies  during  his  spare  monients  from  an  active  professional 
life,  he  passed  the  bar  examination  January  18,  1902,  and  was  admitted  to 
practice  law  as  an  attorney  and  counselor  at  law  in  the  courts  of  the  state 
of  New  York. 

Dr.  JNIoore  is  one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  New  York  Post-Gradu- 
ate Medical  School  and  Hospital,  and  was  treasurer  and  director  from  1882 
to  1888 ;  he  is  a  permanent  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of 
New  York;  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York, 
the  Medical  Association  of  the  Greater  New  York,  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine,  the  New  York  Ophthalmological  Society,  the  American  Oph- 
thalmological  Society,  the  New  York  Physicians'  INIutual  Aid  Association, 
the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  Charity  Hospital,  member  of  the  Hospital  Sat- 
urday and  Sunday  Association,  also  a  trustee  of  the  same.  Dr.  Moore  is 
also  identified  with  the  Delta  Chi  fraternity.  Chapter  of  the  New  York  LTni- 
versity  Law  School,  and  the  Republican  Club  of  New  York  city. 

His  writings  show  wide  reading,  careful  study,  original  investigation 
and  keen  discrimination;  he  is  the  author  of  the  "Joseph  JNIather  Smith"  prize 
essay  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  on  "The  Physiological  and 
Therapeutical  Effects  of  Salicylic  Acid  and  Its  Compounds."  1878;  "The 
Phvsiolcgical  and  Therapeutical  Effects  of  the  Coca  Leaf  and  Its  Alkaloid." 
1888;  "Gouty  and  Rheumatic  Affections  of  the  Eye,"  1893;  "The  After 
Treatment  of  Cataract,"  1893 ;  "Exophthalmic  Goiter."  1893 ;  "Herpes  Zos- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  535 

ter,"  in  Wood's  "Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  1890;  "Diabetic  Affec- 
tions of  the  Eye,"  1894;  "Diseases  of  the  Eye  Occurring  in  Affections  of  the 
Spinal  Cord,"  1895;  "Affections  of  the  Eye  Associated  with  Lesions  in  the 
Kidneys,"  1900.  Dr.  Moore  was  the  editor  of  the  Post-Gradtiatc  from  1888 
to  1892. 

In  his  religious  views  Dr.  Moore  is  an  Episcopalian  by  birth  and  con- 
firmation, but  his  ideas  on  the  subject  of  religion  are  very  liberal;  his  favor- 
ite pursuits  are  study  and  literature. 

On  October  24,  1877,  Dr.  Moore  married  Miss  Katherine  Underbill, 
daughter  of  Abraham  Underbill,  Esq.,  an  eminent  attorney  and  counselor  at 
law  of  New  York  city.  Their  children  are:  William  Underbill,  born  May 
25,  1879,  secured  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1900,  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts  in  1901,  at  the  Columbia  University,  and  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws  from  the  same  institution  in  1902;  Lawrence  Spencer 
Moore,  the  second  son  of  Dr.  Moore,  died  in  infancy.  Dr.  Moore's  home  is 
at  42  East  Twenty-ninth  street.  New  York  city. 

DANIEL   WOODBURY   WYNKOOP,   M.   D.— 1896. 

Dr.  Daniel  Woodbury  Wynkoop,  of  New  York  city,  is  a  direct  lineal 
descendant  of  Peter  Wynkoop,  who  came  to  New  York  in  1630  as  captain 
of  The  Arms  of  Rensselaerwyck ;  the  cargo  of  this  ship  consisted  of  shoes 
for  the  soldiers  who  were  then  fighting  the  Indians.  Major  Johannes  Wyn- 
koop, the  grandson  of  Peter  Wynkoop,  fought  on  the  British  side  in  1689; 
Major  Adrian  Wynkoop  in  1775  was  placed  in  command  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment of  Ulster  county.  New  York,  which  consisted  of  two  hundred  men ; 
their  duty  was  to  command  the  passes  of  the  Hudson;  Gerardus  Wynkoop 
was  the  speaker  in  the  house  of  the  general  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1800.  Judge  Henry  Wynkoop,  brother  of  Gerardus  Wynkoop,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  continental  congress,  in  1776,  and  a  great  personal  friend 
of  General  Washington  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  and  the  following  story  is 
told  of  them :  General  Washington  was  in  favor  of  styling  the  president, 
High  Mightiness,  and  he  asked  General  Muhlenburgh's  opinion  of  the  mat- 
ter; General  Muhlenburgh  replied,  "If  all  the  incumbents  were  to  have  the 
size  and  presence  of  yourself  or  your  friend  Wynkoop,  the  title  might  be 
appropriate,  but  if  applied  to  some  lesser  men  it  would  provoke  ridicule." 
Captain  Jacobus  Wynkoop,  another  brother  of  Gerardus  Wynkoop,  was  the 
commodore  of  the  vessels  on  Lake  Champlain  at  the'  evacuation  of  Ticon- 
deroga  in  1777. 

Dr.  Gerardus  Hillis  Wynkoop,  father  of  Dr.  Daniel  W.  Wynkoop,  mar- 
ried Miss  Annie  E.  Woodbury,  daughter  of  General  Daniel  Phineas  Wood- 
bury, who  was  connected  with  the  United  States  army  engineer  corps.  He 
built  the  pontoon  bridge  across  the  Potomac  which  enabled  the  northern  army 
to  retire  after  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  when  they  were  in  full  flight.  Thus 
it  will  be  seen  that  on  both  the  paternal  and  maternal  side  Dr.  Wynkoop  is 
descended  from  ancestry  that  have  occupied  high  official  positions  in  the 
government. 


536  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Daniel  Woodbury  Wynkoop  was  born  July  ii,  1872.  and  was  named 
in  honor  of  his  maternal  grandfather,  General  Daniel  P.  Woodbury.  Young 
Daniel  matriculated  at  many  preparatory  schools  both  in  America  and  Eu- 
rope; on  the  continent  he  had  a  limited  experience  in  the  public  schools  of 
Munich,  Dresden  and  Zurich,  and  was  also  a  student  in  the  private  institu- 
tions of  Vevay,  Switzerland  and  of  Paris.  After  returning  to  his  native 
country  he  attended  St.  Paul's  School  at  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  Cutler's 
School  in  New  York,  and  received  instruction  from  private  tutors  in  New 
Haven  and  Staten  Island.  He  then  entered  Yale  College  in  the  class  of  '96 
and  pursued  an  academic  course,  but  withdrew  at  the  end  of  the  freshman 
year  to  enter  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  1896  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Immediately  after 
his  graduation  he  spent  an  interneship  of  one  year  and  a  half  in  the  New 
York  City  Hospital,  and  on  December  i,  1897,  he  established  an  office  in 
New  York  city,  where  he  enjoys  one  of  the  largest  medical  and  surgical  prac- 
tices in  the  city.  His  professional  ability  is  of  a  high  order  and  has  gained 
for  him  a  very  enviable  reputation  as  an  eminent  representati\-e  of  his  chosen 
calling. 

In  addition  to  his  extensive  practice  Dr.  \\'ynkoop  has  held  the  follow- 
ing" offices :  House  surgeon  of  the  City  Hospital,  the  attending  physician  of 
the  Northern  Dispensar)',  the  assistant  physician  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic 
in  Dr.  Delafield's  Department  of  Medicine,  the  house  surgeon  of  the  New 
York  Maternity  Hospital,  and  the  visiting  surgeon  of  the  Northern  Dis- 
pensary. An  article  written  by  Dr.  Wynkoop  appeared  in  the  Medical  Record, 
September  24.  1898,  entitled  "Atypical  Malaria  as  Seen  Coming  From  Our 
Military  Hospitals."  Dr.  Wynkoop  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical 
Societ3^  and  the  Greater  New  York  Medical  Society;  he  is  also  affiliated 
with  the  Delta  Psi  fraternity  and  the  St.  Anthony  Club,  New  York  city. 
In  his  hours  of  recreation  he  devotes  himself  to  the  sport  of  hunting,  as 
best  suited  to  his  tastes  and  inclinations.  He  resides  at  128  Madison  avenue. 
New  York  city. 

EDWARD  BENNET  BRONSON,   A.   B.,   M.   D.— 1869.- 

Dr.  Edward  B.  Bronson  was  born  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  June  12, 
1843,  the  son  of  Thomas  and  Cynthia  Bartlett  Bronson,  the  father  being  a 
Presbyterian  clergyman.  Dr.  Bronson  prepared  for  college  in  the  high 
school  of  Hartford,  Connecticut,  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1865  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1869.  After  spending  a-n 
interneship  of  eighteen  months  in  Bellevue  Hospital,  Dr.  Bronson  went 
abroad  and  remained  three  years  pursuing  his  medical  studies  in  the  hos- 
pitals of  Berlin,  Vienna,  Paris  and  London,  giving  especial  attention  to  dis- 
eases of  the  skin.  Upon  his  return  he  engaged  in  general  practice  in  New 
York  city,  but  of  late  years  has  gradually  made  a  specialty  of  dermatology. 
He  is  professor  of  dermatology  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  visiting-  phy- 
sician to  the  City  Hospital  and  consulting  physician  to  the  Babies'  Hospital. 


/T^^^-^^^-^J"*-*- — 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUM  XL  53/ 

He  has  contributed  many  articles  on  dermatolog)'  and  syphilis  to  the 
medical  journals,  the  most  important  being  a  series  of  papers  on  "Itching  of 
the  Skin."  Dr.  Bronson  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Aledi- 
cine,  the  American  Academy  of  ^Medicine,  the  New  York  Dermatological 
Society,  the  American  Dermatological  Association,  the  American  Therapeu- 
tic So'cietv,  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital  and  the  New 
York  County  Medical'  Society.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Century  and 
Ihhversity  Clubs  of  New  York.  His  New  York  address  is  lo  West  Forty- 
ninth  street. 

GABRIEL  GRANT,  M.  D.— 1S51. 

Gabriel  Grant,  a  native  of  Newark.  New  Jersey,  is  descended  from 
Scotch  ancestry,  and  is  a  son  of  Charles  Grant,  a  prominent  and  worthy  resi- 
dent of  the  city  where  his  son  was  born.  He  received  his  literary  education 
at  Williams  College,  Massachusetts,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1846. 
He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Alexander  N.  Dougherty, 
a  capable  practitioner  of  his  native  city,  and  he  afterward  matriculated  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1851.  For  nearly  ten  years 
following,  he  practiced  successfully  in  Newark.  In  1854  he  rendered  a  public 
service  of  peculiar  value.  The  appearance  of  Asiatic  cholera  had  created 
great  alarm,  and  in  absence  of  a  board  of  health  the  common  council  ap- 
pointed a  health  commission  consisting  of  the  mayor  and  two  aldermen,  with 
Dr.  Grant  as  health  physician.  Upon  Dr.  Grant  necessarily  devolved  the 
initiation  of  measures  for  resisting  the  spread  of  the  dread  disease,  and  for 
the  treatment  of  thousands  of  sufferers.  To  these  arduous  tasks,  necessi- 
tating unremitting  labor  and  constant  exposure,  he  applied  himself  devotedly, 
and  with  most  satisfactory  results,  earning  the  warmly  expressed  gratitude 
of  his  associates  and  of  the  people.  At  one  time  during  his  early  profes- 
sional residence  in  Newark,  he  went  to  Panama,  in  New  Grenada.  South 
America,  where  he  passed  a  year,  and  where  he  was  largely  instrumental 
in  establishing  the  first  American  hospital. 

The  Civil  war  afforded  him  opportunity  to  enter  a'  field  where  his  pro- 
fessional skill  and  excellent  abilities  as  organizer  and  director  proved  highly 
useful.  Moved  by  patriotic  impulse,  he  was  among  the  earliest  to  resp^ond 
to  the  call  of  President  Lincoln  for  troops.  Abandoning  an  excellent  prac- 
tice, he  entered  the  Second  Regiment,  Second  Brigade.  New  Jersey  Volun- 
teers, under  Brigadier  General  Phil  Kearney,  and  was  commissioned  surgeon 
of  his  regiment.  After  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  in  which  he  participated, 
he  was  examined  bv  the  L^nited  States  army  medical  board  at  Washington, 
and  was  assigned  to  duty  as  brigade  surgeon  of  volunteers,  and  he  was  subse- 
quently commissioned  surgeon  of  United  States  volunteers,  with  the  rank 
of  major,  under  authority  by  Congress.  December  12.  1861.  he  was  assigned 
to  duty  with  General  French's  brigade  as  brigade  surgeon,  and  shortly  after- 
ward as  division  surgeon  in  chief,  in  which  capacity  he  participated  in  the 


538  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

battles  of  Fair  Oaks,  Gaines'  Mills,  Peach  Orchard  Station,  White  Oak 
Swamp,  Malvern  Hill,  Bull  Run,  Antietam  and  Fredericksburg.  He  gave 
his  personal  attention  to  the  wounded  at  Williamsburg  and  South  Mountain, 
and  for  his  personal  gallantry  at  Fair  Oaks,  Antietam  and  Fredericksburg 
he  was  commended  in  the  reports  of  the  generals  commanding.  He  accom- 
panied General  Stoneman  in  his  grand  reconnaissance  in  March,  1862,  and 
he  organized  the  brigade  hospital  at  Camp  California  and  the  division  hospital 
at  Harper's  Ferr}'.  Februarj^  18,  1863,  he  Avas  transferred  to  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mississippi,  and  appointed  medical  director  of  hospitals  at  Evans- 
ville,  Indiana,  and  while  thus  engaged  he  was  sent  by  General  Burnside  to 
Grant's  army,  then  operating  in  the  vicinity  of  Vicksburg,  and  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  steamer  Atlantic  to  convey  to  his  hospitals  the  wounded  Indiana 
soldiers.  In  June,  1863,  he  was  surgeon  in  chief  at  the  battle  of  Sartartia, 
Mississippi,  and  was  highly  commended  by  General  Kimball  in  his  report  of 
that  engagement.  September  4,  1863,  he  was  ordered  to  Madison,  Indiana, 
and  placed  in  charge  of  the  extensive  hospitals  there,  where  were  upwards 
of  three  thousand  sick  and  wounded  to  be  cared  for.  After  one  and  one-half 
years'  service  at  this  post  he  tendered  his  resignation,  and  was  relieved  from 
duty  February  4,  1865.  The  end  of  the  war  was  then  in  view,  and  his  army 
service  had  covered  the  long  period  of  three  years  and  four  months,  a  period 
crowded  with  incessant  labor  and  weighty  responsibility,  and  involving  great 
peril  of  life.  This  honorable  record  was  crowned  with  conspicuous  honors. 
He  received  from  Congress  the  medal  of  honor  which  was  conferred  only 
upon  such  officers  and  soldiers  as  an  examining  board  found  worthy  on 
account  of  most  distinguished  gallantry  upon  the  field  of  battle,  and  the 
events  upon  which  the  award  was  made  to  him  were  his  highly  commended 
conduct  in  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  Virginia,  June  i,  1862,  and  in  the  battle 
of  Sartartia,  Mississippi,  June  13,  1863.  He  was  subsequently  elected  sur- 
geon general  of  the  Medal  of  Honor  Legion,  and  a  companion  of  the  Mili- 
tary Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

After  his  resignation  from  the  army  Dr.  Grant  returned  to  Newark, 
but  owing  to  impairment  of  health  due  to  his  arduous  service  in  the  field  and 
hospital  he  abstained  from  practice  except  among  a  few  of  his  personal 
friends  and  former  patients.  In  1870  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  where 
he  has  since  made  his  residence.  Since  1881,  with  his  family,  he  has  passed 
much  of  his  time  in  Europe,  principally  in  Germany,  where  the  climate  affords 
him  comparative  immunity  from  the  ailments  incurred  in  army  service.  Dr. 
Grant  is  a  member  of  the  Century  Club.  He  married  Miss  Caroline  Manice, 
daughter  of  Deforest  Manice,  of  New  York  city,  and  of  this  union  have 
been  born  three  sons  and  one  daughter. 

FRANK  EBENEZER  MILLER,   M.  D.— 1884. 

Frank  Ebenezer  Miller,  physician  and  musical  authority,  was  born  in 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  April  12,  1859,  the  only  child  of  Ebenezer  Miller  and 
Mayett  (Deming)  Miller.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is  a  descendant  of  the 
Tory  Governor  Tryon  of  New  York,  and  of  the  Standish  and  Welles  fami- 


(241UA.M^, 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  539 

lies.  Henry  Deming,  his  grandfather,  built  several  of  the  Florida  forts. 
After  passing  through  the  high  school,  Dr.  Miller  entered  Trinity  College 
in  Hartford,  graduating  in  1881,  and  securing  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  in  course.  He  also  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  in  1S84.  He  was  substitute  interne  at  the  New 
York  and  Charity  hospitals  and  resident  interne  at  St.  Francis".  Recom- 
mended by  Drs.  Shrady  and  Ripley  as  assistant  sanitary  inspector,  he  passed 
the  civil  service  examination,  and  was  named  for  that  position  by  General 
Franz  Sigel.  The  following  positions  have  brought  him  into  association 
witli  many  of  the  best  in  the  profession ;  assistant  to  chair  of  otology,  held 
by  Professor  Orin  Pomeroy;  to  Professor  Louis  Emmet  Holt  at  Western 
Dispensary ;  to  Dr.  George  Lefferts,  Vanderbilt  Clinic ;  to  Professor  Joseph 
Howe,-  New  York  University;  and  Dr.  R.  Lincoln,  throat  specialist;  attend- 
ing physician  at  the  Minerva  Home  in  1885,  at  the  Wayside  Nursery  in 
1886,  and  at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  since  1887.  He  was  also  throat  surgeon 
at  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  from  1890  to  1893  and  held  the  same  office  in  the 
Bellevue  outdoor  department  in  1886.  Li  1890  the  Metropolitan  College 
of  Music  secured  Dr.  Miller  as  laryngologist. 

All  through  a  very  busy  life  Dr.  Miller  has  found  it  possible  to  keep 
a  home  office,  besides  publishing  some  original  ideas  in  the  following  works : 
"The  Use  of  Gottstein's  Improved  Curette  for  the  Removal  of  Post-Nasal 
Growths,"  "Vocal  Hygiene,  a  Study  of  the  Mucous  Membrane,"  "Pathol- 
ogy, Etiology  and  Treatment  of  Vocal  Nodules  of  Singers,"  "Views  on 
Tuberculosis,"  "Scheme  of  Diagnosing  Voice  Failure,"  "Observation  on 
the  Voice  and  Voice  Failure,"  written  with  the  physicist,  A.  Theodore 
Wangemann,  late  with  Thomas  Edison;  "Compend  of  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and 
Throat,"  by  Drs.  John  E.  Weeks,  James  McAvoy  and  Frank  E.  Miller. 
In  the  romance  style,  Dr.  Miller  produced  an  essay  on  the  "Spirit  of  Mu- 
sic," and  an  essay  on  the  "Force  of  Habit."  His  versatility  also  is  shown 
in  the  wit  and  satire  of  "The  Trojan  Horse."  As  a  lecturer  Dr.  Miller  has 
read  his  own  papers  before  the  School  of  Expression,  the  Music  Teachers' 
National  Association  and  at  the  New  York  Music  Teachers'  Association, 
Troy,  New  York. 

As  medical  examiner  the  following  organizations  have  Dr.  Miller's 
services :  The  Albany  Insurance  Company,  the  Ancient  Order  of  Aegis, 
the  Royal  Oak  Benefit  Insurance  Company,  the  Provident  Life  Insurance 
Company.  He  is  a  member  of  the  medical  board  of  the  Loomis  Sanita- 
rium, and  the  Loomis  Home,  Liberty,  New  York,  and  a  visiting  physician 
to  St.  Francis'  Hospital  and  secretary  of  its  medical  board.  He  was  one 
of  the  originators  and  is  now  a  director  of  Armour  Villa  Park  at  Bronx- 
ville.  New  York,  and  is  also  a  director  of  the  American  Paper  Goods  Manu- 
facturing Company,  and  of  the  Ajax  and  Howard  Envelope  Companies. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Rhinological,  Otological  and  Laryngologi- 
cal  Society,  the  New  York  Medical  Society,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid 
Society  and  the  New  York  Hospital  Graduates'  Club. 

In  the  interest  of  science  and  humanity,  Dr.  Miller  has  kept  a  close 
watch  upon  the  cure  of  consumption.     In    1892   he  claimed  that  the  best 


540  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

success  could  be  found  primarily  along  hygienic  and  dietetic  lines,  prescrib- 
ing such  foods  (besides  milk  and  raw  eggs)  as  will  create  a  soil  hostile  to 
the  germ,  rest  to  check  destructive  processes,  noonday  baths  for  high  tem- 
perature and  the  more  rapid  elimination  of  ptomaines,  with  ventilation  and 
altitude  as  valuable  adjuncts.  His  works  entitled  "Views  on  Tuberculosis" 
and  "Local  Treatment  of  Phthisis  by  Means  of  Strong  Inducton  Current," 
have  commanded  the  attention  of  the  public  and  press. 

When  Professor  Koch  first  made  known  his  discovery  on  the  cure  for 
consumption,  Messrs.  Arkell  Brothers  considered  it  of  national  importance 
to  test  the  cure  and  place  the  results  before  their  readers.  Drs.  Shrady  and 
Ripley  were  chosen  as  a  committee;  the}'  selected  a  Mr.  Degnan  as  subject, 
diagnosed  his  case  as  one  of  perfect  tuberculosis,  but  owing  to  a  specific 
trouble  could  not  determine.  Dr.  Miller  was  consulted  and  pronounced  it 
tuberculosis  laryngitis.  The  patient  was  sent  to  Professor  Koch,  and  his 
diagnosis  entirelv  corroborated  Dr.   Miller's. 

As  physician  and  specialist,  and  as  vocalist,  musician  and  musical 
writer.  Dr.  Miller  has  had  a  career  as  noteworthy  for  its  conspicuous  suc- 
cess as  for  its  great  versatility.  From  the  Trinity  College  Glee  Club  he 
was  engaged  as  first  tenor  for  St.  Thomas  church.  New  York,  and  later  as 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Musurgia  Glee  Club  he  sang  "The  Nun 
of  Nidaro"  at  their  first  concert.  Subsequently  he  was  first  tenor  at  Christ's 
church  and  the  First  Baptist  church,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Church  of  the 
Pilgrims,  St.  Thomas  and  Christ  church,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  Holy 
Trinity  Church  of  the  Puritans,  New  York  city.  Dr.  Miller  numbers  a 
large  percentage  of  patients  among  singers,  artists  and  persons  of  prom- 
inence in  judicial,  legal,  social  and  political  life.  He  treats  them  by  many 
original  methods,  and  with  extraordinary  success.  In  observation  of  the 
voice,  he  has  established  a  principle  of  hollow-space  resonances,  which  is  be- 
ing recognized  and  accepted  by  high  authorities  as  the  nearest  perfect  theory 
of  voice  production.  The  decoration  of  Busto  del  Libertador  was  conferred 
on  him  by  President  Crespo  and  Senor  Miguel  Antich  of  Venezuela.  Dr. 
Miller  married  Emily  Weston,  of  Yonkers,  New  York,  in  x'^pril,  1892,  and 
they  have  two  daughters. 

EDWIN  STERNBERGER,  B.  L.,  M.  D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Edwin  Sternberger  was  born  January  6,  1867,  in  New  York  city, 
and  is  the  son  of  Simon  and  Pauline  Sternberger.  The  former,  who  is 
now  deceased,  was  a  New  York  banker.  Dr.  Sternberger  received  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city,  subsequently  attend- 
ing the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  in  1887  graduated  from  Cor- 
nell University  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Letters.  In  1890  he  re- 
ceived from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  graduation  he  served  for  two  years  as 
interne  in  the  medical  and  surgical  departments  of  Mount  Sinai  Hospital, 
and  for  three  months  in  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  and  then  went 
abroad,  pursuing  his  studies  in  general  medicine  in  Vienna  and  Berlin,  un- 


7y/^^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUM XI.  541 

der  the  guidance  of  Bilroth,  Krauss  and  Krobach.  Since  his  return  to  this 
country  he  has  been  engaged  in  general  practice,  and  for  nine  years  was 
connected  with  the  out-patient  department  of  Blount  Sinai  Hospital,  serv- 
ing in  the  surgical  clinic;  this  position  he  resigned  in   1901. 

Dr.  Sternberger  is  the  author  of  some  monographs  on  medicine  and 
surger}',  and  of  an  article  entitled,  "Infusion,"  in  the  Medical  Record,  1891. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  jNIedicine.  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Society,  the  German  Medical  Society,  the  ^vl^tropolitan 
]\Iedical  Association,  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  Mount  Sinai  Hospital, 
and  the  Sloane  ]\Iaternity  Alumni.  He  belongs  to  the  Cornell  University 
Club,  the  Century  Country  Club,  the  Hollywood  Golf  Club,  and  the  Auto- 
mobile Club  of  America.  His  New  York  address  is  43  East  Sixtieth 
street. 

DUPREE  MERIWETHER  HALL.  A.  B..  A.  M..  M.  D.— 1894. 

Dr.  Dupree  ]\I.  Hall  was  born  in  Lauderdale  county,  Tennessee,  Novem- 
ber 20,  1871.  the  son  of  James  D.  and  Addie  (Henning)  Hall.  His  educa- 
tional advantages  were  obtainef^l  at  the  Christian  Brothers  College  in  Mem- 
phis, Tennessee,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1890  with  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  three  years  later  received  the  degree  of  ]\Iaster  of  Arts 
from  the  same  institution.  He  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  and  after  pursuing  the  regular  three  years' 
course  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1894.  During  his  college  term  Dr. 
Hall  took  two  courses  in  the  New  York  Lying-in  Hospital,  and  directly 
after  obtaining  his  medical  diploma  wns  appointed  interne  of  the  City  Hospital 
on  Blackwell's  Island,  which  position  he  held  from  June,  1894,  to  June,  1896. 
He  then  returned  to  [Memphis,  Tennessee,  where  he  at  once  entered  upon 
the  private  practice  of  his  profession,  which  he  has  pursued  ever  since  with 
the  exception  of  the  short  period  of  time  when  he  served  his  country  during 
the  Spanish-American  war.  He  was  appointed  captain  and  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Second  Infantry-.  Tennessee  Volunteers,  and  served  with  them  until 
the  regiment  was  mustered  out  of  the  United  States  ser\-ice  at  Columbia, 
South  Carolina,  in  February,  1899.  Dr.  Hall  is  serving  in  the  capacity  of 
assistant  to  the  chair  of  practice  of  medicine  at  the  ^lemphis  Hospital  Med- 
ical College,  quiz  master  on  practice  of  medicine  and  clinical  lecturer  on 
rectal  diseases  of  the  same  institution. 

Titles  of  Dr.  Hall's  essays,  printed  in  Mem-phis  Medical  Monthly,  are 
"Etiology  of  Acute  Articular  Rheumatism."  "Acute  Catarrhal  Enteritis.'' 
and  "Feeding  in  Fevers."  He  is  a  member  of  the  Shelby  County  ^ledical 
Society,  the  Tennessee  State  Medical  Society,  the  Tri-State  iledical  Society 
of  Tennessee,  Arkansas  and  IMississippi.  the  American  jSIedical  Association, 
and  he  also  holds  membership  in  the  Chickasaw  Guards  of  ^Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee, the  Woodmen  of  the  World,  and  the  Sons  of  Confederate  A'eterans. 
Dr.  Hall  is  an  attendant  at  the  services  of  divine  worship  in  the  ]\Iethodist 
Episcopal  church,  south,  of  JMemphis.  Tennessee.  On  October  16.  1901, 
Dr.  Hall  married  Miss  ]Mar\-  Cowden.  of  Westfield.  Chautauqua  countv. 
New  York. 


542  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

JOHN  DUNCAN  OUACKENBOS,  A.  B.,  A.  M,.  M.  D.— 1871. 

Dr.  John  D.  Ouackenbos,  a  specialist  on  nervous  and  mental  diseases, 
is  a  direct  descendant  of  Pieter  and  Martje  van  Quackkenbosch,  who  came  from 
Oestgeest,  Holland,  to  New  Amsterdam  about  the  year  1660;  their  son, 
Wouter  van  Ouackkenl:)osch.  born  in  1676,  was  united  in  marriage  to  Cornelia 
Bogaert.  A  subsequent  member  of  the  family  by  the  name  of  Wouter,  or 
Waltir,  was  a  barrack  master  in  General  Washington's  army  while  it  was 
stationed  in  New  York,  and  the  family  are  proud  of  the  fact  that  it  was  on 
Quackenbos  soil  that  the  first  American  flag  was  unfurled.  Dr.  George 
Clinton  Quackenbos,  grandfather  of  Dr.  John  D.  Ouackenbos,  served  in 
the  capacity  of  surgeon  with  the  United  States  navy  for  a  term  of  years, 
and  subse(|uently  practiced  his  profession  in  New  York  city  mitil  shortly 
before  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1858.  George  Payn  Quackenbos,  LL. 
D.,  father  of  Dr.  Quackenlios.  was  the  well  known  educational  author, 
being  especially  noted  for  his  books  on  rhetoric,  English  gi"ammar,  and 
American  history,  also  as  the  American  editor  of  Spiers  French  Dictionary. 
He  married  Louise  B.  Duncan,  who  was  a  direct  descendant  of  the  old  and 
honored  Brodie  and  Duncan  families  of  Forres,  Scotland. 

Dr.  Quackenbos  was  prepared  for  college  at  the  collegiate  school  of 
which  his  father  was  rector,  entered  Columbia  in  1864,  and  was  graduated 
in  1868  with  the  first  honor  and  a  percentage  of  99  7-8.  The  same  year 
the  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  three 
j^ears  later  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  In  1868  he  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution 
he  was  graduated  in  1871,  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Dr. 
Quackenbos  accepted  the  position  of  tutor  in  rhetoric  and  history  in  Colum- 
bia College  from  President  Barnard,  subseciuently  served  as  instructor  in 
English  literature  and  gave  voluntary  courses  in  physiological  psychology 
at  the  same  institution ;  he  was  also  lecturer  on  psychology  for  ten  years  in 
other  institutions.  The  premature  death'  of  his  father  in  1881  cast  upon 
him  a  weight  of  responsibility  and  labor  of  a  literary  nature,  so  that  his 
active  engagement  in  medicine  came  to  an  end  for  years,  during  which  time 
he  was  occupied  largely  in  revising,  writing  and  rewriting-  educational  text 
books.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of  the  English  lan- 
guage and  literature  at  Columbia,  and  in  1891  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the 
same  university  and  at  Barnard  College  for  Women.  In  1894  he  retired 
from  his  chair,  was  appointed  emeritus  professor  of  rhetoric  and  at  once 
resumed  his  medical  studies  and  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York 
city  and  New  Hampshire,  making  a  specialty  of  nervous  and  mental  dis- 
eases. His  beautiful  estate,  Soo  Nipe  Park,  on  Lake  Sunapee,  New  Hamp- 
shire, consists  of  four  hundred  acres,  provided  with  every  natural  attrac- 
tion and  modern  means  of  recreation,  including  the  most  picturesque  golf 
links  in  the  state,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  large  hotel  and  cottage  settlement, 
which  furnishes  accommodations  for  his  many  patients  during  the  summer 
months. 

Dr.  Ouackenbos  has  a  world-wide  reputation  for  his  advanced  experi- 
ments in  psycho-therapeutics,   has  proved  hypno-suggestion  to  be  the  most 


& 


\~4^i^ 


X)  '  OtLcJ^  C*^  C^Jl^A^^^f^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  543 

important  moralizing"  agent  of  the  time,  and  has  accomphshed  along  inspi- 
rational lines  what  has  never  before  been  attempted  or  dreamed  of  in  the 
evocation  of  physico-spiritual  control  and  the  development  of  slumbering 
talent.  He  has  prosecuted  this  work  openly  and  fearlessly,  with  the  courage 
of  his  convictions,  and  his  reputation  in  this  branch  of  therapeutics  has 
brought  him  one  of  the  largest  practices  in  Xew  York,  every  state  and 
many  foreign  countries  being  represented  among  his  clientele.  This  de- 
volves a  large  amount  of  work  upon  Dr.  Ouackenbos,  whose  office  hours  of- 
ten extend  from  nine  in  the  morning  until  midnight. 

He  is  the  author  of  some  twenty  standard  educational  works  on  liter- 
ary and  scientific  subjects,  the  best  known  being.  "A  History  of  Ancient 
Literature.  Oriental  and  Classical,  Including  Expositions  of  the  Earliest 
Religions."  "Enemies  and  Evidences  of  Christianity."  "A  History  of  the 
English  Language.'"  published  by  Appleton;  "Physical  Geographv."  "Phys- 
ics," "Practical  Rhetoric."  He  is  also  the  author  of  the  following  named 
medical  books  and  essays :  "Tuberculosis.  Its  Prevalence,  Communicabil- 
ity  and  Prevention."  "Typhoid  Fever,  Its  Poison,  Causes.  Prevention  and 
Treatment  from  the  Householder's  Standpoint  of  Responsibility,"  "Causes 
and  Recent  Treatment  of  Neurasthenia,"  "The  State  Care  of  the  Insane," 
"Conventional.  Fraudulent,  and  Accidental  Adulterations  in  Food  Stuffs," 
"Medicines  and  Articles  of  Wear,"  "Emergencies  and  How  to  Deal  with 
Them  in  the  Family,"  "Standing  Forests  as  Sanitary  Factors,"  "Post  Hyp- 
notic Suggestion  in  the  Treatment  of  Sexual  Perversions  and  Moral 
Anesthesia,"  "Hypnotism  in  Mental  and  IMoral  Culture,"  "Hypno-Sugges- 
tion  in  Trained  Nursing,"  "The  Reciprocal  Influence  in  Hypnotism  and  Its 
Bearing  on  Telepathic  and  Spiritistic  Theories."'  "Hypnotic  Suggestion  in  the 
Treatment  of  Dipsomania.'" 

Dr.  Ouackenbos  is  also  well  known  as  a  lecturer,  naturalist  and  sports- 
man :  his  essays  on  the  brook  and  the  Lake  Sunapee  trout  have  been  widely 
read;  he  is  credited  with  having  brought  to  the  notice  of  ichthyologists  the 
presence  of  a  fourth  trout  in  New  England  waters,  viz.,  the  Sunapee  Saib- 
ling,  a  form  of  Alpine  Cliarr  not  known  to  exist  on  the  American  continent 
till  discovered  in  Lake  Sunapee  in  1885.  Dr.  Ouackenbos  has  been  instru- 
mental in  planting  this  valuable  food  fish  in  Lake  George.  His  fish  library 
contains  many  valuable  and  rare  works. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  London  Society  for  Psychical  Research,  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  American  Medical  Association,  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  felloAv  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  jNIedicine,  and  the  New  Hampshire  Aledical  Societ)',  also 
a  member  of  the  University  Club  of  New  Hampshire.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Reformed  Episcopal  church,  accepts  the  Christianity  of  the  four  Gos- 
pels, but  believes  himself  as  well  qualified  to  interpret  the  Greek  of  these 
memoirs  as  are  ecclesiastical  professionals.  In  his  political  affiliations  he 
has  remained  firm  to  the  principles  of  the  independent  party.  Dr.  Ouack- 
enbos was  united  in  marriage  in  New  Yoik  city,  in  1871,  to  Laura  Amelia 
Pinckney,  a  member  of  a  family  who  are  well  known  in  the  history  of  the 
country.  Their  children  are :  Alice  Pinckney,  Caroline  Duncan,  George 
Pavn,  and  Kathrvn  Ouackenbos. 


544  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


HARRY   HARTSHORNE   SEABROOK,    AI.    D.— iS8i. 

The  Seabrook  family,  of  which  Dr.  Harry  H.  Sealirook  is  a  representa- 
tive, is  descended  from  Thomas  SealDrook,  who  was  killed  by  Indians  in 
Westchester  county,  New  York.  Thomas  Seabrook,  great-grandfather 
of  Dr.  Harry  Seabrook.  was  first  major,  then  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  New 
Jersey  state  troops  and  First  New  Jersey  Monmouth  County  Militia ;  he 
fought  with  the  continental  army  and  was  in  command  of  his  regiment  at 
the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  being'  stationed  on  the  south  shore  of 
Raritan  Bay;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  first  provisional  congress.  The 
paternal  grandmother  of  Dr.  Seabrook  was  Anna  Longstreet,  a  descendant 
of  Dirk  Stoeffel  Longstreet,  who  married  a  squaw  of  the  Lenni  Lenape 
tribe. 

Henry  Hendrickson  Seabrook,  father  of  Dr.  Seabrook,  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Keyport,  New  Jersey,  a  town  planned  by  his  father-in-law, 
Leonard  Walling.  Mr.  Seabrook  engaged  in  business  there  and  in  New 
York,  and  was  the  projector  and  manager  of  the  steamboat  line  running  be- 
tween these  points ;  he  was  also  instrumental  in  the  building  of  good  roads 
and  bridges  in  the  locality  of  Keyport,  secured  a  postoffice  for  the  town  and 
acted  at  first  in  the  capacity  of  postmaster.  As  a  school  trustees  he  as- 
sisted largely  in  the  development  of  the  school  system  from  the  district 
schools  to  a  large  graded  school,  and  he  also  acted  as  treasurer  and  presi- 
dent of  various  companies  in  the  town.  Mr.  Seabrook  was  trustee,  deacon 
and  treasurer  of  the  First  Baptist  church,  was  for  years  superintendent  of 
the  Sunday  school  connected  with  it,  and  of  the  Baptist  Sunday  school  of 
Monmouth  county.  New  Jersey.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Peddie 
Institute  at  Hightstown,  New  Jersey,  serving  in  the  capacity  of  trustee,  and 
was  a  member  or  officer  of  various  societies,  both  state  and  national.  He 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Therese  Walling,  whose  ancestors  were  the 
first  settlers  of  Monmouth  county.  New  Jersey. 

Dr.  Harry  H.  Seabrook  was  born  in  Keyport,  New  Jersey,  October 
23,  1859,  and  attended  Peddie  Institute  at  Hightstown,  where  he  pursued 
a  scientific  course.  A.fter  this  he  engaged  in  business  for  three  years  and 
then  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York 
city,  from  which  institut'on  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1881.  Shortly 
after  receiving  his  diploma  he  was  appointed  interne  upon  the  Third  surgi- 
cal division  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  serving  as  assistant  and  house  surgeon 
from  October,  1881,  to  April.  1883.  The  following  six  months  were 
passed  upon  the  continent,  and  upon  his  return  he  entered  upon  the  active 
practice  of  his  profession  at  105  East  Seventy-third  street.  New  York  city. 
He  afterward  located  at  1032  Lexington  avenue,  remaining  for  six  years, 
after  which  he  took  up  his  residence  at  his  present  address,  118  East  Sev- 
enty-second street.  From  1885  to  1891  he  was  an  assistant  surgeon  at  the 
New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  was  then  appointed  surgeon,  which 
position  he  still  holds.  In  April,  1894,  he  was  appointed  attending  ophthal- 
mic surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  resigned  three  years  later:  from 
1888  to  1890  he  was  the  instructor  of  ophthalmology  in  the  University  of 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  545 

the  City  of  New  York,  and  h-  also  performed  dispensary  work  in  the  eye 
and  ear  department  of  Bellevue  and  the  Presbyterian  Hospitals. 

Dr.  Seabrook  is  the  author  of  a  book  entitled  "Heterophorias  and  In- 
sufficiencies," and  he  has  also  contributed  a  number  of  articles  on  the  eye; 
among  them:  "Some  Sq':int  Statistics,"  published  in  the  Archives  of 
Opthahnology,  1892;  "The  Eyes  and  the  Liver,'"  Nciv  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, March  14,  1896;  "The  Natural  Course  of  Cataract,"  Medical  Record, 
September  12,  1891 ;  and  "Headaches,"  in  the  same  journal,  in  July,  1901. 
On  January  25,  1878,  Dr.  Seabrook  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  Company 
G,  Third  Regiment,  National  Guard,  State  of  New  Jersey,  bv  Governor 
George  E.  McClellan,  but  on  June  23,  1881,  he  tendered  his  resignation. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  Citizens"  Union  and  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advance  of  Physical  Education,  American 
and  New  York  State  Medical  Associations,  Medical  Society  of  the  County 
of  New  York,  Academy  of  Medicine,  Harlem  Medical  Association,  Society 
of  the  Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical  Society. 
His  favorite  pursuits  during  his  leisure  hours  are  science  and  literature,  es- 
pecially of  a  historical  nature. 

At  Montclair,  New  Jersey,  on  November  2,  1881,  Dr.  Seabrook  mar- 
ried May  Nason,  of  New  York  city,  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Nason,  a  well 
known  inventor,  of  New  England  descent,  some  of  ■  whose  ancestors  served 
as  officers  in  the  French  and  Lidian,  Revolutionary  and  Mexican  wars.  The 
biography  of  Joseph  Nason  has  been  recently  written  at  the  request  of  the 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Seabrook  are  the  parents 
of  two  children,  Raymond  and  Alice  Seabrook. 

JAMES    FRANCIS    McKERNON,    M.    D.— 1890. 

Dr.  James  F.  McKernon,  professor  of  otology  in  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  was  born  in  West  Cambridge,  Wash- 
ington county.  New  York,  March  13.  1865,  the  son  of  John  Cochran  and 
Jane  (Dalland)  McKernon.  John  C.  McKernon  was  born  in  Elgin,  Scot- 
land, where  his  ancestors  for  many  generations  were  also  born ;  three  of  his 
brothers  came  to  this  country  from  Scotland  during  the  progress  of  the 
Ci\'il  war  and  joined  the  forces  of  the  Union  army.  His  wife,  Jane  (Dal- 
land)  McKernon,  was  a  descendant  of  a  north  of  Ireland  ancestry. 

Dr.  McKernon  attended  the  district  school  of  West  Cambridge,  New 
York,  where  he  was  prepared  to  enter  Greenwich  Academy  at  Greenwich. 
New  York,  after  which  he  pursued  a  course  of  instruction  for  two  years 
from  private  tutors.  In  1887  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1890.  His  subsequent  studies  were  devoted  entirely  to  the  nose,  throat 
and  ear.  He  then  established  an  office  at  359  Wset  Forty-seventh  street, 
on  September  7,  1890,  and  remained  until  1894;  he  then  removed  to  116 
West  Forty-eighth  street,  where  he  continued  to  practice  his  profession  un- 
til May,  1900,  when  he  changed  his  residence  to  62  West  Fifty-second  street, 
his  present  address.     From  September,   1890,  to  1892,  he  was  the  physician 


546  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


in  charge  of  the  Berachah  Mission  Dispensary;  from  1892  to  1897  acted  as 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  throat  department  of  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear 
Hospital;  from  1893  ^o  1896  was  assistant  surgeon  of  the  aural  department 
of  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  from  the  latter  date  to  the 
present  time  (1903)  has  acted  in  the  capacity  of  aural  surgeon  to  the  same 
institution;  from  1897  to  1900  was  the  assistant  to  the  chair  of  otology  in 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  and  in  1900  was  appointed  professor 
of  otology  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital, 
which  position  he  still  occupies. 

Dr.  McKernon  is  the  author  of  the  following  named  articles:  "Report 
of  a  Case  of  Torticollis  Following"  Adenitomy  Epithelioma  of  the  Nose," 
Report  of  Case;  "Report  of  Three  Cases  of  Intracranial  Abscess,"  first  two 
fatal,  third,  recovery,  with  remarks ;  "Report  of  a  Case  of  Brain  Abscess 
Complicated  by  Thrombosis  of  the  Lateral  Sinus  and  Mastoiditis  Resulting 
from  Suppurative  Inflammation  of  the  Middle  Ear,"  operation,  death :  "The 
Abortive  Treatment  of  Acute  Mastoiditis,"  contributions  to  the  Technique 
of  Modern  Uranoplasty ;  Sigmoid  Sinus  Thrombosis ;  seven  cases,  the  first 
non-infective,  recovery,  six  infective,  five  recoveries,  one  fatal,  with  re- 
marks upon  Symptomatology  and  Treatment;  "Severe  Hemorrhage  Follow- 
ing Incision  of  Drum  Membrane,"  "Treatment  of  Chronic  Purulent  Otitis 
Media,"  "Report  of  a  Case  of  Tempero-Sphenoidal  Abscess  with  Exhibition 
of  Patient,"  "Congenital  Cleft  of  the  Palate,"  further  report  upon  the  opera- 
tive technique  and  its  results.  Dr.  McKernon  has  also  written  a  number  of 
other  articles  on  similar  subjects,  and  at  the  present  time  is  writing  an  ar- 
ticle on  "Intracranial  Complications  of  Middle  Ear  Diseases,"  for  the  Post- 
Graduate  Surgeon.  He  is  also  the  inventor  of  a  complete  mastoid  set,  now 
in  general  use  by  the  United  States  army  and  navy  surgeons. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Society,  the  New  York  State  Medical  Societ)^  the  Ameri- 
can Otological  Society,  the  American  Laryngological  Association,  the  Amer- 
ican Laryngological,  Rhinological  and  Otological  Society,  and  chairman 
of  the  otological  section  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  during 
the  years  1901,  1902  and  1903.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Athletic  Club,  and  his  favorite  pursuits  during  his  leisure  hours  are  hunt- 
ing, fishing  and  boating.  On  June  26,  1901,  in  New  York  city.  Dr.  Mc- 
Kernon married  Anna  Madeleine  Wittmeyer,  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  A.  V. 
Wittnieyer,  rector  of  the  French  Huguenot  church  and  founder  of  the 
Huguenot   Society   in   New   York   city. 

JOHN  BLAKE  WHITE,  M.  D.— 1874. 

Dr.  John  Blake  White,  born  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  October  9, 
1850,  is  a  descendant  of  Sir  John  White,  of  Kent,  England,  whose  title  was 
suppressed  on  account  of  his  being  a  Quaker,  and  who  came  to  this  country 
in  company  with  William  Penn  and  was  conspicuous  with  him  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  colony.  His  son,  Blake  Leay  White,  great-grandfather  of 
Dr.    White,   settled   in    South   Carolina  before  the   Revolutionarv   war,    and 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  547 

became  one  of  the  prominent  planters  in  Upper  St.  Johns  Parish,  Berkeley, 
district  of  Charlotte.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Abraham  Bourquin,  a 
Hugxienot,  who  was  a  conspicuous  patriot  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war 
of  the  Revolution,  and  \\'as  early  seized  by  the  British  and  held  on  parole. 

John  Blake  White,  grandfather  of  Dr.  White,  early  in  life  developed 
a  remarkable  ability  as  an  author  and  artist,  later  went  to  England  and 
studied  art  under  Benjamin  West,  and  with  his  friend  and  relative,  Wash- 
ington Alston.  The  following  is  a  list  of  his  historical  paintings :  The 
celebrated  picture  of  "General  Marion  Inviting  the  British  Officer  to  Din- 
ner in  the  Pedee  Swamp,'"  "The  Battle  of  Fort  ^Moultrie,"  "}vlrs.  ^lotte 
Presenting  the  Burning  Arrows  to  Generals  jNIarion  and  Lee  to  Pire  Her 
Own  Residence  for  the  Purpose  of  Dislodging  the  British,"'  "The  Rescue 
of  the  .American  Prisoners  from  the  British  by  Generals  Jaspar  and  New- 
ton." All  of  these  pictures  hang  in  the  halls  of  Congress,  having  been 
presented  to  that  body  by  the  artist's  son.  Dr.  Octavius  A.  \\"hite.  3\Ir. 
White  was  the  artist  of  several  other  important  historical  paintings,  the 
most  important  one  being  the  "Unfurling  of  the  American  Flag  in  the  City 
of  Mexico  by  the  American  jMinister  Poinsett  to  Quell  a  Riot."  This  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  during  the  Civil  war.  Islr. 
AVhite  married  Anna  0"Driscoll,  a  daughter  of  ]\Iathias  O'Driscoll,  LL.D., 
M.  D.,  of  Ireland,  who  was  a  descendant  from  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
honorable  families  of  Ireland,  and  who  was  educated  at  the  famous  College 
of  St.  Omar,  came  to  this  country  in  1784,  and  settled  in  South  Carolina, 
where  he  ranked  among  the  first  men  of  his  day.  Dr.  Octavius  A.  \Miite, 
son  of  John  Blake  and  Anna  White,  and  father  of  Dr.  White,  was  a  noted 
physician  of  South  Carolina. 

Dr.  White  prepared  for  college  at  Phillip's  Academy.  Exeter.  New 
Hampshire,  after  which  he  entered  Harvard  University,  from  which  insti- 
tution he  voluntarily  withdrew  in  1872  to  commence  the  study  of  medicine. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  city  in  1874.  and  thereupon  was  appointed  house  surgeon  in  the 
Brooklvn  City  Hospital.  The  energy  and  success  with  which  he  discharged 
the  duties  of  this  office  secured  Dr.  White,  in  1S75,  when  only  twenty-five 
years  of  age,  the  appointment  of  sanitary  inspector  of  the  New  York  de- 
ipartment  of  health.  Subsequently  he  was  assigned  to  special  duty  in  the 
examination  of  milk,  which  was  supposed  to  be  largely  adulterated  when 
brought  into  the  city.  Dr.  A\'hite  remained  in  the  health  department  about 
ten  years,  retiring  from  the  service  of  the  board  in  1886,  and  during  this 
period  of  aggressive  and  sustained  activity  he  was  largely  instrumental  in 
breaking  up  the  wholesale  shipment  of  impure  milk  into  the  city,  which 
had  previouslv  become  an  intolerable  evil,  highly  deleterious  to  the  public 
health.  During  the  years  1875  and  1876  Dr.  White  obtained  special  expe- 
rience in  the  inspection  of  and  transfer  of  smallpox  cases  to  Riverside 
Hospital,  the  disease  being  quite  epidemic  during  those  years,  and  thus 
he  acquired  a  thorough  familiarity  and  wide  experience  with  that  disease. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  attending  surgeon  of  the  New  York  Dispensary' 
for   Children,   and   four  years  later  was  appointed  visiting  surgeon   to  the 


548  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Charity,  now  City,  Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island,  holding  this  position 
until  1898.  In  the  early  eighties  Dr.  White  lectured  in  the  Post-Graduate 
Medical  College  on  Diseases  of  Children,  and  in  1889  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  consulting  surgeon  to  the  House  of  Refuge ;  about  the  same  time 
he  became  the  assistant  to  Professor  Fessenden  X.  Otis,  specialist  in  diseases 
of  the  genito-urinary  organs.  Simultaneously  with  these  diversified  profes- 
sional engagements,  Dr.  \A'hite  made  an  extensive  study  of  the  heart  and 
lungs,  and  he  is  regarded  as  an  authority  on  typhoid  fever  and  the  medical 
and  surgical  diseases  of  the  lungs. 

From  time  to  time  Dr.  W'hite  has  read  valuable  scientific  papers  before 
medical  societies,  placing  on  record  the  results  of  his  observation  and  ex- 
perience. These  productions  have  been  favorably  noticed  in  the  medical 
journals,  some  of  them  being  republished  in  foreign  medical  journals. 
Among  these  contributions  were:  "The  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of 
Uterine  Flexions,"  read  before  the  Yorkville  Medical  Association;  "Treat- 
ment of  Phthisis  by  Intrapulmonary  Injection  of  Carbolized  Iodine,"  read 
before  the  Yorkville  Medical  Association :  "The  Tubercular  Diathesis  Con- 
trolled by  Gold  and  JNIanganese  in  Combination,"  read  before  the  North- 
western i\Iedical  and  Surgical  Association  and  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Association.  It  is  important  to  note  that  a  number  of  remark- 
able cures  were  effected  by  the  treatment  set  forth  in  the  two  last  named 
papers. 

He  also  wrote  an  article  on  "The  Treatment  of  Spasmodic  Stricture  of 
the  Urethra."  He  read  a  paper  before  the  Yorkville  ^ledical  Society,  Feb- 
ruary 23,  1888,  "Remarks  on  Vesico-Urethral  Erethism,  Peculiar  to  Loco- 
motive Engineers."  On  December  17,  1890,  he  read  a  paper  before  the 
Northwestern  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  entitled  "Remarks  on  the 
Intrapulmonary  and  Subcutaneous  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis."  Another 
A'aluable  production  on  the  same  line  of  investigation  was  a  paper,  "A  Case 
of  Stricture  Followed  by  Rupture  of  the  Urethra  and  Extravasation  of 
Urine,  External  Urethrotomy  and  Recovery,"  read  before  the  American 
Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons,   June  3,    1890. 

On  February  17,  1891,  he  read  before  the  section  of  general  medicine 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  INJedicine,  and  on  ]\Iay  10,  1891.  before  the 
New  York  Medical  Union,  by  invitation,  "The  Value  of  the  Subcutaneous 
Administration  of  Gold  and  Alanganese  in  the  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis." 
Hardly  more  attention  was  attracted  in  the  medical  world  by  Dr.  Koch's 
celebrated  lymph  than  was  aroused  by  Dr.  White's  new  method  of  treating 
tuberculosis,  and  it  is  adopted  by  many  physicians  throughout  the  country 
with  conspicuous  success.  He  also  read  before  the  American  Association 
of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons  at  the  National  Congress  held  at  Washington 
in  1891  a  paper  on  "Cachexia."  His  "Symptoms,  Diagnosis  and  Treat- 
ment of  Pleurisy  and  also  Report  of  Case  of  Tubercular  Abscess  of  Lung, 
with  Recovery  after  Operation,"  was  published  in  transactions  of  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Association.  His  inventive  mind  suggested  a  much 
needed  and  quickly  recognized  improvement  on  Sim's  Vaginal  Speculum. 
Another  practical  result  of  Dr.   White's   ingenious  labors  is  an  instrument 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUM \' I.  549 


for  the  correction  of  uterine  displacements  which  he  called  "Metratrep." 
This  was  followed  by  another  addition  to  the  list  of  useful  instruments,  the 
"Urethrotone,"  invented  in  1888,  for  the  operating  on  strictures  of  the 
urethra  of  verj'  small  calilire.  In  1891  he  invented  an  antiseptic  syringe  for 
h3'podermic  medication  and  published  a  description  of  the  apparatus  and  an 
explanation  of  its  uses.  One  of  the  most  important  of  Dr.  White's  inven- 
tions is  a  double  nasal  spray  and  vaporizer,  which  was  exhibited  on  Novem- 
ber 25,  1891,  before  the  laryngological  section  of  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine. 

Throughout  the  whole  course  of  his  professional  career  Dr.  White  has 
been  actively  interested  in  medical  societies  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  He 
served  as  president  of  tlie  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  also  of  the 
Yorkville  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  is  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  New  York  State 
Medical  Association,  American  Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons, 
Northwestern  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  Manhattan  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Society,  and  also  acted  in  the  capacity  of  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
admissions  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  during  the  year  1903. 
In  1877  Dr.  White  married  Miss  Margaret  Stuyvesant  Jackson,  a  daughter 
of  the  late  George  E.  B.  Jackson,  of  Portland,  Maine,  and  a  great-grand- 
daughter of  Genera!  Diedrich  Ten  Broeck,  of  Revolutionary  fame.  Dr. 
White's  address  is  1013  Madison  avenue.  New  York. 

ALEXANDER  BRYAN  JOHNSON,   M.   D.— 1885. 

Dr.  Alexander  Bryan  Johnson  was  born  September  16,  i860,  in  Al- 
bany, New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Alexander  Smith  and  Katherine  Maria 
(Crysler)  Johnson.  The  former,  a  native  of  Utica,  New  York,  was  judge 
of  the  United  States  circuit  court  of  this  circuit,  and  was  formerly  judge 
of  the  court  of  appeals  of  the  state  of  New  York.  The  paternal  grand- 
father of  Dr.  Johnson,  Alexander  Bryan  Johnson,  was  born  May  29,  1786, 
in  Gosport,  Great  Britain,  and  about  the  year  1799  came  with  his  parents 
to  the  L'nited  States,  where  they  settled  in  Utica,  in  which  city  Alexander 
Bryan  Johnson  became  a  banker.  He  was  a  man  of  great  importance  in 
the  place,  a  philosopher  and  a  voluminous  writer  on  philosophy.  The  mother 
of  Dr.  Johnson  was  of  English  and  Dutch  ancestry,  and  was  a  native  of  the 
town  of  St.  Catherines,  Canada. 

When  Dr.  Johnson  was  seven  years  old  the  family  removed  to  Utica, 
and  his  earlv  etlucation  was  received  in  the  public  schools  of  that  place.  He 
entered  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  University  in  1879,  graduat- 
ing in  .1882,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy.  Having  decided 
in  boyhood  to  devote  himself  to  the  medical  profession,  he  entered  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University,  and  in  1885  re- 
ceived his  degree,  graduating  as  one  of  the  Harsen  honor  men.  After 
serving  for  nearly  two  years  as  interne  in  the  second  surgical  division  of 
Bellevue  Hospital,  he  went,  in  the  summer  of  1887,  to  Germany,  and  spent 
the   following  year    studying   surgery   and   pathology   in   Heidelberg,    Paris 


550  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


and  Vienna.  In  1888  he  returned  to  New  York,  where  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  and  surgery,  devoting  himself  almost  entirely  to  the  latter. 
He  immediately  connected  himself  with  the  out-patient  department  of  the 
Roosevelt  Hospital  as  assistant  surgeon,  becoming  in  1890  assistant  to  the 
attending  surgeon  in  the  hospital  proper,  which  position  he  retained  until  1898. 
From  1896  to  1898  he  was  attending  surgeon  to  the  out-patient  department  of 
the  same  hospital,  and  since  the  latter  year  has  been  attending  surgeon  to 
the  New  York  Hospital.  In  the  former  institution  he  also  held,  for  a 
time,  the  position  of  lecturer  on  minor  surgery.  In  1896  he  was  appointed 
instructor  in  surgery  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  afterward 
becoming  clinical  lecturer  on  surgery  in  the  same  institution.  This  posi- 
tion he  resigned,  and  is  now  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Cornell  University. 

Among  the  contributions  which  Dr.  Johnson  has  made  to  the  literature 
of  his  profession  may  be  mentioned  the  following :  "Contribution  to  the 
Surgery  of  the  Kidney;  Report  on  Surgery  of  Kidney,  Based  Upon  Cases 
in  Roosevelt  During  Eight  Years,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  1878 ;  "A  Personal 
Experience  in  Radiography,"  N'czv  York  Medical  Record.  This  article  was 
the  occasion  of  inquiries  from  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world.  "Stereoscopic 
Radiography,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  April,  1902:  "Operative  Treatment  in 
Suppurative  Conditions  of  the  Kidneys,"  Medical  Netvs,  May  3,  1902; 
"Some  Cases  of  Prostatectomy  Observed  After  an  Interval,"  read  before 
the  section  of  genito-urinary  surgery  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine; "The  Diagnosis  of  Renal  Calculus,"  read  before  the  genito-urinary 
section  of  the  Academy,  1902;  "Local  Anaesthesia,"  read  before  the  gen- 
eral meeting  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine;  "Some  Experiences 
in  the  Treatment  of  Inoperable  Malignant  Disease  by  Means  of  the  X-rays," 
American  Surgical  Association,  1903.  Dr.  Johnson  is  also  the  author  of 
several  scientific  articles,  among  them  one  of  some  length  in  a  symposium 
of  medical  knowledge  for  popular  use,  entitled,  "In  Sickness  and  Health." 

Dr.  Johnson  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Surgical  Society,  the  Amer- 
ican Surgical  Association,  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  Linnaean  So- 
ciety and  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Alumni  Association.  He  belongs  to  the 
University  and  Union  Clubs  of  New  York.  At  different  times  he  has 
found  sources  of  interest  and  diversion  in  the  study  of  monkeys,  in  the 
manufacture  of  salmon  flies,  in  the  development  of  tailless  kites,  and  at 
present  makes  automobiling  his  chief  recreation.  His  residence  is  at  12 
East  Fifty-eighth  street,  New  York  city. 

THOMAS  EDWARD  SATTERTHWAITE,  M.  D.— 1867. 

Dr.  Thomas  Edward  Satterthwaite,  son  of  Thomas  AVilkinson  and  Ann 
Fisher  (Sheafe)  Satterthwaite,  was  born  in  what  are  now  the  city  limits  of 
New  York,  March  26,  1843.  He  pursued  his  preparatory  studies  in  his 
native  state,  entered  Yale  College  in  the  autumn  of  i860  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enteen, and  was  graduated  with  the  class  of  1864.  In  September  of  the 
latter  year    he    entered    the    scientific  department    of    Harvard    University, 


<^^?^cZ^ 


Z^ 


^e:^:^=r*:?'^^ /^«:3i*--<^;i>^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  _  551 


in  the  department  of  comparative  anatomy,  and  was  a  private 
pupil  of  the  eminent  comparative  anatomist,  Jeffries  Wyman.  In 
the  November  following  he  entered  the  department  of  medicine,  attended 
one  course  of  lectures  and  then  re-entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
Scientific  School,  where  he  remained  until  July  i,  1865.  Three  months 
later,  when  twenty-two  years  of  age,  he  left  Boston,  and  coming  to  New 
York  entered  upon  a  regular  course  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  March,  1867.  In 
August  of  the  same  year  he  entered  the  New  York  Hospital,  then  located  on 
Broadway  opposite  Pearl  street,  in  the  capacity  of  an  interne  and  after 
twenty  months'  experience  in  surgical  operations  received  a  diploma  in  that 
institution  in  1869.  With  a  view  to  a  further  prosecution  of  his  medical 
studies  Dr.  Satterthwaite  went  abroad,  taking  up  his  residence  in  Vienna. 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  Dr.  Satterthwaite  prof- 
fered his  services  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Prussian  army,  was  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  and  afterwards  full  surgeon,  with  the  grade  of  captain.  Upon  the 
conclusion  of  hostilities  in  the  following  spring  he  tendered  his  resignation, 
which  was  accepted.  He  received  from  Emperor  William,  in  recognition 
of  his  services  in  the  field,  the  decoration  of  the  Iron  Cross.  Dr.  Satter- 
thwaite then  resumed  his  medical  studies,  taking  special  courses  under  the  di- 
rection of  Recklinghausen  at  Wurzburg.  In  the  autumn  of  1871  he  returned 
to  the  United  States  and  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  New  York  city. 

Almost  at  the  outset  of  his  metropolitan  career  he  began  to  reap  the 
fruits  of  those  special  studies  so  industriously  prosecuted  abroad.  In  1872 
he  was  appointed  microscopist  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  subsequently  path- 
ologist, holding  these  positions  until  1882,  a  period  of  ten  years.  A  year 
later  he  became  pathologist  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  and  continued  to 
discharge  the  functions  of  that  post  until  1888  (fifteen  years).  Wlien  Dr. 
Satterthwaite  first  established  himself  in  New  York,  Dr.  Willard  Parker 
occupied  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  in  1873  ^^  became  connected  with  the  institution  from  which  he  had 
received  his  professional  degree  as  clinical  assistant  to  that  distinguished  pro- 
fessor. Later  in  the  same  year  Dr.  Satterthwaite  took  the  initiative  in  a 
wholly  new  direction,  in  establishing  what  was  probably  the  first  institution 
of  its  kind  in  the  United  States.  He  opened  a  private  laboratory  for  the 
regular  instruction  of  students  and  physicians  in  normal  and  pathological 
histology,,  continuing  the  experiment  with  great  success  for  seventeen  years. 

The  results  of  his  observations  and  experiments  thus  convinced  Dr. 
Satterthwaite  that  something  more  advanced  and  quite  different  from  any 
of  the  schools  previously  existing  for  providing  technical  education  in  medi- 
cine and  surgery  was  imperatively  needed,  and  he  belie^'ed  that  progress 
could  be  attained  only  through  the  creation  of  the  suitable  instrumentalities 
for  promoting  it.  Actuated  by  these  reasonable  views,  he  co-operated  enthu- 
siastically in  the  movement  for  the  organization  of  the  Alumni  Association 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  becoming  one  of  its  incorpora- 
tors and  founders.  The  principal  object  sought  in  forming  this  association 
was  to  provide  the  means  for  extra-mural  instruction  in  those  branches  of 


552  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

medicine  and  surgery  not  successfully  taught  in  the  usual  luidergraduate  cur- 
riculum. The  scheme  met  with  the  usual  opposition  encountered  by  pro- 
gressive plans,  and,  perhaps  fortunately,  in  view  of  what  followed,  was 
early  abandoned.  This  check  was,  however,  not  a  defeat,  but  merely  a 
change  of  plan ;  another  idea  of  Dr.  Satterthwaite  and  his  associates  in  the 
movement  bore  happy  fruit  in  the  Post-Graduate  ^Medical  School  and  Hos- 
pital, and  the  New  York  Polyclinic.  These  two  celebrated  institutions, 
which  now  have  a  permanent  place  in  the  medico-surgical  educational  system 
of  the  country,  were  the  outcome,  in  1882,  of  an  organization  among  certain 
extra-mural  professors,  who  adopted  this  method  of  obtaining  their  ends 
when  the  original  plan  had  to  be  abandoned,  after  a  considerable  amount  of 
money  had  been  subscribed  for  carrying  it  into  execution. 

To  Dr.  Satterthwaite  belongs  the  honor  and  credit  of  having  originated 
the  system  of  post-graduate  medical  education  exemplified  in  the  Post-Grad- 
uate [Medical  School,  of  which  he  was  secretary  during  two  of  the  most  try- 
ing years  in  its  history.  He  occupied  the  chair  of  pathological  anatomy  for 
one  vear  and  of  general  medicine  for  seven  years  in  his  favorite  institution. 
Owing  to  the  pressure  of  other  duties.  Dr.  Satterthwaite  was  compelled  to 
resign  in  1890,  at  which  time  he  held  the  post  of  vice-president.  For  sev- 
enteen years  he  gave  a  large  fraction  of  his  time  and  attention  to  the  study 
of  practical  patholog}"  and  for  two  years  was  lecturer  on  comparative  pathol- 
og}"  in  the  Columbia  A'eterinary  College,  during  which  time  he  made  an  ex- 
tended investigation  into  the  diseases  of  the  lower  animals.  His  interest  in 
this  subject  made  him  an  active  and  prominent  member  of  the  New  York 
Pathological  Society,  of  which  he  was  president  for  two  consecutive  terms, 
in   1880  and  1881,' 

In  1881,  in  conjunction  with  other  well  known  American  specialists. 
Dr.  Satterthwaite  published  simultaneously  in  Xew  York  and  London,  a 
"Manual  of  Histolog}',"  and  six  years  later  published  his  "Practical  Bacteri- 
ology," both  of  which  works  were  received  with  favor  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  \Miile  carrying  out  these  more  extended  literary  undertakings. 
Dr.  Satterthwaite  has  been  an  extensive  contributor  to  the  leading  medical 
journals,  and  his  papers  on  various  topics  have  been  widely  noticed  by  his 
medical     brethren. 

An  idea  of  the  general  scope  of  his  work  and  the  ground  covered  by 
these  periodical  papers  may  be  gleaned  from  the  following  statement  of 
titles :  "Bacteria"  and  their  Relation  to  Disease,"  Medical  Record.  Decem- 
ber, 1875 :  "The  Structure  and  Development  of  Connective  Substances" 
(prize  essay).  Monthly  Microscopic  Journal.  London,  1876:  "The  Germ 
Theory  of  Disease,"  transactions  of  the  Liternational  ?*Iedical  Congress, 
1896;  "Address  on  Comparative  Pathology,"  Journal  of  Comparative  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery.  1882 :  "Origin  and  Natural  History  of  Tuberculosis." 
Medical  Record,' Octohtr  28,  1892:  "Carcinoma,"  Reference  Handbook  of 
the  :\Iedical  Sciences,  Vol.  i,  1885:  "Renal  Diseases,"  etc..  Medical  Neivs, 
October  23,  1886;  "Lithaemia  and^  Allied  Disorders,"  Medical  Record,  No- 
vember 19,  1887:  "Ulcerative  Endocarditis,"  idem.  February  27.  1886: 
"Enlargements  of  the  Liver,"  Reference  Handbook  of  the  ^ledical  Sciences, 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  553 

Vol.  4.  1887:  "Abscess  of  the  Liver."  idem.,  18S7:  "•Scarlatina."  Quarterly 
Bulletin  of  the  Post-Graduate  ]\[edical  School.  January.  1887:  "Hodgkins" 
Disease,"  Post-Graduatc  Journal  April.  1888:  "Pyothorax,'"  Medical  Rec- 
ord, November  17.  188S:  "Progressive  Pernicious  Anaemia,"  Medical  Rec- 
ord. i\Iarch.  1888;  "Bronchial  Pneumonia,"  Brifisli  Medical  Tournal,  De- 
cember I,  18S9:  "Pulmonary  Syphilis,"  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal, June  11-18,  1891;  "Pathology^  of  Diphtheria,"  Canada  Lancet,  March, 
1874;  and  upwards  of  twenty-five  articles  on  other  medical  topics,  of  which 
fifteen  were  on  matters  relating  to  the  heart,  to  which  subject  of  late  years 
he  has  given  special  attention. 

Dr.  Satterthwaite  organized  the  first  medical  and  surgical  staff  of  the 
Chambers  Street  House  of  Relief  ( now  known  as  the  Hudson  Street  Hos- 
pital), in  1875,  and  performed  the  first  surgical  operation  in  that  mstitution. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Babies'  Hospital  and  for  five  years 
{1894-9)  its  president.  He  is  now  consulting  physician  to  the  Post-Grad- 
uate, Babies',  the  Orthopedic  hospitals,  and  the  Northeastern  Dispensary. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Therapeutic  Society  and  one  of  its  found- 
ers; the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County 
of  New  York,  the  jMedical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Pathological 
Society,  Medical  Society  of  Greater  New  York,  and  New  York  Physicians' 
INIutual  Aid  Association :  also  of  the  City  and  Century  Clubs. 

In  1S84  Dr.  Satterthwaite  was  married  to  Isabella  Banks,  daughter  of 
the  late  Dr.  James  Lenox  Banks,  of  New  York  city.  Dr.  Satterthwaite  has 
long  taken  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs  and  labored  earnestly  to  pro- 
mote municipal  reforms  and  local  good  government.  He  continues  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  imposed  by  his  private  practice  and  to  pursue  those  spe- 
cial inquiries  for  which  he  has  been  distinguished  in  the  past  and  which 
have  contributed  so  much  to  the  advancement  of  medical  and  surgical 
science. 

Dr.  Satterthwaite's  paternal  ancestors  were  of  Huguenot  extraction 
and  his  mother's  forebears  were  Puritans.  His  grandfather,  on  the  father's 
side,  was  an  Englishman  who  came  to  New  York  before  the  Revolution  and 
married  a  daughter  of  Theophylact  Bache,  an  Englishman  by  birth,  but  of 
Huguenot  extraction.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  his  time  and 
had  come  over  to  New  York  from  England  in  1751,  at  which  time  he  was 
established  in  business  by  his  uncle,  Paul  Richard,  a  Huguenot,  who  was 
then  mayor  of  the  city.  The  family  of  the  mayor  had  lived  on  Manhattan 
Island  nearly  a  century,  having  emigrated  from  Holland  in  1660.  Dr.  Sat- 
terthwaite's mother  was  the  daughter  of  James  Sheafe,  of  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  who,  through  his  mother,  Ann  Fisher,  was  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Lieutenant  Governor  John  Wentworth,  famous  in  the  early  annals  of 
New  Hampshire.  The  Sheafe  family  was  of  Puritan  origin.  Its  founder, 
Jacob  Sheafe,  came  over  to  New  England  in  1639,  with  a  band  of  colonists 
headed  by  the  Re\-.  Henry  Whitfield,  afterwards  private  secretary  to  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  Robert  Kitchel,  who  subsequently  united  with  other  Con- 
necticut colonists  in  founding  Newark,  New  Jersey.  Both  Whitfield  and 
Kitchel  married   Sheaf es.    and   thev,    with   their   associates,   first   established 


554  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

themselves  at  Guilford,  Connecticut,  where  Jacob  Sheafe,  the  emigrant,  was 
an  influential  citizen  and  pillar  of  the  church.  In  his  later  years  Jacob 
Sheafe  removed  to  Boston,  where  upon  his  death  his  remains  were  interred 
in  King's  Chapel,  and  the  tomb  which  marked  his  last  resting  place  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  monument  in  that  burial  ground.  Dr.  Satterthwaite's 
maternal  grandfather.  James  Sheafe.  already  mentioned,  was  a  Granite  state 
merchant  of  loyalist  tendencies,  who  after  the  establishment  of  independence 
and  of  the  national  government  became  a  Federalist  and  took  an  active  in- 
terest in  political  affairs.  He  served  in  both  branches  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire legislature,  was  elected  to  congress,  served  from  1789  to  ]8oi;  and 
from  1801  to  1802  sat  in  the  United  States  senate.  At  one  time  he  was 
Federalist  candidate  for  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  and  although  he  re- 
ceived a  plurality  of  the  votes  cast,  the  election  under  the  state  constitution 
went  to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature,  where  he  was  defeated.  Thomas 
AV.  Satterthwaite,  father  of  the  physician,  was  for  many  years  actively  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits  in  New  York  in  the  first  half  of  the  centu^\^ 
and  his  father,  Thomas  W.  Satterthwaite,  Sr.,  was  a  partner  of  Theophylact 
Bache,  Avhose  daughter  he  had  married  as  above  mentioned.  3ilr.  Bache  was 
for  a  long  period  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  histor\-  of  New  York,  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  of  the  New  York  Hospital  and  the  St. 
George's  Society,  and  a  warden  of  Trinity  church. 

SAMUEL  LLOYD,  :\L  D.— 1885. 

Dr.  Samuel  Lloyd  was  born  August  4,  i860,  in  Jersey  City,  New  Jer- 
sev,  and  is  the  son  of  Gardner  Potts  and  Emma  (Disbrow)  Lloyd.  He  is 
of  AA'elsh  descent,  his  ancestors,  who  were  Quakers,  being  among  the  origi- 
nal settlers  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Lloyd  received  his  early  ed- 
ucation in  private  schools,  and  was  graduated  from  the  John  C.  Green  School 
of  Science,  Princeton,  in  the  class  of  1882,  receiving  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Science.  He  studied  medicine  in  the  University  of  Vermont,  and  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University,  receiving  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  L'^'niversity  of  Vermont  in  1884,  and 
from  the  latter  university  in  the  fall  of  1885.  For  three  years,  1884- 1887, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  house  staff  of  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Hospi- 
tal, and  also  was  instructor  in  clinical  and  operative  surgen,-  at  the  New 
York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital  from  1885  to  1891 ;  from 
1889  to  1898  he  was  instructor  in  clinical  surgery,  and  for  the  year  1898 
to  1899  ■^'^'^s  adjunct  professor  of  surgery;  since  that  time  he  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  surgery.  During  the  years  1892-1896  he  was  attending  surgeon 
to  Randall's  Island  Hospital,  and  from  1893  to  1895  was  surgeon  in  chief 
to  Lebanon  Hospital.  He  is  also  attending_  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Hospital,  and  to  the  Babies'  wards,  and  is  also  attending  surgeon 
to  St.  Francis"  Hospital. 

Dr.  Lloyd  is  a  m-ember  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  New  York  County  JNIedical  So- 
ciety, the  Northwestern  jMedical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  Physicians'  Mu- 


^Wa^  ^  .  ?a^tv^  J. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  555 

tual  Aid  Association,  the  Post-Graduate  Hospital  Alumni  Association,  the 
Medical  Association  of  Greater  Xew  York,  the  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association,  and  a  permanent  member  of  the  Xew  York 
State  Medical  Society.  He  belongs  to  the  Princeton  Club.  In  politics  he 
is  a  Republican.  Dr.  Llo}'d  married,  June  11,  1888,  Adele  Ferrier  Peck, 
of  Brooklyn,  Xew  York.  They  have  three  children :  Elisabeth  Arm- 
strong, Adele  Augustine  and  Samuel  Raymond.  Dr.  Lloyd's  address  is  12 
West  Fiftieth  street. 

HEXRY  HALL  FORBES,  ^I.  D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Henry  Hall  Forbes  was  born  JNIarch  20,  1868,  in  X'ew  Bedford, 
Massachusetts,  and  is  the  son  of  Frank  Herbert  and  Maria  H.  J.  (Cox) 
Forbes.  His  paternal  ancestors  came  from  Scotland.  His  great-great- 
uncle  was  court  physician  in  Scotland.  His  great-great-grandfather,  James 
Hall,  of  ]\Iilford.  Connecticut,  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  died  in  a  British 
prison  ship  in  Xew  York,  in  1780,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of 
Trinitv.  on  lower  Broadway,  X^ew  York  city.  The  father  of  Dr.  Forbes, 
who  was  a  prominent  business  man,  served  in  the  L'nited  States  navy,  as 
master's  mate,  during  the  Civil  war,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic;  he  died  in  1895,  Dr.  Forbes  comes  of 
Puritan  stock,  some  of  his  ancestors  having  been  among  the  early  settlers  of 
Milford,  near  X^^ew  Haven. 

Dr.  Forbes  received  his  earh-  education  in  the  public  schools  of  New 
York,  and  was  a  student  at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  In  1890 
he  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  X^ew  York, 
being  awarded  the  first  Harsen  clinical  prize.  He  studied  in  the  office  and 
was  clinical  assistant  to  Dr.  Robert  F.  \\'ier.  and  served  as  interne  in  the 
surgical  division  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  for  two  years,  and  for  one 
vear  in  the  X^ew  York  Foundling  Hospital.  In  private  practice  he  devotes 
himself  to  general  medicine  and  surgery.  He  was  formerly  assistant  sur- 
geon to  the  out-patient  department  of  the  Xew  York  Hospital,  instructor  in 
g^mecology  at  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  attending 
gvnecologist  to  the  X^ortheastern  Dispensary,  district  obstetrician  to  the 
Marion  Street  Alaternity  Hospital,  assistant  attending  surgeon  to  Trinity 
Hospital,  attending  surgeon  to  the  De^Milt  Dispensary,  and  attending  phy- 
sician to  the  department  of  diseases  of  cliildren  in  that  institution.  He  is 
now  instructor  in  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat  at  the  Post-Graduate  Medi- 
cal School,  assistant  surgeon  to  the  ^Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  and 
assistant  attending  physician  to  the  French  Hospital.  He  is  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  naval  militia  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  Avas  past  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  L"^nited  States  xidLvy  during  the  Spanish-American  war. 

Dr.  Forbes  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  the 
County  ]\Iedical  Society,  the  State  jMedical  Society,  the  County  and  State 
Medical  Associations,  the  American  ^ledical  Association,  the  X'ew  York 
County  jMedical  Society,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Associa,tion,  the 
Alumni  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  and  is 


556  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

a  trustee  of  the  Northern  Dispensary.  He  belongs  to  the  Sons  of  the  Revo- 
lution, the  Sons  of  Veterans,  the  Veterans  of  the  Spanish-American 
War  and  the  City  Clulj.  He  finds  his  chief  recreation  in  boating,  yachting 
and  military  matters.  Dr.  Forbes  married,  October  7,  1897,  in  New  York, 
Jennie  P.  Mack,  a  resident  of  that  city,  and  a  daughter  of  the  late  Tohn 
Mack.  They  have  one  child,  Rhoda  Elizabeth,  and  their  home  is  at  96 
Park  avenue.  New  York  city. 

ROBERT   HUGH   MACKAY  DAWBARN,   M.   D.— 1881. 

Dr.  Robert  Hugh  Mackay  Dawbarn,  professor  of  surgery  in  the  New 
York  Polyclinic  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  was  born  January  11,  i860, 
in  Westchester  county,  state  of  New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Charles  and 
Mary  E.  (Mackay)  Dawbarn.  The  former,  who  is  a  native  of  Wisbech, 
Cambridge,  England,  went,  when  a  young  man,  to  Canada,  was  engaged  in 
Toronto  in  the  wholesale  seed  business,  and  subsec|uently  was  one  of  the 
owners  of  the  Penargyl  slate  quarries,  near  Easton,  Pennsylvania.  He  has 
now  retired  from  business,  and  resides  at  San  Leandro,  Alameda  county, 
California.  The  Dawbarn  family  was  originall}^  French  Huguenot,  but  has 
been  for  many  generations  English.  Dr.  Dawbarn's  maternal  ancestors,  the 
Mackays.  were  natives  of  In\'erness,  Scotland,  whence  they  emigrated  to 
New  England,  where,  for  several  generations,  the  family  has  been  repre- 
sented. The  maternal  grandfather  of  Dr.  Dawbarn  was  Dr.  Hugh  Mackay, 
who  practiced  medicine  for  about  forty  years  near  Greenwich,  Connecticut. 

After  graduating  from  the  Greenwich  (Connecticut)  Academy,  Dr. 
Dawbarn  spent  two  years  at  home  under  the  instruction  of  private  tutors, 
and  then  studied  for  one  year  at  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital  of  Brook- 
lyn, New  York.  Subsecjuently  he  went  abroad,  partly  in  quest  of  health, 
and  pursued  his  studies  for  a  time  in  London  and  Paris,  simply  "walking 
the  wards'"  of  the  hospitals,  by  the  courtesy  of  several  surgeons.  On  re- 
turning to  this  country  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York,  where  he  remained  two  years,  graduating  at  the  end  of  that 
time,  in  March,  1881,  as  a  Harsen  honor  man.  Since  1883-4  he  has  been 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  after  serving  for  fifteen  months  at 
Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  and  for  one  year  thereafter  at  the  Nursery  and  Child's 
Hospital.  Of  late  years  he  has  devoted  himself  exclusivel}^  to  general  sur- 
gery. As  an  item  of  interest  chiefly  as  showing  the  early  opposition  by  poli- 
ticians to  civil  service  reform  it  may  be  mentioned  that  Dr.  Dawbarn  took 
part  in  the  first  competitive  examination  ever  held  in  New  York  city  for  a 
medical  appointment  under  the  city  government ;  the  position  in  question  be- 
ing that  of  police  surgeon  to  the  New  York  city  police  force.  This  exam- 
ination was  held  on  the  3rd  and  4th  days  of  February,  1885,  and  Dr.  Daw- 
barn's  rating  was  one  hundred  per  cent  in  each  of  the  seven  branches  of 
medicine.  Although  he  headed  the  successful  list  he  was  never  appointed. 
Some  four  years  later  he  discussed  the  matter  in  the  Medico!  Record,  De- 
cember 7,   1889,  under  the  title,  "Doctors  and  Politicians," 

For  the  first  eighteen  years  of  his  professional  life  Dr.   Dawbarn  con- 


^. 


c^^U^yJ-  i/fTTTt 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  557 

ducted,  with  the  help  of  a  number  of  other  doctors,  a  private  school  or 
"quizz'"  of  preparation,  of  a  post-graduate  nature,  chiefl}-  for  candidates  wish- 
ing to  prepare  for  the  examinations  to  become  surgeons  in  the  United  States 
army  and  navy.  In  that  period  he  was  responsible  for  perhaps  half  of  the 
gentlemen  who  became  members  of  the  junior  grades  of  the  military  ser- 
vices. 

In  18S5  h^  ^^'^^  appointed  and  served  for  two  years  as  instructor  in 
minor  surgery  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York. 
Since  1885  he  has  been  connected  with  the  New  York  Polyclinic  School,  in 
which  he  is  professor  of  surgery  and  also  professor  of  anatomy.  He  also 
holds  the  position  of  visiting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  city  and  New  York 
Polyclinic  hospitals. 

Dr.  Dawbarn  is  the  author  of  a  little  work  entitled,  "An  Aid  to  Materia 
Medica,"  which  was  published  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York;  also 
a  work  entitled,  "The  Treatment  of  Certain  Malignant  Growths  by  Excision 
of  Both  External  Carotids,"  published  in  1903  by  the  F.  A.  Davis  Company, 
of  Philadelphia.  He  has  also  published  \-arious  articles  on  surgerv,  in- 
cluding (in  Wood's  Reference  Handbook)  the  subjects  of  Contusions,  Ex- 
ostosis, Fomentations,  Hernia,  Issues,  Osteitis,  Starvation  of  Cancers,  and 
Splints. 

He  is  the  author  of  the  following  articles:  "Subcutaneous  Emphy- 
ema,"  Neiv  York  Medical  Journal,  June,  1889;  "Spinal  Resection  for  Frac- 
ture," A''c'*zc'  York  Medical  Journal,  June,  1889;  "Intestinal  Anastomosis," 
Medical  Record,  June,  1891 :  "Water  as  a  Local  Anaesthetic,"  Medical  Rec- 
ord, November,  1891  ;  "Medical  Hemorrhage  Surgically  Treated,"  Medical 
Record,  January,  1892:  "Saline  Infusion,"  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  Octo- 
ber, 1892;  "Arterial  Saline  Infusion,"  Medical  Record,  November,  1892; 
"Treatment  of  Tonsillar  Hemorrhage,"  Medical  Record,  December,  1892; 
"Intestinal  Surgical  Technique,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  February,  1893;  "Frac- 
ture of  Thigh  Bone,"  Polyclinic  Medical  Journal,  April,  1893;  "Transplanta- 
tion of  Testicles,"  Medical  Record,  ]Ma^^  1895;  "Technique  of  Appendi- 
citis," International  Journal  of  Siirgery,  May,  1895;  "Thigh  Amputation," 
Medical  Record,  January,  1893 ;  "Symphyseotomy,"  American  Journal  of 
Obstetrics,  February,  1896:  "Bladder  Drainage,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  Aprils 
1896,  idem.  October,  1899;  "Appendicitis,"  Medical  Record,  June,  1896: 
"Anaesthesia,"  Atlanta  Medical  Journal,  August,  1897;  "Shock,"  idem.,  Oc- 
tober, 1897;  'Fracture  of  Bones  at  Elbow,"  Polyclinic  Medical  Journal,  July, 
1897;  "Murphy  Button  versus  Absorbable  Vegetable  Plates,"  Aiinals  of 
Surgery,,  1896;  "Shock  and  Saline  Infusion,''  Medical  Record,  December, 
1898,  idem.  Medical  A^czi'S.  February,  1899:  "Tonsillar  Amputation;  Au- 
thor's Bloodless  Method,"  Medical  Nczi's,  May  and  June,  1899;  also  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Journal,  July,  1899:  "Pharyngeal  False  Tonsils,"  Philadel- 
phia Medical  Journal,  July,  1899;  "Stigmata  of  Inherited  Syphilis,"  A''('it' 
Yo7'k  Medical  Journal,  April,  1899;  "Antrum  Disease,"  Items  of  Interest, 
New  York,  July,  1900;  "Bloodless  Surgery,"  Journal  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association,  February,  1901 ;  "Certain  New  Points  in  the  Ligation  of 
Arteries,"  Annals  of  Surgery,  Januar3\    1903;  "The  Treatment  of  Certain 


55S  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Malignant  Growths  by  Excision  of  the  External  Carotids;"  this  is  the  title 
of  an  essay  representing  seven  years'  work  in  this  field,  to  which  was  awarded 
by  the  trustees  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Surgery,  in  1902,  the  Sam- 
uel D.  Gross  prize  of  one  thousand  dollars  for  the  best  original  work  in  sur- 
gery during  the  preceding  six  years. 

Dr.  Dawbarn  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  State 
Medical  Society,  the  Academ}'  of  Medicine,  the  State  Medical  Association, 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  Surgical 
Society,  the  West  End  Medical  Society,  the  Society  of  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence, and  the  Ph}'sicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association.  He  also  belongs  to 
the  American  Association  of  Anatomists.  Dr.  Dawbarn  married,  in  1886, 
Ethel  Gordon,  daughter  of  Charles  Stuart  Sussex  Lennox,  of  Brooklyn, 
New  York;  she  died  in  1890,  leaving  one  child.  Waring  Lennox.  Li  1893 
Dr.  Dawbarn  married  Carolyn  M.,  daughter  of  Professor  Edward  Lorenzo 
Holmes,  president  of  Rush  College,  Chicago.  They  have  two  children, 
Robert  Holmes  and  Ethel  Gordon.  Dr.  Dawbarn's  address  is  105  AA'est 
Seventy-fourth  street.  New  York. 

OLIVER  SAIITH  STRONG,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

Dr.  Oliver  S.  Strong,  tutor  in  comparative  neurology  in  the  department 
of  zoology,  Columbia  University,  and  assistant  in  normal  histology  of  the 
nervous  system  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city, 
was  born  in  Red  Bank,  New  Jersey,  December  30,  1864,  the  son  of  Benja- 
min and  Adeline  Torrey  (Schenck)  Strong.  He  accjuired  his  early  education 
in  a  private  school  in  Fishkill  Landing,  New  York,  and  in  the  public  schools 
of  Newburgh,  New  York;  he  later  entered  Princeton  University  and  after 
graduating  in  the  class  of  1886  remained  as  a  graduate  student  and  fellow 
in  biology  until  1890,  when  he  went  to  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  and  became 
assistant  in  the  Lake  laboratory  at  that  place.  After  remaining  there  for  a 
year  he  returned  east,  having  been  appointed  fellow  in  biology  in  Columbia 
University,  and  in  •  1892  received  the  appointment  of  assistant  in  the  de- 
partment of  biology  of  Columbia  University. 

He  acted  as  tutor  in  zoology  from  1895  to  1897  and  as  tutor  in  com- 
parative neurology  since  1897:  also  assistant  in  histology  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  from  1895  to  the  present  time  (1903).  Dr. 
Strong  has  served  as  instructor  in  the  Marine  Biological  Laboratory  at 
Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts,  since  1895,  and  is  associate  editor  of  the  Jour- 
nal of  Comparative  Neurology.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Society 
of  Naturalists,  the  American  Society  of  Morphologists,  and  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

EDWARD  LASELL  PARTRIDGE,  A.  M.,  M.   D.— 1875. 

Dr.  Edward  Lasell  Partridge,  son  of  Joseph  Lyman  and  Zibiah  N. 
(Willson)  Partridge,  was  born  in  Auburndale  (now  the  fourth  ward  of 
the  city  of  Newton),  September  27,  1853.  He  is  a  lineal  descendant  of 
William   Partridge    (or   Partrigg)     who    emigrated    from    Berwick-on-the- 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  559 


Tweed,  Scotland,  to  Hartford,  Connecticut,  whence  he  removed  to  Hadley. 
The  famihes  of  Dudley,  Strong,  Dwight,  Lyman  and  Huntington  were 
among  the  intermarrying  stocks  in  Dr.  Partridge's  line  of  descent. 

In  1854  his  parents  moved  to  Brooklyn,  New  York,  whence  some  four 
years  later  they  removed  to  Lawrence,  Massachusetts,  where  Dr.  Partridge 
remained  until  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age,  when  he  came  to  New  York 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York,  with  his  cousin,  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Ward,  now  of  Albany, 
New  York,  as  preceptor.  In  1873,  as  the  result  of  a  competitive  examina- 
tion, he  received  the  appointment  of  the  first  place  on  the  house  staff  of  the 
Charity  Hospital,  now  City  Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island,  and  continued  his 
.:ervice  there  for  the  prescribed  eighteen  months.  In  1875  he  received  the 
M.  D.  degree  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgons  and  also  rceived 
honorable  mention  for  a  thesis  submitted  at  that  time.  In  1880  Williams 
College  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 

Upon  the  termination  of  service  as  interne  in  the  hospital.  Dr.  Part- 
ridge began  private  practice,  at  first  as  an  associate  of  Dr.  J.  AVilliston 
Wright,  and  his  efiforts  were  crowned  with  success  from  the  beginning.  In 
1876  he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  New  York  Dispensary  ;  in  1880  phy- 
sician to  the  out-patient  department  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  for  a 
period  of  about  eight  years  had  charge  successively  of  the  classes  in  surgery, 
in  skin  and  in  gynecology.  In  1880  he  was  chief  of  the  skin  clinic  in  the 
same  institution. 

From  1876  to  1883  he  was  assistant  attending  obstetrician  to  the  lying- 
in  department  of  the  Infants'  Asylum;  in  1882  he  was  appointed  visiting 
physician  to  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  and  held  that  position  twelve 
years.  During  most  of  the  time  he  also  acted  as  secretary  of  the  medical 
board.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York  City 
Maternity  Hospital,  where  he  also  held  clinics.  He  resigned  in  1885  to  be- 
come visiting  physician  to  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  where  he  taught  in 
connection  with  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. He  was  also  during  this  time  (1885-90)  a  member  of  the  board  of 
managers  and  secretary  of  the  board.  In  1888  he  became  visiting  physician 
to  the  New  York  Hospital,  but  resigned  in  1893,  becoming  thereafter  con- 
sulting physician  to  that  institution,  and  in  1894  consulting  obstetrician  to 
the  New  York  Infant  Asylum. 

In  1878  Dr.  Partridge  was  appointed  an  examiner  of  obstetrics  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and  held  that  position  until 
1880,  when  teaching  by  corps  of  examiners  was  abolished.  In  1883  he  be- 
came professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School 
and  Hospital.  He  resigned  to  become  adjunct  lecturer  in  obstetrics  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  A  year  later  he  became  adjunct  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  in  that  institution.  Owing  to  the  demands  of  a  large 
practice  he  was  compelled  to  resign  in  1890,  and  since  then  has  devoted  him- 
self to  private  practice. 

Dr.  Partridge  has  contributed  valuable  additions  to  medical  literature, 
.almost   exclusively   upon   obstetrics.     In    1884   he   translated,    revised,    com- 


56o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


piled  and  annotated  Verriers  "Practical  Manual  of  Obstetrics,"  and  during 
the  year   1890  prepared  a  "Manual  of  Obstetrics." 

He  is,  or  has  been,  a  member  of  the  following  societies :  The  Xew 
York  County  A'ledical  Society,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  Clinical  So- 
ciety, the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  which  he  was  chairman  of  the 
obstetrical  department  for  one  year;  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  of 
which  at  one  time  he  was  vice-president;  the  Practitioners'  Society  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  the  New  York 
Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  City  Hos- 
pital, the  Society  for  Instruction  in  First  Aid  to  the  Injured,  of  which  he  is 
medical  director ;  and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of 
Sloane  Maternity  Hospital. 

Dr.  Partridge  is  domestic  in  tastes  and  habits,  but  is  sociable  and  com- 
panionable, and  is  a  member  of  the  University  and  the  Century  Clubs.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars.  In  September,  1884,  Dr. 
Partridge  was  married  to  Miss  Gertrude  Edwards  Dwight,  daughter  of  Pro- 
fessor Theodore  W.  Dwight,  LL.  D.,  founder  and  for  thirty-three  years 
head  of  the  Columbia  College  Law  School.  This  was  the  fourth  marriage 
between  those  of  the  names  of  Partridge  and  Dwight.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Par- 
tridge have  one  son,  Theodore  Dwight  Partridge,  born  December  26,   1890. 

ASA  BARNES  DAVIS,  M.   D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Asa  B.  Davis  was  bom  in  Norwich,  Connecticut,  September  28, 
1861,  the  son  of  Charles  Crandall  and  PTarriet  Frances  (Barnes)  Davis, 
both  of  whom  are  descendants  of  a  Puritan  ancestry.  On  the  maternal  side 
he  is  a  descendant  of  Captain  John  Mason,  born  in  England  in  1600:  who 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  Windsor,  Connecticut,  commanded  a  successful 
expedition  against  the  Pequots  in  1637;  was  deputy  governor  of  Connecticut 
from  1660  to  1670,  and  two  years  later  his  death  occurred  in  Norwich,  Con- 
necticut. Andrew  Gallup,  his  maternal  great-grandfather,  a  descendant  of 
John  Gallup,  who  came  from  the  parish  of  Mosterne,  county  Dorset,  Eng- 
land, in  1630,  was  the  owner  of  Gallup's  Island,  where  he  possessed  a  fineh^ 
cultivated  farm,  a  meadow  on  Long  Island,  and  a  residence  in  Boston.  An- 
drew Gallup  participated  as  a  soldier  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
on  September  6,  1781,  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Fort  Griswold, 
Groton,  Connecticut. 

Dr.  Davis  attended  the  common  schools  of  Preston,  now  Norwich, 
Connecticut,  later  became  a  student  in  the  Vermont  Academy  at  Saxtons 
River,  Vermont,  where  he  graduated  in  1886.  In  1887  he  matriculated  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  in- 
stitution he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1889. 
He  received  the  appointment  of  interne  in  the  New  York  Cancer  Hospital, 
in  which  position  he  served  from  1889  to  1890;  was  the  resident  physician 
of  the  Midwifery  Dispensary  on  Broome  street,  New  York,  for  one  year. 
In  December,  1894,  he  was  appointed  attending  surgeon  of  the  DeMilt  Dis- 
pensary, remaining  one  year,  and  since  1892  has  been  assistant  surgeon  of 
the  Lying-in  Hospital,   New  York. 


curt^u 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMXI.  561 

In  1892  Dr.  Davis  liegan  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  at  361 
Lexington  avenue.  New  York,  later  removed  to  112  West  Fortv-third  street, 
and  since  1S97  has  made  his  residence  at  42  East  Thirty-fifth  street.  Dr. 
Davis  is  a  member  of  the  INIedical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  and 
the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association:  also  of  the  New  York  Yacht  Club. 
On  October  28,  i8g6,  at  Westminster,  Vermont,  Dr.  Davis  married  Miss 
Alma  Fisher,  a  member  of  an  old  New  England  family.  Their  children 
are:  Annette,  born  July  27,  1897:  and  Asa  Barnes  Da\-is,  Jr.,  born  June 
3,  1902.     JNIrs.  Davis  died  in  New  York,  August  24,  1902. 

WILLIAM   HALLOCK,    Ph.   D.— 1881. 

The  Hallock  family,  oi  which  Professor  \A'illiam  Hallock  is  a  member, 
trace  their  ancestry  back  to  Peter  Hallock,  a  native  of  England,  who  upon 
his  arrival  in  this  country  in  1640  settled  on  the  east  end  of  Long  Island. 
He  was  a  Church  of  England  minister,  but  the  branch  of  the  family  to  which 
Isaac  Sherman  Hallock,  father  of  Professor  Hallock,  belonged,  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Quaker  faith.  Isaac  Sherman  Hallock  married  Phoebe  Hull, 
a  descendant  of  a  family  who  settled  in  Rhode  Island  and  later  located  in 
Massachusetts,  carlv  in  the  seventeenth  century :  jMrs.  Hallock's  mother  was 
a  IMiss  Gifford,  of  the  family  of  the  noted  Duke  of  Buckingham,  who  aided 
Richard  III  in  his  usurpation  of  the  English  throne. 

Professor  Hallock  was  born  in  Milton,  Ulster  county.  New  York,  Aug- 
ust 14.  1857,  and  in  early  life  attended  a  private  school  in  his  native  town. 
He  prepared  for  college  under  the  supervision  of  private  tutors,  later  en- 
tered Columbia,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1879.  At  the 
time  of  his  graduation  he  received  a  scholarship  in  physics  and  mechanics 
and  a  three-vear  fellowship  in  science,  and  on  these  foundations  he  pursued 
his  studies  three  years  longer  with  Professor  Kohlrausch  at  Wurzburg, 
Ba^•aria,  devoting  himself  especially  to  physics,  but  also  attending  lectui-es 
Ml  mathematics  and  chemistry.  From  No\-ember.  1880,  to  No\-ember,  1881, 
he  ^\•as  laboratory  assistant  in  the  \ATirzburg  University,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy,  suinma  cum  laude,  in  1881,  and 
until  August  of  the  following  year  acted  in  the  capacity  of  private  assistant 
to   Professor  Kohlrausch. 

In  1882  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  received  the  appointment 
of  physicist  on  the  United  States  geological  survey,  resigning  from  this 
position  in  December,  1891,  to  accept  the  office  of  assistant  in  charge  of  the 
astrophysical  observatory  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  From  1885  to  1887  he  occupied  the  chair  of  physics  at  the  Corcoran 
Scientific  School  m  AA'ashington,  D.  C,  and  from  October,  1889,  to  June, 
1892,  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  toxicology  in  the  National  College 
of  Pharmacy.  In  September,  1892,  he  was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of 
phvsics  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  and 
later  received  the  appointment  of  professor  of  physics  in  the  same  institution, 
in  which  connection  he  is  still  serving.  He  has  written  a  number  of  scien- 
tific monographs  and  articles  which  have  been  published  in  the  leading  jour- 
nals of  the  countrv. 


562  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Professor  Hallock  is  a  member  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  New  York  State  Science  Teachers"  Association,  and  a  fellow 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences,  and  the  American  Physical  Society.  On  October  15, 
1885.  Professor  Hallock  married  Georgiana  B.  Ames,  of  Titusville,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Three  children  were  born  to  them,  two  of  whom  are  living  at  the 
present  time  (1903). 

ARTHUR  ALBERT  BOYER,   M.  D.— 1887. 

Dr.  Arthur  Albert  Boyer  was  born  in  1861  in  Sonora,  California,  and 
is  the  son  of  John  F.  and  Sarah  E.  (Baker)  Boyer.  The  former  was  born 
in  1824  in  Kentucky,  went  to  California  in  1849,  ^"^1  thence  to  Walla  Walla, 
Washington,  where  he  engaged  in  business  as  a  merchant,  and  later  as  a 
banker,  organizing  the  Baker-Boyer  National  Bank.  He  died  in  1899,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-five.  The  mother  of  Dr.  Boyer  was  a  native  of  Illinois, 
and  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Ezra  Baker,  a  physician.  On  the  maternal  side 
Dr.  Boyer  is  a  great-great-grandson  of  Elisha  Baker,  who  was  a  delegate 
from  Williamstown,  Massachusetts,  to  the  Berkshire  congress  of  1774,  a 
member  of  the  original  "constitutional  convention"  that  framed  the  Massa- 
chusetts constitution  of  1780,  and  fought  in  the  battle  of  Bennington;  he  was 
an  uncle  of  Ethan  Allen. 

Dr.  Boyer  received  his  early  education  and  preparation  for  college  at 
the  ^Vhitman  Seminary  in  Walla  Walla,  Washington,  and  in  1883.  after  a 
four  years'  course  at  Michigan  University,  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
-  of  Arts  After  a  two  years'  course  in  the  medical  department  of  Micliigan 
University  and  one  year  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York,  he  received  from  the  latter  institution,  in  1887.  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine.  From  the  time  of  his  graduation  he  has  made  a  special  study 
of  diseases  of  the  eye.  ear,  nose  and  throat,  and  also  of  nervous  diseases.  In 
1887  he  began  practice  at  33  West  Thirty-third  street,  Ne\\'  York,  as  tlie 
assistant  of  Dr.  George  T.  Stevens,  aiding  him  in  the  disco\'ery  and  correc- 
tion of  ocular  muscular  defects.  In  1898  he  removed  to  27  West  Thirty- 
fourth  street,  and  has  since  that  time  practiced  alone,  removing  to  his  present 
address  at  12  West  Fortieth  street  in  1901.  Dr.  Boyer  was  the  first  to 
correct  the  declinations  of  the  vertical  meridians  of  the  eyes  by  operations  on 
the  superior  oblique  muscles.  In  1901  he  was  appointed  clinical  assistant  to 
St.  Bartholomew's  Clinic,  and  the  Metropolitan  Hospital  Dispensary,  and 
in  1902  became  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Flospital. 

Dr.  Bover  has  contributed  to  the  literature  of  his  profession  a  number 
of  papers,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  "A  Study  of 
Some  of  the  Drugs  Used  in  Nervous  Disorders,"  "The  Relative  Importance 
of  Labyrinthine  and  Ocular  Defects  in  the  Etiology'  of  Vertigo."  Dr. 
Boyer  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  County  Medical  Society,  the  New  York  ^Medical  Association,  the 
Ophthalmological  Society,  the  Neurological  Society,  and  the  Physicians' 
Mutual  Aid  Association.     He  belongs  to  the  University  Club,  the  Knicker- 


V. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  563 

bocker  Athletic  Club  and  the  Michigan  University  Chib  of  New  York,  and 
also  to  the  Essex  County  Country  Club  and  the  Golf  Club  of  Orange,  New 
Jersey.  The  favorite  recreations  of  his  leisure  hours  are  found  in  the  enjoy- 
ment derived  from  music,  and  in  the  pleasui'e  resulting  from  outdoor  sports, 
such  as  hunting,  fishing,  and  canoeing.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church.  Dr.  Boyer  married.  May  30,  1888,  at  Ann  Arbor,  ^Michigan, 
Kate  F.  Celle.  of  New  York  city,  formerly  of  Newburgh,  New  York.  Their 
children  are:  Arthur  Leslie,  born  October  6,  1889;  Morris  Stanley,  born 
February  8,   1891 ;    and  Kathryn  ^larie,  born  INIarch  2.   1896. 

SIGMUND  POLLITZER.  ^I.  D.— 1884. 

Dr.  Sigmund  Pollitzer  was  born  in  .Staten  Island,  New  York,  June  12, 
1859,  the  son  of  Morris  and  Anna  Kuh  Pollitzer,  the  latter  named  being  a 
descendant  of  a  family  whose  members  have  been  noted  medical  practitioners 
for  many  generations. 

Dr.  Pollitzer's  boyhood  days  were  spent  in  Beaufort,  South'  Carolina,  and 
his  early  education  was  acquired  from  private  tutors;  in  1872  he  left  home 
to  attend  school  in  the  city  of  New  York.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1879  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts, 
and  three  years  later  received  the  degree  of  jNIaster  of  Arts.  He  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Dr.  Teller,  and  in  1884  obtained  his  medical  degree.  He 
then  visited  the  cities  of  Heidelberg,  Berlin  and  Vienna  for  the  purpose  of 
studving  physiology  and  pathology,  working  in  the  laboratory  of  Professors 
Kuehne,  of  Heidelberg,  and  Zuntz,  of  Berlin,  and  he  also  took  a  course  in 
bacteriology  in  Wiesbaden  under  Professor  Hueppe.  being  one  of  the  first 
American  physicians  to  take  a  systematic  course  in  that  branch.  In  1885. 
during  his  stay  abroad.  Dr.  Pollitzer  received  the  appointment  of  surgeon  with 
the  rank  of  major  in  the  Servian-Bulgarian  war,  served  during  the  war  and 
was  given  complete  charge  of  the  military  hospital  at  Passarevitz,  Servia.  In 
1886  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  began  private  practice  at  306  West 
Thirtv-third  street.  New  York  city,  where  he  remained  until  1889,  when  he 
went  abroad  again  to  prosecute  his  studies  in  dermatology,  in  which  branch 
of  the  profession  he  had  become  specially  interested.  He  was  appointed 
assistant  in  Dr.  P.  G.  Unna's  Clinic  for  skin  diseases  in  Hamburg,  which 
position  he  filled  for  one  year  and  he  also  spent  six  months  in  London  and 
Paris  studying  dermatology.  L^pon  his  return  to  New  York  he  devoted  his 
whole  private  practice  to  dermatology  and  for  the  past  ten  years  has  been 
dermatologist  to  the  German  Dispensary,  and  from  1898  to  1901  acted  as 
diagnostician  in  the  New  York  health  department.  While  in  Berlin,  in  1890, 
he  was  one  of  the  secretaries  to  the  dermatological  section  of  the  Tenth  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  of  Berlin. 

Dr.  Pollitzer  has  contributed  the  following  named  articles  to  the  medical 
literature  of  the  day :  "The  Temperature  Sense,"  with  a  description  of  a 
new  Thermo- Aesthesiometer,  loitnial  of  Physiology,  1884;  "Ueber  den 
Naehrwerth  einiger  A'erdauungsproducte  des  Eiweisses,"  Pflucgcr's  Archil', 


564  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

1885;  "On  Curare,"  Journal  of  Physiology,  1886;  "On  the  Physiological  Ac- 
tion of  the  Peptones,"  Jounial  of  Physiology,  1886;  "Ueber  die  Bedeutung 
der  von  Zander  beschriebenen  Koernerschicht  in  Embrj-onalen  Nagel,"  Mo- 
natscli,  J.  F.  prakt.  Dcnnatol.,  1889;  "The  Seborrhoeic  W^art,"  British  Jour- 
nal of  Dermatology,  1890:  "Report  of  the  Section  on  Dermatology,"  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress,  Berlin,  1890;  "Akanthosis  Nigricans,"  International 
Atlas  of  Rare  Skin  Diseases,  1891 ;  "Multiple  Dermoid  Cysts,  etc.,"  Journal 
of  Cutaneous  and  Gcnito-Urinary  Diseases,  1890;  "Hydradenitis  Destruens 
Suppurativa,"  Journal  of  Cutaneous  and  Gcnito-Urinary  Diseases,  1892;  "Ex- 
cision of  the  Syphilitic  Chancre,"  Medical  Record,  1892;  "Histology  of  Xero- 
derma Pigmentosum,"  Journal  of  Cutaneous  and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases, 
1892 :  "Prickly  Heat,"  Journal  of  Cutaneous  and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases, 
1893:  "Diseases  of  the  Sweat  Glands,  Furunculosis,  Anthrax,  Actino-Mycosis, 
Rhinoscleroma,  Adenoma  Sebaceum,  Equinia,"  in  Morrow's  System  of  Gen- 
ito-Urinary Diseases,  Syphilology  and  Dermatology;  "The  Miliaria  Group," 
Pan-American  ]\Iedical  Congress.  Washington,  1893,  in  N'eit.'  York  Medical 
Journal.  January,  1894;  "A  Case  of  Adenoma  Sebaceum,"  Journal  of  Cu- 
taneous and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  1893;  "Two  Cases  of  Xanthoma," 
British  Journal  of  Dermatology,  1893;  "Xaevus  Angiectodes  Disseminatus," 
International  Atlas  of  Rare  Skin  Diseases,  1897:  "Xanthoma,  Angioma,  Mol- 
luscum  Contagiosum,  Psorospermosis,  etc.,"  in  "An  American  Text-Book  of 
Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  etc." ;  "The  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Eczema," 
read  before  the  German  Medical  Society,  January,  1896;  "The  Xanthomata," 
read  before  the  American  Dermatological  Society  in  W'ashington,  May,  1897, 
Ne-ci'  York  Medical  Journal,  July,  1899  :  "Inflammatory  Diseases  of  the  X'ails,'' 
Journal  of  Cutaneous  and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  1901 ;  Articles  in  \\'ood's 
Compendium  of  ^Medical  Science ;  Article  on  Diagnosis  in  "A  Practical 
Treatise  on  Smallpox,"  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,   1902. 

Dr.  Pollitzer  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  New 
York  State  Aledical  Association,  County  Medical  Society,  County  Medical 
Association,  New  York  Academy  of  Aledicine,  American  Dermatological  As- 
sociation, German  ^ledical  Society,  Harlem  iMedical  Association,  Physicians' 
Mutual  Aid  Association,  and  the  Metropolitan  Medical  Society.  On  June  8, 
1893,  Dr.  Pollitzer  married  Miss  Alice  Kohn,  of  New  York  city,  a  graduate 
of  Barnard  College.  Their  children  are :  Margaret  and  Alice  Pollitzer.  The 
family  home  is  at  64  East  Fifty-eighth  street. 

GEORGE  D.   BLEYTHING,  M.  D.— 1870. 

Paternally  Dr.  Bleything  traces  his  ancestry  to  Welsh  gentry,  posses- 
sing aristocratic  connections,  which  at  an  eaidy  date  in  the  history  of  this 
country  became  identified  with  its  social  and  material  progress.  Through 
his  maternal  ancestors  he  is  connected  with  the  struggle  for  independence 
through  a  family  which  took  a  patriotic  part  in  the  conflict.  His  great-grand- 
father was  William  Bleything,  of  AVrexham,  in  the  county  of  Den.bigh,  Wales, 
a  gentleman  of  landed  estates  and  of  ancient  lineage,  the  family  coat  of  arms 
being  borne  by  his  American  descendants.     He  married  Ellen  Duckworth,  of 


,^**«ifi?P''»*!fc.. 


f:^  A/^  cy^ 


/ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  565 

the  same  county,  and  their  second  son.  Joseph  Duckworth  Bleything,  grand- 
fatlier  of  the  subject  of  this  memoir,  became  a  prominent  manufacturer  of 
paper  at  Manchester,  England,  Whippany,  Morris  county.  New  Jersey,  Pater- 
son,  in  the  same  state,  and  Westchester,  New  York.  His  largest  interests 
were  in  this  country,  and  it  was  at  his  establishment  at  Whippany  that  paper 
was  first  manufactured  by  machinery  in  the  United  States.  The  wife  of 
Joseph  Duckworth  Bleything  was  an  English  lady  of  high  connections,  Mary 
Hughes,  daughter  of  John  Hughes,  of  the  royal  navy,  and  his  wife,  Mabel 
Beresford  Hope,  whose  family,  it  is  needless  to  say,  has  for  many  genera- 
tions occupied  a  place  in  the  British  peerage  and  taken  a  conspicuous  place  in 
the  history  of  the  mother  country,  many  of  its  representatives  being  noted  in 
the  annals  of  the  British  army  and  navy,  or  in  parliamentary  and  administra- 
tive affairs.  Members  of  it  have  intermarried  with  a  large  number  of  the 
families  of  nobility  and  gentry  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  it  continues  to  the 
present  day  one  of  the  most  representative  names  of  its  class  in  England. 

Edward  Langstroth  Bleything,  father  of  Dr.  Bleything,  was  the  son  of 
Joseph  Duckworth  Bleything  and  his  wife,  Mary  Hughes,  and  married  Mary 
Ward  Tuttle,  of  Morris  county.  New  Jersey,  whose  family  had  participated  in 
the  Revolutionary  war  on  the  colonial  side.  The  Burn  at  Whippany,  near 
Morristown,  now  Dr.  Bleything's  country  residence,  occupies  the  site  of  the 
old  colonial  mansion  in  which  the  American  and  French  officers  of  Washington 
were  often  hospitably  entertained  by  the  Bleything  family  wdien  the  conti- 
nental headc|uarters  were  established  at  Morristown.  The  estate  was  a  colonial 
grant  and  was  inherited  by  its  present  possessor  through  his  mother,  whose 
family  was  noted  in  the  early  history  of  Morris  county,  being-  among  the 
earliest  people  of  social  distinction  in  that  part  of  the  present  state.  The  origi- 
nal papers  relating  to  their  grant  are  still  in  the  possession  of  the  family. 

Dr.  George  Dacre  Bleything  was  born  in  Morris  county.  New  Jersey, 
October  18,  1842.  His  literary  education  was  obtained  from  tuition  by  private 
tutors  and  at  school  in  Trenton.  Having  decided  to  enter  the  medical  pro- 
fession, he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  the 
medical  department  of  Columbia  University,  from  which  he  received  his  de- 
gree in  1870.  Since  then  he  has  actively  and  successfully  followed  his  pro- 
fession in  New  York  city.  He  is  a  member  of  the  leading  medical  societies, 
and  has  made  some  interesting  and  valuable  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture, from  a  list  of  which  the  following  are  selected  for  mention :  "Scarlet 
Fever."  "Extra  Uterine  Pregnancy  Cured  by  Faradization,"  "The  Stomach, 
Its  Uses  and  Abuses,"  "Sarcoma  of  Tongue  Cured  by  Operation,"  "Typhoid 
Fever,  with  Cases,"  "Hermianopsia  Embolism." 

On  May  27,  1874,  Dr.  Bleything  was  married  to  Miss  Maria  Howard 
Bulfinch,  a  native  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  daughter  of  Rev.  S.  G.  Bulfinch,  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  Maria  Howard,  of  Savannah,  Georgia.  Mrs.  Bley- 
thing's maternal  grandfather,  Samuel  Howard,  was  the  first  man  after  Robert 
Fulton  to  construct  steamboats.  Her  maternal  great-grandfather  figured  in 
the  Boston  tea  party.  Her  paternal  grandfather  was  the  famous  Charles  Bul- 
finch,  the  leading  American  architect  of  the  period  succeeding  the  Revolution, 
whose  work  is  still  admired  in  the  ^'enerable  State  House  at  Boston,  and  who 
built  the  rotunda  and  west  wing  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington. 


566  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

FRANCIS  WISNER  MURRAY,  M.  D.— 1880. 

Dr.  Francis  Wisner  Murray  was  born  September  10,  1855,  in  Goshen, 
New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Ambrose  S.  and  Frances  (Wisner)  Murray.  On 
the  paternal  side  he  is  of  Scotch  ancestry,  his  great-grandfather,  George 
Murray,  of  Inverness,  Scotland,  having  been  a  soldier  in  the  British  army  in 
the  colonial  wars.  On  the  maternal  side  he  traces  his  descent  from  Henry 
Wisner,  who  was  a  member  of  tlie  provincial  as  well  as  the  continental  con- 
gress. 

Dr.  Murray  received  his  early  education  at  his  native  place,  and  after- 
ward attended  the  Episcopal  Academy  at  Cheshire,  Connecticut.  He  was 
fitted  for  college  at  St.  Paul's  School,  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  and  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  in  1877  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  then  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York,  receiving  his  degree  in  1880.  During  the  ensuing  two  years  he  ser^'ed 
as  interne  at  the  Chambers  Street  Hospital,  and  then  studied  abroad  at  the 
Universities  of  Berlin,  Vienna  and  Heidelberg,  until  1883.  He  now  devotes 
himself  exclusively  to  surgery.  He  is  a  consulting  surgeon  at  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pital ;  also  consulting  surgeon  at  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and 
since  1893  visiting  surgeon  at  the  New  York  Hospital.  He  has  held  for  some 
time  the  chair  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  medical  department  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity. From  1894  to  1896  he  served  as  major  and  brigadier  surgeon  in  the 
First  Brigade  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Dr.  Murray  is  the  author  of  a  paper  entitled  "Surgical  Treatment  of 
Amoebic  Dysentery,"  A]iiials  of  Surgery,  May,  1901.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Surgical  Association,  the  New  York  Surgical,  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal, and  Clinical  Societies,  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  the  Union,  Century 
and  Yale  Clubs.  Dr.  Murray  married,  October  26,  1886,  Mary  Gertrude  Law- 
rence. They  have  four  children:  Francis  Wisner,  Jr.,  Caroline  Lawrence, 
Lawrence  Newbold  and  Gertrude  Lawrence.  Dr.  Murray's  address  is  32  West 
Thirty-ninth  street,  New  York. 

HENRY  CLARKE  COE,   M.   D.— 1882. 

Dr.  Henry  Clarke  Coe,  professor  of  gynecology  in  the  L'niversity  and 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  was  born  February  21,  1856,  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  and  is  the  son  of  Erastus  Pease  and  Mary  (Ross)  Coe.  The 
former  was  for  twenty  years  a  sea  captain,  and  subsequently  engaged  suc- 
cessfully in  business  in  Cincinnati,  where  he  resided  from  1848  until  his 
death  in  1874.  He  was  a  son  of  Adam  Coe,  who  served  with  distinction  in 
the  war  of  18 12,  having  command  of  Fort  Adams  in  Newport  harbor,  and 
who  was  descended  from  Robert  Coe,  who  emigrated  to  New  England  from 
Norfolkshire,  England,  in  1634.  On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Coe  is  the 
grandson  of  the  Rev.  Arthur  Ross,  who  was  a  Baptist  clerg}mian  of  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  and  distinguished  as  an  abolitionist.  The  maternal 
great-grandfather  of  Dr.  Coe,  Nathaniel  Cook,  served  in  the  American  navy 
under  Captain  John  Paul  Jones.  Dr.  Coe  also  numbers  among  his  ancestors 
the  famous  John  Alden  of  the  Mayflower. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  567 

In  boyhood  Dr.  Coe  attended  a  private  academy  in  his  native  city,  and 
in  1878  graduated  from  Yale  University  as  Bachelor  of  Arts,  receiving  in 
188 1  the  degree  of  ^Master  of  Arts.  He  studied  three  years  in  the  medical 
department  of  Harvard  University,  then  came  to  New  York,  and  in  1882 
graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  served  for 
eighteen  months  in  the  Woman's  Hospital,  and  then  spent  a  year  in  hospi- 
tal study  in  \^ienna  and  other  European  cities,  in  1884  receiving  diplomas 
from  the  Royal  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  London.  Since  the 
autumn  of  1884  he  has  been  engaged  in  practice  in  New  York  cit)",  devoting 
himself  exclusively  to  gynecology  and  obstetrics.  He  has  been  connected 
with  the  \\''oman"s  Hospital  as  pathologist  and  assistant  surgeon,  with  the 
New  York  ^Maternity  Hospital  as  attending  and  consulting  obstetric  sufgeon, 
with  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  Dispensary  as  g}-necologist,  with  the  New 
York  Infant  Asylum  as  attending  and  consulting  obstetrician,  and  with  the 
New  York  Cancer  Hospital  as  assistant  g}-necologist.  Later  he  was  con- 
sulting gynecologist  to  the  J.  Hood  ^^'^ight  Hospital.  He  is  now  gynecolo- 
gist to  Bellevue  and  the  General  Memorial  Hospitals,  and  consulting  obste- 
trician to  the  Foundling  Hospital.  He  was  for  ten  years  connected  with 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  as  lecturer  on  and  professor  of  gynecology,  and  is 
now  professor  of  gAmecology  in  the  University  and  Bellevue  Hospital  !Medi- 
cal  College. 

Dr.  Coe  was  editor  of  "Clinical  Gynecolog}'."  and  is  the  author  of 
monographs  in  "^^'ood's  Reference  Handbook,"  "The  American  System  of 
Gj^necolog}',"  "The  American  System  of  Surgery,"  etc.  Among  the  papers 
which  he  has  published  in  Transactions  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety may  be  mentioned  the  following:  "Accidental  Hemorrhage.  During 
the  First  Stage  of  Labor  at  Full  Term,"  Vol.  16,  1891,  35,  38;  "Death  from 
Visceral  Affections  After  Ovariotomy,"  Vol.  13.  1889,  170-21 18;  "Internal 
Migration  of  Ovum,"  A^ol.  18,  1893,  268:  "Is  the  ^Mortality  of  Gynecological 
Operations  Affected  by  Season?"  Vol.  15,  1890,  182:  "Tetanus  Following 
Aseptic  Celiotomy,"  Vol.  26,  1901,  369:  "Suture  of  Uterus  versus  Total 
Extirpation,"  Transactions  of  the  .\merican  Gynecological  Society,  Vol.  21, 
343 ;  "Crural  Thrombosis  Following  Aseptic  Celiotom}',"  idem.  Vol.  24, 
218.  The  following  papers  appeared  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Southern 
Surgical  and  Gynecological  Society :  "A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Ab- 
^dominal  Pregnancy,"  Yo\.  5,  1892,  349;  "Acute  Oophoritis  Complicating 
Pregnancy."  A^ol,  4.  1901,  339. 

Dr.  Coe  has  published  translations  of  several  French  and  German  works 
on  gynecology,  and  has  contributed  an  article  on  "Anatomy"  to  the  first 
volume  of  ]\Iann"s  "System  of  Gynecolog}*,"  and  one  to  the  second  volume 
on  "Diseases  of  the  Tubes  and  Ovaries."  Dr.  Coe  has  also  contributed  arti- 
cles to  the  Transactions  of  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  the  Medical 
Record,  between  the  years  1885  and  1890;  the  American  Journal  of  Obste- 
trics, the  Medical  Nezi's,  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecol- 
ogy, the  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  the  Neiv  York  Medical 
Journal,  and  the  Medical  Rez'iezu  of  Revieu's. 

Dr.  Coe  is  a  member  of  the  IMedical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York, 


568  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Chnical  Society,  the  Obstetrical 
Society,  the  Harvard  Medical  Society,  the  Pliysicians'  Mutual  Aid  Associa- 
tion, the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and  the  American  Gynecological 
Society.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars,  the 
Society  of  Founders  and  Patriots  of  America,  the  Society  of  Mayflower 
Descendants,  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the 
Revolution,  the  Society  of  the  AVar  of  1812.  and  the  University,  Yale  and 
Harvard  Clubs.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Madison  Avenue  Reformed  church. 
Dr.  Coe  married,  September  7,  1882,  .Sara  Livingston  Werden,  of  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts.  They  have  three  sons :  Fordyce  Barker,  Henry  Clarke, 
Jr.,  and  Arthur  Paul. 

LOUIS    FAUGERES    BISHOP,  M.  D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Louis  Faugeres  Bishop  was  born  March  14,  1864,  in  New  Brunswick, 
New  Jersey,  and  is  the  son  of  James  and  Mary  Faugeres  (Ellis)  Bishop.  He 
was  named  in  remembrance  of  a  distinguished  ancestor,  Dr.  Louis  Faugeres, 
who  died  in  18 14.  after  practicing  for  more  than  half  a  century  in  the  city  of 
New  York.  Dr.  Faugeres"  name  appears  in  the  charter  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  1807,  as  one  of  its  organizing"  members  and  trustees. 

Dr.  Bishop  received  his  preparatory  education  in  NeAV  Brunswick  and  at 
St.  Paul's  School  in  Concord,  New  Hampshire.  In  1885  he  received  from 
Rutger's  College  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in  1889  that  of  Master 
of  Arts.  After  studying  for  a  time  with  Dr.  William  Elmer,  of  Trenton,  New 
Jersey,  in  1886  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1889  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine, and  has  since  been  engaged  in  general  consultation  work.  From  1889  to 
1892  he  was  one  of  the  internes  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  served  for  three 
months  at  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital.  For  five  years  he  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  holds  the  position  of  attending  physi- 
cian at  the  Lincoln  Hospital. 

Dr.  Bishop's  principal  studies  have  been  in  diseases  of  the  circulation.  He 
has  contributed  many  papers  to  periodical  literature.  Among  the  principal 
ones  were  :  "The  Course  and  Management  of  Complicating  Myocarditis,"  read 
before  the  American  Medical  Association ;  "Chronic  Cardiac  Disease  and  Its 
Management,"  read  before  the  New  Jersey  State  Medical  Society;  "A  Clinical 
Study  of  Myocarditis,"  read  before  the  American  Medical  Association  ;  "Early- 
Recognition  and  Management  of  Arterial  Degeneration,"  read  before  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine  in  1901. 

Dr.  Bishop  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the 
New  York  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  Neurological  Society,  the  New 
York  Pathological  Society,  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  and  the  New 
Jersey  State  Medical  Society.  In  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  he 
holds  the  position  of  corresponding  secretary,  and  Avas,  for  two  years,  chair- 
man of  the  section  on  medicine.     Dr.  Bishop  married,  November   14.   1899, 


77V.   ^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  569 


Charlotte  Dater.  daughter  of  the  late  Sigfried  Gruner,  at  one  time  president 
of  the  Cotton  Exchange  of  New  York  city.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bishop  ha^•e  one 
son,  Louis  Faugeres,  Jr.  Dr.  Bishop's  address  is  54  "\^'est  Fifty-fifth  street, 
New  York. 

GEORGE  THOMAS   JACIvSON,   M.   D.— 1878. 

Dr.  George  T.  Jackson,  instructor  in  dermatology  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  December  19,  1852, 
the  son  of  George  T.  Jackson,  who  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  later  came 
to  New  York  city,  and  for  many  years  was  a  merchant  of  the  metropolis ; 
he  married  Letitia  Jane  Aitken,  daughter  of  Dr.  Samuel  ]\Iacauley,  an  eminent 
physician  of  New  York. 

Dr.  Jackson  received  his  early  education  in  private  and  also  in  public 
schools  of  New  York  city,  and  this  was  supplemented  by  a  thorough  course 
in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  He  then  entered  a  mercantile  life, 
but  after  a  short  time  he  decided  to  become  a  member  of  the  medical  profession, 
and  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1878.  He  served  as  interne  in  the  New  York 
Charity  Hospital,  now  the  City  Hospital,  and  subsequently  went  abroad  to 
pursue  his  medical  studies  at  the  universities  of  Berlin,  Vienna  and  Strass- 
burg,  where  he  remained  two  years.  In  January,  1881,  he  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city,  and  in  addition  to  his  extensive 
private  patronage  he  served  as  dermatologist  to  Randall's  Island  Hospital 
from  1889  to  1894;  in  1890  he  received  the  appointment  of  professor  of 
dermatology  in  the  Women's  Medical  College  of  the  New  York  Infirmary, 
and  also  consulting  dermatologist  to  the  New  York  Infirmary  for  ^Vomen 
and  Children:  in  1892  he  was  appointed  consulting  dermatologist  to  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital;  in  1895  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  professor  of 
dermatology  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Vermont,  and 
two  years  later  was  called  to  be  instructor  in  dermatology  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  after  having  been  chief  of  clinic  for  four  years. 

Dr.  Jackson  served  for  several  years  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Nciv 
York  Medical  Journal,  the  American  Medical  Surgical  Bulletiu.  and  has 
contributed  papers  and  monographs  on  dermatolog}"  and  kindred  subjects 
which  have  been  published  in  the  leading  medical  journals  of  the  country. 
He  has  also  published  "Diseases  of  the  Hair  and  Scalp."  a  standard  work  of 
which  the  first  edition  was  exhausted  and  the  second  edition  made  necessary ; 
"Read}'  Reference  Handbook  of  Skin  Diseases,"  which  has  run  into  the 
fourth  edition.  He  is  a  member  of  "the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  New  York  Dermatological  Society,  American  Dermatological 
Association,  Societ}-  of  the  Alumni  of  the  City  and  the  Presbyterian  Hospi- 
tals, and  also  a  member  of  the  Centur)'  Association,  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  the  New  York 
Zoological  Society.  Dr.  Jackson  was  united  in  marriage  October  3,  1878, 
to  Miss  Caroline  Gerlach  W' eidemeyer.  Their  children  are :  George 
Thomas,  Jr.,  who  died  in  1888;  Frederick  AA'..  Robert  M.  and  Arthur  H. 
Jackson. 


570  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


HARMON  ALBERT  VEDDER.  A.  B,,  M.   D.— 1891. 

Dr.  Harmon  A.  Vedder  was  born  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  January 
16,  1868,  the  son  of  Maus  R.  and  Sarah  (Cutwater)  Vedder.  He  prepared 
for  college  in  the  private  schools  of  New  York  city,  graduated  from  Colum- 
bia College  in  1888  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in  1891  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons.  After  an  interneship  of  eighteen  months  in  the  New  York  Hospi- 
tal and  three  months  at  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  Dr.  Vedder  went 
abroad  and  pursued  a  course  of  study  at  the  Edinburgh  University  and  the 
Royal   Infirmary,   Edinburgh,    Scotland. 

In  1893  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  New  York  city,  and  ever 
since  has  devoted  his  whole  time  and  attention  to  the  needs  of  a  large  and 
constantly  increasing  general  practice.  He  also  acts  in  the  capacity  of  sta- 
tistician at  the  New  York  Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation of  Columbia  College,  the  Alumni  Association  of  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital,  the  Alumni  Association  of  New  York  Hospital,  the  Greater  New 
York  Medical  Association,  the  Delta  Phi  fraternity,  the  Quiz  Medical  So- 
ciety and  the  Holland  Society.  On  December  12,  1894,  Dr.  Vedder  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Effie  Boultbee,  of  Toronto,  Canada.  Their  children 
are :  Harmon  Boultbee,  James  Outwater  and  Glenn  Turner  Vedder.  Dr. 
Vedder's  address  is  35  East  Sixtjr-second  street.   New  York. 

De  LANCY  CARTER,  M.  D.— 1881. 

De  Lancy  Carter,  physician  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Brooklyn, 
October  18,  1855,  ^^'^^  '^  the  son  of  W.  Frank  Carter  and  Mary  A.,  daughter 
of  Luke  Clark.  He  descends  from  the  Carters  of  Virginia,  who  intermar- 
ried with  the  Breckenridge,  Carroll,  and  Lee  families  of  that  state  and  Marv- 
land.  His  grandmother  was  Mary  A.,  daughter  of  John  A.  Ellis,  who  emi- 
grated from  New  Hampshire  to  the  Western  Reserve,  Ohio,  and  became 
one  of  the  founders  of  Oberlin  College.  The  father  of  John  A.  Ellis,  Col- 
onel John  Ellis,  commanded  the  First  New  Hampshire  Volunteers  during 
the  Revolution.  The  Ellis  line  has  been  traced-  back  to  Thomas  Howard, 
Duke  of  Norfolk.  One  of  the  sons  of  Dr.  Carter's  maternal  grandfather, 
Luke  Clark,  was  the  celebrated  General  Clark  of  the  Crimean  war.  The 
father  of  Luke  Clark  served  in  the  French  army  during  the  French  revolu- 
tion, while  the  doctor's  great-great-grandfather,  in  this  line,  was  a  captain  in 
the  English  army,  stationed  at  Drogheda,  province  of  Ulster,  Ireland,  and 
married  the  only  child  of  Sir  Phelim  O'Neil,  the  last  scion  of  the  eldest 
branch  of  the  O'Neils  of  Ulster. 

Dr.  Carter  was  educated  in  the  New  York  public  schools,  the  College 
of  the  City  of  New  York,  was  graduated  as  a  civil  engineer  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1878,  and  in  1S81  was  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  of  Columbia  University.  Between  1881  and  1883 
he  was  house  physician  at  the  workhouse  and  almshouse,  a  branch  of  Charity 
Hospital.  In  1884  and  1885  he  was  connected  with  the  board  of  health  of 
New  York  city.     He  was  visiting  physician  of  the  Northeastern  Dispensary 


oCxJu^a^^<—Ciy^^ce>\y 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI. 


i/' 


from  1884  to  1893,  and  visiting  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Home  for  Indigent 
Females  from  1884  to  1897.  He  was  president  of  the  medical  board  of  the 
latter  institution  from  1894  to  1896.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  ]\Iedicine.  the  ^Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  the 
New  York  Pathological  Society,  the  New  York  County  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical  So- 
ciety, the  Physicians"  Mutual  Aid  Association,  State  Medical  Society  and 
American  JNIedical  Society. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Delta  L'psilon  Society,  the  Alumni  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  Alumni,  class  of  1878,  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  Alumni  of  Columbia  University,  med- 
ical department.  He  is  past  master  workman  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen,  1886;  is  a  past  district  deputy  grand  master,  1887,  and 
is  a  past  member  of  the  grand  finance  committee,  1888.  He  is  a  past  re- 
gent. Royal  Arcanum,  1889.  He  is  also  a  prominent  Mason.  He  is  past 
master  of  Alma  Lodge  No.  728,  1894;  is  past  high  priest  of  Amity  Chapter 
No.  160,  1S93:  is  a  member  of  Union  Council,  Royal  and  .Select  Alasters;  is 
surgeon  of  Palestine  Commandery.  K.  T. :  is  a  member  of  the  Lodge  of  Per- 
fection, Rose  Croix,  the  Council  of  Princes  of  Jerusalem  Consistory,  thirty- 
second  degree  ]\Iason,  and  is  a  noble  of  the  Alystic  Shrine,  ]\Iecca  Temple. 

CLEAIENT  CLEVELAND,   M.   D.— 1871. 

Dr.  Clement  Cleveland,  attending  surgeon  at  W'oman's  Hospital,  con- 
sulting gynecologist  of  the  General  ^Memorial  and  St.  A'incent's  Hospitals  of 
New  York  city,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  ^Maryland,  September  29,  1843,  the 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  Anthony  Benezett  Cleveland,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and 
for  many  years  a  professor  in  the  Universit}'  of  ^Maryland,  and  Mary  W. 
(^Manning)  Cleveland,  a  native  of  Massachusetts.  On  the  paternal  side  one 
of  his  ancestors  was  an  Episcopal  clergj'man  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in 
1630,  and  on  the  maternal  side  the  ancestry  dates  back  to  1640,  when  the 
progenitor  of  the  family  settled  at  Ipswich,  ^Massachusetts. 

Dr.  Cleveland  was  prepared  for  college  at  Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  and 
in  1867  was  graduated  from  Harvard  University  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts,  taking  the  degree  of  ]\Iaster  of  Arts  in  the  same  institution  in  1870. 
He  taught  for  one  year  in  a  private  classical  school  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
and  in  1871  was  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York  city.  He  served  for  one  year  as  interne  at  the  City  Hospital,  Black- 
well's  Island,  and  subsequently  for  one  year  and  a  half  at  the  Woman's  Hos- 
pital. He  then  served  seven  years  as  attending  surgeon  of  the  Citv  Hospital, 
resigning  in  1881  on  account  of  his  private  practice,  which  at  first  was  of  a 
general  nature,  but  for  the  past  fifteen  years  has  been  confined  to  gv'necolog^^ 
He  received  the  appointment  of  attending  gynecologist  of  the  General  Mem- 
orial Hospital,  is  now  the  consulting  surgeon  and  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees ;  acted  as  attending  surgeon  of  the  A^'oman's  Hospital  and  consulting 
g}-necologist  of  St.  Vincent's  Hospital. 

He  is  the  author  of  the  following  named  medical  contributions  on  gy^ne- 


572  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


cology :  "Some  Observations  upon  the  Feeding  of  Infants,"  "A  Case  of  In- 
terstitial Pregnancy."  "On  Trachelorrhaphy,"  "On  Laparo-Vaginal  Hys- 
terectomy," "The  Palliative  Treatment  of  Incurable  Carcinoma  Uteri,"  Based 
upon  Observations  at  the  New  York  Cancer  Hospital;  "Description  of  a  New 
Self-retaining  Speculum,"  "Laparotomy  in  Treuddenberg's  Posture  with  Ex- 
hibition of  a  New  Operating  Table,"  "The  Treatment  of  Pelvic  Abscess  by 
Vaginal  Puncture  and  Drainage,"  "'The  Alexander  Operation." 

Dr.  Cleveland  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
County  ^ledical  Society,  Obstetrical  Society,  Practitioners'  Society,  Physi- 
cians" Mutual  Aid  Association,  and  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  City  and 
Woman's  Hospitals,  as  well  as  the  University  Club,  Century  Association  and 
Harvard  Club.  On  June  17,  1874,  Dr.  Cleveland  married  Annie  Ward  Dav- 
enport of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Their  children  are :  Henry  Davenport, 
Elizabeth  Manning  and  Clement  Cleveland,  Jr.  The  family  reside  at  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  in  the  summer,  and  their  city  home  is  at  59  West  Thirty- 
eighth  street. 

AATLLIAM  VAN  VALZAH  HAYES,   Ph.   B.,   M.   D.— 1893. 

Dr.  William  V.  V.  Hayes  was  born  in  Lewisburg.  Union  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, September  22,  1867,  the  son  of  Alfred  and  Mary  (Van  Valzah) 
Hayes,  Alfred  Hayes  being  the  great-grandson  of  Robert  Hayes,  who  was 
a  captain  during  the  Revolution.  Alfred  Hayes'  mother  was  a  Quaker,  a 
granddaughter  of  John  Hulme,  Jr.,  founder  of  Hulmeville,  Pennsylvania, 
and  a  member  of  the  state  assembly.  Alfred  Hayes  is  a  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  bar  and  a  man  of  great  influence  in  the  community  in  which 
he  resides;  he  was  formerly  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  legislature. 
Mary  Van  Valzah  was  the  great-granddaughter  of  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Thomas  Sutherland,  and  granddaughter  of  Robert  Van  Valzah,  an  eminent 
medical  practitioner  of  central  Pennsylvania.  Mary  Van  Valzah  was,  on  the 
maternal  side,  the  great-granddaughter  of  Captain  John  Forster,  an  officer 
of  the  Revolution. 

Dr.  Hayes  acquired  his  early  education  in  Bucknell  Academy  at  Lewis- 
burg, Pennsylvania,  and  later  entered  Bucknell  University',  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1888  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy.  He  then 
went  abroad  and  for  one  year  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  languages  and 
preparation  for  his  matriculation  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1893, 
being  one  of  the  Harsen  honor  men.  During  his  college  term  he  acted  in 
the  capacity  of  assistant  to  Dr.  McLane,  Dr.  Tuttle  and  Dr.  Starn  and  after 
obtaining  his  medical  degree  he  served  for  eighteen  months,  July,  1893,  to 
December,  1894,  in  the  New  York  Hospital  as  interne.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed on  the  resident  staff  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  where  he  re- 
mained three  months,  and  subsequently  became  connected  with  the  Found- 
ling Hospital,  retaining  this  position  for  one  year,  July,  1895,  till  July,  1896. 

Since  that  time  Dr.  Hayes  has  been  engaged  in  general  practice  in  New 
York  city,  making  a  specialty  of  diseases  of  the  system,  and  he  is  also  ad- 


M^yLui-^   "^"^^  U7 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  573 

junct  professor  of  diseases  of  the  digestive  system  at  the  New  York  Poly- 
chnic.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Alumni  of  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital, the  Alumni  Association  of  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  National  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  County 
Medical  Society,  the  County  Medical  Association,  the  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  the  American  Medical  Association.  Dr.  Hayes  is  a  member  of 
the  Brick  Presbyterian  church  of  New  York,  and  treasurer  of  the  intercol- 
legiate branch  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Quill  Clul)  and  of  the  Twenty-seventh  Assembly  District  Republi- 
can Club,  and  his  college  fraternity  is  the  Delta  Upsilon. 

EDWIN  FLETCHER  WARD,  M.  D.— 1861. 

Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.  D.,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Windsor  and  Lydia 
(Harvey)  Ward,  was  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  December  25,  1835. 
The  ancestor  of  the  Ward  family  was  William  Ward,  who  was  a  native  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  and  who  settled  in  Sudbury,  Massachusetts,  in  1639. 
His  son,  William  Ward,  was  born  November  19,  1664,  and  in  later  years  be- 
came a  resident  of  Newton,  Massachusetts,  serving  as  selectman  of  that  town 
in  1722.  He  had  a  son,  John  Ward,  born  February  23,  1690,  and  his  son, 
Daniel  Ward,  born  in  1732,  was  the  father  of  John  Ward,  born  in  1760,  who 
established  the  family  homestead  at  Buckland,  Massachusetts,  and  whose  name 
is  recorded  in  the  list  of  patriots  who  fought  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  His 
son,  the  Rev.  Windsor  Ward,  was  a  Methodist  clergyman,  born  in  181 1,  at 
Buckland,  and  married  Lydia  Harvey,  a  native  of  Ashfield,  Massachusetts. 

Their  son,  Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
the  different  towns  of  Massachusetts  where  his  father,  as  a  local  preacher,  was 
stationed ;  he  also  received  private  instruction  from  his  father  on  various  sub- 
jects. In  1856  he  went  to  the  West  Indies  as  clerk  for  D.  P.  Cotton  &  Co., 
merchants,  and  he  resided  in  Barbados  and  Trinidad  until  the  death  of  his 
father,  when  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and  engaged  in  the  mercantile 
business  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  for  one  year.  With  the  intention  of 
adopting  medicine  as  a  profession,  he  took  an  elementary  course  with  Dr.  D. 
W.  Miner,  of  Ware,  Massachusetts,  until  prepared  to  enter  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1 86 1.  He  refused  the  appointment  offered  him  at  the  City  Hospital,  and 
opened  a  private  practice  at  Enfield,  Massachusetts,  where  he  remained  until 
August,  1862,  when  he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Thirty-eighth 
Massachusetts  Volunteer  Infantry.  In  1863  he  became  surgeon  of  the  regi- 
ment, with  the  rank  of  major.  He  was  with  the  regiment  when  it  engaged 
in  the  campaign  under  General  Banks  in  Louisiana,  and  later  under  General 
Philip  H.  Sheridan  in  the  battles  of  Winchester,  Cedar  Creek  and  Fisher's 
Hill.  During  his  connection  with  the  arm}^  he  saw  active  service  in  twenty- 
one  battles,  and  was  present  at  the  surrender  of  General  Lee.  Alx)ut  October, 
1864,  he  was  appointed  executive  officer  of  the  field  hospitals  at  Winchester, 
Virginia,  and  subsecjuently  served  on  General  Sheridan's  staff  as  acting  assist- 
ant medical  inspector  of  the  Middle  Military  Division,  where  he  remained 
until  his  regiment  was  mustered  out  at  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1865. 


574  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


From  1865  to  1870  he  practiced  in  Easthampton,  jMassachusetts,  then 
settled  in  New  York  cit}-.  where  he  still  maintains  a  general  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  surger}-. 

He  is  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  New  York,  of  which  he 
was  assistant  secretary  from  1877  to  1879  '^"d  recording  secretary  from  1880 
to  1882,  and  a  member  of  several  societies,  among  them  being  the  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Physicians"  Mutual  Aid  Society  and  the  Medical  Asso- 
ciation of  Greater  New  York.  He  has  given  considerable  time  to  the  study 
of  metallurgy  and  chemistry,  and  has  had  experience  in  their  practical  appli- 
cation in  the  manufacturing  arts.  He  is  interested  in  church  matters,  and  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle  since  1873.  He  was  married 
November  2,  1865,  to  Abby  L.  Sweetser  of  Millbury,  Massachusetts.;  she  is 
a  descendant  of  an  old  New  England  familv  which  originated  in  Holland. 
They  have  two  children,  Florence,  a  graduate  of  Smith  College,  and  Warren 
Windsor,  now  a  student  in  "Worcester  Academy.  Dr.  Ward  resides  at  15 
West  Ninety-sixth  street,  New  York. 

■     HENRY  KOPLIK,  M.  D.— 1881. 

Dr.  Henry  Koplik  was  born  October  28,  1858,  in  New  York  city,  and 
is  the  son  of  Abraham  and  Rosalie  Koplik,  the  former  being  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits.  The  family  emigrated  from  Austria  to  the  United 
States  about  fifty  years  ago.  The  preparatory  education  of  Dr.  Koplik  was 
received  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  he  afterward  became  a 
student  in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1878  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  then  entered  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  received,  in  18S1, 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  and  was  also  awarded  the  Harsen  first 
prize  of  five  hundred  dollars  for  general  proficiency.  His  instructors  in 
medicine  were  Dr.  Mathew  D.  Mann  and  Dr.  Francis  Delafield,  and  for  two 
years  he  conducted  the  cjuiz  on  general  medicine  and  surgery  of  the  latter's 
students,  and  at  the  same  time  acted  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Prudden  in  labora- 
tory work,  in  pathology  and  histology.  He  then  studied  for  a  time  in  Ber- 
lin, Germany,  and  since  his  return  has  been  continuously  engaged  in  private 
practice  as  a  specialist  in  the  diseases  of  children  and  internal  medicine. 
He  was  for  fifteen  years  attending  physician  to  the  Good  Samaritan  Dispen- 
sary, and  held  the  same  position  for  one  year  in  St.  John's  Guild.  He  is 
now  attending  physician,  children's  service,  in  Mount  Sinai  Hospital. 

Among  Dr.  Koplik's  contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  profession, 
may  be  mentioned  the  following :  A  text  book  on  "Diseases  of  Infancy  and 
Childhood,"  published  by  Lea  Brothers  &  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  1902 ;  a 
numlaer  of  monographs,  of  which  the  appended  list  is  a  partial  enumeration: 
"Etiology  of  Empyema  in  Children,"'  Archives  of  Pediatrics.  i8go;  "Ster- 
ilizing Milk,  etc.,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics.  1891  :  "Urogenital  Blenorrhoea 
in  Children,"  Jonrual  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  1893:  "Malarial  Fever  in 
Infants  and  Children,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  1893:  "Etiology  of 
Acute  Retropharyngeal  Abscess  in  Infants  and  Children,""  Central  Blaft  fiir 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  575 


Bacteriologie,  1894:  "The  Diagnosis  of  the  Invasion  of  ileasles.  from  a 
Study  of  the  Exanthein  as  it  Appears  on  the  Buccal  [Mucous  ^Membrane," 
Archives  of  Pediatrics,  1896;  ''The  Etiology  of  Pertussis,"  Central  Journal 
of  Bacteriology^  Germany,  1897.  In  addition  to  these  publications  Dr. 
Koplik  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  other  articles  on  similar  subjects,  which 
have  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  medical  I'ournals. 

Dr.  Koplik  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Pediatric  Society, 
and  has  since  maintained  his  connection  with  that  body.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  the  Academy  of  iSIedicine  and 
the  County  Aledical  Society.  His  Xew  York  address  is  66  East  Fifty-eighth 
street. 

WARREX  STOXE  BICKHA:\I.  ^I.  D.— 1887. 

Dr.  ^^'arren  Stone  Bickham  was  born  August  2^.  1861,  in  .Shreveport, 
Louisiana,  and  is  the  son  of  Charles  Jasper  and  Annie  (Gray)  Bickham.  His 
father  was  a  physician  and  surgeon  of  high  standing  and  extensive  practice 
in  his  community,  and  connected  with  the  medical  department  of  Tulane  Uni- 
versity and  with  the  Charity  Hospital.  X'ew  Orleans. 

The  academic  education  of  Dr.  Bickman  was  received  at  the  University 
of  the  South  and  at  the  Universities  of  Yale  and  Tulane.  He  received,  in 
1886,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  and  the  degree  of  ]\Iaster  of  Pharmacy 
from  the  medical  department  of  Tulane  University,  having",  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  course,  been  an  interne  of  the  Charity  Hospital  for  eighteen  months. 
A  second  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  X^ew  York  in  1887.  After  a  post-graduate 
course  of  one  winter  at  the  Xew  York  Polyclinic  he  located  in  his  old  home. 
New  Orleans,  in  1888.  where  he  practiced  general  medicine  and  surgerv  until 
1898.  He  was  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Charity  Hospital.  X^ew  Orleans,  for 
eight  years.  He  ■\\'as  appointed  demonstrator  of  operative  surgen,''  in  the  med- 
ical department  of  Tulane  University  in  1893,  organizing  the  laboratory  of 
operative  surgery  and  conducting  this  course  for  the  following  five  years. 
Since  leaving  Xew  Orleans  in  1898  he  has  spent  two  years  in  Berlin,  Vienna, 
Paris  and  London  in  professional  work.  "\Miile  in  London  he  successfully 
passed  the  examinations  for  which  he  applied  at  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England  and  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London,  having 
but  two  examinations  left  for  the  degrees  of  M.  R.  C.  S.,  England,  and  L. 
R.  C.  P.,  London,  which  he  expects  to  take.  He  located  in  X'ew  York  in  the 
summer  of  1899.  where  he  has  practiced  his  profession  ever  since,  with  a 
special  tendency  to  surgery.  Shortly  after  settling  in  this  citv  he  was  ap- 
pointed instructor  in  surgery  in  the  X^^ew  York  Polyclinic,  and'  also  visiting 
Surgeon  to  the  X'orthwestern  Dispensary,  both  of  which  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  appointment  of  assistant  instructor  in  operative  surgery  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1900,  which  position  he  now  occupies.  During 
the  last  three  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  writing  "A  Text-Book  of  Operative 
Surger}',"  which  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  publishers  and  is  due  to  appear  in 
the  summer  of  1903. 

Dr.  Bickham  is  a  fellow  of  the  X'ew  York  Academv  of  ^Medicine,  and  a 


576  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  tlie  New  York  County 
Medical  Association,  the  New  York  State  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  the  Medical  Association  of  Greater  New  York.  He 
belongs  to  the  New  York  Southern  Society  and  to  the  Scarsdale  Golf  Club. 
Dr.  Bickham  married  Flora  S.  Brandon,  of  Barnstable,  Massachusetts,  in 
June,  1895,  ^"d  they  make  their  home  at  922  Madison  avenue.  New  York  city. 

BROOKS  HUGHES   WELLS,   M.   D.— 1884. 

Dr.  Brooks  H.  Wells,  editor  of  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics, 
was  born  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  July  28,  1859.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Ed- 
ward Livingston  Wells,  D.D..  a  clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
was  born  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  and  was  educated  at  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  and  at  Paris,  France.  One  of  Dr.  Wells'  uncles.  Dr.  Charlton 
Wells,  was  a  graduate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York.  Another  uncle.  Dr.  William  Lowndes  Wells,  a  graduate  of  the  same 
school,  was  a  prominent  practicing  physician  of  New  Rochelle,  New  York. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Wells  was  married  to  Mary  Hudor  Hughes,  a  descendant  of 
an  old  New  England  ancestry  and  a  Daughter  of  the  American  Revolution. 

Dr.  Brooks  H.  Wells  was  a  student  in  the  Southport  (Connecticut) 
Academy,  and  after  his  graduation  intended  to  enter  Yale  College,  but 
owing  to  altered  circumstances  he  came  to  New  York  instead  and  obtained 
a  position  in  a  banker's  office.  Subsequently  he  decided  to  study  medicine 
and  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1884.  While  a  student  in  the  college  he 
was  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Paul  F.  Munde  and  acted  in  the  capacity 
of  assistant  to  Dr.  McLane  in  the  department  of  obstetrics.  After  gradu- 
ation he  was  appointed  to  the  Charity,  now  City,  Hospital,  and  Maternity 
Hospital,  where  he  passed  an  interneship  of  eighteen  months.  In  1885  he 
commenced  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  association  with  Dr. 
Munde,  an  association  which  continued  for  twelve  years,  during  a  greater 
part  of  which  time  he  was  also  assistant  editor  of  the  American  Journal  of 
Obstetrics.  Later  Dr.  Wells  became  editor  of  the  Journal.  He  was  editor 
of  the  American  edition  of  Pozsi's  Medical  and  Surgical  Gynecology,  and 
has  written  a  number  of  articles  on  gynecology,  obstetrics  and  abdominal 
surgery.  Since  graduation  he  has  been  actively  connected  with  the  depart- 
ment of  gynecology  at  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  first  under  Dr.  Munde  as 
clinical  assistant,  then  as  adjunct  professor  and  now  as  professor.  Dr. 
Wells  is  a  member  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society,  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  City  Hospital,  of 
which  he  is  an  ex-president;  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  and  the 
New  York  County  Medical  Society.  He  is  an  expert  amateur  sailor  and 
takes  great  pleasure  in  cruising,  having  sailed  about  eight  thousand  miles 
along  the  coast  in  a  small  yacht  during  his  summer  outings.  On  October 
14,  1885,  Dr.  Wells  married  Mary  Frances  Pomeroy,  of  Southport,  Con- 
necticut, a  daughter  of  the  late  Benjamin  Pomeroy  and  a  descendant  of  an 
old  New  England  family.  Their  children  are  May,  Pauline,  Josephine  and 
Dorothy. 


/>Oc7 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  577 

WILLIAM  HEXRY  WESTON.  AI.  D.— 1878. 

Dr.  W^illiam  Henry  ^^'eston  was  born  August  8.  1849.  i"  Hancock,  New 
Hampshire,  and  is  the  son  of  Ephraim  and  Elvina  (Gates)  Weston.  His 
paternal  ancestry  was  Enghsh  and  Scotch-Irish,  while  on  the  maternal  side 
he  is  of  pure  English  descent.  Dr.  Weston's  boyhood  was  passed  on  the  home 
farm,  where  he  alternately  worked  and  attended  school,  until  reaching  the 
age  of  twenty-one.  He  then  spent  a  year  in  the  west,  in  Omaha,  Nebraska, 
engaged  in  the  grocery  business,  and  on  his  return  home  fitted  for  college  at 
the  AlcCollom  Institute.  Alount  Vernon,  New  Hampshire,  teaching  school  and 
working  for  the  farmers  of  his  native  town  during  vacations.  He  graduated 
from  the  institute  in  June,  1875.  ^"d  the  same  year  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, graduating,  in  March.  1878.  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York. 

For  a  short  time  he  was  associated  with  the  late  Dr.  Jacob  A.  Woods, 
who  made  a  specialty  of  spinal  diseases.  Since  then  he  has  been  constantly 
engaged  in  the  work  of  a  general  practitioner,  for  a  few  months  in  his  native 
state,  and  the  remainder  of  the  time  in  New  York  city,  having  lived  for 
twenty-two  years  at  his  present  address.  400  W'est  Twenty-second  street.  Dr. 
Weston  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Society  and  the  Physicians"  Mutual  Aid  Association.  In 
national  politics  he  is  a  Repul)lican.  and  as  to  municipal  affairs  an  independent. 
Dr.  W'eston  married.  August  22.  1882.  Frances  Pope,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
D.  G.  Pope,  of  Ogdensburg,  New  York.  Their  children  are:  Zady  P., 
Frances  Elvina.  William  Henry.  Jr.,  and  Helen. 

CHARLES  HUNTOON  KNIGHT.  ^I.  D.— 1874. 

Dr.  Charles  Huntoon  Knight  was  born  November  22,  1849,  in  East- 
hampton,  Massachusetts,  and  is  the  son  of  Horatio  Gates  and  Mary  Ann 
(Huntoon)  Knight.  The  former  was  the  proprietor  of  a  button  factory  which 
is  still  in  existence,  and  served  as  lieutenant  governor  of  Massachusetts  for 
three  consecutive  terms,  during  one  of  which  the  ot^ce  of  governor  was  held 
by  William  Gaston.  Mr.  Knight  died  in  1896.  The  family  is  of  Massachus- 
etts origin. 

Dr.  Knight  was  educated  in  Williston  Seminary,  Easthampton,  and  in 
1871  graduated  from  Williams  College  as  Bachelor  of  Arts,  receiving  from 
the  same  institution,  in  1876.  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  In  the 
autumn  of  1871  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York,  graduating  in  1874  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
For  eighteen  months  after  graduation  he  served  as  interne  and  house  siu'geon 
at  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  in  1877  held  for  seven  months  the  position  of 
house  surgeon  and  physician  at  the  New  York  Hospital.  He  then  went  into 
practice  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Freeman  J.  Bumstead.  In  1878  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  throat  department  of  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary, 
and  has  since  made  a  specialty  of  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat.  He  has 
been,  at  different  times,  connected  with  the  Northern  and  De  ]\Iilt  dispensaries 
for  two  years  each,  and  for  the  same  length  of  time  with  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic. 


578  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


He  also  serx'ed  for  three  years  in  the  New  York  Dispensary.  For  three  years 
he  fiUed  the  position  of  instructor  in  laryngology  to  the  medical  school  and 
hospital  of  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  and  was  then  appointed  professor  of 
the  same  department  at  the  Post-Graduate  JNIedical  School.  He  is  now  pro- 
fessor of  laryngology  at  the  medical  school  of  Cornell  University,  surgeon  to 
the  throat  department  of  the  [Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  and  consulting 
laryngologist  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Bayonne,  New  Jersey. 

Dr.  Knight  is  the  author  of  many  articles  on  laryngology,  which  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the  medical  journals,  and  is  now  preparing  a 
manual  on  the  nose  and  throat.  He  is  the  inventor  of  nasal  forceps,  scissors, 
and  a  tonsil  instrument,  which  are  known  by  his  name.  He  is  a  fellow  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the 
County  Medical  Association,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  Northwestern  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Society,  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  American 
Therapeutic  Society,the  Alumni  Association  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,the  Alumni 
Association  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club  and  the 
American  Laryngological  Association,  in  which  he  formerly  held  the  office, 
first,  of  secretary  and  then  of  president.  He  belongs  to  the  New  England 
Society,  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  the  Barnard,  Grolier  and  University  Clubs, 
and  the  Delta  Psi  fraternity.  He  has  been  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
Mendelssohn  Glee  Club,  finding  his  favorite  recreation  in  the  pleasure  derived 
from  music.  Dr.  Knight  .married,  June  28,  1893,  in  St.  ^Mary's  church,  New- 
York,  Mrs.  Lucy  Ellen  Tolford  Macenzie,  a  resident  of  that  city,  and  widow 
of  Dr.  Colin  ]\Iacenzie.     They  now  reside  at  147  West  Fifty-seventh  street. 

AUSTIN   WILKINSON   HOLLIS,   M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Austin  W.  Hollis"  ancestors  of  both  the  Hollis  and  AVilkinson  fam- 
ilies were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Bermuda  in  1600,  and  were  closely  re- 
lated to  early  English  families  of  Virginia.  John  Hollis  was  an  officer  in 
the  Briti.sh  navy  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  later  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Jane  Mason,  a  royalist  from  Maryland,  and  their  descendants 
have  followed  the  sea  either  in  the  British  naval  or  merchant  ser\-ice  ever 
since.  Captain  Henry  Hilgrove  Hollis,  father  of  Dr.  Hollis,  was  a  captain 
and  ship  owner  in  the  merchant  marine,  and  is  now  living  a  retired  life  in 
Bermuda,  where  he  was  born ;  he  married  Louisa  Jane  Wilkinson,  who  is 
also  living  at  the  present  time  (1903). 

Dr.  Austin  W.  Hollis  was  born  in  Bermuda,  November  24,  1868,  and 
his  early  education  was  acquired  in  the  private  schools  of  Bermuda ;  he  grad- 
uated from  Upper  Canada  College,  Toronto,  Canada,  in  1887,  and  subse- 
quently began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1890,  receiving  the 
first  Harsen  prize  of  five  hundred  dollars  for  proficiency  in  examination. 
He  received  an  appointment  to  the  medical  staft'  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
where  he  remained  two  years,  receiving  the  hospital  diploma  in  1892 ;  the 
following  six  months  he  served  as  assistant  physician  at  the  Nursery  and 
Child's  Hospital,  and  in  January,  1893,  began  the  active  practice  of  his  pro- 


\.yf/^c^oi2^'*^  /y  •  \yv'^^'^^(^^^^L<^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  579 

fession  in  association  with  Dr.  Edward  W.  Peet  at  56  West  Forty-seventh 
street,  removing  shortl}^  afterward  to  20  West  Forty-third  street.  This 
connection  continued  until  1895,  when  Dr.  Holhs  removed  to  his  present  ad- 
dress, III  West  Forty-seventh  street,  where  he  devotes  his  time  and  atten- 
tion to  general  practice  and  the  teaching  of  physical  diagnosis,  having  met 
with  marked  success  as  an  independent  teacher.  He  is  also  the  attending 
physician  at  the  New  York  Dispensary,  being  appointed  in  1893;  the  physi- 
cian in  chief  of  the  outdoor  department  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital  since  1896 
and  attending  physician  to  the  training  school  connected  with  St.  Luke's 
Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  St.  Luke's 
Alumni  Society,  Upper  Canada  College  Old  Boys'  Association  and  a  fellow 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  New  York. 

Dr.  Hollis  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  denomination,  be- 
ing an  attendant  of  the  services  in  the  Church  of  the  Heavenly  Rest.  His 
favorite  pastimes  are  yachting  and  horseback  riding.  At  St.  Paul's  church, 
Halifax,  on  August  22,  1898.  Dr.  Hollis  was  united  in  marriage  to  Amy 
Edith  King,  daughter  of  Joseph  G.  King,  of  Port  Arthur,  Ontario,  where 
he  has  been  instrumental  in  making  Canada's  northwest  a  great  and  success- 
ful grain  growing  country ;  he  is  the  inventor  and  developer  of  a  method  of 
cleaning  smutty  wheat.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hollis  are  the  parents  of  one  child, 
Edith   Constance,  born  Januar)^  31,    1900. 

ALFRED  NATHANIEL  STROUSE,  M.  D.— 1885. 

Dr.  Alfred  N.  Strouse,  ophthalmologist  of  the  City  Hospital,  and  oph- 
thalmologist and  aurist  to  the  Orphan  Asylum  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  resid- 
ing at  79  West  Fiftieth  street,  New  York  city,  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
September  27,  1863,  the  son  of  Joseph  and  Franciska  (Blun)  Strouse.  Dr. 
Strouse  prepared  for  college  at  grammar  school  No.  35,  New  York  city,  for 
two  years  and  a  half  was  a  student  in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
from  which  institution  he  recei\'ed  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1885. 
He  was  appointed  interne  at  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  where  he  served  the  full 
term  of  eighteen  months :  he  then  went  to  Europe  and  visited  the  cities  of 
Berlin,  Heidelberg,  Vienna  and  Paris,  where  for  two  years  and  a  half  he 
devoted  his  attention  to  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat. 

In  1889  he  established  an  office  in  New  York  city  for  the  general  practice 
of  medicine,  and  in  addition  to  these  duties  he  served  for  ten  years  in  the  oph- 
thalmological  department  of  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  and  was  instructor  of  oph- 
thalmology in  the  New  York  Polyclinic  between  three  and  four  years.  Dr. 
Strouse  has  contributed  to  the  medical  literature  of  the  day,  being  the  author 
of  the  following  articles:  "Sarcoma  of  Corneal  Limbus,"  Archives  of  Oph- 
thalmology, 1897;  "Curettage  in  the  Treatment  of  Trachoma,"  Medical  Nezus, 
January  1 1,  1896.  He  is  also  the  inventor  of  the  "curette  for  performing  cur- 
ettage in  treatment  of  trachoma,"  and  the  "Strouse  nasal  spray."  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  New  York  State  Medical  Association, 
Society  of  Alumni  of  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  German  Medical  Society,  Physi- 
cians' Mutual  Aid  Association  and  Metropolitan  Medical  Society. 


58o  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


HEZEKIAH  BEATTIE  BROWN,   M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Hezekiah  B.  Brown  was  born  in  New  York  city,  November  23, 
1862,  the  fourtli  son  of  John  H.  and  Abigail  ]M.  (Beattie)  Brown.  John 
H.  Brown  was  a  .e;raduate  of  Union  College  and  for  many  j^ears  was  inter- 
ested and  associated  with  the  educational  affairs  of  New  York  city,  remov- 
ing to  Yonkers  in  1864.  Both  Mr.  Brown  and  his  wife  are  descendants 
of  an  old  and  honored  Scotch  ancestry. 

Dr.  Brown's  early  education  was  acquired  in  the  public  schools  of 
Yonkers  and  in  Hooper's  private  preparatory  school,  and  upon  the  comple- 
tion of  his  studies  he  engaged  in  mercantile  and  railroad  pursuits,  which 
he  followed  for  eleven  vears.  In  this  way  he  accumulated  sufficient  funds 
to  enable  him  to  enter  upon  the  study  of  medicine,  for  which  vocation  he 
had  a  natural  taste  and  inclination ;  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  receiving  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  in  1890.  He  studied  under  the  competent  preceptorship  of  Dr. 
Matthew  Beattie  and  Dr.  James  E.  Newcorab  while  a  student  in  the  college, 
and  immediately  after  his  graduation  was  appointed  interne  of  St.  John's 
Hospital,  Yonkers,  which  position  he  filled  for  one  year,  declining  a  second 
term. 

In  June,  1891,  Dr.  Brown  began  active  practice  in  Yonkers,  serving, 
in  addition  to  his  large  consulting  patronage,  as  the  consulting  surgeon  to 
the  East  View  Hospital,  which  position  he  has  held  for  six  years ;  he  was 
also  appointed  a  member  of  the  visiting  staff  of  St.  John's  Hospital  in  1891, 
and  after  ten  years'  continuous  service  in  this  capacit}^  he  resigned,  since 
his  private  practice  required  his  entire  time  and  attention.  He  has  also  con- 
tributed a  number  of  articles  on  several  subjects  for  publication  in  the  various 
medical  magazines,  and  holds  membership  in  the  Westchester  County  Medical 
Society  and  New  York  Academy  of  ^Medicine,  section  on  otology. 

Dr.  Brown  is  a  member  of  the  Athena  Debating  Society,  the  Indepen- 
dent Order  of  Odd  Eellows,  the  Junior  Order  of  United  American  JMechan- 
ics,  the  Patriotic  Order  Sons  of  America,  having  served  as  state  master  of 
forms,  and  is  at  present  state  vice-president  of  the  latter.  On  June -25,  1896, 
Dr.  Brown  married  Frances  R.  Smith,  of  Yonkers,  New  York,  and  two 
children  have  been  born  to  them,  Frances  Elizabeth  and  Kathryn  Beattie 
Brown.  Both  Dr.  Brown  and  his  wife  are  faithful  members  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  church  of  Yonkers,  the  former  having  served  as  ruling  elder 
for  many  years  in  that  denomination. 

FRANCIS  HECTOR  :McNAUGHT,  M.  D.— 1878. 

Dr.  Francis  H.  McNaught,  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  Denver  and 
Gross  College  of  Medicine,  was  born  in  Hobart,  New  York,  in  1854,  the  son 
of  Dr.  John  S.  and  Helen  (Hoy)  McNaught,  residents  of  Hobart,  New  York. 
Dr.  McNaught  attended  the  public  schools  of  Hobart,  where  he  obtained  an 
excellent  literary  education ;  later  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1878.     Immediately  after  receiving  his  diploma  he  engaged  in  active  prac- 


CP%~y^!^sLj:o^^ct:^^  — 7 


~:> 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  581 


tice  in  Hobart,  Xew  York,  where  he  remained  until  1883.  when  he  located  in 
Franklin,  New  York,  remaining  until  1890,  after  which  he  removed  to  Den- 
ver, Colorado,  where  he  has  since  devoted  his  time  and  attention  to  the  needs 
of  a  general  practice. 

In  1889  Dr.  ^IcXaught  served  in  the  Xew  York  Polyclinic,  and  since  his 
removal  to  Denver,  Colorado,  has  acted  in  the  capacity  of  professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics in  the  Denver  and  Gross  College  of  Medicine,  chief  surgeon  of  the 
Colorado  and  Southern  Railroad,  acting  chief  surgeon  of  the  Colorado  ]\Iid- 
land  Railroad,  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  surgeon  on  the 
staff  of  the  Maternity  and  Woman's  Hospital,  member  of  the  obstetric  staff' 
of  the  Arapahoe  County  Hospital,  consultant  of  the  Colorado  Maternity  and 
Children's  Hospital  and  member  of  the  staff'  of  the  Colorado  Cottage  Home. 
He  has  also  contributed  several  medical  articles  which  have  been  presented 
before  the  various  societies.  He  is  a  member  of  the  University  Club  of  Den- 
ver, Colorado,  and  affiliates  with  the  Masonic  fraternity.  In  his  religious 
belief  he  is  an  adherent  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  In 
1S80  Dr.  McXaught  was  united  in  marriage  at  Hobart,  New  York,  to  Helen 
Cowan,  a  native  of  that  city.  Their  children  are  Hector  C,  a  student  at 
Stanford  University;  and  Grace  I.,  a  student  at  Vassar  College. 

JOHX  OSCROFT  TAXSLEY,  M.  D.— 1877. 

Dr.  John  Oscroft  Tansley  was  born  in  18.^.4,  in  Basford,  a  suburb  of 
XTottingham,  England,  and  is  the  son  of  William  and  ]\Iiriam  (Oscroft) 
Tansley.  The  father  came  to  Enfield,  Connecticut,  in  1847,  and  there  built 
a  mill  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  hosiery.  On  the  paternal  side 
Dr.  Tansley  traces  his  descent  from  John  Tansley,  who  was  knighted  by 
King-  Edward  the  Second,  the  coat  of  arms  being  "Sa.  a  chev.  vair  between 
three  leopards'  heads  erased  or.",  and  the  crest  being  "A  hand  holding  a 
branch  of  laurel  all  ppr."  The  name  of  Tansley  has  remained  unchanged  for 
many  generations,  which  seems  to  prove  that  the  famih^  was  small,  and 
also  that  its  members  were  persons  of  education,  judged  by  the  standards 
of  their  times,  being  able  to  write  correctly,  an  accomplishment  very  unusual 
even  so  late  as  three  centuries  ago. 

Dr.  Tansley  received  his  early  education  in  the  common  school  of  the 
village  of  Scitico,  near  Enfield :  at  the  Williston  Seminary,  Easthampton. 
Massachusetts :  and  at  the  Providence  Conference  Seminary,  East  Green- 
wich, R.  I.  In  connection  with  his  other  pursuits,  he  studied  music,  painting 
and  art  in  various  branches,  intending  to  adopt  it  as  a  profession,  his  mother's 
family  having  been  one  of  artists.  At  eighteen  he  accepted  a  position  as 
manager  of  a  hosiery  factory  in  Thompsonville.  This  position  he  resigned 
at  about  the  age  of  twenty-fi\-e,  owing  to  poor  health,  consequent  upon  too 
close  application  to  business,  and  for  four  or  five  years  traveled  in  cjuest  of 
recuperation.  During  this  time  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the 
guidance  of  Dr.  E.  L.  Draper,  of  Flolyoke,  Massachusetts,  and  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1877,  the  title  of  his  graduation  thesis  being  "Tinnitus  Aurium."     Within 


582  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

two  weeks  after  graduating  he  received,  unsolicited,  the  appointment  as 
assistant  surgeon  to  the  ^Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital.  He  began  prac- 
tice at  107  West  Fort3'-first  street,  where  he  remained  for  two  years,  re- 
moving then  to  107  AA'est  Fortieth  street.  Since  1887  he  has  practiced  at  his 
present  address,  28  AVest  Forty-third  street. 

He  was  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  from 
1877  to  1894.  surgeon  to  the  Northeastern  Dispensary  from  1879  to  1885, 
surgeon  to  the  Dispensary  of  Hol}^  Trinity  from  1877  to  1883,  physician  (out- 
side) to  the  Dispensary  of  Holy  Trinity  from  1877  to  1880,  lecturer  at  the 
New  York  Polyclinic  from  1889  to  1892;  lecturer  for  the  New  York  board  of 
education  in  the  "Free  Lectures  for  the  People."  from  its  inception  in  1888 
to  1902.  He  is  a  member  of  the  ]vledical  Society  of  the  County  of  New 
York,  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  ]\Iedicine,  member  of  the  New 
York  Medical  Union,  member  of  the  New  York  Society  for  the  Relief  of 
Widows  and  Orphans  of  IMedical  Men,  member  of  the  American  Otological 
Society,  member  of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  corresponding 
fellow  of  the  ]\Iaine  Academy  of  ^Medicine  and  Sciences. 

For  one  year  Dr.  Tansley  was  a  regular  contributor  to  Pediatrics,  having 
an  article  published  in  each  issue  of  the  journal,  and  other  articles  published 
elsewhere  are  as  follows :  "Removal  of  a  Sequestrum  of  the  Petrous  Bone, 
including  the  Semicircular  Canals ;"  "Nasal  Difhculties  in  Ear  Diseases :"  "An 
Improved  Aural  Salve;"  "A  New  Bandage  for  Mastoid  Cases;"  "Acute  Atti- 
cal  Disease  and  Its  Treatment;"  "Deviated  Septae  in  Ear  Diseases,  with 
New  Operation  for  their  Correction ;"  "A  Piece  of  Bougie  in  the  Eustachian 
Tube;"  "New  Eye  Instruments;"  "A  Persistent  Case  of  Iritis;"  "A  Congeni- 
tal Ptosis  Case  with  New  Operation;"  "Cyst  of  the  Vitreous,  with  Patient;" 
"Congenitally  Inefficient  External  Rectus  with  Binocular  Vision."  and  many 
others. 

The  instruments  invented  or  modified  by  Dr.  Tansley  are  as  follows : 
"New  Lachrvmal  Svringe."  "New  Laclirvmal  Probe.  Weber-Tansley  Series," 
"Lachrymal" Style,"'  "New  Polypus  Snare  for  the  Ear."  "3>Iodified  Nasal 
Splint,"  "New  Mastoid  Bandage,"  "Modification  of  Siegle's  Otoscope."  "Eye 
Forceps,"   "Aluminum  Cotton  Carrier,"  etc..  etc. 

Dr.  Tanslev  finds  his  chief  recreation  in  the  exercise  of  mechanical  ingen- 
uity. He  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  Dr.  Tansley 
has  been  twice  married;  October  25,  1870.  to  Helen  Dudley  Joslin,  at  West- 
minster, ^Massachusetts,  who  bore  him  two  children,  Frank  Dudley  and  John 
Randolph,  the  latter  of  whom  was  drowned  in  1885 ;  the  second  marriage  was 
to  Imogene  Verginia  Powers,  at  Belleville.  New  Jersey,  November  8.  1900, 
this  marriage  without  issue. 


■'to"- 


THOMAS  HERBERT  ALLEN.   M.   D.— 1875. 

Dr.  Thomas  Herbert  Allen,  of  New  York  city,  is  of  Irish  and  Scotch 
descent,  his  paternal  grandfather  having  been  for  more  than  twenty  years 
recorder  of  Sligo,  Ireland,  and  his  mother  having  been  the  sister  of  the  Earl 
of   Kirkcudbright,    Scotland.        Thomas   Herbert  Allen   was   born   May   24, 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUMNI.  583 

1854,  in  ]\Iillbrook.  Ontario,  Canada,  and  is  the  son  of  the  very  Venerable 
Archdeacon  Thomas  AA'ilHam  Allen,  archdeacon  of  Petersborough,  Canada, 
and  of  Jessie  (]McClellan)  Allen.  He  is  the  third  of  eight  sons,  the  others 
being:  George  Gordon,  residing  in  Manitoba;  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Allen,  dean 
of  Durham,  Canada ;  John  Allen,  gentleman  farmer :  the  Rev.  Alexander  Al- 
len, rector  of  Christ  church,  Springfield;  Henr}'  Burke  Allen;  Dr.  Norman 
Allen,  medical  health  officer,  city  of  Toronto,  Canada;  and  Walter  McClel- 
lan  Allen,  lawyer,  Springiield. 

Dr.  Allen  was  educated  in  the  academy  in  Goderich,  Canada,  graduated 
as  chemist  and  druggist  from  the  Ontario  College  of  Pharmacy,  and  re- 
ceiving his  degree  as  a  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1875,  after  which  he  came  to 
New  York  and  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  two  years'  experience  in  Charity  Hos- 
pital. He  then  began  private  practice.  Dr.  Allen  also  served  for  a  time  as 
visiting  physician  to  the  almshouse  and  workhouse  hospitals  and  was  presi- 
dent of  its  board.  It  was  to  his  persistent  efforts  alone  that  these  institutions 
were  established,  in  1877,  by  the  commissioners  of  public  charities.  He  is 
consulting  gynecologist  to  the  City  Hospital,  and  was  elected  president  of 
the  board,  which  position  he  resigned  after  serving  one  year.  He  is  one  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Home  for  the  Blind  for  New  York  City  and  Vi- 
cinity. Dr.  Allen's  contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  profession  include 
a  paper  read  before  the  State  ^ledical  Association  at  a  meeting  in  Brooklyn, 
entitled  "Traumatic  Peh'ic  Cellulities,''  reprinted  in  Gaillar's  Medical  Jour- 
nal of  September,  1889:  and  is  the  author  of  various  other  brochures.  Dr. 
Allen  was  surgeon  to  Cavalry  Squadron  A  twelve  years  and  a  half,  and  vol- 
unteered for  service  in  Porto  Rico  during  the  Spanish  war,  resigning  after 
the  restoration  of  peace;  he  is  now  an  honorary  member.  He  has  recently 
been  offered  the  position  of  surgeon  general  %  General  Charles  F.  Roe, 
which  he  declined,  owing  to  lack  of  time.  Dr.  Allen  is  a  member  of  the  New 
York  Medical  Association,  the  State  Medical  Association,  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  ^Medicine,  New  York  County  JNIedical  Society  and  Association. 

Dr.  Allen  is  an  enthusiastic  sportsman,  his  favorite  diversions  being 
those  which  are  found  in  the  excitement  of  the  chase  and  the  meditative 
pastime  of  the  angler.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
and  is  an  attendant  at  the  Church  of  Heavenh*  Rest.  Dr.  Allen  married,  in 
1880.  Blanche  Douw  Townsend,  of  New  York,  a  daughter  of  General  John 
F.  Townsend,  ]\I.  D.,  LL.  D.,  of  Albany;  they  have  one  daughter,  Jessie 
Louise. 

HENRY  SWIFT  UPSON,  M.  D.— 1884. 

Dr.  Henry  Swift  Upson  was  born  December  22,  1859,  in  Akron,  Ohio, 
and  is  the  son  of  AA''illiam  H.  and  Julia  (Ford)  Upson.  The  former  was 
judge  of  the  supreme  and  circuit  courts  of' Ohio.  In  1880  Dr.  Upson  grad- 
uated from  the  Western  Reserve  University  of  Hudson,  Ohio,  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  after  which  he  studied  for  a  year  in  Germany,  and 
in  1 88 1  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  re- 
ceiving from  that  institution  in  .1884  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  JNIedicine.     For 


584  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

two  j^ears  he  served  as  an  interne  in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  and  during  the 
two  j'ears  following  studied  in  Berlin  and  Heidelberg. 

Since  September,  1887,  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  is  attending  physician  to  the  Lakeside  Hos- 
pital, consulting  neurologist  to  the  St.  Alexis  Hospital  and  former  consulting" 
neurologist  to  the  City  Hospital.  He  occupies  the  chair  as  professor  of  dis- 
eases of  the  nervous  system  in  the  medical  school  of  the  Western  Reserve 
University.  Dr.  Upson  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
and  the  Cleveland  Medical  Society,  in  which,  in  1900,  he  held  the  office  of 
president.     He  belongs  to  the  Union  and  University  Clubs. 

^^^\RREN   SCHOONOVER,  M.   D.— 1867. 

Dr.  Warren  Schoonover  was  born  February  17,  1838,  at  Honesdale, 
Pennsylvania,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Daniel  and  Eliza  Schoonover  of  that 
place.  His  grandfather,  William  Schoonover,  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
northern  Pennsylvania,  and  purchased  the  first  patent  of  land  granted  in 
Wayne  countv,  Pennsylvania,  in  1793:  his  uncle,  Levi  Schoonover,  was  the 
first  white  male  child  born  in  that  county. 

In  1864  Dr.  Schoonover  graduated  from  Union  College,  Schenectady, 
New  York,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  receiving,  in  1867,  that  of 
Master  of  Arts.  Li  the  latter  year,  having  studied  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  he  graduated  from  that  institution  as 
Doctor  of  Medicine,  after  which  he  sen.'ed  as  house  physician  in  Charity 
Hospital  until  March,  1868.  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  assistant  curator 
of  the  Charity  Hospital,  and  has  been  for  thirty  years  house  physician  for 
the  Northeastern  Dispensary  and  secretary  of  its  board  of  managers.  He 
has  written  several  articles  for  the  medical  journals. 

Dr.  Schoonover  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  Medico- 
Surgical  Society,  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Academy  of  Medicine  and  the  American  Public  Health  Association.  He 
is  an  active  member  of  the  Masonic  order,  having  been  initiated,  in  1866,  in 
Astor  Lodge  No.  603,  and  subsec[uently  enrolled  successively  in  Ph(ienix 
Chapter  No.  2,  and  Morton  Commandery  No.  4.  Afterward  he  affiliated 
with  Alma  Lodge  No.  728,  Amity  Chapter  No.  160,  and  Palestine  Com- 
mandery No.  18.  He  has  served  as  master  of  his  lodge  for  two  successive 
years,  and  as  high  priest  of  his  chapter  for  three  successive  years,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  which  time  the  chapter  members  held  his  services  in  such  esteem 
that  they  presented  him  with  an  engrossed  and  framed  set  of  resolutions. 
He  has  held  the  office  of  treasurer  of  his  chapter  for  twenty  successive  years. 
He  now  holds  the  position  of  surgeon  in  his  commandery,  and  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Cerneau  Consistory,  Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite, 
having  received  its  highest,  or  thirty-third,  degree.  He  was  at  one  time 
secretary  of  the  Grand  Consistory  of  New  York  state.  He  is  connected 
with  Mecca  Temple,  Mystic  Shrine,  and  is  active  in  nearly  every  branch  of 
Masonrv  in  which  his  name  is  enrolled.     He  belongs  also  to   many  other 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  585 

societies,  such  as  tlie  American  Legion  of  Honor,  Chosen  Friends  and  Royal 
Arcanum,  in  all  of  which  he  has  served  as  presiding  officer. 

He  was  married  August  10,  1870,  to  Miss  Amanda  M.  Mathewson. 
They  have  four  children:  Mattie  Eliza,  Warren,  Jr.,  Amanda  and  Clififord 
Schoonover.  Warren  Schoonover,  Jr.,  is  a  practicing  physician  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  Clifford  is  a  student  in  the  medical  department  of  Cornell 
University.  Dr.  Schoonover's  New  York  address  is  115  East  Fifty-ninth 
street. 

AELAN   McLANE   HAMILTON,    M.    D.— 1870. 

Alexander  Hamilton  and  Chief  Justice  Salmon  P.  Chase  share  the  honor 
of  having  originated  the  financial  system  of  the  United  States.  No  one 
acquainted  with  our  national  history  needs  to  be  informed  about  the  dis- 
ordered state  of  the  treasury  when  the  first  secretary  of  that  department  was 
called  to  take  charge  of  it  and  become  a  member  of  Washington's  first  cabinet 
in  1789.  He  quickly  evolved  order  out  of  chaos,  and  prepared  the  way  for 
the  prosperity  that  followed.  Abilities  of  a  very  different  kind  but  of  an 
equally  high  order  were  to  be  transmitted  to  his  grandson.  Dr.  Allan  McLane 
Hamilton,  son  of  Philip  and  Rebecca  (McLane)  Hamilton,  who  was  born 
in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  October  6,  1848.  His  father  was  a  son  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  the  first  secretarj^  of  the  treasury,  and  his  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Louis  McLane,  secretary  of  state  under  President  Jackson.  The  heritage 
of  the  rare  intellectual  powers  of  his  grandfathers  manifested  itself  early  in 
the  life  of  the  fortunate  heir  to  this  liberal  legacy  of  mental  force. 

He  obtained  his  academic  preparation  in  the  schools  of  his  native  city, 
and  pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1870,  at  the  age  of  twentv-two 
years.  At  this  time  he  competed  for  and  won  the  Harsen  prize  medal  and 
the  first  Facult}'  prize  for  a  paper  entitled  "Galvano  Puncture."  Nine  years 
later  he  read  a  paper  on  "Diseases  of  the  Lateral  Columns  of  the  Spinal 
Cord,"  to  which  was  awarded  the  prize  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

Almost  from  the  outset  of  his  practice  Dr.  Hamilton  gave  particular 
attention  to  the  study  of  nervous  diseases,  and  the  success  with  which  he 
prosecuted  his  studies  in  this  direction  early  made  him  a  recognized  American 
authority  in  the  department  of  neurology.  To  him  must  be  ascribed  the  credit 
of  having  been  the  first  physician  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  to  prescribe 
and  recommend  nitro-glycerine  in  the  treatment  of  nervous  and  vascular  dis- 
eases, and  he  was  also  among  the  first  in  the  LTnited  States  to  use  the  galvano- 
cautery  and  electrolysis  in  medicine  and  surgery.  Dr.  Hamilton's  continued 
inquiries  have  repeatedly  led  him  into  new  paths.  One  of  the  most  noticeable 
of  the  innovations  that  followed  from  his  initiative  came  as  the  sequel  of  a 
paper  on  "Intestinal  Autotoxis  as  a  Cause  of  Insanity,"  which  he  read  in 
1898  before  the  Medical  Society  of  London.  The  points  there  brought  out 
produced  a  profound  impression  and  have  since  led  to  a  radical  change  in 
the  treatment  of  mental  diseases.  Throughout  the  entire  course  of  his  prac- 
tice Dr.  Hamilton's  official  connections  have  been  in  line  with  his  chosen 
specialty.     In  1872-3  he  was  physician  in  charge  of  the  New  York  State  Hos- 


;86  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


pital  for  diseases  of  the  nervous  system  and  for  several  years  was  visiting  sur- 
geon to  the  Epileptic  and  Parahtic  Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island.  Other 
appointments  held  by  him  in  the  earlier  part  of  his  career  were  attending 
physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital  for  Nervous  Diseases,  consulting  phy- 
sician to  the  New  York  Insane  and  Idiot  Asylums  and  consulting  physician 
to  the  Hudson  River  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  and  the  New  York 
Institution  for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled.  His  latest  collegiate  appointment 
which  he  still  holds  is  professor  of  mental  diseases  at  Cornell  University  Med- 
ical College. 

Naturally,  from  his  eminence  as  a  neurologist.  Dr.  Hamilton  has  been  fre- 
quently called  as  an  expert  in  murder  cases  and  other  celebrated  criminal  trials 
in  which  the  sanity  of  the  accused  was  one  of  the  issues  to  be  determined.  In 
this  capacity  he  appeared  on  behalf  of  the  government  at  the  trial  of  Charles 
I.  Guiteau  for  the  murder  of  President  Garfield.  Other  cases  in  which  he  was 
summoned  to  give  evidence  on  behalf  of  the  prosecution  were  the  cases  of 
Maria  Barberim.  Carlyle  AA^  Harris  and  AA^hittaker.  all  of  which  attracted 
wide  attention  at  the  time. 

Departures  from  beaten  paths  in  any  particular  science  are  not  brought 
about  by  sporadic  pamphlets  and  fugitive  contributions  to  the  periodical  press, 
and  accordingly  Dr.  Hamilton  has  not  confined  himself  to  this  ineffectual 
and  transitory  method  of  giving  his  ideas  to  the  world.  In  1873  he  published 
his  since  famous  treatise  on  "Clinical  Electro-Therapeutics,"  which  quickly 
became  a  text  book  throughout  the  world  and  was  translated  into  many 
languages,  including  Japanese.  Other  works  of  equal  originality  and  world- 
wide authority  have  since  appeared  from  his  pen.  A  treatise  entitled  "Ner- 
vous Diseases"  was  published  in  1878  and  immediately  upon  its  appearance 
was  adopted  by  the  profession  both  here  and  abroad.  In  1895  Dr.  Hamilton 
published  his  work  on  medical  jurisprudence,  which  immediately  commanded 
general  recognition.  For  several  years  he  was  editor  of  the  American  Psy- 
chological Journal.  From  time  immemorial  the  world's  philosophers  or  meta- 
physicans  were  accustomed  to  study  mental  phenomena  without  regard  to  the 
physical  environment,  without  which  the  psyche,  or  ego,  cannot  be,  in  the 
sense  of  being  within  the  pale  of  human  observation.  Dr.  Hamilton  has 
aimed  to  supply  the  missing  physiological  elements,  and  thus  to  give  psychol- 
ogy a  phvsico-spiritual  stamp  impressed  upon  it  bj'  nature. 

Dr.  Hamilton  is  president  of  the  Psychiatric  Society,  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Neurology,  of  which  he  was  secretary  in  1875 ;  a  member  of  the 
American  Neurological  Association,  a  member  of  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Society,  a  corresponding  fellow  of  the  Medical  Society  of  London, 
and  in  1899  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburg. 

COLMAN  AVARD   CUTLER,   AI.   D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Colman  AA'ard  Cutler  was  born  April  23,  1862,  in  New  London, 
Connecticut,  and  is  the  son  of  AVilliam  A¥.  and  Mary  (AA'illiams)  Cutler. 
He  is  of  New  England  ancestry,  tracing  his  descent  from  James  Cutler,  who 
emigrated  in  1635  from  England,  probably  from  Norwich,  in  the  county  of 
Norfolk,  and  settled  in  AA''est  Brookfield,  Massachusetts. 


•I'  ■ 


rf*^ 


/tiu^c/kudM^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  '    ■       587 

Dr.  Cutler  received  his  preparatory  education  in  Russell's  Collegiate 
and  Commercial  Institute  of  New  Haven,  and  in  1885  graduated  from  Yale 
University  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1889  he  received  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine.  He  served  for  two  years  as  interne  in  the  medical  department 
of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  then  went  abroad.  He  spent  some  time  in 
Vienna,  receiving  the  instructions  of  Professor  Fuchs,  and  also  studied 
in  Berlin  and  Paris,  giving  special  attention  to  ophthalmology.  Since  1895 
he  has  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1896  he  was  appointed 
attending  ophthalmologist  at  Randall's  Island  Hospital,  and  assistant  sur- 
geon to  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  also  attending  ophthalmologist  to  St. 
Luke's  Hospital.  The  first  position  he  resigned  in  1898,  and  the  two  latter 
he  still  holds.  He  was  for  two  years  instructor  in  ophthalmology  at  Cornell 
University,  resigning  this  position  in  1902,  and  since  1899  has  been  con- 
sulting ophthalmologist  to  St.  John's  Hospital  at  Yonkers,  and  has  recently 
been  appointed  attending  ophthalmologist  to  the  New  York  Foundling  Hos- 
pital. 

Dr.  Cutler  has  contributed  to  the  medical  journals  a  number  of  articles 
relating  to  ophthalmology.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society, 
the  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  the  New  York  Ophthalmological 
Society,  St.  Luke's  Alumni  Society,  the  Therapeutic  Club  and  the  Prac- 
titioners' Society  of  Yonkers.  He  belongs  to  the  University  and  the  Yale 
Clubs,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  Dr.  Cutler 
married,  in  1891,  in  Oakland,  California,  Jennie  Adelia  Lohman,  a  resident 
of  that  city.  They  are  the  parents  of  five  children,  Paul  Colman,  Ralph 
Williams,  Miriam  Adelia,  Richard  Pliney  and  Phoebe.  Dr.  Cutler's  address 
is  36  East  Thirty-third  street.   New  York. 

CORNELIUS   COLE   BRADLEY,   M.   D.— 1885. 

Dr.  C.  Cole  Bradle}',  a  specialist  of  ophthalmology,  at  51  West 
Fiftieth  street.  New  York  city,  traces  his  ancestry  back  for  three 
generations  on  the  paternal  side  to  natives  of  Connecticut,  who 
originally  came  to  that  state  from  England.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is 
descended  from  an  old  and  honored  Dutch  ancestry.  Dr.  Bradley  Avas  born 
in  Middletown,  New  York,  November  22,  1862,  the  son  of  Benjamin  W.  and 
Mary  (Cole)  Bradley.  He  acquired  his  preliminary  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Newburg,  New  York,  later  was  a  student  in  the  New  York  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy,  from  which  he  received  his  degree  of  Graduate  of  Phar- 
macy, and  subsequently  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of   1885. 

He  served  in  the  capacity  of  interne  on  Randall's  Island  from  1885  to 
1886,  after  which  he  established  an  office  in  Fordham,  where  he  conducted 
a  general  practice  until  1892.  The  following  two  years  he  spent  abroad, 
devoting  his  attention  to  the  study  of  ophthalmology  in  the  universities  of 
Vienna.  Berlin,  London  and  Paris,  and  since  his  return  in  1894  has  confined 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


his  practice  altogether  to  that  branch  of  the  profession.  For  many  years 
he  was  the  attending  ophthahnologist  to  the  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd 
and  the  House  of  Refuge,  and  at  the  present  time  (1903)  is  filhng  the  posi- 
tion of  ophthahiiologist  to  the  New  York  Catholic  Protectory,  to  St,  Joseph's 
Orphan  Asylum  and  to  St.  Joseph's  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institute;  he  is  also  the 
consulting  ophthalmologist  to  the  Home  for  Incurables,  Dr.  Bradley  is  the 
author  of  an  article  on  "Blepharospasm,"  published  in  the  Reference  Hand- 
Book  of  Medical  Sciences  (Buck). 

On  August  20,  1900,  Dr,  Bradley  married  Elizabeth  Ellis  Riblet,  of 
New  York  city.  They  have  one  child,  Catherine  Du  Bois  Bradley.  Their 
private  residence  is  at  2541  Marion  avenue.  New  York  city. 

ROBERT  TUTTLE  MORRIS,  M.  D.— 1882. 

Dr.  Robert  Tuttle  Morris  was  born  May  14,  1857,  in  Seymour  Con- 
necticut, and  is  the  son  of  Luzon  Burritt  and  Eugenia  Laura  ( Tuttle)  Mor- 
ris. The  former  was  at  one  time  governor  of  Connecticut,  and  the  latter 
is  well  known  as  an  author.  Both  the  ]\Iorris  and  Tuttle  families  have 
been  associated  with  the  history  of  the  state  of  Connecticut  from  the  earliest 
colonial  period. 

Dr.  iMorris  attended  the  Hopkins  grammar  school  of  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, after  which  he  took  a  three  years"  course  in  biology  at  Cornell  L^ni- 
versity,  which  he  completed  in  1879,  and  in  1882  received  from  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
During  the  next  two  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  house  staiT  of  Bellevue 
Hospital,  after  which  he  devoted  himself  to  work  in  various  European 
clinics  until  1885.  In  that  year  he  began  practice  at  The  Cumberland,  173 
Fifth  avenue.  New  York  city,  removing  two  years  later  to  133  West  Thirty- 
fourth  street.  He  has  now  been  practicing  for  several  years  at  49  ^\^est 
Thirty-ninth  street,  his  residence  being  at  58  \\'est  Fifty-sixth  street.  He 
is  professor  of  surgery  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  ^Medical  School  and 
visiting  surgeon  to  the  Post-Graduate  Hospital. 

Dr.  Morris  is  the  author  of  a  brochure  entitled  "How-  \\'e  Treat 
Wounds  To-day,"  published  in  1886  by  the  Putnams.  This  work  had  a 
large  sale,  and  was  especially  effective  in  reaching  those  far  removed  from 
the  metropolitan  centers.  His  "Lectures  on  Appendicitis,"  published  in  1895 
by  the  Putnams,  is  used  as  a  text  book  in  medical  colleges.  The  report  of  his 
studies  upon  the  nature  of  appendicitis,  presented  at  the  meeting  of  the  Pan- 
American  Medical  Congress  in  1893,  "^^'^^  accepted  as  authoritative  in  this 
countrv  and  Europe.  He  is  the  author  of  various  monographs  recorded  in  the 
Index  ]\Iedicus  and  Index  Catalogue  of  the  surgeon  general's  office.  Among 
them  may  be  mentioned  the  following,  which  represent  original  investigations  : 
"Potts  Fracture  Compared  with  Fracture  of  the  Fibula  by  Inversion  of  the 
Foot,''  Neiv  York  Medical  Journal,  December,  1887;  "The  Anatomy  and 
Mechanism  of  the  Injury  Known  as  Subluxation  of  the  Head  of  the  Radius," 
A''<?'lC'  York  Medical  Journal,  June,    1889;  "A  Method  for  Palpation  of  the 


/,y^<<nnZ^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  589 

Kidnej's,"  Transactions  of  the  A.  A.  O.  G.,  1891 ;  "Malignant  Diseases  of 
the  Navel  as  a  Secondary  Complication,"  Transactions  of  the  International 
Medical  Congress,  1890;  "The  Prevention  of  Secondary  Peritoneal  Adhe- 
sions by  ]\Ieans  of  an  Aristol  Film."  Transactions  of  the  A.  A.  O.  G.,  1891 ; 
"Intravenous  Injections  of  Methyl  Violet,"  Medical  Mirror,  1891 ;  "The  Re- 
moval of  Carious  and  Necrotic  Bone  by  Means  of  Hydrochloric  Acid  and 
Pepsin,"  Transactions  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Associa- 
tion, 1891  :  "A  Report  on  Experiments  Germane  to  the  Subject  of  Abdominal 
Supporters  After  Laparotomy,"  Transactions  of  the  American  ^ledical  Asso- 
ciation, 1891 ;  "Is  Evolution  Trying  to  do  Away  with  the  Clitoris?"  Transac- 
tions of  the  A.  A.  O.  G.,  1892;  "The  Action  of  Trypsin,  Pancreatic  Extract 
and  Pepsin  upon  Coagula  and  Sloughs,  Transactions  of  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society,  1891  ;  "Hypertrophy  of  the  Prostate  Gland,  Operation  For," 
Nez<j  York  Medical  Journal.  1890;  "J^Iallet  Finger,"  Transactions  of  the  Pan- 
American  Medical  Congress,  1893;  "Removal  of  Fistulous  Pipes  After  Dis- 
tension with  Plaster  of  Paris,"  Nezi<  Eiiglaiid  Medical  Monthly,  1891 ;  "In- 
fective Appendicitis ;  An  Original  Investigation,"  Transactions  of  the  Pan- 
American  Medical  Congress,  1893;  "The  Dowel  Pin  in  Fracture  of  the 
Clavicle,"  Post-Graduate,  1892:  "The  Experimental  Production  of  Ileal  In- 
tussusception with  Carbonate  of  Sodium,"  Medical  Record,  1894:  "Ovarian 
Grafting,"  Medical  Record,  1901 ;  "Experiments  with  Cargile  [Membrane, " 
Medical  Record,  1902;  "General  Enteroptosis ;  Operations  For,"  Medical 
Nezvs,  1902;  "Endoscopic  Tubes  for  Direct  Inspection  of  the  Interior  of  the 
Uterus  and  Bladder,"'  Transactions  of  the  A.  A.  O.  G.,  1893.  Dr.  Morris 
is  also  the  author  of  "Hopkins'  Pond,"  published  in  1896  by  the  Putnams. 
This  consists  of  a  collection  of  field  sketches  on  natural  history  topics,  and  is 
a  work  of  special  interest  to  naturalists  and  sportsmen. 

Dr.  Alorris  is  a  member  of  the  American  Association  of  Obstetricians 
and  Gynecologists,  the  American  "Medical  Association,  the  New  York  State 
and  County  Medical  Societies,  Bellevue  Hospital  Alumni  Association,  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  xAssociation,  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  Alumni  Association,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association, 
and  the  New  York  ]\Iedical  Union.  He  is  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine.  He  also  belongs  to  the  American  Geographical  Society,  the 
Linnean  Society  of  Natural  Histor}-,  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  the  New 
England  Society,  Cornell  Alumni  Association,  and  the  Metropolitan  Cornell 
University,  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  and  Camp  Fire  Clubs.  The  pursuit  of  his  pro- 
fession takes  with  him  precedence  of  all  recreations,  but  of  these  field  work 
in  botany  and  zoology,  horticulture,  shooting  and  fishing  present  to  him  the 
greatest  attractions.  In  religious  views  he  is  a  materialist,  and  while  con- 
tributing to  the  support  of  churches  holds  membership  in  none.  Dr.  Morris 
married  June  4,  1898,  in  New  York,  at  the  residence  of  the  Rev.  Henry  van 
Dyke,  Mrs.  Aimee  (Reynaud)  Mazergue,  daughter  of  Gustav  Reynaud,  of 
New  York.  They  have  one  daughter,  Eugenia  Reynaud,  born  May  6,  1899. 
One  stepdaughter,  Luisa  jMazergue,  born  February  11,  1883,  bears  the  adop- 
tive name  of  Morris, 


& 


590  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

HENRY  McMAHON  PAINTER,  M.  D.— 1888. 

Dr.  Henry  McMahon  Painter  was  born  Jul}'  12,  1863,  in  West  Haven, 
Connecticut,  and  is  the  son  of  Henry  Wheeler  and  Abigail  (Kitching)  Pain- 
ter. On  the  paternal  side  he  traces  his  descent  from  Thomas  Painter,  who 
came  from  England  in  1636,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  colony  of 
New  Haven.  An  ancestor  of  the  same  name  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  His  maternal  grandfather  and  grandmother  were  natives  respectively 
of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire,  England. 

Dr.  Painter's  preparatory  education  was  received  at  the  Hopkins  Gram- 
mar school  of  New  Haven,  and  in  1884  he  graduated  from  Yale  University 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  receiving,  the  following  year,  from  the 
same  institution,  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science.  He  then  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1 888  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  ^ledicine.  During  the  years  1884  and 
1885,  while  a  student  at  Yale,  he  had  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  chem- 
istrjf  and  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Peabody  Museum  in  New  Haven.  Dur- 
ing' his  third  year  as  a  medical  student  he  served  for  three  months  as  assistant 
resident  physician  of  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  and  after  graduation 
spent  eighteen  months  as  an  interne  in  the  collegiate  division  of  Bellevue 
Hospital.  He  then  began  practice  at  51  West  Twelfth  street,  whence  he 
removed  to  44  West  Ninth  street.  Subsecjuently  he  lived  at  602  Lexington 
avenue,  and  later  moved  to  62  AVest  Fifty-fifth  street,  where  he  is  now  en- 
gaged in  practice.  For  several  years  he  was  connected  with  the  department 
of  gynecology  in  the  dispensary  of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  He  served  for 
three  years  as  attending  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Infant  Asylum.  Dr.  Pain- 
ter was  one  of  the  physicians  who,  in  1890,  assisted  Dr.  James  Wright  Mar- 
koe  in  founding  the  Midwifer}'  Dispensary,  an  institution  which,  in  1892, 
was  absorbed  by  the  Society  of  the  Lying-in  Hospital.  Dr.  Painter  is  a 
member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  Century  Club  and  Grolier  Club. 
He  married.  June  30,  1S90,  Carrie  A.  Stevens,  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

STEPHEN  SMITH  BURT,  A.  M.,  M.  D.— 1875.     ' 

Dr.  Stephen  S.  Burt,  professor  of  medicine  and  physical  diagnosis  at  the 
New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  is  a  descendant  of 
a  Puritan  ancestry,  who  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  settlement  of  the  country 
and  participated  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Henry  Burt,  the  progenitor  of 
the  American  branch  of  the  family,  come  to  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  from 
England  in  1638;  later  he  became  one  of  the  founders  of  Springfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  the  original  clerk  of  the  writs  of  that  town,  was  also  chosen  as 
one  of  the  selectmen,  being  re-elected  to  the  position  many  years,  and  he  estab- 
lished the  first  military  company  in  Springfield  about  the  year  1647.  His 
son,  Nathaniel  Burt,  was  the  first  man  in  western  New  England  to  donate 
land  on  which  to  erect  a  public  school,  and  a  monument  has  been  erected  in 
Longmeadow.  Massachusetts,  commemorating  that  fact.  Dr.  Burt's  grand- 
father, Aaron  Burt,  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Syracuse,  New  York,  and  his 
father,  Oliver  Teall  Bui"t,  was  a  resident  of  the  same  city  and  took  a  leading 


th'^^^^^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  591 

part  in  its  social  and  business  affairs;  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Rebecca 
Johnston,  a  descendant  of  a  Scotch-Irish  ancestr}^ 

Dr.  Burt  was  born  at  Oneida,  New  York,  November  i,  1850,  and  his 
Hterary  education  was  obtained  in  the  schools  of  West  Newton,  Massachus- 
etts, Eagleswood  Military  Academy,  Perth  Amboy,  New  Jersey,  the  Edwards 
Place  School  at  Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  and  at  Cornell  University  during 
the  first  two  years  of  its  existence.  In  1872  he  entered  for  one  year  the 
medical  department  of  Syracuse  University,  and  entered  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  in  1873  and  was  graduated  from  that  college 
in  1875 :  he  was  the  valedictorian  of  his  class,  this  honor  being  decided  by 
competition.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1890 
from  Yale  College.  In  the  fall  of  1875  he  was  appointed  interne  at  Roosevelt 
Hospital,  serving  for  one  year  and  a  half,  and  in  the  spring  of  1877  he  began 
the  private  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city.  Directly  after  the 
termination  of  his  service  at  Roosevelt  Hospital,  he  was  appointed  attending 
physician  of  the  out-door  department  for  diseases  of  the  heart  and  lungs  at 
Bellevue  Hospital :  recei\'ed  the  appointment  of  instructor  of  medicine  and 
physical  diagnosis  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and 
Hospital  in  1882  (its  beginning),  and  has  held  the  position  of  professor  of 
medicine  and  physical  diagnosis  of  the  same  institution  since  1884;  was  pro- 
fessor of  thoracic  diseases  in  the  University  of  Vermont  during  the  years  1884 
and  1885,  ^"d  was  appointed  pension  surgeon  in  1877  and  served  as  president 
of  the  board  of  United  States  pension  surgeons  of  New  York  for  eight  years. 

Dr.  Burt  is  the  author  of  a  textbook  entitled,  "Exploration  of  the  Chest 
in  Health  and  Disease."  and  he  has  also  contributed  the  following  named 
medical  pamphlets :  "Single  Uterus  and  Double  Vagina,"  A^czv  York  Medical 
Jounial,  1877;  "A  Clinic  on  Phthisis,  Acute  and  Chronic,  and  Acute  Miliary 
Tvihtrculosxs"  Nciv  England  Medical  Journal,  September  15,  1883;  "A  Clinic 
on  Intercostal  Neuralgia,  Acute  Pleurisy,  Croupous  Bronchitis,  etc.,"  Canada 
Lancet,  Toronto,  1883 ;  "Clinical  Lecture  on  Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  Lungs, 
with  Special  Reference  to  Physical  Diagnosis,"  N.ew  York  Medical  Journal, 
April  26,  1885;  remarks  on  "Brights  Disease,"  Tlie  Post-Graduafc.  1885; 
"Clinic  on  Heart  Disease,"  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  Philadelphia,  De- 
cember 4,  1886:  paper  on  "Pleurisy,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Journal,  April  23, 
1887;  "Some  of  the  Limitations  of  Medicine,"  Popidar  Science  Monthly,  July, 
1889:  "Views  on  the  Prevention  and  Treatment  of  Typhoid  Fever,"  Neiv 
York  Medical  Jounuil,  March  2,  1889;  "Pulmonary  Consumption  in  the 
Light  of  Modern  Research,"  Medical  Record,  April  12,  1890;  republished  in 
Montreal,  and  reviewed  July  26,  1890,  by  The  Lancet  (London)  ;  "Ethics  of 
Experimentation  on  Living  Animals,"  Post-Gradnate,  January,  1891 ;  "Bac- 
teriology and  Preventive  IMedicine,"  Post-Graduate,  April,  1891  :  "A  Flying 
Trip  from  New  York  to  California,"  Post-Graduate,  March,  1892;  "The  Pre- 
vention of  Intemperance,"  Post-Graduate,  September,  1892;  "Valvular  Heart 
Murmurs  and  their  Significance,"  Post-Graduate,  July,  1897;  two  articles — 
"Prophylactic  Treatment  of  L^rethral  Fever"  and  "Chlorosis,"  Post-Graduate, 
1897;  "Recollections  and  Reflections  of  a  Quarter  of  a  Century,"  Post-Grad- 
liate,  May,  1899;  "Thoracic  Aneurism,  Two  Cases,"  Medical  Record.  April 


592  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

28,  1900;  "Acute  Yellow  Atrophy  of  the  Liver,"  The  Lancet  (London),  May 
19,  1900;  "Multiple  Metastatic  Sarcomata  of  the  Lungs."  Philadelphia  Medi- 
cal Journal,  September  22.  1900;  also  translated  into  German  and  accepted  for 
publication  by  the  Berliner  Klinisch  Wochenschrift,  Berlin,  Ger- 
many, 1903:  "Treatment  of  Typhoid  Fever;"  Medical  Nezcs,  Oc- 
tober 20,  1900;  "Purpura  Hemorrhagica  or  Morbus  Maculosus  of 
Werlhof."  Boston  Medical  ami  Surgical  Journal,  November  i, 
1900,  and  republished  in  the  In.dian  Lancet,  Calcutta:  seven  brief 
medical  papers — "Floating  Spleen,"  "Fatty  Cirrhosis  of  the  Liver,"  "Amyloid 
Degeneration  of  the  Kidney,"  "Typhoid  Fever  with  Complications,"  "Diag- 
nosis in  the  Light  of  Necropsy,"  "Empyema,"  "Infectious  Diseases,"  in  the 
Post-Graduate,  September,  1900,  and  all  republished  by  the  Indian  Lancet, 
Calcutta ;  "Colloid  Cancer  of  the  Stomach  and  Omentum,  Diagnosis  by  x\b- 
dominal  Thoracentisis,"  Post-Graduate,  December,  1901,  republished  in  the 
Indian  Lancet,  Calcutta;  also  translated  into  German  and  published  under 
title  of  "Gallertkrebs  des  Magens  und  des  Omentums  Diagnose  durch  Paracen- 
tese,"  Deutsche  Praxis.  Munich,  January  10,  1902;  "Pneumonia  in  the  Light 
of  Modern  Research,"  Medical  Record.  February  8,  1902,  republished  in  the 
Indian  Lancet,  Calcutta,  India;  "Pneumonia:  an  Acute  Self-limited  Systemic 
Infection,"  American  Medicine,  Philadelphia,  April  26,  1902,  republished  in 
the  Indian  Lancet,  Calcutta,  India;  "Treatment  of  Pneumonia,"  Nezv  York 
Medical  Record,  April  26,  1902,  republished  in  the  India  Lancet.  Calcutta, 
India :  and  editorials  in  the  Post-Graduate  at  various  times. 

Dr.  Burt  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  New  York 
State  Medical  Society,  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the  Hospital  Grad- 
uates' Club,  and  attending  physician  to  the  Post-Graduate  Hospital.  He  is 
also  connected  with  the  Cornell  Laiiversity  Club,  Society  of  Colonial  Wars, 
Sons  of  the  Revolution  and  Society  of  the  Founders  and  Patriots  of  America. 
He  is  interested  in  the  study  of  history  and  science,  advocates  out-door  life 
and  athletics,  and  is  fond  of  vocal  music,  being  a  member  for  a  number  of 
years  and  vice-president  for  one  year  of  the  Choral  Club.  Dr.  Burt's  resi- 
dence is  at  21  West  Thirty-second  street.  New  York. 

DANIEL  LEWIS.  M.  D.— 1871. 

Dr.  Daniel  Lewis,  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Medical  Review  of  Re- 
views, was  born  at  Alfred.  Allegany  county.  New  York,  January  17,  1846. 
His  ancestors  on  the  i)aternal  side  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  many  well  known  physicians  of  that  state  bearing  the  name  of 
Lewis  were  more  or  less  related  to  him :  two  of  his  paternal  uncles  and  one  of 
his  maternal  uncles,  two  of  his  cousins,  and  an  elder  brother,  all  entered  the 
medical  profession. 

Daniel  Lewis  received  his  early  education  at  the  Alfred  Academy,  and  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  entered  the  United  States  navy,  re- 
maining until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  renewed  his  studies  in  Alfred 
University,  graduating  in  1869.  He  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  took  his  first  course  of  lectures,  after- 
wards entering  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surg'eons  of  New  York,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1871. 


-^c 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  593 

He  devoted  two  years  to  practice  at  Andover,  New  York,  after  which 
lie  returned  to  New  York  city,  where  he  has  remained  ever  since,  latterly  mak- 
ing a  specialty  of  surgery.  On  the  opening  of  the  New  York  Skin  and  Cancer 
Hospital,  Dr.  Lewis  was  made  assistant  surgeon,  and  then  visiting  surgeon  of 
that  institution.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  special  surgery 
(cancerous  diseases)  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  and 
he  also  held  for  a  time  the  position  of  surgeon  to  the  Brooklyn  Throat  Hos- 
pital, department  of  skin  diseases  and  cancer. 

Dr.  Lewis  joined  the  medical  society  of  the  county  of  New  York  in  1873, 
and  for  three  years  was  a  delegate  from  it  to  the  State  Medical  Society,  and 
for  four  years  was  a  member  of  its  board  of  censors.  In  1884  and  1885  he 
was  president  of  the  society,  and  was  editor  of  the  medical  directory  pub- 
lished by  it  until  igoi.  In  1880  he  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  serving  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  and 
as  vice-president,  and  is  also  a  member  of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society. 
He  is  a  member  and  ex-president  of  the  New  York  Dermatological  Society, 
and  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of  which,  in  1889,  he 
was  chosen  ])resident.  He  served  as  president  of  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid 
Association  from  1887  to  1899.  Dr.  Lewis  was  elected  president  of  the 
Alumni  Association  of  Alfred  University  in  1887;  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  the  l.hiiversity  in  1886  and  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in 
1902.  He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  New  York  board  of  health  by 
Governor  Morton  in  1895,  and  when  the  board  was  abolished,  in  1901,  he 
was  appointed  commissioner  of  health  by  Governor  Odell,  and  he  yet  occu- 
pies that  position.  He  has  been  for  many  years  an  active  member  ancl  surgeon 
of  Reno  Post,  G.  A.  R.,  New  York  city,  and  in  1887  '^'^'^s  medical  director  of 
the  department  of  New  York,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general. 

Dr.  Lewis  has  made  many  valuable  contributions  to  medical  periodicals, 
including  "Cancer  and  its  Treatment"  (1874),  "Marsden's  Treatment  of 
Cancer,"  read  before  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York  (1878), 
"Digitalis  in  the  Treatment  of  Scarlatina,"  read  before  the  same  society 
(1882)  ;  "The  Development  of  Cancer  from  Non-malignant  Disease"  (  1883), 
"Treatment  of  Erysipelas"  (1885),  "Treatment  of  Epithelioma  with  Mild 
Caustics"  (1887),  "The  Chian  Turpentine  Treatment  of  Cancer,"  read  before 
the  State  Medical  Society  (1888)  ;  "A  Malignant  Tumor  in  an  Umbilical  Her- 
nial Sac,  with  Remarks  on  the  Etiology  of  Cancer"  (1889)  ;  "Horsehair  Su- 
tures and  Drainage"  (1884),  "Cancer  and  its  Treatment"  (1892),  "The  Use 
and  Place  of  Caustics  in  the  Treatment  of  Cancer"  (Annals  of  Surgery, 
-April,  1893),  "Notes  of  a  Case  of  Cancer  of  the  True  Uterus;"  "Remarks  on 
Diagnosis  and  Treatment"  (The  Post-graduate  Journal.  June,  1893)  :  "Op- 
erati\'e  Treatment  of  Cancer  of  the  Rectum"  (1897),  and  "Enemies  of  Sani- 
tary Science"  (1897).  Besides  these  works,  Dr.  Lewis  was  the  founder  and 
is  the  publisher  and  proprietor  of  the  Medical  Review  of  Reviews,  a  monthly 
review  of  current  medical  literature  including  a  complete  index  medicus  of 
the  leading  articles  of  the  month.  Dr.  Lewis  was  married  October  10,  1872, 
to  Miss  Achsah  D.,  daughter  of  L.  C.  P.  Vaughan,  of  Springville,  New 
York.    Their  home  is  at  252  Madison  avenue.  New  York  city. 


594  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons. 

willia:\i  c.  avalser,  m.  d.— 1873. 

Dr.  A\'illiam  C.  AA'alser  was  born  in  Xew  York,  December  i,  185 1,  the 
son  of  Theodore  and  Mary  (Eastwood)  Walser.  The  former  was  a  native 
of  Switzerland  and  the  latter  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  His  paternal 
ancestors  for  several  generations  were  clerg}-men  of  the  Lutheran  faith,  his 
father  being  the  first  of  a  long  line  to  relinquish  theolog}^  for  the  profession 
of  medicine. 

W'illiam  C.  AA'alser  was  reared  in  his  native  state  and  received  his  col- 
legiate education  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  class  of  1869. 
After  leaving  college  he  went  to  Europe,  spending  two  years  in  Switzerland, 
and  while  there  decided  to  make  the  science  of  medicine  a  life  calling.  After 
his  return  to  the  United  States  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  and  graduated  in  the  class  of  1873.  After  serv- 
ing as  interne  in  the  German  Hospital  of  New  York,  he  entered  upon  the 
active  practice  of  his  calling  on  Staten  Island,  where  he  enjoys  in  an  enviable 
degree  the  respect  of  his  professional  brethren  as  well  as  patrons. 

Dr.  \A'alser  is  attending  surgeon  at  the  S.  R.  Smith  Infirmary  and  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  the  Nursen,-  and  Child's  Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Richmond  County  Medical  Society,  New  York  County  Medical  Association, 
German  American  T^Iedical  Association  and  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  As- 
sociation. Dr.  Walser  married,  in  1875,  Miss  Eleanor  Hollick,  of  Staten  Is- 
land, and  five  children  were  born  to  this  marriage,  Frederick  Theodore,  Have- 
lock,  Carl  \A'illiam.  Arthur  and  Guy. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  not  only  his  father  but  his  sister  and  a  brother- 
in-law  are  medical  graduates,  and  a  son,  Carl  \Y.,  is  a  medical  stiident  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and   Surgeons. 

WILLIAAI  GIOIAN  THO:\IPSON,  AI.  D.— 1881. 

Dr.  \A'ilIiam  Gilman  Thompson  was  born  December  25,  1856,  in  New 
York  city,  and  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Parrish  and  Elizabeth  (Gilman)  Thomp- 
son. The  former,  a  ripe  scholar,  and  the  author  of  many  valuable  books,  was 
for  twent3--six  years  pastor  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  New  York,  a  leader 
in  the  anti-slavery  cause,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Nctv  Enghndcr 
and  also  of  the  Independent.  For  many  years  he  lived  in  Europe,  where 
he  took  active  part  in  questions  of  international  law.  Dr.  Thompson's  paternal 
great-great-grandfather.  Lieutenant  AA'illiam  Thompson,  was  killed  in  the 
Revolutionary  battle  of  Ridgefield,  Connecticut,  April  2j.  ij~~.  His  mater- 
nal great-great-grandfather,  Captain  Ephraim  Bill,  of  Norwich,  Connecticut, 
was  also  an  officer  in  the  Revolution. 

Dr.  Thompson  received  his  early  education  in  private  schools,  subse- 
quently graduating  from  the  Hopkins  grammar  school  of  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut. He  studied  for  one  year  at  the  polytechnic  school  at  Carlsruhe,  Ger- 
many, and  in  1877  graduated  from  Yale  University,  receiving  from  the  Shef- 
field Scientific  School  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy.  He  then  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  but  the  death  of  his 
father,  which  occurred  in  Europe,  obliged  him  to  spend  another  year  abroad, 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  595 

during  which  he  attended  post-graduate  courses  in  the  medical  departments 
of  King's  College,  London,  and  the  University  of  Berlin.  On  returning  to 
this  country  he  resumed  his  studies  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York,  from  which  he  received,  in  1881,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine.  In  1885  he  was  awarded  the  Joseph  ]\Iather  Smith  prize  for  an 
essa)'  on  "Structure  of  the  Heart  Valves,"  and  also  the  Harsen  prize  of  $500 
for  an  essay  on  "Photography  of  the  Living  Heart  in  Motion."  After  grad- 
uation he  served  for  eighteen  months  as  interne  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  New  York  Hospital,  and  was  also  connected  with  the  dispensary  of  the 
Roosevelt  Hospital.  He  subsecjuently  became  visiting  physician  to  the  Bloom- 
ingdale  Asylum,  and  assistant  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York  Cancer 
Hospital.  From  1887  to  1895  he  was  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York 
Hospital,  and  since  the  former  year  has  held  the  same  position  at  the  Presb}-- 
terian  Hospital.  Since  1895  ^'^^  ^^^  been  visiting  physician  to  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital. Li  1884-5  'i^  held  a  position  as  quiz  master  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  and  from  1887  to  1896  occupied  the  chair  of  professor 
of  physiology  in  the  ]\Iedical  College  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  becoming  in  the  latter  year  professor  of  materia  medica,  therapeutics 
and  clinical  medicine  in  the  same  institution.  This  position  he  resigned  in 
1898,  but  continued  his  connection  with  the  L^niversity  by  accepting,  in  the 
same  year,  a  call  to  the  chair  of  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine.  This 
chair  he  held  for  one  year,  and  then  became  professor  of  medicine  in  the 
newly  established  medical  college  of  Cornell  L^niversity  in  New  York  city,  an 
appointment  which  he  still  retains.  From  1887  to  1894  he  was  professor  of 
pliysiolog\'  in  the  \\'oman"s  JNIedical  College  of  New  York  city. 

Dr.  Thompson  is  the  author  of  the  following  books :  "Training  Schools 
for  Nurses,"  published  in  1883  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons;  "Practical  Dietetics," 
published  in  1896  by  D.  Appleton  &  Company,  a  second  edition  having  been 
issued  in  1902;  "Practical  Medicine."  published  in  1900  by  Lea  Brothers,  and 
a  second  edition  called  for  in  1902.  He  Avrote  many  articles  for  "Wood's 
Reference  Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  and  for  "The  American  Text- 
Book  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  JMedicine  by  American  Teachers."  pub- 
lished in  1893  by  \\".  B.  Saunders.  He  was  co-editor  with  the  late  Dr.  A.  L. 
Loomis  of  a  work  comprising  four  volumes,  issued  in  1897  by  Lea  Brothers  of 
Philadelphia,  entitled :  "The  Loomis-Tliompson  American  System  of  Practi- 
cal JNIedicine."  He  is  the  author  of  the  following  papers,  which  were  read  be- 
fore the  Association  of  American  Physicians :  "Malarial  Organisms  in  Con- 
nection with  Typhoid  Fever,"  Vol.  10,  page  no;  "Myxoedema,"  Vol.  8, 
page  372;  "Study  of  Addison's  Disease."  Vol.  8,  page  35;  "Treatment  of 
Typhoid  Fever  by  Cold  Baths,"  Vol.  7,  page  59. 

Appended  is  a  partial  list  of  some  additional  papers  from  his  pen  :  "Suc- 
cessful Brain  Grafting,"  Nciv  York  Medical  Journal,  June  28,  1890;  "Three 
Cases  of  Tumor  of  the  Frontal  Lobe,''  Medical  Nen's,  May  31,  1890;  "The 
Therapeutic  Value  of  Oxygen  Lihalation,"  read  before  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  ^ledicine,  [May  16,  1889,  and  published  in  the  Medical  Record  of  July 
6,  1889;  "Instantaneous  Photographs  of  the  Heart  in  jNIotion  and  Peristalsis," 
Medical  Record,  March,   1886:  "The  Treatment  of  Cholelithiasis,"  Medical 


596  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

News,  April  27,  1897;  "Fallac}'  of  Hot  Air  Inhalation  in  Tuberculosis,"  Nezv 
York  Medical  Record,  April  26,  1890 :  "The  Caisson  Disease,"'  New  York 
Medical  Record,  February  3,  1894;  "The  Physiological  Action  of  Ozone  Pre- 
parations."' A^t'ct'  York  Medical  Record,  March  3,  1894:  "Immunity,"  Medical 
Record,  January  8,  1898;  "The  Modern  Treatment  of  Typhoid  Fever,"  New 
York  State  Journal  of  Medicine,  January,  1903 ;  "The  Instruction  of  Senior 
Students  in  jNIedicine.'"  Medical  Neics,  January  10,  1903. 

Dr.  Thompson  is  a  member  of  the  Practitioners'  Society,  the  New  York 
Clinical  Society,  the  ]\Iedical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  Association  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians,  the  American  Physiological  Society,  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine,  the  New  York  County  Medical  Societ}'.  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  New  York  State  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital Alumni  Association  and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital Alumni  Association.  He  belongs  to  the  Century  Association  and  the 
University  Club,  is  one  of  the  managers  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden, 
is  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences  and  member  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  Dr.  Thompson  mar- 
ried, in  1887.  Harriet  Howard,  daughter  of  the  late  Professor  John  Norton 
Pomeroy.  a  well-known  writer  on  legal  topics.  Dr.  Thompson's  address  is 
34  East  Thirty-first  street,  New  York. 

CHARLES  WTL^IOT  TOWNSEND.  M.  D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Charles  A\'.  Townsend  was  born  in  Clifton,  Staten  Island.  December 
8,  1867,  the  son  of  Charles  Higbee  and  Ellen  Louise  Payson  (W'yer)  Towns- 
end.  His  early  ancestors  were  Quakers,  who  first  settled  in  New  Amsterdam, 
but  subsecjuently  removed  to  Oyster  Bay.  Long  Island.  The  progenitor  of  the 
American  branch  of  the  family  was  John  Townsend,  who  was  born  in  Eng- 
land and  came  to  this  country  in  1630:  his  death  occurred  in  166S. 

Dr.  Tov.msend  acquired  his  literary  education  at  St.  Paul's  School.  Con- 
cord, New  Hampshire,  later  pursued  a  course  of  chemistry  at  the  School  of 
Mines  of  Columbia  College,  and  in  1890  was  graduated  from  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  having  acquired  the  third  Harsen 
prize  for  general  proficiency.  Subsequently  he  studied  medicine  in  Prague 
and  Vienna,  matriculating  at  the  University  of  Vienna.  In  1S91  Dr.  Town- 
send  established  an  office  in  New  Brighton,  borough  of  Richmond.  New  York, 
where  he  has  since  remained  in  the  general  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery. 
For  many  years  he  filled  the  position  of  surgeon  to  the  Staten  Island  Hospital, 
and  is  now  attending  sureeon  to  the  S.  R.  Smith  Infirmarv  and  consvilting 
surgeon  to  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  country  branch.  He  has  writ- 
ten quite  a  number  of  articles  for  the  medical  journals,  the  most  important 
being  "Radical  Cure  of  Hernia."  Dr.  Tov.-nsend  is  a  member  of  the  Rich- 
mond County  Medical  Society,  of  which  be  is  president :  the  State  Medical 
Society,  the  Greater  New  York  Medical  Association,  and  a  member  of  the 
Staten  Island  Club. 

Dr.  Townsend  is  a  director  of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  and  Cruelty 
to  Children,  also  acting  in  the  capacity  of  physician.     In  1895  he  received  the 


UlO^Jl^,,^  JmJAOUvel 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  597 

appointment  of  coroner  from  Governor  Morton,  and  the  following  year  was 
elected  to  fill  the  same  office:  in  1896  he  served  as  police  snrgeon  to  the  Rich- 
mond connty  police  force,  and  in  1898  was  nominated  for  congress  by  the 
Republicans  of  the  seventh  congressional  district.  On  June  28,  1890,  Dr. 
Townsend  married  Emma  A.  Walser,  M.  D.,  a  graduate  of  the  VVomen's 
Medical  College  of  the  New  York  Infirmary,  and  daughter  of  Theodore 
Walser,  M.  D.,  noted  for  his  philanthropy  ancl  devotion  to  the  public  service 
Avhile  filling"  the  positions  of  health  officer  and  assistant  sanitary  superinten- 
dent of  Richmond  borough.     They  have  had  six  children. 

WALTER   JUDSON,    M.    D.— 1870. 

Dr.  Walter  Judson  was  born  in  Bristol,  Connecticut,  May  i,  1840,  a  de- 
scendant of  an  old  colonial  ancestry.  His  great-grandfather,  Nathaniel 
Lewis,  was  in  command  of  the  forces  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  during  the 
Revolutionary  war :  his  granduncle,  Addin  Lewis,  donated  his  law  library  to 
Yale  College,  of  Avhich  he  was  a  graduate.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is  de- 
scended from  William  Lewis,  who  came  to  this  country  in  the  ship  Lion  in 
1633.  His  father,  Russel  Judson,  was  a  native  of  Newtown,  Connecticut, 
married  Sophia  Lewis,  and  his  death  occurred  in  1890,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
two  years,  while  his  wife  passed  away  in  1888,  aged  seventy-eight,  years. 

Dr.  Judson  prepared  for  college  in  the  common  schools  of  Bristol,  Con- 
necticut, and  in  Williston  Academy,  Easthampton,  Massachu.setts,  graduated 
from  Yale  in  1864  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  taking  the  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  same  institution  three  years  later,  and  obtained 
his  medical  degree  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  city  in  1870.  He  immediately  received  the  appointment  of  interne  at 
Eellevue  Hospital,  where  he  remained  until  1871.  He  then  located  in  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  engaged  in  a  general  practice  of  his  chosen  profession, 
and  in  addition  to  these  duties  acted  for  a  number  of  years  as  visiting  phy- 
sician, now  consulting  physician,  to  the  New  Haven  Hospital. 

Dr.  Judson  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  Connec- 
ticut Medical  Society,  New  Haven  County  Medical  Society  and  the  New 
Haven  Medical  Society.  In  1874  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Mallett,  of 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  one  son  was  born  to  them  in  1881,  but  died 
in  1883.  Mrs.  Judson  died  in  1899.  Dr.  Judson  is  a  member  of  th.e  Dwight 
Place   Congregational   church   of   New    Haven,    Connecticut. 

PAUL   FITZSIMONS    EVE,    M.    D.— 1879. 

Dr.  Paul  Fitzsimons  Eve,  professor  of  surgery  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Tennessee,  was  born  July  13,  1857,  in  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, and  is  the  son  of  Paul  Fitzsimons  and  Sarah  A.  (Duncan)  Eve.  The 
former  was  one  of  the  best  known  surgeons  of  Nashville.  Dr.  Eve  was 
educated  at  the  Nashville  high  school,  and  at  the  Nashville  and  Vanderbilt 
Universities.  In  1878  he  graduated  from  the  Nashville  Medical  College  as 
Doctor  of  Medicine,  and  in  1879  received  the  same  degree  from  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York.     Since  1878  he  has  been  engaged 


S98  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

in  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Nashville.  He  is  a  member  of  the  sur- 
gical staff  of  the  City  Hospital,  and  is  surgeon  and  part  owner  of  Eve's 
Infirmary.  He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  and  professor  of  anatomy  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Tennessee,  in  which  institution 
he  now  occupies  the  chair  of  professor  of  surgery. 

Dr.  Eve  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  articles  on  topics  connected  with 
his  profession,  which  have  been  published  in  the  Southern  Practitioner,  the 
American  Medical  Journal  and  other  professional  publications.  He  was 
president  of  the  Nashville  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  a  member  of  the  Ten- 
nessee State  Medical  Society,  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the 
University  Club.  He  holds  the  office  of  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
church.  Dr.  Eve  married,  in  1884.  Jennie  W.  Brown,  granddaughter  of 
Judge  Morgan  Brown.  They  have  two  children:  Mary  Brown,  born  March 
15,  1889;  and  Paul  F.,  Jr..  born  June  7,  1892. 

JOHN  WALTER  AVOOD,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  M.  D.— 1881. 

Dr.  J.  Walter  \\'ood  was  born  at  Alariner  Harbor,  Staten  Island,  April 
23,  1856,  and  can  trace  his  ancestry  back  to  Governor  Thomas  Dongan,  whose 
nephew,  Walter  Dongan,  was  the  founder  of  the  family  on  Staten  Island. 
Dr.  Wood  obtained  his  literary  education  in  grammar  school  No.  35.  city  of 
New  York,  and  at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1878.  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts,  receiving  that  of  Master  of  Arts  three  years  later  from  the  same  insti- 
tution. He  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  competent  preceptorship 
of  Dr.  E.  D.  Coonley,  of  Staten  Island,  later  matriculated  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  received  his  med- 
ical degree  in  the  class  of  188 1. 

After  a  course  at  Bellevue  and  New  York  Hospitals,  he  entered  upon 
the  active  practice  of  his  profession  at  Madison.  New  Jersey,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years  and  then  changed  his  residence  to  Port  Richmond,  where 
he  has  acquired  more  than  ordinary  eminence  in  the  medical  profession.  His 
practice  has  become  so  extensive  as  to  require  the  services  of  an  assistant, 
since  1898;  the  name  of  his  present  assistant  is  Dr.  S.  L.  Scott  of  Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia.  He  is  also  the  visiting  surgeon  to  the  S.  R.  Smith  Infirmary, 
for  eight  years  was  physician  to  the  county  coroner,  and  is  chief  examiner  of 
the  Equitable  Life  Insurance  Company  for  Richmond  county.  In  addition  to 
these  numerous  duties  he  is  the  president  of  the  Richmond  Borough  Realty 
Company.  Dr.  Wood  is  a  member  of  the  Richmond  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Greater  New  York  Medical  Association,  the  State  Medical  As- 
sociation and  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association.  In  his  political  affilia- 
tions he  is  an  adherent  of  the  principles  of  the  Democratic  party,  having  been 
health  officer  of  the  village  of  Port  Richmond  and  the  town  of  Northfield 
continuously  from  1888  to  1898;  filled  the  position  of  coroner  in  the  years 
1889,  1890,  1891 ;  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  committee  on  hospitals  and 
charities,  of  the  Staten  Island  Chamber  of  Commerce;  and  on  January  6,  1898, 
was  appointed  assistant  registrar  of  records  in  the  department  of  health  for 
the  borough  of  Richmond. 


P^^Mr^^n^.^.^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALU  MX  I.  599 

On  February  5,  1883.  Dr.  \\'ood  was  initiated  and  passed  in  Richmond 
Lodge  No.  66,  F.  &  A.  I\I.,  and  graduall}'  rose  in  the  various  offices  until  he 
was  elected  master  in  1888.  He  was  exalted  a  Royal  Arch  [Mason,  in  Tyrian 
Chapter  Xo.  219,  R.  A.  M.,  on  August  27.  1886.  He  also  served  the  same 
chapter  as  high  priest  during  the  years  1889- 1890  and  1892.  In  York  Com- 
mandery  No.  55,  he  received  the  degrees  of  the  Red  Cross  and  Knight  Tem- 
plar, March  22,  1893,  and  of  Malta.  May  22,  1895.  and  also  filled  the  position 
of  surgeon  of  the  commandery.  On  April  28,  1893,  he  was  received  into 
Mecca  Temple,  Order  of  the  Alystic  Shrine,  of  which  he  is  now  noble;  during 
the  3'ears  1895  and  1896  he  was  district  deputy  grand  master  of  the  twenty- 
seventh,  now  the  eleventh.  Masonic  district,  comprising  Richmond  county, 
in  which  office  he  won  a  high  reputation  for  his  devotion  to  the  best  interests 
of  the  craft  and  his  loyal  attachment  to  all  its  provisions.  He  organized  Em- 
pire Commandery  No.  66.  K.  T.,  and  was  the  first  eminent  commander  for 
the  years  1901  and  1902.  On  September  22,  1881.  Dr.  Wood  married  Miss 
Mattie  Sprague.  a  daughter  of  Professor  J-  S.  Sprague,  of  New  Brighton, 
New  York.  Their  children  are:  Agnes  S..  a  student  in  the  senior  class  of 
Vassar  College;  Walter  D..  and  Leroy  C.  '\^"ood. 

FREDERICK  RANDOLPH   BAILEY.   M.   D.— 1S95. 

Dr.  Frederick  Randolph  Bailey  was  born  October  26,  1870,  in  Elizabeth, 
New  Jersey,  and  is  the  son  of  George  A\\  and  Emma  M.  (Blackman)  Bailey, 
the  former  a  well  known  physician.  Kis  eariy  education  was  received  at 
the  Pingry  School  in  his  native  city.  In  1892  he  received  from  Princeton 
University  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in  1895  that  of  ^Master  of 
Arts.  In  1895  he  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  Columbia  University  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Since  the 
year  of  his  graduation  he  has  been  engaged  in  practice  in  Elizabeth.  New 
Jersey.  He  is  a  member  of  the  medical  staff  of  the  Elizabeth  General  Hos- 
pital and  Dispensary,  and  also  pathologist  and  bacteriologist.  He  is  in- 
structor in  the  normal  and  pathological  histolog}-  of  the  nervous  system  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Columbia  University,  having 
worked  in  the  pathological  laboratorj^  of  that  institution  since  the  year  of 
his  graduation. 

Dr.  Bailey  is  the  author  of  a  chapter  on  "The  Nervous  System"  in  each 
of  the  following  works :  "Notes  on  Normal  Histolog}',"  by  George  C.  Free- 
born, 1903;  "Handbook  of  Pathological  Anatomy  and  Histolog\%"  Delafield 
and  Prudden,  sixth  edition.  He  has  also  written  "Studies  on  the  Mor- 
pholog^^  of  Ganglion  Cells  in  the  Rabbit. — i.  The  Normal  Nerve  Cells;  2. 
Changes  in  the  Nerve  Cells  in  Rabies;"'  in  the  Journal  of  Experimental  Medi- 
cine, Volume  5.  No.  6.  October  i,   1901. 

Dr.  Bailey  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  jMedicine,  the 
New  York  Pathological  Society,  the  American  Association  of  Pathologists 
and  Bacteriologists,  the  New  Jersey  State  ]\Iedical  Association,  the  ]\Iedical 
Association  of  L^nion  County,  the  Clinical  Society  of  the  Elizabeth  General 
Hospital  and  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 


6oo  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


geons,  in  which  he  liolcls  the  office  of  secretar}'.  He  heloiigs  to  the  Princeton 
Clubs  of  New  York  and  Union  county,  and  the  EHzabeth  Town  and  Country 
Ckib.  He  is  a  deacon  in  the  Second  Presbyterian  church,  Ehzabeth,  New 
Jersey.  He  is  an  enthusiastic  whist  and  chess  player,  and  is  also  extremely 
fond  of  tennis. 

GIDEON  CROSS  SEGUR.  :\I.  D.— 1S82. 

Gideon  Cross  Segur,  M.  D.,  w^as  born  in  Springlield,  Massachusetts,  Aug- 
ust 22.  185 1.  He  is  a  descendant  of  Richard  Segur,  a  member  of  that  band 
of  colonists  who  in  1836,  under  the  leadership  of  Thomas  Hooker,  made 
their  way  through  the  wilderness  from  Newtown,  Massachusetts,  now  called 
Cambridge,  to  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  river,  where  the^■  founded  Hart- 
ford. 

The  father  of  Dr.  Segur,  Gideon  C.  Segur,  M.  D.,  was  a  graduate  of  the 
Berkshire  School  of  Medicine,  the  medical  department  of  Williams  College, 
in  1835.  He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Danielson,  Connecticut,  after 
his  marriage  to  Harriet  Cuntlall,  whose  grandfather.  Joseph  Bennett,  was  a 
resident  of  Tiverton,  Rhode  Island,  and  a  soldier  in  the  Re\'olutionar3'  war. 
He  subsequently  removed  to  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  where,  in  addition 
to  his  practice,  he  also  engaged  in  the  drug  Ijusiness,  which  he  continued 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

In  the  busy  city  of  Springfield.  Gideon  Cross  Segur  was  born  and 
recei^■ed  part  of  his  education.  He  attended  both  the  public  and  private 
schools  of  his  native  city,  the  Woodstock  (Connecticut)  Academy  and  the 
Connecticut  State  Normal  School,  making  a  specialty  of  mathematics,  with 
the  intention  of  fitting  himself  for  the  permanent  occupation  of  teaching. 
In  1869  and  1870  he  taught  school  in  Connecticut,  and  from  1871  to  1872, 
in  New  Jersey;  in  1873  he  was  engaged  as  teacher  of  English  and  mathematics 
in  the  Anthon  grammar  school  of  New  York  city,  retaining  the  position  until 
1879;  for  four  years  he  taught  algebra  and  geometry  in  the  Cooper  Union 
free  evening  school.  Turning  his  attention  to  the  study  of  medicine,  he 
matriculated  in  1877  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New 
York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1882,  after  completing  the  course 
with  honor.  During  the  next  four  years  he  remained  in  New  York,  making 
a  thorough  study  of  several  specialties  in  some  of  the  best  hospitals.  Erom 
1883  to  1886  he  wras  assistant  gynecologist  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  out- 
patient department,  and  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York  Lying-in  Asylum ; 
during  the  last  year  he  acted  as  assistant  neurologist  to  the  New  York  Ortho- 
pedic Hospital.  In  1886  he  went  to  Hartford,  the  home  of  his  ancestors,  and 
for  several  years  has  filled  a  position  as  surgeon  in  the  Hartford  Eree  Dis- 
pensary, department  of  diseases  of  women  and  children. 

Dr.  Segur  is  quick  to  avail  himself  of  all  the  advantages  of  this  progres- 
sive age,  and  his  membership  in  different  societies  affords  an  interchange  of 
methods  and  ideas  which  is  an  indispensable  aid  to  the  modern  physician.  He 
belongs  to  the  Hartford  Medical  Society,  the  Hartford  County  ^Medical  So- 
ciety;    the     Connecticut     Medical     Society;     the     New     York     Academy 


^^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  60 1 


of  Medicine  and  the  New  York  Pliysicians"  Mutual  Aid  As- 
sociation. He  has  written  many  articles  which  have  an  im- 
portant bearing  on  the  topics  upon  which  they  treat,  and  which  are  of  decided 
value  to  the  profession ;  among  them  may  be  mentioned :  "Emmenagogues," 
Proceedings  of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society,  1888:  "Diagnosis  of  Preg- 
nancy," reported  from  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Children,  1891 :  "Some  Remediable  Forms  of  Sterility."  an  essay 
read  before  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society  at  its  annujll  meeting.  May  26, 
1898;  "The  Electrical  Treatment  of  Uterine  Fibroids,"'  reported  from  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society,  1900. 

It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  Dr.  Segur's  ability  is  recognized  liy  his 
professional  co-workers,  without  exciting  either  envy  or  jealousy,  as  they 
have  evidenced  by  electing  him  secretary  of  the  Hartford  Medical  Society,  in 
which  position  he  served  most  acceptably  for  nine  years.  His  connection  with 
the  past  through  a  long  line  of  ancestors  whose  valiant  deeds  have  made  the 
present  age  a  possibility,  makes  him  a  privileged  member  of  the  Connecticut 
Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution  and  of  the  Connecticut  His- 
torical Society.  Equally  interested  in  modern  advancement,  he  is  an  earnest 
supporter  of  the  Twentieth  Century  Club.  His  political  opinions  find  expres- 
sion in  the  issues  of  the  Republican  party,  which  in  1896  elected  him  a  member 
of  the  city  council.  He  is  decided  in  his  religious  belief,  and  while  unpreju- 
diced with  respect  to  other  creeds  is  a  Congregationalist  from  preference,  and 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Congregational  Club.  ,  Thoroughly  alive  to  the  im- 
portance of  the  work  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  he  has  always 
been  a  supporter  and  active  worker  in  the  org'anization,  and  especially  since 
residing  in  Hartford ;  he  has  served  as  chairman  of  several  committees.  The 
physicial  department  naturall}'  appealed  to  his  interest  and  for  several  years 
Dr.  Segur  has  given  his  services  as  medical  examiner,  thus  assisting  the 
director  in  the  judicious  application  of  the  work  to  the  particular  need  of 
the  member.  He  was  married  May  4,  1886,  to  Mary  A.  Hubbard,  daughter  of 
Edward  A.  and  Charlotte  (Hunt)  Hubbard.  Their  children  are  six  in  num- 
ber :     Raymond,  Charlotte,  Gerald,  Malcolm,  Katharine  and  Stuart. 


JAMES  AUGUSTUS  HART,  M.  D.— 1873. 

Dr.  James  Augustus  Hart  was  born  December  19,  1849,  i"  Peekskill, 
New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Gilbert  B.  and  Elizabeth  L.  (Taylor)  Hart.  His 
preparatory  education  was  received  in  the  public  schools  and  academies.  He 
studied  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York, 
and  in  1873  received  from  that  institution  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  iNIedicine. 
He  then  engaged  in  general  practice  in  Albany,  New  York,  where  he  held  the 
position  of  resident  physician  to  St.  Peter's  Hospital.  In  1876,  on  account 
of  delicate  health,  he  removed  to  Colorado  Springs,  and  there  devoted  him- 
self to  the  duties  of  a  general  practitioner  until  1886.  In  that  year,  owing 
to  the  state  of  his  health,  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steam- 
ship Company  as  surgeon  on  one  of  their  vessels,  and  for  the  next  three 
years  spent  his  time  in  voyages  between  San  Francisco  and  China.     In  1889 


602  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


he  resumed  his  professional  duties  in  Colorado  Springs,  his  practice  for  sev- 
eral years  being  limited  to  diseases  of  the  chest.  From  1895  to  1899  he  was 
consulting  physician  to  St.  Francis'  Hospital.  Throughout  his  professional 
career  he  has  been  associated  in  different  capacities  with  numerous  charities 
and  hospitals.  In  1901,  owing  to  impaired  health,  he  retired  from  active 
practice. 

Dr.  Hart  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Am- 
erican Climatological  Association,  the  American  Public  Health  Association, 
the  Colorado  State  Medical  Association,  the  Rocky  Mountain  ]\Iedical  As- 
sociation, the  El  Paso  County  Medical  Society  and  the  American  Association 
of  Life  Insurance  Examiners.  He  belongs  to  the  El  Paso  Club,  the  Chey- 
enne Mountain  Country  Club  and  the  Elks  Club  of  Colorado  Springs,  Col- 
orado. Dr.  Hart  married,  November  i,  1890,  in  Geneva,  New  York,  Eliza- 
beth L.  Slosson. 

WISNER  ROBINSON  TOAA'NSEND,  A.  ^I.,  M.  D.— 1S80. 

Wisner  Robinson  Townsend  was  born  August  5,  1856,  in  Clifton,  Rich- 
mond county,  New  York.  He  is  ninth  in  descent  from  an  old  New  England 
family,  through  the  following  named  ancestors:  (i)  John  Townsend  and 
Elizabeth  Montgomery,  (2)  George  Townsend  and  Mary  Hawxhurst,  (3) 
George  Townsend  and  Rosanna  Coles.  (4)  \A'illiam  Townsend  and  Elizabeth 
Cook,  (5)  James  Townsend  and  Freelove  A\'ilmot,  (6)  Walter  Wilmot 
Townsend  and  Charlotte  Coles,  (7)  AA'alter  A\'ilmot  Townsend  and  Ann 
Helme,  (8)  Wisner  Helme  Townsend  and  Emily  Haywood  Kyle.  His  father 
was  a  merchant  by  occupation:  he  died  August  4,  1897,  aged  seventy-seven 
years.  The  mother,  daughter  of  David  and  Lucy  Burkwell  (Robinson)  Kyle, 
is  yet  living,  aged  sixty-five  years. 

\A'isner  Robinson  Townsend  received  his  preparatory  education  in  the 
Charlier  School  in  New  York  city,  and  completed  his  collegiate  education  in 
Columbia  College  in  1877,  graduating  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts, 
and  he  received  from  the  same  institution,  in  1880,  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts.  He  engaged  in  the  study  of  his  profession  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in'  1880.  He 
then  entered  Bellevue  Hospital  and  served  from  April,  1880,  to  August,  1881, 
in  the  second  surgical  division.  In  1882  he  moved  to  South  Pittsburg,  Ten- 
nessee, and  remained  there  until  1888,  engaged  in  general  practice.  In  1888 
he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Hospital  of  the  New  York  Society 
for  the  Relief  of  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled,  and  has  served  in  that  capacity 
to  the  present  time,  and  has  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  orthopedic  sur- 
gery. In  his  personal  practice,  and  in  his  hospital  service,  he  has  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  ability,  and  he  is  regarded  in  his  profession  as  one 
of  its  most  useful  members,  and  as  an  authority  in  his  special  line  of  Avork. 
Recognition  of  his  ability  has  come  to  him  repeatedly  in  his  elevation  to 
important  positions  in  the  leading  professional  societies.  In  1892-3  he  was 
president  of  the  Bellevue  Alumni  Association;  in  1898-9  he  was  president  of 
the  American  Orthopedic  Society;  in  1899-1900  was  president  of  the  Clinical 
Society,  and  in  1901  he  was  elected  president  of  the  New  York  Association 


yirSf 


/yCd^^ic^.-y^ 


OFFICERS  AXD  ALUM  XL  603 

of  Railway  Surgeons.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
New  York  State  and  County  ]\Iedical  Associations,  New  York  State  and 
County  ]\Iedical  Societies,  and  of  his  college  and  hospital  alumni  associations. 
He  was  appointed  clinical  assistant  at  the  New  York  Polyclinic  Medical 
School  and  Hospital  in  1889  and  has  been  its  professor  of  orthopedic  surgery 
since  1895.  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  orthopedic  surgeon  to  the 
French  Hospital.     He  is  also  a  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Bayonne  Hospital. 

Dr.  Townsend  has  been  an  industrious  writer,  and  has  made  many  valu- 
able contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  profession  in  papers  read  before 
professional  societies,  which  have  found  wide  diffusion  through  the  medical 
and  other  journals.  Among  these  are  the  following:  "A  Statistical  Paper 
on  Club  Foot,"  Transactions  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  1890:  "Acute 
Arthritis  of  Infants,"  the  Auicrican  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.  January, 
1890;  "The  Treatment  of  Flat  Foot  by  Thomas"  Method."  Journal  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  August  9,  1890;  "Sprains  of  the  Ankle,"  the 
Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  August  i,  1891 :  "The  Treat- 
ment of  Abscesses  of  Potts'  Disease,"  Transactions  of  the  American 
Orthopedic  Association,  September,  1891 ;  "The  Necessity  for  Early 
Mechanical  Treatment  in  Infantile  Spinal  Paralysis,"  Medical  Record, 
January  30,  1892;  "The  Treatment  of  Hip  Disease,"  Nezv  York 
Medical  Journal,  February  18,  1893 :  "Potts'  Disease  in  the  Adult," 
the  Nezv  York  Polyclinic.  February  15,  1894:  "The  Treatment  of 
Retropharyngeal  Abscess,  Due  to  Potts'  Disease."  American  Medico- 
Surgical  Bulletin,  April  15,  1894;  "Tubercular  Disease  of  the  Shoulder,"  the 
New  York  Medical  Journal,  September  22,  1894;  "The  Diagnosis  of  Chrovn'c 
Joint  Disease,"  N'ezc  York  Medical  Journal.  May  25,  1895 :  "Treatment  cJ 
Chronic  Disease  of  the  Ankle  and  Tarsus,"  the  Nczi.'  York  Medical  Journal, 
August  22,  1896;  "Acute  Pneumococcus  Infection — Death  in  Thirt}'-  Hours," 
the  N'ezi'  York  Polyclinic,  May  15,  1897;  "Results  of  the  Treatment  of  Rheu- 
matic Fibrous  Ankylosis  by  Brisement  Force,"  Medical  A'ews,  February  i, 
[896:  "The  Symptoms  of  Hip  Joint  Disease,"  the  Medical  Brief,  March, 
1897:  "Excision  of  the  Hip,"  Medical  Neivs,  June  26,  1897:  "The  Prevention 
of  Deformity  after  Excision  of  the  Knee  in  Children,"  Neiv  York  Medical 
Journal.  April  i,  1899;  "Report  of  a  Case  of  Hysteria  or  Malingering,"  In- 
ternational Journal  of  Surgery,  November,  1899;  "The  President's  Address, 
American  Orthopedic  Association,  1S99,"  Transactions  American  Orthopedic 
Association,  1899 :  "Review  of  the  Second  Edition  Orthopedic  Surgery  by 
Bradford  and  Lovett,"  The  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Children,  December,  1899:  the  article  on  "Bone  S3'philis"  in 
"System  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  Syphilolog}-  and  Dermatology,"  edited 
by  Morrow ;  "Tendon  Transplantation  in  the  Treatment  of  Deformities  of 
the  Hand,"  Medical  N'ezvs,  July  14.  1900:  "The  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis 
of  the  Knee  Joint,"  Journal  of  Ajnerican  Medical  Association,  January  12, 
1901 ;  "The  Correction  of  Deformities  Following  Ostitis  of  the  Knee,"  Nezv 
York  Medical  Journal,  December  21 ;  1902. 

Dr.  Townsend  was   married.    February    9,     1887,   to  Miss  Marguerite 
Zewald,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Zewald,  of  South  Pittsburg,  Tennessee:  she 


604  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


died  March  29,  1888.  On  April  jy.  1893,  Dr.  Townsend  married  Miss  Eliza- 
beth McGunnegle  Walker,  daughter  of  Benjamin  E.  Walker,  of  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  and  two  sons  were  born  of  the  union.  Walker  Townsend,  January 
26,  1894,  and  Wisner  Robinson  Townsend,  Jr.,  June  10,  1896. 

Dr.  Townsend  is  a  member  of  the  University  Club  of  New  York  city,  and 
from  1893  to  1899  was  fleet  surgeon  of  the  Atlantic  Yacht  Club. 

LEVI  FRANCIS  WARNER,  M.  D.— 18S9. 

Dr.  Levi  Francis  Warner  was  born  November  11,  1864,  in  Glaston- 
bury. Connecticut,  and  is  the  son  of  William  and  Adeliza  (Deming)  Warner. 
On  the  paternal  side  he  traces  his  descent  from  ancestors  who  came  from 
Ipswich,  England,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  settled 
in  Massachusetts.  Subsecjuently  the  family  moved  to  Connecticut,  where 
the  name  is  well  known  throughout  the  central  part  of  the  state. 

Having  prepared  for  college  at  a  local  academy  and  spent  one  year  in 
Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Dr.  Warner  entered  the  sophomore  class  at  Wil- 
liams College,  and  in  1885  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  from  that 
institution.  In  1886  he  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1889.  Fi-om  June  i, 
1889,  to  July  I,  1891,  he  served  as  interne  in  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  has 
since  been  engaged  in  general  practice.  He  is  assistant  attending  physician 
to  St.  Francis'  Hospital,  physician  in  chief  to  the  New  York  Dispensary,  and 
has  held  for  six  years  the  position  of  medical  examiner  for  the  municipal 
Civil  Service  Commission.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County  and  State  Medi- 
cal Associations  and  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital. 

In  1895  -D''-  Warner  married  Elise  Holton,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  John 
Young,  of  Montreal,  Canada.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Warner  are  the  parents  of  two 
children,  Robertson  Young  and  Malcolm  Doming  AA^arner:  their  home  is  at 
113  West  Fifty-fifth  street.  New  York. 

EDWARD  LINCOLN  WILLIAMSON,   M.   D.— 1892. 

Dr.  Edward  Lincoln  Williamson  was  born  October  19,  1864,  in  Al- 
bany, New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Marshall  K.  and  Hannah  A.  (Ward) 
Williamson.  His  bo3'-hood  was  passed  in  his  native  city,  where  he  attended 
the  Albany  high  school.  In  1889  he  graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  as 
Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in  1892  as  Master  of  Arts,  receiving  in  the  latter 
year  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

After  serving  for  two  years  as  interne  in  Bellevue  Hospital,  in  the  surgical 
division  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he  entered  upon  a  career  of 
general  practice,  but  has  of  late  years  been  devoting  himself  more  especially 
to  diseases  of  the  throat  and  nose.  Fle  was  for  eight  years  connected  with 
the  genito-urinary  department  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic ;  and  has  been,  for 
the  last  six  or  seven  years,  one  of  the  laryngologists  to  the  out-patient  depart- 
ment of  Roosevelt  Hospital.     For  ten  years  he  has  held  the  position  of  lee- 


f(i'  'Tj^CUi.ecxf  lifUAAAjtJ>^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  605 


turer  to  the  surgical  department  of  the  Xew  York  Polyclinic.  Dr.  William- 
son is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  West  End  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Alumni  of  Bellevue  Hospital  and  the  Physicians'  ^lutual  Aid  As- 
sociation. He  belongs  to  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Alumni  Association  and  the 
Quill  Club.     His  Xew  York  address  is  163  West  Seventy-fourth  street. 

EDWIX  RUTHVIX  CHADBOURXE.  M.  D.— 1879. 

Dr.  Edwin  Ruthvin  Chadbourne  was  born  June  26,  1855,  in  Bridgton, 
Elaine,  and  is  the  son  of  George  Eaton  and  Louisa  Barker  (Libby)  Chad- 
bourne.  He  was  the  second  son  in  a  family  of  six  children,  and  is  descended 
in  the  ninth  generation  from  W'illiam  Chadbourne.  who  was  sent  to  Ports- 
mouth. X"ew  Hampshire,  in  the  year  1631  by  the  English  government. 

The  boyhood  of  Dr.  Chadbourne  was  passed  on  the  farm  on  which  he 
was  born,  his  early  education  being  received  in  the  common  school  and  at 
the  Bridgton  high  school.  He  was  fitted  for  college  at  the  Bridgton  Academy. 
During  his  school  vears  Dr.  Chadbourne  made  a  study  of  entomology  under 
the  instruction  of  Dr.  Thomas  F.  Perley.  collecting  and  mounting  specimens 
of  nearlv  all  varieties  of  insects  known  in  X'ew  England.  Later,  under  the 
guidance  of  Dr.  Perley.  Dr.  Chadbourne  began  reading  medicine,  afterward 


entering  the  Portland  School  for  >.Iedical  Instruction  at  Portland,  ]\Iaine. 
Subsequently  he  spent  one  year  at  Bowdoin  ^Medical  College,  and  in  1877 
entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Xew  York,  from  which 
he  graduated  February  28,  1879,  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  INIedicine. 

"  On  April  i.  1879.  Dr.  Chadbourne  entered  the  Xew  York  Foundling 
Hospital,  being  its  first  resident  physician,  and  at  the  end  of  one  year  re- 
ceived, both  from  the  medical  board  and  from  the  sisters  in  charge,  a  cordial 
invitation  to  remain  another  year.  This  invitation  he  accepted,  finding  his 
second  vear  of  service  both  pleasant  and  profitable,  and  on  the  expiration  of 
the  term  was  elected  a  member  of  the  regular  visiting  staff  as  orthopedic 
surgeon  and  secretary  of  the  medical  board  of  the  hospital,  offices  which  he 
continued  to  hold  until  he  left  Xew  York.  In  ^lay,  1881,  he  was  appointed 
visiting  physician  to  the  Infant  Asylum  at  Universits^  Place  and  Xinth  street. 
There  he  found  children  dying  from  well  marked  symptoms  of  four  or  more 
contagious  and  infectious  diseases.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  they  were  not 
quarantined  in  any  way  whatever.  Dr.  Chadbourne  called  upon  the  health  de- 
partment to  remove  them,  but  the  department  had  no  hospital  for  such  cases. 
He  invoked  the  aid  of  Hon.  Elbridge  T.  Gerry  and  his  society,  and  the  mayor 
was  successfully  appealed  to.  with  the  result  that  the  health  department  ob- 
tained necessarv-  quarters  for  cases  of  the  kind  in  question.  In  1884  he  was 
appointed  assistant  visiting  physician  to  the  out-patient  department  of  the 
New  York  Hospital,  which  position  he  resigned  in  1886.  April  i,  1881,  Dr. 
Chadbourne  became  associated  in  private  practice  with  Dr.  James  B.  Rey- 
nolds at  29  West  Fourteenth  street,  removing,  April  i.  1883.  to  20  West 
Twenty-fifth  street,  and  April  i.  1884.  to  31  ^^■est  Twenty-fifth  street.  Since 
October  20.  1897,  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Pasa- 
dena, California,  where  he  is  a  member  of  the  consulting  board  of  the  Pasa- 
dena Hospital. 


6o6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


In  1879  and  1880  Dr.  Chadl^onrne  treated  cases  of  chronic  Sup  Otitis 
media,  by  inserting  a  drainage  tube  stretched  on  a  probe  in  order  to  make 
it  small,  and  then  allowing  it  to  contract  in  length  and  expand,  thus  opening 
the  canal  for  free  drainage,  and  producing  great  pressure  upon  the  granula- 
tions therein.  The  results  were  such  that  the  cases  were  reported  by  Dr. 
Oren  D.  Pomeroy,  who  gave  Dr.  Chadbourne  credit  for  this  method  of  suc- 
cessfully treating  these   distressing  cases. 

Dr.  Chadbourne  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Asso- 
ciation, the  Society  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Pasadena  Medical  Association,  the  Los  Angeles  County  Medical 
Association,  the  Southern  California  Medical  Societ}'  and  the  California 
State  Medical  Society.  He  belongs  to  the  Alumni  Association  of  Columbia 
University  in  California ;  the  Pasadena  Country  Club,  of  which  he  has  been 
a  director  since  its  organization  in  1897,  and  holds  the  office  of  chairman  of 
the  house  committee;  and  has  been,  since  1884,  a  life  member  of  the  New 
England  Societv  of  New  York.  In  1892  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Union  League  Club  of  New  York,  but  resigned  in  1900.  The  favorite  recrea- 
tion of  Dr.  Chadbourne  is  target  rifle  practice.  He  was  formerly  a  member 
of  the  New  York  Rifle  Club,  in  which  for  several  years  he  held,  at  different 
times,  the  offices  of  secretary,  treasurer  and  president.  He  has  a  record  of 
38,  42  and  46  consecutive  bullseyes,  on  the  standard  American  target,  ofif- 
hand,  at  a  distance  of  two  hundred  yards.  At  the  time  these  records  were 
made  they  were  probably  the  best  which  had  been  hitherto  officially  recorded. 
Dr.  Chadbourne  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  He  married,  Oc- 
tober 12,  1882,  in  North  Bridgton,  Maine.  Annie  I\Iaria  Howe,  who  was 
born  in  the  same  year  and  month  as  himself,  and  had  been  from  early  child- 
hood a  plavmate  and  schoolfellow.  They  had  no  children.  !\Irs.  Chadbourne 
died  in  New  York  October  27,   1887,  of  pneumonia. 

JOSEPH  EDWARD  ROOT,  B.   S..  :\I.  D.— 1883. 

Dr.  Joseph  E.  Root  is  a  descendant  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  and  illus- 
trious of  men  who  have  made  the  name  conspicuous  in  the  history  of  New 
England,  and  who  also  have  been  among  its  earliest  settlers.  Dr.  Root  is  a 
lineal  descendant  on  the  paternal  side  from  John  Root,  the  son  of  John 
Root,  of  Badby,  Nottinghamshire.  England,  where  the  son  was  born  in  1608; 
he  came  early  to  New  England,  and  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Farmington, 
in  1640,  which  point  was  settled  by  persons  mainly  from  Boston,  Newtown 
and  Roxbury.  Soon  after  his  location  in  this  city  he  married  Mary  Kil- 
bourne,  who  was  born  in  1619  at  Wood  Ditton,  England,  whence  she  came 
to  this  country  in  the  ship  Increase  in  1635.  From  this  emigrant  ancestor 
the  line  of  descent  is  as  follows :  Thomas  Root,  son  of  John  and  Mary 
Root,  was  born  about  1648,  in  Farmington,  and  married  in  1675  for  his 
second  wife,  Mary  Spencer;  later  he  removed  to  Westfield,  Massachusetts, 
where  his  death  occurred  in  1709.  Timothy  Root,  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary 
Root,  was  born  in  1685,  and  in  17 10  he  married  Sarah  Pease,  daughter  of 


JOSEPH  E.  ROOT. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  607 

John  Pease,  of  Enfield.  Connecticut ;  lie  removed  from  W'estfield  to  Enfield, 
and  in  1713  located  in  Somers.  Connecticut,  being  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
that  town.  Timothy  Root,  second  son  of  Timothy  and  Sarah  Root,  was 
bom  in  1719,  in  Somers,  Connecticut,  and  married  Jemima  Wood,  daughter 
of  Josiah  Wood,  of  Somers.  Joseph  Root,  son  of  Timothy  and  Jemima 
Root,  was  born  in  1753.  in  Somers,  and  served  for  a  period  of  four  years  in 
the  war  of  the  Revolution,  being  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  the  siege  of 
Charlestown.  and  the  siuTender  of  General  Burgoyne;  he  married  Elizabeth 
Pomei'oy,  daughter  of  Deacon  Joshua  Pomeroy.  Captain  John  Root,  son  of 
Joseph  and  Elizabeth  Root,  was  born  in  17S9,  in  Somers,  and  in  1816  mar- 
ried Lucy  Reynolds,  a  daughter  of  Deacon  Samuel  Reynolds,  of  Somers ;  later 
Captain  Root  settled  in  Greenwich,  Massachusetts,  where  he  died  in  1855. 

Hon.  Thomas  Pitkin  Root,  son  of  Captain  John  and  Lucy  Root,  and  the 
father  of  Dr.  Root,  was  born  July  8,  1824,  in  Greenwich,  IMassachusetts ; 
upon  attaining  young  manhood  he  removed  to  Barre,  Massachusetts,  where 
he  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  citizens.  He  served  two  terms  in  the  house 
of  representatives  and  the  senate,  and  for  nearly  forty  years  has  acted  in 
the  capacity  of  deacon  of  the  Congregational  church.  In  185 1  he  married 
Seraph  INIarsh  Haynes,  daughter  of  Reuben  and  Betsey  Haynes,  of  Green- 
wich, jMassachusetts.  Betsey  (Marsh)  Haynes,  wife  of  Reuben,  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  Lucy  (Putnam)  and  Tyler  Marsh,  was  a  descendant  of  John  Marsh, 
an  English  emigrant  who  settled  at  Salem,  ^Massachusetts,  as  early  as  1637, 
and  of  John  Putnam,  who  was  the  ancestor  of  General  Israel  Putnam,  of  Revo- 
lutionary fame.  The  children  of  Thomas  Pitkin  and  Seraph  ]\Iarsh  Root  were: 
Francis  Pitkin,  born  February  13,  1852;  Joseph  Edward,  born  ]\Iarch  4,  1854; 
William,  died  when  young;  and  Charles  Samuel,  born  March  18,  i860. 

Dr.  Root  is  also  a  descendant  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Peter  Reynolds  and  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Stephen  Williams,  through  his  grandmother,  Lucy  (Reynolds)  Root; 
she  was  born  in  1789.  was  a  daughter  of  Deacon  Samuel  and  Maxy  (Pitkin) 
Reynolds,  and  the  granddaughter  of  Samuel  Reynolds,  M.  D.,  and  Martha 
(Williams)  Reynolds,  the  latter  couple  being  a  son  and  daughter,  respectively, 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Peter  Reynolds  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Stephen  ^^'illiams.  The  Rev. 
Dr.  Peter  Revnolds  was  the  second  minister  in  Enfield.  Connecticut,  and  a 
descendant  from  Captain  Nathaniel,  Avho  came  from  England  about  the  year 
1644;  while  the  Rev,  Dr.  Stephen  Williams,  born  in  1693,  was  a  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  Williams,  of  Deerfield,  a  descendant  in  the  third  generation  from 
Robert,  of  Roxbury,  who,  it  is  thought,  came  to  this  country  from  Norwich, 
England,  about  1638.  The  Rev.  John  Williams  and  family  were  of  the 
number  taken  prisoners  in  February,  1704.  at  Deei-field,  Massachusetts,  dur- 
ing Queen  Anne's  war,  several  of  the  children  being  killed  and  the  father 
and  son  taken  to  Canada  and  kept  captives,  the  father  until  1706  and  the 
son  until  1705.  The  latter  named  was  but  a  lad  at  that  time,  and  after  his 
release  he  graduated  from  Harvard,  served  as  chaplain  of  the  army  during 
several  campaigns;  w-as  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  and  was  with  Colonel 
Ephraim  Williams  at  the  battle  of  Lake  George  in  September,  1755,  when 
the  latter-named  was  killed. 

The  Pitkins.  too,  of  this  line  of  Dr.   Root's  ancestors,  were  a  historic 


6o8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


and  illustrious  family.  Mary  Pitkin  descended  from  the  Hon.  William  Pitkin, 
who  came  from  England  in  1659.  and  from  1675  *^o  1690  was  a  member  of  the 
colonial  assembly  from  Hartford,  and  who,  earlier,  was  prosecutor  for  the 
colony,  attorney  general  and  treasurer;  the  next  in  descent  was  William 
Pitkin,  who  for  twenty-six  years  was  in  the  general  assembly,  and  also  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut :  next  Colonel  Thomas  and  then 
Thomas  Pitkin. 

Dr.  Joseph  E.  Root,  second  son  of  Hon.  Thomas  Pitkin  and  Seraph 
Marsh  Root,  was  born  March  4,  1854,  in  Greenwich,  Massachusetts.  His 
early  educational  advantages  were  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  Barre 
and  the  Barre  high  school.  In  1876  he  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  from  the  Massachvisetts  College,  at  Amherst,  where  he  was  one 
of  the  Farnsworth  prize  speakers  in  his  freshman  and  sophomore  years,  and 
a  commencement  speaker  at  graduation ;  in  the  same  year  he  received  a  like 
degree  from  Boston  University.  During  his  college  course  he  taught  school 
for  two  winters  at  Barre  Plains,  and  after  his  graduation  entered  Dr.  Brown's 
Institute  at  Barre,  remaining  until  the  spring  of  1879,  when  he  was  engaged 
at  the  AValnut  Hill  Asylum  in  Hartford,  Connecticut.  He  then  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1883.  He  was  then  appointed  assistant  physician  at  the 
Retreat  for  the  Insane  in  Hartford,  where  he  remained  until  August  20, 
1884,  after  which  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  that  city.  Dr.  Root, 
in  1884  was  instrumental  in  reorganizing  the  Hartford  Dispensary,  of 
which  he  has  acted  as  secretary  and  treasurer,  and  he  has  also  been  chief  of 
the  department  of  general  medicine  and  nervous  diseases  at  the  dispensary. 

He  was  appointed  on  many  commissions  of  importance  by  Governors 
Harrison  and  Morris  during  their  administrations.  From  1889  to  1894  he 
was  a  delegate  for  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society  to  the  meetings  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  and  as  such  attended  the  meetings  held  respec- 
tively at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  Washington,  D.  C,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin, 
and  San  Francisco,  California.  In  April,  1891,  he  was  elected  secretary  of 
the  Hartford  County  Medical  Association,  which  office  he  held  until  April, 
1894,  and  during  his  term  of  office  much  of  the  responsibility  pertaining 
to  the  centennial  celebration  of  the  association  devolved  upon  him,  and  he 
also  delivered  the  historical  address.  In  1895  Dr.  Root  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  board  of  physicians  and  surgeons  to  the  Masonic  Home  at  Walling- 
ford,  Connecticut,  and  the  following  year  was  made  its  president,  after  which 
he  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  building  committee  for  the  new  Masonic 
Hospital.  He  was  appointed  medical  examiner  for  the  IMutual  Reserve  Life 
Insurance  Company,  of  New  York,  in  1890;  of  the  Massachusetts  Mutual  Life 
in  1894;  of  the  Home  Circle  in  1895;  and  of  the  Fidelity  In,surance  Company 
in  1898.  In  1896  Dr.  Root  was  appointed  surgeon  on  Major  Warren's 
staff  of  the  First  Company.  Governor's  Horse  Guard,  which  position  he 
still  fills.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Hartford  and  Hartford  County  and 
the  State  Medical  societies,  and  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  In 
January,  1900,  he  was  chosen  secretary  of  the  Hartford  (City)  Medical 
Society,  and  he  was  also  appointed  a  delegate  from  the  Connecticut  Medical 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  609 

Society  to  the  Thirteenth  International  ^Medical  Congress  held  in  Paris, 
France,  which  he  attended,  as  also  to  the  sixty-eighth  annual  meeting  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  at  Ipswich,  England.  In  1898  he  was 
elected  surgeon  to  the  Putnam  Phalanx  of  Hartford,  and  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  surgical  staff  of  St.  Francis  Hospital  as  orthopedic  surgeon, 
and  also  fills  a  similar  position  at  the  Home  for  Incurables  at  Newington, 
Connecticut,  besides  being  a  member  on  the  advisory  board  of  the  Connecticut 
Institute  for  the  Blind.  In  April,  1900,  under  Mayor  Harbison's  adminis- 
tration, he  was  made  one  of  the  health  commissioners  of  Hartford,  which 
position  he  still  occupies.  He  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Hartford  Scien- 
tific Society. 

In  addition  to  his  various  professional  duties.  Dr.  Root  devotes  much 
time  and  attention  to  literature,  and  his  works  have  given  him  a  wide  and 
well  deserved  prominence,  among  them  being  "Early  Discovery  of  America 
by  the  Norsemen,"  "Hunting  Trips  in  the  Rocky  Mountains"  (Lecture)  ;  and 
the  following  medical  treatises:  "Epilepsy,"  "Essay  on  Electricity  in  Ner- 
vous Diseases,"  "Arteritis  of  the  Brain,"  "Hygiene  of  School  Life,"  "Elec- 
tricity in  Diseases  of  Women,"  "Hip  Joint  Disease"  and  "Centennial  History 
of  the  Hartford  County  Medical  Association." 

Socially  Dr.  Root  is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 
He  is  both  a  York  and  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  and  is  a  member  of  the  following 
bodies:  St.  John's  Lodge  No.  4,  ^^'ashington  Commandery  No.  i.  Charter 
Oak  Lodge  of  Perfection,  Princes  of  Jerusalem,  Rose  Croix  and  Connecticut 
Consistory,  thirty-second  degree;  also  of  Sphinx  Temple  of  the  Mj^stic 
Shrine,  in  which  he  holds  an  official  position.  His  political  affiliations  are 
with  the  Republican  party,  and  his  religious  connections  are  with  the  P'arm- 
ington  avenue  Congregational  church.  On  March  4,  1885,  Dr.  Root  married 
Miss  Ella  Goodman  Moseley,  of  Hartford,  and  their  daughter.  Seraph  Doro- 
thy Rowell  Root,  was  born  November  10.  1897. 

HENRY  HOWARD  WHITEHOUSE,  M.  D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Henry  H.  AVhitehouse.  instructor  in  dermatology  at  the  Cornell 
Medical  College,  was  born  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  April  6,  1864,  the  son  of 
Abraham  and  Frances  (Chaffee)  Whitehouse,  the  former  being  a  noted  in- 
ventor and  engaged  in  the  mechanical  line.  His  ancestors  for  generations 
back  have  been  natives  of  England.  Dr.  AA^hitehouse  attended  the  graded 
and  high  school  of  Hartford,  where  he  was  prepared  to  enter  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  Universitj'  in  1882,  and  after  pursuing  the  regular 
three  years'  course  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy ; 
he  was  placed  on  the  prize  thesis  list,  having  presented  an  original  thesis 
on  a  biological  subject.  He  then  pursued  a  post-graduate  course  in  physiolog- 
ical chemistry  under  Professor  Chittenden,  and  upon  the  completion  of 
this  special  course  in  1886  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1889.  Fle  spent  an  interneship  of  one  year  and  a  lialf  (June.  i88q- 
December.   1890)   in  the  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital,  after  which  he  became 


6io  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


the  assistant  of  Dr.  Bulkley,  and  also  attended  to  a  general  practice  on  his 
own  account.  Since  1891  he  has  acted  as  clinical  assistant  in  the  dispensary 
attached  to  the  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital  and  has  recently  been  appointed  as- 
sistant visiting"  phj^sician  to  the  same  institution,  becoming  at  the  same  time 
chief  of  the  clinic  in  the  dispensary:  during  the  years  1894  and  1895  he  was 
instructor  at  the  Post-Graduate  School :  later  filled  a  similar  position  at  the 
DeMilt  Dispensary,  having  charge  of  the  skin  class  there  at  the  present  time 
(1903)  ;  and  since  1900  has  been  connected  with  the  Cornell  Medical  College 
in  the  capacity  of  instructor  in  dermatology.  He  is  also  consulting  dermatolo- 
gist to  the  Manhattan  State  Hospital. 

Dr.  A\'hitehouse  has  written  monographs  for  three  groups :  "Erythe- 
matous, Bullous,  and  Pustular  Affections  of  the  Skin"  in  "The  Twentieth 
Century  Practice,"  by  William  Wood  &  Company,  1896.  Buck's  Reference 
Hand-Book  of  Medical  Sciences,  1901,  Vol.  3.  the  complete  article  on  Ec- 
zema. He  has  also  contributed  numerous  other  monographs  which  have 
been  read  before  the  various  societies  and  published  in  the  leading  periodicals 
of  the  day.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  New  York 
Dermatological  Societ^^  of  which  he  was  president  in  1901 :  Societ}'  of  Der- 
matology and  Genito-Urinary  Surgery,  of  which  he  is  treasurer;  Physicians' 
Mutual  Aid  Association,  American  Dermatological  Association,  Yale  Club, 
etc.  He  also  holds  membership  in  the  Brick  Presbyterian  church  of  Nev/ 
York  city,  of  which  Dr.  Van  Dyke  is  pastor.  On  October  11,  1893,  Dr. 
Whitehouse  married  Lillian  Van  Winkle,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York.  They 
have  one  son,  Irving  P.  Whitehouse.  Dr.  Whitehouse's  address  is  24  West 
Thirty-sixth  street.  New  York  city. 


WILLIAM  WHITEHEAD  GILFILLAN,  M.  D.— 1890, 


y^ 


Dr.  William  Whitehead  Gilfillan,  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  December  14,  1S68,  the  only  son  of  \A'illiam  and  Caroline 
(Ladd)  Gilfillan.  The  former,  who  was  born  near  Londonderry,  Ireland, 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Edinburg  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine,  and  later  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and 
a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  or  of  Preceptors.  His 
paternal  grandfather,  Alexander  Gilfillan,  of  the  royal  navy,  was  a  member 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  London,  England,  and  was  appointed 
surgeon  on  the  ships  Dorothea  and  Trent  on  the  expedition  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  in  search  of  the  north  pole.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is  a  de- 
scendant of  Joseph  Judson,  who  was  born  in  1619  and  died  in  1690;  he  served 
as  lieutenant  in  King  Philip's  war  which  occurred  in  1675,  served  in  the 
same  capacity  in  the  Woodbury  Train  Band  in  1684:  served  as  ensign  at 
Stratford.  Connecticut,  and  was  appointed  on  the  committee  to  defend  the 
coast  against  Admiral  De  Reuter  in  1665.  Dr.  Gilfillan  is  the  seventh  in 
direct  line  from  James  Bishop,  who  was  deputy  governor  of  Connecticut, 
secretary  of  the  New  Haven  colony  from  1661  to  1665,  acted  as  assistant  to 
the  governor  of  the  Connecticut  colony  from  1668  to  1683,  and  again  served  as 
deputy  governor  from  1683  to  1691 :  his  death  occurred  in  the  latter  named 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  6ii 


year.  Another  ancestor  was  Hon.  Samuel  Sherman,  who  was  Ijorn  in  1618 
and  died  in  1684;  he  served  as  deputy  general  of  the  court  of  Connecticut  in 
1637,  acted  as  assistant  to  the  general  from  1663  to  1668,  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  committee  to  defend  the  coast  against  the  Dutch,  who  in- 
vaded it  under  the  command  of  Admiral  De  Renter  in  1665.  Another  an- 
cestor was  Paymaster  Hezekiah  Thompson,  who  was  Ijorn  in  1735  and 
died  in  1803;  was  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  assembly  from  1782  to  1784, 
and  served  in  Captain  Waite  Hinman's  company,  which  was  sent  to  the  relief 
of  Fort  Henry,  New  York,  in  1757. 

Dr.  W.  Whitehead  Gilfillan  acquired  his  literary  education  at  the  Brook- 
lyn Poh^technic  Institute,  and  after  his  graduation  from  that  institution 
matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1890  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
Immediately  after  his  graduation  he  served  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Herman  Knapp 
at  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute  for  a  period  of  time,  after 
which  he  went  abroad  and  pursued  his  studies  in  Vienna,  Berlin,  Paris  and 
London,  making  a  specialty  of  the  eye  and  ear,  under  the  competent  precep- 
torship  of  Professors  Politzer,  Gruber,  Fuchs  and  De  Wecker.  AVhile  resid- 
ing in  London  Dr.  Gilfillan  was  appointed  clinical  assistant  at  the  Royal 
Ophthalmic  Hospital  (Moorfields).  In  1892  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
has  since  pursued  his  vocation,  making  a  specialty  of  the  eye  and  ear;  he 
has  rapidly  worked  his  way  upward  to  a  leading  position  in  the  ranks  of  the 
medical  fraternity,  and  his  skill  and  ability  have  been  many  times  demon- 
strated, gaining  him  high  rank  as  a  member  of  the  calling  to  which  he  has 
devoted  his  entire  energy.  He  was  fonnerh'  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the 
hospital  on  Randall's  Island,  and  at  the  present  time  (1902)  he  is  ophthalmic 
surgeon  to  the  City  Hospital,  French  Hospital,  oculist  to  Sailors'  Snug 
Harbor  and  to  the  House  of  Refuge,  and  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Manhattan 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital. 

Dr.  Gilfillan  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  valuable  medical  papers,  among 
them  being  "A  Case  of  Spontaneous  Rupture  of  the  Eyeball,"  published  in 
the  Medical  Nezvs,  January  25,  1902,  and  "The  Prevention  and  Treatment 
of  Trachoma  at  the  House  of  Refuge,  Randall's  Island,  New  York,  pul> 
lished  in  the  Medical  Journal,  October  28,  1898.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
New  York  County  Medical  Society,  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Richmond  County  Medical  Society,  and  an  as- 
sociate member  of  the  Alumni  Society  of  the  Cit}'  Hospital.  He  is  also  an 
active  member  of  the  New  York  Yacht  Club,  the  New  York  Athletic  Club, 
the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  and  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution.  His  New 
York  home  is  at  24  AVest  Fifty-ninth  street. 

JESSE   LEE   MORRILL,   M.   D.— 1869. 

Dr.  Jesse  L.  Morrill  is  a  descendant  on  the  paternal  side  of  an  old  New 
England  family  who  settled  in  this  country  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  on 
the  maternal  side  he  traces  his  ancestry  to  a  representative  New  York  fam- 
ily.    His  grandfather,   Samuel  J.   Morrill,   was  a  prominent  sailing  master 


6i2  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


and  an  active  participant  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  His  father,  Joseph  Mor- 
rill, was  engaged  in  the  merchant  marine  service,  being  actively  connected 
with  the  Indian  and  South  American  trade.  He  was  prominently  identified 
with  the  commercial  interests  of  New  York  city,  and  was  looked  upon  as 
an  authority  on  sailing  vessels.  He  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Phoebe 
E.  Rodman. 

Dr.  Morrill  was  born  in  New  York  city,  February  4.  1848,  acquired  his 
early  education  in  the  private  schools  of  that  city,  which  was  supplemented  by 
the  regular  course  at  Lyons  Collegiate  Institute.  He  then  entered  Columbia 
College,  but  having  decided  to  study  medicine  he  matriculated  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he 
received  his  medical  degree  in  1869.  In  the  same  year  he  established  an 
office  in  Ncav  York,  where  he  has  since  devoted  his  attention  to  a  general 
practice.  For  several  5'ears  he  was  actively  connected  with  the  New  York 
Asylum  for  Lying-in  Women;  served  in  the  New  York  Dispensary  between 
six  and  seven  years,  and  for  three  years  was  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the 
Presbyterian  Dispensary.  During  the  later  years  of  his  practice  he  has  con- 
fined himself  mostly  to  obstetrics  and  gynecology. 

His  numerous  contributions  to  medical  literature  comprise  several  papers 
on  obstetrics,  a  pamphlet  on  appendictis  and  puerperal  infection,  besides  nu- 
merous papers  printed  in  the  medical  journals,  American  Medico-Surgical 
Bulletin,  American  Gynecological  Journal,  and  Journal  of  Obstetrics.  Dr. 
Morrill  is  a  member  of  the  Countj^  Medical  Society.  Obstetrical  Society,  Lenox 
Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  Yorkville  Medical  Association,  Med- 
ical Association  of  Greater  New  York,  and  Physicians'  Mutual 
Aid  Association.  He  was  formerly  interested  in  athletics,  but  of  late  years 
his  favorite  pursuits  have  been  art  and  fine  paintings.  Dr.  Morrill  has  been 
twice  married,  his  first  wife  having  been  Julia  Murray,  of  New  York.  For 
his  second  wife  he  married  Elizabeth  M.  Baker,  also  a  native  of  New  York. 
His  present  address  is  67  East  Seventy-ninth   street. 

ALBERT  HEMAN  ELY,  A.  B.,   M.   D.— 1888. 

Dr-  Albert  H.  Ely  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  Nathaniel  and  Richard  Ely, 
who  settled  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in  1634.  and  who,  two  years  later, 
were  associated  with  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker  in  the  first  settlement  of 
Hartford.  Connecticut.  His  paternal  great-grandfather  was  Justin  El)',  of 
West  Springfield.  Massachusetts,  and  his  grandfather  was  Hemian  Ely,  who 
removecl  from  the  to^^'n  of  \\^est  Springfield  to  the  AVestern  Reserve,  was  one 
of  its  pioneers  and  in  1817  established  a  settlement  some  twenty-five  miles 
west  of  the  town  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  named  it  Elyria.  Heman  Ely, 
father  of  Dr.  Ely,  was  prominently  identified  with  the  banking  interests  of 
Elyria,  Ohio;  he  served  for  twenty-four  years  as  grand  treasurer  of  Su- 
preme Council,  having  received  all  the  degrees  of  Masonry  up  to  and  includ- 
ing the  thirty-third.  Mr.  Ely  was  united  in  marriage  to  Mary  Day.  a  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Day,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut.  Her  uncle,  Jeremiah  Day. 
D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  ninth  president  of  Yale,  was  born  in  New  Preston,  Connecticut, 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  613 

August  3,  1773;  in  1846,  after  holding  the  office  for  twenty-nine  years, 
President  Day  resigned  and  was  immediately  elected  a  member  of  the  cor- 
poration; his  death  occurred  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  August  22,   1867. 

Dr.  Ely  was  born  in  Elyria.  Ohio.  November  22,  i860,  prepared  for 
college  at  the  Brooks  School,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  at  Phillips  Academy, 
Andover,  Massachusetts,  after  which  he  entered  Yale  and  obtained  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Arts  with  the  class  of  1885.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
in  the  College  of  Physicans  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which 
institution  he  was  graduated  in  1888.  After  a  regular  attendance  of  eighteen 
months  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York  city,  he  went  abroad  and  for  one 
year  and  a  half  continued  his  studies  in  Vienna,  principally  post-graduate 
work,  and  in  the  Rotunda  Maternity  Hospital  in  Dublin.  In  the  fall  of 
1890  he  located  in  New  York  city,  where  he  has  practiced  continuously  to 
the  present  time,  devoting  his  attention  chiefly  to  Gynecology  and  Gyneco- 
logical surgery.  For  six  years  he  served  as  gynecologist  to  the  out-patient 
department  at  Roosevelt  Hospital :  was  lecturer  on  gynecology  at  the  Poly- 
clinic, and  since  1896  has  been  the  attending  gynecologist  of  the  City  Hos- 
pital. 

Dr.  Ely  has  written  a  number  of  brochures  on  gynecological  subjects 
which  have  been  presented  before  the  various  societies  and  published  in 
the  medical  journals.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  County  Medical  Societ}',  the  Obstetrical  Society,  the  Alumni  As- 
sociation of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  the  Therapeutic  Club.  He  also  holds 
membership  in  the  University  Club.  Yale  Club,  Southampton  (Long  Island) 
Club,  and  St.  Thomas  Protestant  Episcopal  church  of  New  York  city.  At 
Rochester,  New  York,  October  7.  1891,  Dr.  Ely  married  Maud  Louise  Mer- 
chant. Their  children  are :  Reginald,  who  died  in  early  infancy ;  Albert 
Heman,  Jr..  Gerald  Day  Ely,  who  died  aged  four  years,  and  Francis  Mer- 
chant Ely.  The  family  now  reside  at  47  West  Fifty-sixth  street,  New  York 
city. 

XENOPHON  CHRISTMAS  SCOTT,  M.  D.— 1869. 

Dr.  Xenophon  Christmas  Scott,  of  Cleveland.  Ohio,  was  born  December 
4,  1843,  ^t  Hayesville,  Ashland  county,  Ohio,  and  is  the  son  of  John  and 
Elizabeth  Christmas-  (Rowland)  Scott.  The  former  was  the  son  of  John 
and  Matilda  (Weakly)  Scott,  of  Hayesville,  Ohio,  and  the  great-grandson  of 
Arthur  Scott,  one  of  the  heroes  who  passed  the  winter  with  Washington 
in  Valley  Forge.  The  mother  of  Dr.  Scott  was  the  daughter  of  James  and 
Maria  (Christmas)  Rowland.  The  former  was  a  Presbyterian  minister  and 
preached  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  for  over  forty  years.  The  father  of  Dr.  Scott 
died  in  1888  and  his  mother  passed  away  April  2,  1899. 

Dr.  Scott  was  fitted  for  college  at  Vermillion  Institute,  Hayesville,  Ohio, 
and  in  1865  graduated  as  Bachelor  of  Arts  from  Washington  and  Jefferson 
College,  Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  receiving  from  the  same  institution,  in 
1868,  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  During  the  Civil  war  he  served  one 
year  in  the  army  as  a  private,  and  afterward  as  chief  clerk  in  the  quarter- 
master's department  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi.     During 


6i4  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


his  senior  year  in  college  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
Weaver,  of  Cannonsburg.  Pennsylvania,  continuing  his  studies  in  Cleveland 
and  at  Chillicothe.  Ohio,  under  the  instruction  of  his  uncle,  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott, 
and  at  the  same  time  attending  lectures  at  the  medical  department  of  the 
AA^estern  Reserve  University,  then  the  Cleveland  Medical  College.  From  this 
institution  he  received,  in  1867,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Aledicine,  and  then 
passed  a  year  in  the  Brooklyn  (New  York)  City  Hospital  as  house  physician 
and  surgeon,  meanwhile  attending  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York.  He  passed  the  regular  examination  and  took  his 
degree  in  1869.  His  graduating  thesis  was  entitled  "A  New  ^Method  of 
Treating  Fractures  of  the  Forearm  by  Extension.  Counter  Extension  and 
Forced  .Supination."  For  the  accomplishment  of  this  purpose,  it  recommend- 
ed a  peculiar  kind  of  splint,  cuts  of  which  are  found  in  all  books  on  frac- 
tures of  the  forearm  published  after  1869.  In  the  editions  of  Dr.  Frank  H. 
Hamilton's  work  on  "Fractures  and  Dislocations."'  published  after  this  year, 
it  received  special  mention.  He  went  to  Europe  after  graduation  for  the  pur- 
pose of  further  study,  and  during  the  Franco-Prussian  war  served  most  of 
of  the  time  as  assistant  surgeon  on  the  German  side,  having  charge  of  a 
military  hospital  at  Heidelberg. 

For  one  year  he  held  the  position  of  first  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Oph- 
thalmic Hospital  of  Heidelberg  University  under  Professor  Otto  Becker, 
where  he  at  the  same  time  pursued  his  studies.  When  Professor  Helmholtz 
went  from  Heidelberg  to  Berlin  Dr.  Scott  went  with  him  in  order  to  continue 
his  studies  in  physiological  optics  and  acoustics.  He  also  spent  some  time 
in  London.  Returning  to  New  York,  he  served  for  one  year  as  house 
surgeon  in  the  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute  of  that  city,  and  in  December, 
1872,  went  to  Cleveland,  where  since  January  i,  1873,  he  has  been  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession  and  where  he  opened  a  private  hospital  for  the 
treatment  of  eye  and  ear  diseases.  From  1872  to  1883  he  was  professor 
of  ophthalmology",  otology'  and  laryngology  in  the  Cleveland  ^Medical  Col- 
lege (medical  department  of  AA'estern  Reserve  University)  :  professor  of 
eye  and  ear  diseases  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Wooster 
from  1883  to  1886:  formerly  visiting  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the- Fake  Side, 
St.  Vincent's.  University  and  Germ.an  Hospitals;  president  of  the  German 
Hospital  staff;  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  New  York,  St.  Louis  and  Chicago 
Railroad. 

Dr.  Scott  is  the  inventor  of  a  special  splint  for  treating  fractures  of  the 
forearm,  the  one  which  was  mentioned  in  his  graduating  thesis,  and  has  an 
excellent  reputation  as  an  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon.  He  read  a  paper 
before  the  Mississippi  \"alley  Medical  Association  on  the  treatment  of  Frac- 
tures of  the  forearm,  which  was  afterwards  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  In  1894  he  read  a  paper  before  the  ophthal- 
mic section  of  the  American  ^Medical  Association  on  the  treatment  of  "Puru- 
lent Ophthalmia  and  its  Treatment,"  and  in  which  he  attacked  the  usual  way 
of  treating  this  affection. 

Dr.  Scott  is  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  the  North- 
western Ohio  iSIedical  Society,  the  Northeastern  ^ledical  Society,  Northern 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  615 

Ohio  ^ledical  Society,  the  American  ^Medical  Association  and  the  ^Mississippi 
Valley  ^Medical  Association,  in  which,  in  1894.  he  held  the  office  of  president. 
For  fifteen  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  judicial  council  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  and  was  one  of  the  three  who  in  1877  organized  the 
section  of  ophthalmology-  and  otology^  in  this  association,  and  in  1885  he 
filled  the  office  of  president  of  the  section.  \A'hile  not  subscribing  to  an)' 
creed.  Dr.  Scott  is  a  believer  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and  in  the  doctrine  of  per- 
.sonal  responsibilit}-.  Dr.  Scott  married.  May  30,  1878.  Edith  L.  Cole,  of 
Elyria,  Ohio.  Their  children  were :  Edith  Gertrude,  born  February  26, 
1880;  and  Xenophon  C.  Scott,  Jr.,  born  July  6,  1882.  ]\Irs.  Scott  died  De- 
cember 4.  1886.  from  phthisis  pulmonalis.  following  pneumonia.  Dr.  Scott 
married,  June  i,  18S8,  in  Cleveland.  Ohio,  Alay  F.  Allen.  They  have  one 
child,  Kenneth  A.,  born  April  21,   1891. 

FELLOWES  DAMS,  Jr..  ^1.  D.— 1899. 

Dr.  Fellowes  Davis,  of  57  ^\'est  Forty-eighth  street.  Xew  York  city, 
clinical  assistant  in  genito-urinary  diseases  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  was  born  in  Xew  York  city,  August  4,  1872.  He  is  of  X'ew 
England  origin  and  among  his  paternal  ancestors  were  William  Davis,  who 
settled  in  Roxbury,  ^Massachusetts,  in  1638,  being  of  the  old  manorial  fam- 
ily of  Davis,  long  seated  at  Twickenham.  England :  Colonel  Aaron  Davis, 
who  serA-ed  as  colonel  of  the  militia  during  the  Revolutionarj^  war,  and  was 
also  a  prominent  member  of  the  ^Massachusetts  legislature;  Captain  Aaron 
and  ;Moses  Davis,  both  of  whom  were  Revolutionary  soldiers;  John  Win- 
throp  and  Thomas  Dudley,  governors  of  Massachusetts  Bay  under  the  first 
charter:  Rev.  John  ^^'oodbridge  and  Colonel  Winthrop  Hilton,  the  latter 
of  whom  resided  in  Exeter,  Xew  Hampshire,  and  was  killed  by  the  Indians; 
and  Captain  Jonathan  Fellowes,  of  Gloucester,  ^Massachusetts,  who  served 
in  the  French  and  Indian  wars.  On  the  maternal  side  he  is  descended  from 
Governor  Dudley  and  the  Rev.  John  ^^'oodbridge.  as  well  as  from  Robert 
Baker,  who  came  over  with  Endicott's  fleet  and  received  a  grant  of  land 
from  the  crown  at  Salem,  [Massachusetts,  in  1637:  from  Jonathan  Baker, 
who  distinguished  himself  in  the  French  and  Indian  war;  from  Ebenezer 
Baker,  of  Salem,  [Massachusetts,  who  was  wounded  in  a  naval  battle  fought 
in  1675;  and  from  Benjamin  Baker,  who  participated  in  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  and  Jesse  Davidson,  also  a  Revolutionary-  soldier. 

Fellowes  Davis,  father  of  Dr.  Davis,  is  the  son  of  Vrilliam  and  Alaria 
Davis.  He  has  been  for  a  number  of  years  a  member  of  the  X^ew  York 
Stock  Exchange,  and  serves  in  the  capacity  of  director  of  the  Cincinnati, 
Hamilton  and  Da^iion  Railway  Company.  Fie  is  a  member  of  the  council 
of  tlie  [Militarv  Order  of  Foreign  ^^'ars,  the  Union  Club,  the  Society  of 
Colonial  \\'ars  and  the  Xew  York  Historical  Society;  he  is  also  one  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution.  In  1871 
he  married  [Marie  Antoinette  Baker,  of  Boston.  [Massachusetts.  Their  chil- 
dren are:     Fellowes,  Jr.,  [Marie  Antoinette,  Pierpont  and  Dudley  Davis. 

Dr.   Davis  was  a  pupil  at  St.   [Mark's   School,   Southborough,   Massa- 


6i6  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

chusetts,  for  seven  years,  after  which  he  entered  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  of  Harvard,  graduating  in  1895.  He  continued  his  medical  studies 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1899.  Previous  to  his  gradua- 
tion he  received  the  appointment  of  interne  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  serv- 
ing the  full  term  of  eighteen  months  He  commenced  the  private  practice  of 
his  profession  in  New  York  city,  where  he  has  since  continued.  While  a 
student  at  Harvard  he  joined  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  Institute  of  1770 
and  Zeta  Psi  Societies,  the  Porcellian  and  Hasty  Pudding  Clubs,  and  was 
quite  actively  interested  in  athletics.  He  is  now  a  member  of  the  Harvard 
and  Knickerbocker  Clubs  of  New  York. 

JAMES  PEDERSEN,  M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  James  Pedersen  was  born  August  16,  1864,  in  New  York  city,  and  is 
the  son  of  Joseph  S.  and  Victoria  (Cox)  Pedersen.  The  former,  who  was 
a  merchant,  died  at  the  age  of  thirty-five:  the  latter  is  still  living.  The 
paternal  grandfather  of  Dr.  Pedersen  was  a  Norwegian  sea  captain  and 
ship  owner,  engaged  in  the  China  trade.  His  maternal  grandfather.  Joseph 
Cox,  a  native  of  Birmingham,  England,  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of  J. 
&  I.  Cox,  pioneer  dealers  in  gas  fixtures. 

Dr.  Pedersen  received  his  early  education  in  one  of  the  private  schools 
of  New  York,  and  in  public  grammar  school  No.  35.  In  1884  he  was 
graduated  from  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  with  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science.  For  a  period  of  two  years  and  a  half  he  was  in  the 
ofiice  of  a  wholesale  dr3f-goods  house,  then  went  abroad,  and  upon  his 
return  in  the  autumn  of  1887  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1890  with  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  After  serving  for  eighteen  months  as  interne  on 
the  medical  division  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  he  spent  seven  months 
in  Vienna,  doing  post-graduate  work,  with  special  reference  to  genito-urinary 
diseases  and  internal  medicine.  Thereafter  he  studied  for  a  short  time  in 
Dublin  and  returned  to  New  York.  Since  then  he  has  been  engaged  in 
practice  as  the  associate  of  Dr.  L.  Bolton  Bangs.  Until  recently  he  was 
assistant  visiting  surgeon  to  the  genito-urinary  department  of  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital. He  is  an  adjunct  professor  of  genito-urinary  surgery  and  venereal 
diseases  at  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  and 
an  instructor  in  the  University  and  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  School. 

He  was  a  contributor  to  "An  American  Text  Book  of  Genito-urinary 
Diseases,  Syphilis  and  Diseases  of  the  Skin,"  edited  by  Bangs  and  Hardaway, 
1898.  He  has  written  several  articles  and  papers  on  subjects  in  his  specialty. 
Dr.  Pedersen  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New 
York  County  Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  the  New  York 
Medico-Surgical  Society,  the  Hospital  Graduates"  Club  and  the  Therapeutic 
Club.  In  tile  spring  of  1902  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  As- 
sociation of  Genito-urinary  Surgeons. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  617 


He  belongs  also  to  the  Civil  Service  Reform  Association,  the  Adirondack 
League  Club,  the  Uni\-ersity  Club,  Quill  Club  and  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon 
Club.  The  enjoyment  derived  from  books  and  pictures  and  life  in  the  woods 
are  his  favorite  modes  of  recreation.  His  summer  home  is  near  Hulett's 
Landing,  on  Lake  George,  New  York,  and  his  New  York  address  is  20  East 
Forty-sixth  street.  He  is  a  member  and  vestryman  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  of  the  Holy  Apostles.  Dr.  Pedersen  married,  June  10,  1896,  in 
St.  Louis,  Anna  S.  Vieths,  whose  father  was  a  prominent  contractor  and 
builder  of  that  city,  and  who  assisted  in  the  construction  of  the  Eads  bridge 
and  many  other  public  works.     R/Ir.  Vieths  died  in  October,   1896. 

JOHN   HERBERT   CLAIBORNE,   M.   D.— 1883. 

Dr.  John  H.  Claiborne,  instructor  in  ophthalmology  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Louisburg,  North 
Carolina,  June  29,  1861,  and  is  the  fifth  in  descent  from  Colonel  Augustine 
Claiborne,  sixth  from  Captain  Thomas  Claiborne,  seventh  from  Colonel 
Thomas  Claiborne,  and  eighth  from  Colonel  William  Claiborne,  the  famous 
colonial  secretary  of  the  Jamestown  colony. 

Dr.  John  Herbert  Claiborne,  father  of  Dr.  Claiborne,  was  born  in 
Brunswick  county,  Virginia,  March  16,  1828,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  G.  and 
Mary  (VVeldon)  Claiborne.  He  acquired  his  education  in  the  University 
of  Virginia  and  in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  with  a  supplementary  course 
in  the  Philadelphia  Hospital.  He  obtained  his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine from  the  University  of  Virginia  in  1849,  fi'om  Jefferson  in  1850,  and 
the  following  year  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Petersburg,  Vir- 
ginia. For  several  years  he  made  a  specialty  of  diseases  of  women  and  chil- 
clren.  He  was  the  author  of  "Clinical  Reports  from  Private  Practice,"  and 
also  wrote  essays  on  "Dysmenorrhoea"  and  "Diphtheria,"  which  were  pub- 
lished by  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia.  Li  1857  he  was  elected  senator 
from  the  second  Virginia  district,  and  during  the  Civil  war  served  as  sur- 
geon in  the  Confederate  states'  army.  He  also  served  as  president  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  Springs  Company  of  Virginia.  On  May  3,  1853,  Dr.  Clai- 
borne married  Sarah  J.  Alston,  daughter  of  Joseph  J.  Alston,  of  Halifax, 
North  Carolina. 

Dr.  Claiborne  was  a  student  in  the  University  School  at  Petersburg, 
Virginia,  and  in  June,  1883,  was  graduated  from  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Virginia,  after  a  course  of  elective  academic  studies ;  he 
supplemented  this  medical  course  by  study  in  the  universities  of  Berlin,  Paris 
and  London.  In  the  fall  of  1886  he  opened  an  office  in  New  York  city  and 
devoted  his  attention  to  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear.  He  has  served  as  at- 
tending surgeon  of  the  Northwestern  Dispensary,  clinical  assistant  to  the 
Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  assistant  surgeon  to  the  New  Amsterdam 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  adjunct  professor  of  diseases  of  the  eye  in  the  New 
York  Polyclinic  and  instructor  in  ophthalmology  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  for  fourteen  years.  He  has  written  two  text  books  on 
his  specialty,  and  has  also  contributed  many  other  articles  which  have  been 


6i8  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


published  in  the  leading  medical  journals.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  Virginia  Medical  Society,  New  York  County  Medical 
Society  and  the  New  York  County  Medical  Association.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Uni^•ersity.  Calumet  and  Fencers'  Clubs,  Naval  and  Military 
Order  of  the  Spanish-American  War,  the  Southern  Society  and  the  Vir- 
ginians. Dr.  Claiborne  was  a  m.ember  of  the  National  Guard  of  New 
York  for  five  years,  and  during  that  time  served  in  Troop  A,  and  afterward 
in  Squadron  A.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish-American  war  he  en- 
listed in  the  Twelfth  New  York  Volunteers,  served  until  its  close,  and  acted 
in  the  capacity  of  second  lieutenant,  first  lieutenant,  battalion  adjutant,  regi- 
mental adjutant,   and  captain  of  Company   G. 

FORBES  HAWKES,  A.  B.,  M.  D.— 1891. 

Dr.  Forbes  Hawkes  was  born  in  New  York  city,  August  25, '1865,  the 
son  of  ^\'ootton  Wright  and  Eliza  (Forbes)  Hawkes,  the  former  named 
being  a  prominent  lawyer  of  this  city.  He  acquired  his  early  education,  from 
1871  to  1881,  in  the  government  lycee  at  Tours  and  at  Paris,  France,  and  at 
a  private  school  in  ^larburg,  Germany.  He  then  returned  to  his  native 
country,  prepared  for  college  in  New  Haven  and  entered  Yale  University, 
graduating  there  in  1887  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts;  he  then 
matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  and 
after  pursuing  a  four  years'  course  was  graduated  in  1891  with  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

During  the  first  six  months  after  his  graduation  he  "substituted"  in 
the  surgical  division  in  various  hospitals  in  the  city,  then  went  abroad  and 
spent  the  summer  and  fall  of  1892  studying  in  Ed'inburg  and  Vienna,  pur- 
suing special  courses  in  surgery  in  the  general  hospitals  there.  In  1893  he 
was  appointed  surgical  interne  in  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  New  York, 
and  went  through  the  two  years'  course  there  both  on  the  surgical  and  on 
the  medical  divisions.  In  1895  he  established  an  office  at  42  East  Twenty- 
sixth  street,  where  he  has  since  continued  in  a  general  practice  of  surgery. 
The  following  year  Dr.  Hawkes  received  the  first  appointment  as  surgical 
registrar  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  also  as  instructor  and  later  as  adjunct 
professor  of  operative  surgery  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  College 
and  Hospital.  He  was  also  made  assistant  surgeon  to  Trinity  Hospital, 
surgical  assistant  to  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  attending  surgeon  to  the  De  Milt 
Dispensary,  surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  Dispensary,  and  chief  of 
surgical  clinic  in  the  same  institution:  passing  from  these  positions  to  those 
of  attending  surgeon  to  Trinity  Hospital,  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital,  adjunct  professor  of  clinical  surgery  at  the  New  York  Post-Gradu- 
ate College  and  Hospital  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Nassau  Hospital 
of  Long  'island.  Dr.  Hawkes  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Hospital  Graduates' 
Club,  the  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  the  Alumni  Association  of 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  the  Surgical  Society,  the  Urological  Society,  the 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNL  619 

Northwestern  IMedical  and  Surgical  Society  and  the  Society  of  Dermatology 
and  Genito-Urinary  Surgery.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Order  of  Cincin- 
nati, of  the  St.  Nicholas  Society  and  of  the  University  Club. 

Dr.  Hawkes  has  written  a  number  of  articles  which  have  been  presented 
before  the  medical  societies,  and  published  in  the  various  journals,  among 
them  being  the  following:  "Report  of  Sixty-six  Cases  of  Appendicitis." 
Presbyterian  Hospital  Report  of  1897;  "Surgical  Treatment  of  Appendicitis," 
in  collaboration  with  Dr.  McCosh,  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences, 
May,  1897 ;  "Inflammation  of  the  Bursa  Gastrocnemio-Semimembranosa," 
Annals  of  Surgery,  July,  1899;  "Hysterectomies,"  Presbyterian  Hospital  Re- 
port, 1895;  "Subphrenic  A.bscesses,"  Presbyterian  Hospital  Report,  1000; 
"Functional  Results  in  Old  Fractures  and  Dislocations  in  Children,"  Pres- 
bA'terian  Hospital  Report,  1900:  "The  Recording  and  Classification  of  Sur- 
gical Histories,"  Presbyterian  Hospital  Report,  1900;  "Suprapubic  and  Sub- 
mucous Prostatectomy,"  Post-Graduate.  February,  1900:  "The  Question  of 
Operation  in  Appendicitis,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal.  January  12,  T901 ; 
"Volvulus  Following  Appendicitis,"  Presbyterian  Hospital  Report,  1902; 
"Calculus  of  the  Right  Ureter."  Presbyterian  Hospital  Report,  1902;  "Cases 
of  [Multiple  Exostoses,"  Presbyterian  Hospital  Report,   iqo2. 

JOHN  CABOT,  :\I.  D.— 1886. 

Dr.  John  Cabot,  clinical  assistant  of  dermatology  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  traces  his  ancestry,  on  the  paternal 
side,  to  John  Cabot,  who  came  to  this  country  from  Wales  in  1702,  settled 
in  Salem,  Massachusetts,  and  was  united  in  marriage  to  Anna  Druce,  a  na- 
tive of  that  town.  Another  ancestor,  John  Cabot,  rendered  material  assist- 
ance to  the  Massachusetts  authorities  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  ad- 
vancing money  from  his  private  purse  to  equip  the  troops.  George  Dodge 
Cabot,  father  of  Dr.  Cabot,  was  born  in  Jamaica  Plain  in  1812,  and  subse- 
quently married  Harriet  Story  Dodge,  also  a  native  of  the  same  town. 

Dr.  Cabot  obtained  his  literary  education  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  city  and  the  Lawrence  high  school,  graduating  from  the  latter  insti- 
tution in  1 87 1.  The  folloAving  two  years  he  devoted  to  special  study  of 
chemistry  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  after  which  he 
went  to  Chicago,  Illinois,  and  engaged  in  business  pursuits  from  1876  to 
1880.  He  then  returned  to  Lawrence  and  secured  employment  with  the 
Lawrence  Gas  Company,  but  having  decided  to  become  a  physician  he  ma- 
triculated in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city, 
graduating  in  1886.  He  supplemented  his  medical  course  by  a  year's  expe- 
rience in  hospital  work  in  New  York  city,  after  which  he  completed  his 
studies  in  the  universities  of  Vienna,  Prague.  Leipsic.  Berlin,  Stockholm 
and  Paris.  In  1890  he  took  up  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York 
citv.  and  shortlv  afterward  became  interested  in  dermatological  work.  He 
received  the  appointment  of  assistant  physician  in  the  skin  department  of 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  which  position  he  has  since  retained.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  was  the  assistant  attending  physician  in  the  out-patient  depart- 


620  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

ment  of  Roosevelt  Hospital,  but  the  increasing  demands  of  his  private  prac- 
tice forced  him  to  resign  this  position.  In  1896  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  New  York  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans 
of  Medical  Men.  in  which  capacity  he  still  serves. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  County  Medical  Society, 
New  York  Society  of  Dermatology  and  Genito-Urinary  Surgery,  Manhattan 
ISIedical  Society,  and  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York.  He  is  also  connected  with  the  Barnard  Club, 
American  Gas  Light  Association,,  Guild  of  Gas  Managers  and  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology  Society.  On  May  17,  1877.  Dr.  Cabot  mar- 
ried Caroline  A.  Cabot,  of  Lawrence,  Massachusetts.  Their  children  are : 
John,  Jr.,  and  George  D.  Cabot.  Dr.  Cabot's  address  is  34  Clinton  Place, 
Mt.  Vernon.  New  York. 

JOHN  VAN  DOREN  YOUNG.  M.  D.— 1888. 

Dr.  John  \'an  Doren  Young,  chief  in  gynecology  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
out-patient  department.  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Plainfield.  New  Jersey, 
in  1864.  The  family  were  originally  natives  of  Scotland,  but  later  settled 
in  the  north  of  Ireland,  where  they  resided  for  many  generations,  some 
of  the  family  still  making  their  home  there.  His  great-grandfather,  William 
Young,  was  a  prominent  physician  of  Ireland,  as  was  also  his  grandfather, 
Charles  Hamilton  Young,  who  came  to  this  country  in  1820,  and  settled  in 
Cold  Spring  on  the  Hudson,  where  he  was  engaged  as  a  general  practitioner 
until  his  death.  He  married  Sarah  Lyttle,  a  descendant  of  an  old  and  honored 
Scotch  ancestry. 

Dr.  John  Young,  father  of  Dr.  John  Van  Doren  Young,  was  born  at 
Port  Glenone,  county  Antrim.  Ireland,  April  16.  1822.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Cold  Spring  on  the  Hudson  and  by  private  tutors, 
and  in  1S41  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in 
the  class  of  1844.  The  same  year  he  engaged  in  active  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Cold  Spring  on  the  Hudson,  remaining  until  1856.-  when  he 
removed  to  New  York  city  and  established  an  office  in  the  Astor  House. 
In  1867  he  located  at  Fishkill-on-the-Hudson,  continued  his  practice  there 
and  also  at  Cold  Spring  and  Garrison,  New  York.  Dr.  Young  was  truly  a 
doctor  of  the  old  school:  he  began  practice  in  tjie  country  in  1844.  when 
it  was  not  a  life  of  ease,  returned  to  the  city  in  1856,  his  practice  being 
in  the  lower  end  of  the  island,  as  the  city  then  centered  around  the  Astor 
House.  He  remained  in  New  York  all  through  the  troublesome  times  of  the 
Civil  war,  leaving  it  for  a  country  doctor's  life  in  1867.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  Dutchess,  and  the  ^Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York.  Dr.  Young  was  a  great  lover  of  nature,  being 
at  the  time  of  his  death  largely  interested  in  the  growing  of  flowers.  He 
was  a  consistent  member  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  church.  At  Garrison,  in 
1850,  Dr.  Young  married  Mary  Jeanette  Garrison,  daughter  of  the  late 
Judge  John   Garrison.      Their    children    were :       Charles,    deceased ;   Frank 


;^  m 


5r»?v 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  621 


Wood,  deceased;  Martha  Dominick,  deceased;  Anna  Weir,  Sarah  Lyttle, 
Mary  Garrison,  Agnes  Josephine  Hunt,  and  John  Van  Doren  Young. 

Dr.  John  Van  Doren  Young  attended  the  private  and  public  schools  of 
Fishkill-on-the-Hudson,  and  this  was  supplemented  by  a  course  of  study  at 
the  Newburgh  Academy,  Newburgh,  New  York.  He  spent  two  and  a  half 
years  in  business  as  clerk  in  Wall  street,  but  tending  this  not  to  his  liking  he 
then  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York 
city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1888,  after  which  he  spent  one  year  in 
the  study  of  comparative  anatomy  under  the  competent  supervision  of  Pro- 
fessor Huntington.  Directly  after  his  graduation  he  received  the  appointment 
of  interne  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  remaining  one  year,  and  the  following 
year  served  in  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital.  In  1890  he  established 
an  office  at  24  West  Forty-first  street.  New  York  city,  removing  in  1893  to  his 
present  address,  60  West  Seventy-sixth  street.  Dr.  Young  has  held  many 
important  professional  positions,  being  clinical  assistant  in  the  class  of  dis- 
eases of  children  at  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  from  which  he  resigned;  as- 
sistant of  general  medicine  at  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  from  which  he  resigned; 
assistant  in  gynecology  for  five  and  one-half  years  at  the  New  York  Hospital, 
from  which  he  resigned ;  assistant  in  gynecology  for  two  and  a  half  years 
at  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  from  which  he  resigned;  and  at  the  present  time 
(1903)  he  is  serving  as  chief  in  gynecology  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  which 
position  he  has  held  for  six  years,  and  as  attending  gynecologist  to  St.  Eliza- 
beth's Hospital. 

He  is  the  author  of  an  article  on  "Eclampsia,"  and  "Illustrative  Cases  of 
Uterine  Fibroids."  Dr.  Young  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  New  York,  secretary  of  the  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association, 
fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  member  of  the  Committee  on  Ad- 
missions, member  of  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  St.  Luke's  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation, West  End  Medical  Society,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Obstetrical  Society. 
He  is  also  actively  connected  with  Kane  Lodge  No.  454,  F.  &.  A.  M.,  Sons 
of  the  Revolution,  and  the  Dutch  Reformed  church  of  New  York  city. 

WILLIAM   BREWSTER  CLARK,   M.   D.— 1879. 

Dr.  William  B.  Clark  was  born  in  Newark,  New  Jersey,  August  12, 
1850,  the  son  of  William  H.  and  Elizabeth  S.  (Munn)  Clark,  the  former 
named  being  a  prominent  merchant  of  that  city.  The  original  ancestor  of 
the  family,  Samuel  Clark,  came  from  England  in  1680  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  New  Jersey.  Dr.  Clark  acquired  his  literary  education  in  private 
schools  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  to  which  city  his  family  had  moved,  and 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  years  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  woolen  importing 
business,  in  which  he  earned  sufficient  money  to  pursue  a  course  of  study 
under  the  direction  of  a  private  tutor  who  prepared  him  for  Amherst  College, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1876  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Science.  He  began  his  professional  studies  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1879. 


622  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


He  then  entered  private  practice  in  association  \\\\h  Dr.  Roswell  Park 
Collin,  and  this  connection  continued  until  the  death  of  the  latter,  which  oc- 
curred December  21,  1891.  For  several  years  he  devoted  a  portion  of  his 
time  to  dispensary  work,  being  connected  with  the  Center  Street  Dispensarj^, 
the  DeMilt  Dispensary,  St.  Bartholomew  Clinic  and  other  dispensaries. 
Since  March  2,  1882,  Dr.  Clark  has  been  the  New  York  state  medical  referee 
of  the  Mutual  Benefit  Life  Insurance  Compan}^,  and  chief  medical  exammer 
in  New  York  city  for  the  Connecticut  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Society  and  the  Medical  Society  of  Greater  New  York;  he  is  also 
connected  with  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  Club,  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  fraternity, 
the  City  Club,  the  L^niversity  Club,  the  Sons  of  American  Revolution  and 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  At  Orange, 
New  Jerse}^  October  13,  1887,  Dr.  Clark  married  Fanny  Hazard  Cox,  a 
descendant  of  an  old  Philadelphia  famil}'.  Their  son,  Wilham  Evans  Clark, 
born  August  9,  1888,  is  a  student  at  the  Hill  School,  Pottstown,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    The  family  home  is  at  50  East  Thirty-first  street.  New  York. 

ALFRED  AATLD   GARDNER,   M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Alfred  Wild  Gardner  was  born  January  6,  1858,  in  Sharon  Springs, 
New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  John  H.  and  Almeda  (Landon)  Gardner. 
The  former  was,  from  1838  to  1842,  proprietor  of  the  old  City  Hotel  of 
New  York,  now  115  Broadway.  For  sixty  years  he  has  been  connected 
with  Sharon  Springs,  having  done  much  to  develop  the  possibilities  of  the 
place,  which,  when  he  Avent  there,  contained  but  one  house.  He  was  a  can- 
didate for  congress  on  the  Republican  ticket  in  the  Schoharie  and  Albany 
districts  in  1864.  The  maternal  great-grandfather  of  Dr.  Gardner  was  a 
minute  man  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  his  m.aternal  grandfather 
took  part  in  the  war  of  1812.  George  Gardner,  great-grandfather,  moved 
from  Rhode  Island  and  settled  in  Troy  as  a  merchant.  He  married  Miss 
Croix,  of  Troy.  He  had  one  son,  George  Gardner,  grandfather  of  Dr. 
Gardner ;  his  wife  died  and  he  married  Miss  Townsend,  of  Troy,,  by  whom 
he  had  several  children.  George  Gardner  became  a  merchant  in  Troy ;  he 
married  Christianna  Rosenberry,  who  bore  him  George  W.,  Reyanna,  John 
H.,  father  of  Dr.  Gardner;  Asa  and  William  Gardner.  William  Gardner 
was  at  the  time  of  his  death  dock  commissioner  of  the  city  of  New  York ;  he 
was  an  iron  merchant.  George  Gardner  moved  to  New  York  in  1820  and 
died  in   1826. 

Dr.  Gardner  was  educated  in  Mr.  Churchill's  military  school  at  Sing 
Sing,  and  at  St.  John's  School,  then  Adams  Academy,  at  Quincy,  Massachu- 
setts. In  1877  he  became  associated  in  business  with  his  father  in  Sharon 
Springs  Hotel  and  Cottages.  Having  ahvays  been  fond  of  medicine,  and 
having  read  much  on  the  subject,  he  determined  to  study,  and  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1890  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  He  began  practice  in 
Sharon    Springs,   where  he   has   since   spent   five   months   of   each   year,    as 


(M^^    CA/-^ 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  62^ 


medical  director  of  the  Sulphur  Baths.  For  six  years  he  was  connected  v.'ith 
the  department  of  general  medicine  in  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  is  now 
instructor  in  internal  medicine  in  the  New  York  School  of  Clinical  ^ledi- 
cine. 

Dr.  Gardner  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County  jNIedical  Society, 
the  Physicians'  ilutual  Aid  Association  and  the  ]\Iedical  Association  of 
Greater  New  York.  He  belongs  to  the  Union  League,  the  New  York  Ath- 
letic Club  and  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution.  His  favorite  recreations  are 
found  in  athletics  and  outdoor  sports.  He  is  chairman  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  Trinity  Protestant  Episcopal  church  at  Sharon  Springs.  Dr.  Gardner 
married.  Alay  16.  1883,  in  New  York.  ]\Iary  E.  Burchell,,  a  resident  of  that 
city.  They  have  three  children :  Alary  B..  Henry  B.  and  Alfred  \\'.  Dr. 
Gardner's  New  York  address  is  325  ^^'est  Eighty-ninth  street. 

\VILLIAAI  CANTINE  GILLEY.  AL   D.— 1885. 

Dr.  ^Villiam  C.  Gilley.  clinical  assistant  in  genito-urinary  diseases  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  was  born  in  New  York  city  Aug- 
ust 23.  1 85 1.  His  father,  William  Franklin  Gilley,  Avas  a  descendant  of  an 
English  ancestry,  while  his  mother.  ]\Iary  Cantine  Heath,  traced  her  origin 
to  English  and  French  Huguenot  ancestors. 

Dr.  Gilley  acquired  an  excellent  literary  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  New  York  citv.  and  desiring  to  enter  a  professional  career  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Ph}'sicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  cit}".  from  which 
he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1S85.  The 
three  years  previous  to  his  matriculation  he  spent  in  Europe,  one  year  in 
Paris,  and  two  j^ears  in  Stuttgart.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Count}^  Medical 
Association  of  New  York,  the  New  York  Physicians'  ^Mutual  Aid  Associa- 
tion, the  Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  City  (Charity)  Hospital,  and  several 
other  professional  and  scientific  societies.  His  address  is  59  Banlv  street, 
New  York  city. 

JOHN  BEACH  KNAPP,  :\I.  D.— 1876. 

Dr.  John  B.  Knapp  was  born  in  Hatfield,  ^Massachusetts,  ]March  11, 
185 1,  the  son  of  Jared  O.  Knapp,  D.  D..  a  clergyman  of  the  Congregational 
denomination,  whose  death  occurred  in  i860,  and  Sarah  E.  (Beach)  Knapp. 
The  familv  originated  in  Saxony,  a  province  of  Germany,  and  later  settled 
in  England,  where  they  were  given  an  original  coat  of  arms  in  English  her- 
a:idry.  Roger  Knapp,  the  progenitor  of  the  American  branch  of  the  family, 
was  born  in  England,  came  to  this  countn,-  in  1630  and  settled  in  New- 
Haven,  Connecticut. 

Dr.  Knapp  prepared  for  college  at  the  high  school  of  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut, but  before  entering  Yale  he  was  attacked  with  typhoid  fever  and 
was  compelled  to  forego  his  classical  course.  He  intended  to  pursue  a 
course  of  study  in  theology,  but  changed  his  plans  and  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Phvsicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  cit\-.  in  which  institution 
he  had  a  high  standing  and  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of 


624  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


1876.  He  received  the  appointment  of  interne  at  Roosevelt  Hospital,  which 
position  he  filled  for  the  entire  term  of  eighteen  months.  He  then  estab- 
lished an  oi^ce  in  New  York  city,  where  he  has  since  been  engaged  in  a  gen- 
eral practice  of  medicine  and  snrgery.  For  a  period  of  twenty  years  he  was 
connected  with  the  University  Mecdial  College,  first  as  tutor,  then  instructor 
and  finally  adjunct  professor  of  materia  medica.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
New  York  County  IMedical  Society,  Medical  Association  of  Greater  New 
York,  Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  and  a  fellow  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Catholic  Apostolic  church, 
the  ritual  being  similar  to  that  of  the  Episcopal  church,  controlled  by  the 
College  of  Apostles  in  London,  England.  In  1879  Dr.  Knapp  married  Miss 
Isabella  Rintoul,  of  New  York  city.  Their  children  are:  James  R.,  John 
Beach,  Jr.,  Gertrude.  Harold,  Elizabeth  and  Edith  Knapp.  Dr.  Knapp  and 
his  family  li\-e  at  35  West  Seventy-fifth  street.  New  York. 

HARRY  LAVINTON   PURDY,   M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Harry  L.  Purdy  was  born  at  Bluft'  Point,  Yates  county.  New  York, 
June  1 6th,  1867,  a  descendant  of  a  family  that  orginally  claimed  Holland 
for  their  birthplace.  His  grandfather,  Abijah  Purdy,  was  born  in  Orange 
county,  New  York,  but  later  took  up  his  residence  in  Yates  county,  New 
York,  and  was  an  active  participant  during  the  war  of  1812.  His  father, 
Stephen  C.  Purdy,  was  born  in  Yates  county.  New  York,  participated  as  a 
private  during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion:  he  was  united  in  marriage  to, Pauline 
V.  Ray,  and  they  are  now  residents  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  where  Mr. 
Purdy  is  enjoying  a  few  years  of  retirement  from  the  active  duties  of  a  busi- 
ness career. 

Dr.  Purdy  attended  grammar  school  No.  49,  New  York  city,  where  he 
was  prepared  to  enter  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  After  pursuing 
the  regular  course  in  this  institution  he  began  his  business  career  by  enter- 
ing the  employ  of  the  Hanover  National  Bank,  remaining  two  years.  Hav- 
ing decided  to  lead  a  professional  life  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated 
in  the  class  of  1890.  He  spent  an  interneship  of  one  j'ear  in  the  medical 
and  surgical  division  of  the  J.  Hood  Wright  Hospital,  after  which  he  acted 
in  the  capacity  of  associate  to  Dr.  H.  T.  Hanks,  remaining  in  this  position 
until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1900.  Dr.  Purdy  then  established  an  ofiice  at 
180  East  Seventy-second  street,  later  remo\'ed  to  163  East  Seventy-first  street, 
then  to  766  Madison  avenue  and  finally  settled  at  his  present  address,  116 
East  Seventy-fourth  street,  where  he  conducts  a  general  practice  of  medicine 
and  surgery,  although  the  larger  portion  of  his  time  is  devoted  to  gynecology 
and  obstetrics,  having  written  quite  a  number  of  valuable  articles  on  these 
subjects. 

For  five  years  he  was  the  lecturer  on  gynecology  in  the  Post-Graduate 
Hospital  and  Medical  College,  was  attending  physician  in  the  class  of  general 
medicine  in  the  dispensary  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  for  three  years 
was  the  attending  physicians  to  the  Baptist  Home  for  Aged  People.     He  is 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.      .  625 

a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society  and  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  J.  Hood  Wright  Hospital.  He 
is  also  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  Royal  Arcanum.  On  October 
4,  1891,  Dr.  Purdy  married  Mabel  Edith  Howard,  of  New  York  city.  Their 
children  are  Edith  Pauline  and  Helen  Muriel  Purdy. 

ALBERT  WARREN  FERRIS,  M.  D.— 1S82. 

Dr.  Albert  Warren  Ferris  was  born  December  3,  1856,  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Richard  Burchan  and  Sarah  A.  (Demarest) 
Ferris.  The  former,  who  graduated  from  the  New  York  University  in  the 
class  of  1844,  was  fifty  years  in  the  Bank  of  New  York,  in  Wall  street,  and 
from  1882  to  1898  was  its  vice-president.  He  is  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Jeffreys  Ferris,  who  came  from  Leicestershire,  England,  and  settled  in  Con- 
necticut, dying  at  Greenwich,  in  that  state,  in  x666.  Jeffreys'  son  John 
was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1639.  He  removed  to  New  York  in  1654,  and 
became  one  of  the  first  patentees  of  the  town  of  West  Chester  under  Governor 
Nichols,  in  1667,  and  was  a  grantee  under  an  Indian  deed,  1692.  He  was 
a  local  justice  and  a  member  of  all  prominent  councils  and  committees,  and 
died  in  171 5.  Peter,  the  son  of  John,  lived  at  West  Chester,  New  York, 
and  was  the  father  of  Gilbert,  who  married  Sarah  Fowler,  and  died  in 
1777.  Their  son  John  was  born  in  1771,  at  Eastchester,  followed  the  busi- 
ness of  a  contractor  and  builder,  served  as  captain  and  quartermaster  in  the 
Second  New  York  Artillery  in  the  war  of  1812,  was  the  first  to  command 
the  New  York  state  fortification  known  as  "the  Battery,"  at  Castle  Garden, 
New  York  city;  he  married  Sarah  Watkins,  and  died  in  New  York  city  in 
1824.  Their  son  Isaac,  who  graduated  from  Columbia  University  in  the 
class  of  1816,  was  chancellor  of  the  New  York  University  from  1853  to 
1870,  and  was  the  father  of  Richard  Burchan,  mentioned  above  as  the  father 
of  Albert  Warren.  The  Rev.  Isaac  Ferris,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in 
New  York  city  in  1798,  served  as  bombardier  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
war  of  1 81 2,  married  Catherine  Ann  Burchan  of  New  York,  and  died  in 
Roselle,  New  fersey,  in  1873.  Their  son,  Richard  Burchan  Ferris,  was 
born  in  Albany,  New  York,  in  1827,  and  served  during  part  of  the  Civil 
war  in  the  "Home  Guard"  of  Brooklyn,  afterward  mustered  into  the  service 
as  the  Twenty-third  Regiment,  National  Guard,  State  of  New  York. 

Dr.  Ferris  received  his  early  education  principally  at  the  Adelphi  Acad- 
emy of  Brooklyn,  the  Newark  (New  Jersey)  Latin  School,  and  the  Has- 
brouck  Institute  of  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey,  and  entered  New  York  Univer- 
sity in  1874,  graduating  the  president  of  his  class ;  he  was  literary  editor  of 
the  LTniversity  Quarterly,  University  representative  in  Greek  in  the  Inter- 
collegiate Literary  Association,  and  graduated  with  the  Greek  Salutatory  and 
the  Second  Fellowship  prize,  receiving  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in 
1878.  In  1885  he  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  In  the  spring 
of  1879,  after  teaching  a  few  months,  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  graduating  in  1882.  From  1883  to  1885  he 
was  medical  and  surgical  interne  at  Kings  County  Hospital,  Flatbush,  Long 


626  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Island,  and  during  the  following  six  years  was  resident  physician  and  as- 
sistant to  the  superintendent  at  Sanford  Hall,  a  private  insane  asylum,  at 
Flushing,  Long  Island.  Since  1891  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  private  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  New  York  city;  he  held  the  position  of  assistant 
in  neurology  in  Columbia  University  from  1893  to  1901.  Since  1898  he 
has  also  been  assistant  to  the  professor  of  general  medicine  at  the  University 
and  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College.  In  1896  he  was  physician  in 
charge  of  Dr.  Choate's  House,  Pleasantville,  New  York.  From  1891  to 
1893  he  was  trustee  and  treasurer  of  Rutgers  Female  College  of  New  York 
city,  and  since  1899  has  been  trustee  and  financial  secretary  of  the  Pringle 
Memorial  Home.  He  has  been  visitor  to  the  Manhattan  State  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  by  appointment  of  the  supreme  court,  since  1901. 

Dr.  Ferris  was  editor  in  collaboration  of  the  American'  Aledico-Siirgical 
Bulletin  during  1894-1895-1896,  and  has  been  medical  editor  of  the  Year  Book 
of  the  International  Cyclopedia  since  i8g8,  and  of  the  New  International  Ency- 
clopedia since  1900.  He  has  been  associate  editor  of  The  Medical  Critic  since 
its  foundation  in  1901.  Dr.  Ferris  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Association  of  Greater  New  York,  the  New 
York  Neurological  Society,  and  the  New  York  Academ}^  of  Medicine,  in 
which  he  was  chairman  of  the  section  on  neiu^ology  and  psychiatry  from 
1897  to  1898.  He  belongs  to  the  African  Colonization  Society  and  the 
Delta  Upsilon  Club,  and  the  New  York  University  Historical  Society,  of 
which  he  is  president.  Since  his  college  days  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Delta  Upsilon  and  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  fraternities.  He  was  vice  president 
of  the  Delta  Upsilon  fraternity  in  1902-3.  Dr.  Ferris  married,  September 
29.  1897,  Juliet  Anne  Gavette;  he  has  no  children,  and  his  residence  is  at 
343  Madison  avenue. 

EMIL  FREI,  M.  D.— 1892. 

Dr.  Frail  Frei,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  is  of  German  ancestry,  but  a 
native  of  the  United  States,  having  been  born  in  Brooklyn  July  2,  1871.  He 
was  educated  in  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1888.  Having  selected  as  his  life  work  the  profession  of  medicine, 
Dr.  Frei  entered  upon  a  course  of  preparatory  study  under  the  guidance  of 
Dr.  Francis  A.  Schlitz,  subsequently  matriculating  in  the  College  of  Phj^si- 
cians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  graduated  in 
the  class  of  1892.  He  then  received  an  appointment  as  interne  in  the  German 
Hospital  of  New  York,  where  he  remained  fifteen  months.  This  experience 
Dr.  Frei  further  supplemented  by  a  visit  to  Europe,  where  he  continued  his 
studies  for  three  years  in  Berlin,  Leipsic  and  Vienna. 

After  this  exceptionall}'  thorough  equipment  for  his  future  career.  Dr. 
Frei  returned  in  1896  to  the  United  States  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  his  native  city  of  Brooklyn,  where  he  has  since  remained, 
and  where  he  has  built  up  a  large  and  satisfactory  practice.  Dr.  Frei  is  a 
member  of  the  Brooklyn  Medical  Society,  and  the  German  Physicians'  Medi- 
cal Society.  He  is  highly  respected  by  his  professional  brethren  and  is  well 
liked  sociallv. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  ■        627 


EDWARD  IRVING  FORD,  U.  D.— 1860. 

Dr.  Edward  Irving  Ford,  for  many  years  active  in  the  work  of  his 
profession,  both  as  soldier  and  citizen,  was  born  June  28,  1825,  at  Newark 
Valley,  Tioga  county.  New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Rew  Marcus  and 
Clarissa  (Clizbe)  Ford.  The  former  was  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and 
for  forty  years  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  at  Newark  Vallejr.  He 
was  a  man  of  exceptional  ability  as  minister,  pastor  and  friend. 

Dr.  Ford  received  his  early  education  in  the  schools  of  his  native  vil- 
lage and  at  Owego,  and  under  the  private  tuition  of  his  father  was  prepared 
to  enter  Williams  College,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the  class  of  1849, 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Thereafter  he  followed  for  a  time  the 
profession  of  teaching,  filling  the  position  of  principal  of  the  Academ}'  of 
Athens,  Pennsylvania,  for  two  years,  and,  for  about  the  same  length  of  time, 
holding  a  similar  office  in  the  Academy  of  Elmira,  New  York.  Deciding  to 
adopt  as  a  profession  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  entered  upon  a  course  of 
preliminary  study  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  R.  B.  Root,  of  Newark 
Valley,  and  subsequently  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  the  instructions  of  Dr.  Brooks, 
of  Binghamton.  On  completing  his  period  of  preparation,  he  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  graduated  in  the  class  of  i860,  and  immediately  entered  upon  the 
active  practice  of  his  profession  in  Binghamton,  Broome  county.  New  York. 

During  the  progress  of  the  Civil  war  it  became  evident  to  Dr.  Ford  that 
his  sphere  of  usefulness  was  with  the  Union  army,  and  in  Ma}',  1863,  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  United  States  government;  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  acting  assistant  surgeon  of  the  United  States  arm}',  and  was  assigned 
to  duty  at  Evansville,  Indiana.  Subsequently  he  was  transferred  to  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Missouri,  and  later  to  the  field  hospital  at  Chattanooga,  Tennessee, 
and  soon  after  to  the  General  Hospitals  at  Nashville,  where  he  remained  until 
1864,  when  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  the  One  Hundred  and  First  Regi- 
ment of  the  United  States  Colored  Troops,  with  the  rank  of  major,  and 
served  until  he  was  honorably  discharged  in  1866.  After  attending  a  post- 
graduate course  in  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Ford  returned  to  Binghamton  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  his  profession,  strengthening  and  extending  the  reputa- 
tion which  he  had  already  acquired,  of  a  skillful,  progressive  and  conscientious 
physician. 

In  1881  Dr.  Ford  went  to  Asbury  Park.  New  Jersey,  and  established  the 
Sea  Side  Sanitarium.  In  this  benevolent  enterprise,  the  far-reaching  results 
of  which  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  fully,  he  was  very  successful,  but  the 
labor  and  responsibility  incident  to  the  undertaking  undermined  his  health 
and  compelled  him  in  1894  to  return  to  Binghamton.  He  has  since  with- 
drawn from  the  active  duties  of  a  medical  practitioner,  but  is  reaping  the 
fruits  of  his  long  and  useful  career  in  the  knowledge  of  the  good  which  has 
resulted  from  his  labors.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Broome  County  Medical 
Society,  and  fellow  of  the  Binghamton  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Ford  married.  July  16,  185 1,  Anna  Shepard,  daughter  of  George  A. 
and  Julia  Anna  (Shepard)  Perkins,  of  Athens,  Pennsylvania.  The  ancestors 
of  Mrs.  Ford,  on  both  paternal  and  maternal  sides,  Avere  early  settlers  of  the 


628  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


Susquehanna  Valley,  near  Athens,  and  Mrs.  Perkins  was  the  author  of  a 
•work  entitled  "Earh'  Times  on  the  Susquehanna,"  which  is  a  recognized  au- 
thority on  the  subject.  It  is  found  in  leading  libraries,  where  the  demand 
for  it  is  so  great  as  to  call  for  the  reprinting  of  the  book.  During  the  Civil 
war  Mrs.  Ford  was  deeply  and  enthusiastically  interested  in  the  work  of  the 
Christian  Commission,  and  during  Dr.  Ford's  period  of  military  service  gave 
between  two  and  three  years  of  efficient  and  sympathetic  labor  to  the  cause 
in  caring  for  the  soldiers  who  were  lying  sick  and  wounded  in  the  hospitals. 
Both  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ford  look  back  upon  the  period  of  their  service  in  the 
army  as  the  most  helpful  experience  of  their  lives.  They  were  the  parents 
of  two  children,  both  of  whom  died  in  infanc}',  but  they  have  one  adopted 
daughter,  Jessie,  who  is  the  wife  of  F.  E.  Hoover,  an  architect  of  Newark, 
New  Jersey.  On  July  i6,  1901,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ford  celebrated  their  golden 
wedding,  receiving,  on  that  occasion,  the  heartfelt  congratulations  of  a  large 
circle  of  relatives  and  friends. 

GEORGE  WACKERHAGEN,  M.  D.— 1869. 

Dr.  George  W'ackerhagen,  son  of  George  Augustus  Girard  and  Chris- 
tina (Rockfeller)  Wackerhagen,  was  born  in  Alban}',  New  York,  October 
2,  1845.  He  attended  Trinity  School,  Tivoli,  Dutchess  county.  New  York, 
where  he  obtained  a  thorough  practical  education.  At  the  age  of  sixteen, 
while  engaged  in  the  study  of  chemistry,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  soldier  in 
the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-sixth  New  York  Volunteers.  In  his  first  en- 
gagement at  the  battle  of  Fort  Beasland,  Louisiana,  when  seventeen  years 
of  age,  the  battalion  to  which  he  belonged  began  to  retreat,  but  by  his  acts 
of  daring  and  personal  exposure  to  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  the  flight  of  his 
fellow  soldiers  was  arrested,  order  restored,  and  a  portion  of  the  enemy's 
works  captured.  After  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson  he  was  taken  sick  and  in- 
capacitated for  duty.  On  his  recovery  he  was  appointed  apothecary  to  the 
hospital,  where  he  continued  the  study  of  medicine.  After  examination  he 
was  recommended  by  the  surgeon  general  for  the  position  of  executive  hos- 
pital steward,  United  States  Army,  and  was  appointed  to  that  position  by 
the  secretary  of  war,  April  12,  1864.  He  was  subsequently  appointed  act- 
ing assistant  surgeon  and  stationed  at  the  United  States  general  hospital, 
Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana. 

In  1866,  desiring  to  continue  his  medical  studies  in  New  York,  he  ten- 
dered his  resignation,  which  was  accepted.  He  registered  at  the  University 
Medical  College,  New  York  city,  and  pursued  his  studies  in  that  institution 
for  one  year.  In  1867  he  changed  to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  March,  1869.  He  held  the 
position  of  operating  surgeon  to  the  Southern  Dispensary  and  Hosjjital  for 
several  years,  and  was  also  appointed  consulting  surgeon.  He  also  held  the 
position  of  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Norwegian  Hospital.  He  also  held  the 
position  of  visiting  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  House  of  St,  Giles  in 
Brooklyn. 

Dr.   Wackerhagen   is  the  author  of  the   following  articles  and   clinical 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  629 

cases  published  in  the  New  York  and  Brookl}'!!  Medical  journals 
and  presented  before  the  New  York  Pathological  and  Brooklyn  Sur- 
gical Societies.  These  are:  "Remarks  on  a  Vaginal  Speculum," 
N'ezi'  York  Record,  January,  1873 ;  "A  Method  of  Applying  Plaster- 
of-Paris  for  Fracture  of  the  Bones  of  the  Leg,"  New  York  Medical 
Journal,  October,  1874;  "A  Case  of  Posterior  or  Angular  Curvature  of  the 
Spine  with  Permanent  Muscular  Contractions,"  A^rtc  York  Medical  Journal. 
August,  187^  :  "Free  Incision  with  Drainage  Tubes,  versus  Paracentesis  in  the 
Treatment  of  Pyothorax,"  A-czv  York  Medical  Journal,  January,  1875;  "An 
Improved  Method  of  Obtaining  Support  m  Fracture  of  Bones  of  the  Leg," 
Nezu  York  Medical  Journal,  1875;  "^  Case  of  Plastic  Surgery,"  "A  Case  of 
Ligature  of  the  Femoral  Artery,"  and  "A  Case  of  Resection  of  the  Hip  Joint," 
Proceedings  of  Kings  County  Medical  Society,  April,  1877 ;  "A  New  Frac- 
ture Dressing."  Proceedings  of  Kings  County  Medical  Society,  August,  1876; 
"A  Convenient  and  Rapid  Method  of  Removing  Plaster-of-Paris  in  Frac- 
tures," Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  November,  1880;  "Extirpation  of  Can- 
cer of  the  Face,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Record,  INIarch,  1883 ;  "A  New  Needle 
for  Continuous  or  Interrupted  Suture,"  A^eiv  York  Medical  Record,  October, 
1884;  "Colpo-Hysterectomy  for  Carcinoma,  with  Remarks  Upon  Antiseptic 
Surgery  in  Private  Practice."  Nciv  York  Medical  Journal,  October,  1887; 
"A  Case  of  Deformity  of  the  Right  Hand.  Improved  by  Plastic  Operation," 
Neiv  York  Medical  Record,  March,  1887;  "Tubercular  Invasion  of  Bone." 
Brooklyn  j\ledical  Journal,  July,  1888;  "A  Case  of  Tubercular  Disease  of 
The  Ankle  Joint;"  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  1889;  "A  Case  of  Ovariotomy, 
Operative  Surgery,"  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  January  17,  1889;  "A  Case 
of  Syphilitic  Disease  of  Ankle  Joint,  A  Case  of  Tali]'jes  Varus  (Operation), 
A  Case  of  Excision  of  the  Thumb."  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  March,  1890; 
"Report  of  a  Case  of  Pistol  Shot  Wound  of  the  Right  Thigh,"  Brooklyn 
Surgery  Society,  February  5.  1891 :  "Partial  Excision  of  the  Wrist  Joint," 
Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  April  21,  1892;  "Accumulation  of  Pus  in  the 
Fallopian  Tubes."  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  December,  1892 ;  "A  Case  of 
Appendicitis,"  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  1892;  "Interstitial  Fibriod  of  the 
Uterus  (Operation)."  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  1892;  "Surgical  Treat- 
ment of  Carcinoma  of  the  Breast,"  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  May,  1896; 
"Recurring  Appendicitis."  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  Januar}',  1897;  "A 
Case  of  Carcinoma  of  Breast."  Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  1897 ;  "An  Im- 
proved Accessory  Apparatus  for  Enteroraphy,"  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal, 
January  29.  1898;  "Report  of  a  Case  of  Hystero-Oophorectomy,  With  Speci- 
mens," Brooklyn  Medical  Journal,  1898;  "A  Method  of  Attaching  a  Glass 
Ball  to  the  Murphy  Button  in  Gastro-Enterotomy,"  Brooklyn  Surgical  Soci- 
ety, December,.  1897;  "An  Important  Attachment  to  the  Otis  Dilating  Ureth- 
rotome," Nezu  York  Medical  Journal,  January  24,  1891 ;  "Digestible  Wafer 
Cylinders  for  Support  of  Intestinal  Operations,"  Nezu  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, April  2,  1898,  and  "Two  Cases  of  Appendicitis  Presented  Before  the 
Brooklyn  Surgical  Society."  March  2.  1899.  Many  of  the  articles  on  sur- 
gery which  he  has  written  have  also  been  republished  in  France  and  Germanv. 
Dr.  Wackerhagen  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of 


630  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

Kings,  the  Brookh-n  Pathological  Society,  the  Brooklyn  Surgical  Society,  of 
which  he  was  president  in  1895,  and  the  New  York  Pathological  Society. 

He  was  married  October  13,  1875,  to  Miss  Ehzabeth  B.  Hazlett,  of 
Brooklyn.  They  had  five  children :  Frederick  William  and  Louis  Hazlett, 
deceased :  Henrietta  Caroline,  Elizabeth  Christina,  and  Fredericka  Antoin- 
ette. 

The  history  of  the  \\^ackerhagen  family  is  traced  back  through  many 
generations.  The  first  reports  obtainable  make  mention  of  them  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Their  descendants  held  many  public  offices 
of  trust  and  responsibility  in  church  and  state.  George  Rudolph  was  born 
in  1778,  became  a  cadet  before  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age  and  engaged  in 
the  war  in  Flanders.  He  later  engaged  in  the  war  with  Spain  and  became 
a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington;  was  engaged  in  the  siege 
of  Bayonne,  Spain,  and,  although  shot  in  both  knees,  he  prevented  the  French 
from  penetrating  the  English  lines :  he  was  afterward  taken  prisoner.  He 
entered  the  Anglo-German  Legion  in  1803,  and  after  many  j-ears  of  service 
retired  from  the  army  with  the  rank  of  major.  He  was  subsequenth^  made 
lietTtenant  colonel,  was  also  consul  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  and  died  in  185 1, 
at  Pattensen,  the  original  homestead  of  the  Wackerhagens.  The  father  of 
Dr.  W'ackerhagen,  George  Augustus  Girard  ^^'ackerhagen,  was  born  in 
Hanover,  Germany,  and  died  at  Hammonton,  Atlantic  county.  New  Jersey, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-four  years.  He  was  a  teacher  by  profession.  The 
great-uncle  of  Dr.  Wackerhagen,  the  late  Rev.  Augustus  Wackerhagen,  D. 
D.,  was  born  in  Hanover,  Germany,  and  died  in  Clermont,  Columbia  county, 
New  York.  He  was  educated  in  the  University  of  Goettingen,  Germany, 
and  after  completing  his  theological  studies  came  to  the  Lnited  States  in 
1801. 

LEAVIS  HACKALIAH  MILLER,  A.  B.,  M.  D.— 1880. 

Dr.  Lewis  H.  Miller,  actively  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine  and 
surgery  at  287  Clinton  avenue,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  was  born  March  16, 
1852,  in  Bedford,  Westchester  county.  New  York,  the  son  of  Horace  and 
Hannah  Maria  (Miller)  Miller.  Dr.  Miller  acquired  his  preliminary  educa- 
tion at  the  Bedford  Academy,  and  in  1870  he  was  well  qualified  to  enter 
Madison  (now  Colgate)  LTniversity,  from  which  institution  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1874  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts;  three  years  later  the 
same  university'  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  From 
1874  to  1876  he  was  engaged  in  the  occupation  of  teaching  school,  being 
employed  in  various  public  institutions  in  the  country  and  in  Yonkers,  and 
he  also  did  some  job  work  in  civil  engineering.  Wishing  to  enter  a  pro- 
fessional career  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  personal  guidance 
of  Dr.  Seth  Shove,  of  Katonah.  Subsequently,  in  1876,  he  matriculated  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  and  four  years 
later  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Miller  began  the  active  practice  of  his  profession  in  Pat- 
terson, Putnam  county,  New  York,  where  he  remained  nine  months. 
He    then    returned    to    New     York     city    and    acted    as    an    interne    in 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  631 

the  Colored  Home  and  Hospital  until  the  fall  of  1881,  when  he 
established  an  office  in  Brewstei",  Putnam  county.  New  York.  Here  he 
conducted  a  general  practice  and  met  with  more  than  an  average  degree  of 
success.  He  displayed  remarkable  skill  and  ability  in  the  treatment  and  cure 
of  disease,  and  was  appointed  health  officer  in  1887,  which  position  he  re- 
tained until  1890.  In  Alay.  1893,  I-*''-  ^fihei'  removed  to  Brooklyn  and  de- 
voted his  attention  to  special  work  on  the  throat  and  nose  at  the  Post-Gradu- 
ate  Medical  School,  and  he  also  pursued  a  special  course  of  instruction  on 
the  ear  at  the  [Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  being  engaged  as  clinical 
assistant  in  the  ear  department  of  that  institution  for  six  years.  He  acted  as 
laryngologist  and  rhinologist  to  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital  Dispen- 
sary for  six  years,  and  the  past  three  years  as  acting  laryngologist  and 
rhinologist  in  the  Polhemus  JNIemorial  Clinic. 

At  the  present  time  (1902)  Dr.  IMiller  is  instructor  in  diseases  of  the 
throat  and  nose  in  the  Long  Island  College.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
of  valuable  medical  articles  which  ha\-e  appeared  in  print,  among  them  being 
"Pemphigus  Cb.ronicus  A^'ulgaris  of  the  ]\Iouth  and  Epiglottis."  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Nezv  York  Medical  Journal,  July  3,  1897,  and  "Congenital 
Double  Fistula  of  the  Lower  Lip  Simulating  a  Supernumerar)-  Nose,"  pub- 
lished in  the  Medical  Record.  January,  1896.  He  is  a  prominent  member 
of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  having  been  a  delegate  for  four 
years  from  Putnam  county:  is  a  member  of  the  Kings  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Brooklyn  Pathological  Society,  the  American  Laryngological, 
Rhinological  and  Otological  Society,  the  Associated  Physicians  of  Long  Is- 
land and  the  Physicians"  ^Mutual  Aid  Association.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Delta  Phi  society.  He  is  a  Alason  and  has  passed  through  the  chapter,  com- 
mandery  and  is  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In  1885,  at  the  Strong  Place 
Baptist  church  of  Brooklyn,  Dr.  Miller  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Florence  Mansfield,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York.  Their  children  are :  Florence 
and  Lewis  E.  Miller.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Miller  are  members  of  the  Marcv  Ave- 
nue Baptist  church,  and  while  a  resident  of  Brewster.  New  York,  Dr.  Miller 
acted  as  treasurer  of  the  Baptist  church  there. 

CHARLES  EZRA  SIMMONS,  M.  D.— 1864. 

.  Dr.  Charles  Ezra  Simmons,  of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Tro^^  New 
York,  August  16.  1840,  and  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Ferris  and  Mary  Sophia 
(Gleason)  Simmons.  On  the  paternal  side  he  is  descended  froin  German 
ancestors  who  settled  in  Rensselaer  county.  New  York,  in  the  early  colonial 
days,  and  he  traces  his  genealogy  through  his  mother  from  an  English  family 
that  came  to  Massachusetts  in  1654.  His  early  education  was  received  in 
the  public  and  private  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  a.t  a  boarding  school  in 
Sand  Lake,  near  Troy.  In  1861  he  entered  Williams  College,  leaving  at  the 
end  of  his  junior  year  to  enter  Beloit  College,  Wisconsin,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  the  same  year  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  then 
applied  himself  for  a  year  to  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  University  of  Goet- 
tingen,  Germany.     On  his  return  to  the  LTnited  States  in  1862  he  spent  a  year 


632  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia,  and  then  returned  to  Troy, 
where  he  continued  his  medical  studies  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Thomas  C.  Brins- 
made.  In  the  autumn  of  1863  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  New  York,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the  following  spring,  with 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

The  same  year  he  opened  practice  in  Troy  in  association  with  his  former 
preceptor,  Dr.  Brinsmade,  and  in  1868  came  to  New  York  city,  where  he  has 
since  remained.  From  1866  to  1869  Dr.  Simmons  was  surgeon  of  a  Troy 
regiment.  Since  taking  up  his  abode  in  New  York  city  he  has  acted  as 
public  school  trustee  from  the  nineteenth  ward,  holding  this  position  for  five 
years,  and  for  ten  years,  from  1885  until  1895,  filled  the  office  of  commissioner 
of  charities  and  corrections.  In  politics  he  has  always  been  allied  with  the 
Democratic  party,  affiliating  with  the  Tammany  Society,  in  which  he  has 
the  rank  of  sachem. 

Dr.  Simmons  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  County,  the  St.  Nicholas, 
and  the  New  England  Medical  societies,  the  American  Medical  Association, 
the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  County,  Greater  New  York  City  and  New 
York  State  Medical  associations,  and  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Widows 
and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men.  He  is  a  member  of  Kane  Lodge  No.  454, 
F.  and  A.  M.,  and  belongs  to  the  University,  Manhattan,  Liederkranz.  New 
York  Athletic  and  Democratic  clubs.  Dr.  Simmons  married.  June  29,  1865, 
Ruby,  daughter  of  General  Jacob  Gould,  of  Rochester,  New  York.  Their 
children  are:  Edward  De  Forrest,  Mary  Sophia,  now  Mrs.  Henry  King 
Browning,  of  New  York,  and  Ruby  Gould. 

JAMES   COLE   HANCOCK,    M.   D.— 1889. 

James  Cole  Hancock,  M.  D.,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  is  the  son  of 
Chauncey  Bradley  Hancock  and  Lenna  (Cole)  Hancock.  The  Hancocks  are 
descendants  of  the  family  of  John  Hancock,  the  first  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  and  the  Coles  from  an  ancient  Irish  family  of  that  name 
who  came  to  this  country  early  in  the  nineteenth  century.  Chauncey  Brad- 
ley Hancock  was  for  many  years  a  prominent  member  of  the  New  York 
Produce  Exchange,  and  died  January  21,  1895.  His  son.  James  Cole  Han- 
cock, began  his  schooling  at  public  school  No.  1 1  in  Brooklyn  and  graduated 
from  there  in  1883.  He  then  entered  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute  to 
gain  some  knowledge  of  Latin  before  beginning  his  medical  course.  From 
here  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  the  class  of  1889.  After  sixteen  months  as  interne  at  the 
Chambers  Street  Hospital  and  twenty  months  as  interne  at  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  he  spent  six  months  in  Europe  studying  ophthal- 
mology in  London,  Paris  and  Berlin:  in  the  latter  city  with  Professors 
Hirschberg  and  Schweigger.  He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  on  October 
I,  1893,  with  an  office  at  43  Cambridge  Place,  Brooklyn,  and  one  at  143 
West  Twenty-first  street.  New  York.  The  New  York  office  was  given  up  in 
two  years.  During  the  first  two  years  he  served  as  assistant  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  Eve  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  resigned  this  position  because  of  a 


CL<>^.i!3^^\N^^./>^  ^L>5r-^. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  633 

se^■ere  injur}-  to  his  right  knee,  making  it  necessary  to  give  up  hospital  work 
for  an  extended  period.  His  present  address  is  43  Cambridge  Place,  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  where  he  confines  his  work  entirely  to  ophthalmology.  He 
is  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Eastern  District  Hospital,  ophthalmic  surgeon 
to  the  Long  Island  State  Hospital.  Brooklyn,  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Brook- 
lyn Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  lecturer  to  the  training  schools  of  the  New  York 
and  Eastern  District  Hospitals. 

Dr.  Hancock  is  a  member  of  the  following  societies :  Aledical  Society 
of  the  County  of  Kings,  and  delegate  from  this  to  the  New  York  State  Medi- 
cal Society  for  three  years  from  1900;  Kings  County  Aledical  Association 
and  member  of  the  executive  committee,  New  York  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  in  1901  fellow  to  the  annual  convention,  alternate  in  1903  to  same 
convention ;  American  ]\Iedical  Association,  Associated  Physicians  of  Long 
Island,  and  at  present  secretary  and  member  of  the  board  of  directors ;  Long 
Island  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was  secretary  and  member  of  the  coun- 
cil in  1901 ;  Ophthalmological  Section  of  the  IMedical  Society  of  the  County 
of  Kings,  Brooklyn  Pathological  Society,  chairman  of  membership  commit- 
tee ;  Brooklyn  Neurological  Society.  Medical  Society  of  the  Brooklyn  East- 
ern District  Dispensary  and  Hospital,  of  which  he  was  president  in  1900; 
Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science.  The  social  societies  of  which  he  is  a  member 
are :  Omega  Club  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Episcopal  church  and  attends  the  church  of  the  IMessiah  in  Brook- 
lyn, of  which  he  is  a  member;  Crescent  Athletic  Club  of  Brooklyn.  New  York. 

Dr.  Hancock  is  author  of  the  following  articles :  "Headaches  Due  to 
Eye  Strain,"  read  before  the  Medical  Society  of  the  Brooklyn  Eastern  Dis- 
trict Dispensary  and  Hospital  August  10.  1899.  and  published  in  the  A\'t>.' 
York  Medical  Record  for  November  4,  1899 :  "Trachoma,"  read  before  the 
Associated  Physicians  at  Northport,  Long  Island,  June  16,  1900,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  Nczc  York  Lancet  for  July,  1900:  "Reflex  Indigestion,"  read  be- 
fore the  Long  Island  Medical  Society  on  March  5,  190 1,  and  is  noAV  in  press; 
"Factors  in  the  Ordinary  Treatment  of  Eye  Diseases,"  read  before  the  Aledi- 
cal  Society  of  the  County  of  Kings,  September  16,  1902.  and  published  in  the 
Brooklyn  Medical  Journal  for  lanuary,  1903.  Dr.  Hancock  in^'ented  the  Han- 
cock Trachoma  Expression  Forceps. 

HOMER  L.  BARTLETT,  U.  D.— 1S55. 

Dr.  Homer  L.  Bartlett  was  born  October  17,  1830,  in  Jericho,  Chitten- 
den county,  Vermont,  and  is  the  son  of  Elias  and  Eliza  (Wheelock)  Bartlett. 
The  former  was  a  wealthy  and  highly  intelligent  farmer,  and  a  descendant 
of  Dr.  Josiah  Bartlett,  of  Revolutionary  memory.  On  the  maternal  side  Dr. 
Bartlett  is  descended  from  the  Rev.  Eleazar  Wheelock,  who  was  one  of  the 
first  to  preach  the  gospel  to  the  North  American  Indians,  and  wielded  great 
influence  among  them. 

Dr.  Bartlett  received  his  early  education  at  an  academy  in  his  native 
village,  and  later  at  the  Academy  of  Bakersfield,  A^ermont.  then  under  the 


634  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICL4NS  AND  SURGEONS. 


care  of  J.  S.  Spalding,  a  most  sviccessful  and  painstaking  educator.  At  school 
he  was  noted  for  his  proficiency  in  mathematics  and  the  natural  sciences,  and 
especially  for  his  facility  in  writing  and  speaking,  being  regarded  as  one  of 
the  leaders  at  the  -weekly  meetings  of  the  debating  society  connected  with  the 
institution.  His  father,  being  the  possessor  of  large  landed  property,  desired 
that  his  sons  should  become  farmers,  but  only  the  eldest  yielded  to  his  wish, 
Homer  and  his  younger  brother,  Edwin,  both  deciding  to  adopt  the  profession 
of  medicine.  The  former  began  his  studies  in  the  othce  of  his  father's  family 
physician.  Dr.  J.  Hamilton,  of  Jericho,  and  attended  his  frrst  course  of  lectures 
in  Woodstock,  Vermont.  When  Dr.  Hamilton  shortly  afterward  removed  to 
Albany,  New  York,  his  pupil  accompanied  him,  continued  his  studies,  and 
attended  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Albany  Medical  College.  At  the  end 
of  a  year,  by  the  advice  of  his  former  preceptor,  he  came  to  New  York  and 
entered  the  office  of  Dr.  Willard  Parker,  then  at  the  height  of  a  career  which 
was  an  inspiration  to  the  profession  and  a  blessing  to  the  world.  In  the 
winter  of  1854-55  he  attended  his  third  course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  received 
his  diploma  in  the  latter  year. 

After  his  graduation  he  recei\ed  the  appointment  of  assistant  physician 
to  the  Kings  County  Hospital,  then  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Thomas  Turner, 
and  during  his  term  of  service,  in  addition  to  his  usual  duties  in  the  hospital, 
and  in  connection  with  Dr.  D.  B.  Simmonds,  afterward  medical  missionary 
to  Japan,  he  arranged  a  complete  anatomical  cabinet,  besides  preserving 
numerous  pathological  specimens.  Just  before  the  close  of  his  service  illness 
obliged  him  to  take  a  vacation.  In  the  autumn  of  1856  he  returned  to  New 
York,  and  by  the  advice  of  Dr.  Parker  opened  an  office  on  Eighty-sixth  street. 
He  had  been  there  exactly  one  week  when  he  receivd  an  urgent  call  to  take 
the  place  of  Drs.  Dubois  and  Crane,  who  had  died  fighting  the  yellow  fever 
scourge  in  New  Utrecht.  He  3'ielded  to  the  importunity  an  immediate  re- 
sponse, closed  his  office,  and  removed  to  New  Utrecht,  where  he  remained 
until  the  subsidence  of  the  fever.  In  the  spring  of  1857  he  became  a  resident 
of  Flatbush,  v.diere  he  has  since  remained.  He  was  appointed  consulting 
physician  to  the  Kings  County  Hospital,  which  position  he  still  holds.  He 
was  also  physician  to  the  Kings  County  Penitentiary  for  twelve  }'ears.  He 
was  largely  instrumental  in  originating  the  health  board  of  the  town  of 
Flatbush,  of  which  he  was  health  officer  for  twelve  years,  and  was  also  one 
of  the  originators  and  the  first  president  of  the  Flatbush  police  board. 

Dr.  Bartlett  has  been  a  liberal  contributor  to  current  medical  literature, 
and  has  also  frequently  written  for  the  daily  papers.  He  has  made  himself 
thoroughly  accjuainted  with  the  early  history  of  Long  Island,  particularly  with 
that  of  Flatbush,  and  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "Sketches  of  Long 
Island,"  some  of  the  materials  for  which  were  derived  from  history,  while 
others  have  been  gathered  from  old  legends. 

Dr.  Bartlett  is  a  member  of  the  Kings  County  Medical  Society  and  the 
Physicians"  Mutual  Aid  Association.  He  is  a  permanent  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  from  which  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  held  in  London,  in  August,  1881.     He  is  a  member 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  635 

of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  was  master  of  his  lodge  for  three  years,  -unl  has 
written  and  lectured  on  suljjects  connected  with  the  order.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  and  the  first  president  of  the  Midwood  Club.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  gas  company  and  also  of  the  waterworks  department  of 
Flatbush,  being  now  \'ice-president  of  the  latter  organization. 

Dr.  Bartlett  married,  in  1859,  Alargaret  Strong,  daughter  of  Henry 
Scott,  of  Cooperstown,  Xew  York.  In  1876  Mrs.  Scott  died,  leaving  four 
children,  and  in  1888  Dr.  Bartlett  married  Harriette  Forde,  daughter  of 
William  Moore,  of  Belfast,  Ireland.  Dr.  Bartlett's  residence  in  Flatbush  is 
named  "Fenimore.""  after  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  the  novelist,  a  neighbor  and 
a  life-long  friend  of  the  Scott  family. 

CHARLES  F.   CHAPMAN,   M.   D.— 1890. 

Dr.  Charles  F.  Chapman,  of  Mount  Kisco,  New  York,  who,  although 
not  yet  in  the  prime  of  life,  is  regarded  as  the  leading  physician  and  surgeon 
of  that  place,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  J.  Francis  Chapman,  who  has  been  for  many 
years  eminent  in  the  medical  profession.  Dr.  J.  Francis  Chapman  was  born 
at  East  Pepperell,  Massachusetts,  near  Boston,  where  as  a  young  man  he  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits.  During  the  Civil  war  he  was  in  the  service 
of  the  quartermaster's  department  of  the  Seventh  ]Massachusetts  Volunteer 
Infantry,  and  afterward  settled  in  Katonah,  New  York,  where,  having  decided 
to  enter  the  ranks  of  the  medical  profession,  he  pursued  his  preparatory 
studies  under  the  instniction  of  Dr.  Seth  Shove,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Katonah,  and  for  half  a  century  one  of  the  most  prominent  surgeons  of  that 
place.  Dr.  Chapman  attended  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  graduated  in  June,  1869,  after 
which  he  returned  to  Katonah,- where  his  success  was  marked,  and  where 
he  has  held  for  a  number  of  years  his  present  high  standing  in  the  ranks  of 
the  profession.  Dr.  Chapman  married  Irene,  daughter  of  Dr.  Seth  Shove, 
his  first  preceptor  in  the  science  of  medicine. 

Dr.  Charles  F.  Chapman,  son  of  Dr.  J.  Francis  and  Irene  (Shove)  Chap- 
man, was  born  in  Katonah,  W'^estchester  county,  New  York,  February  23, 
1868,  passed  his  early  years  in  his  native  place  and  prepared  for  college  in 
the  New  York  Collegiate  School.  By  reason  of  his  youth  he  was  obliged  to 
receive  an  academic  course  under  private  instruction,  after  which  he  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated on  the  13th  of  June,  1890.  He  then  devoted  three  months  to  special 
surgical  work  in  Bellevue  Hospital,  took  charge  for  a  short  time  of  his 
father's  practice,  and  then  opened  an  office  in  Mount  Kisco.  He  was  not 
long  in  obtaining  recognition,  and  is  now  in  the  enjoyment  of  an  extensive  and 
profitable  practice.  Although  Dr.  Chapman  is  pre-eminently  a  student,  given 
to  deep  research  and  close  investigation,  he  shows  no  less  ability  in  the  prac- 
tical application  of  his  wide  and  varied  information,  and  this  combination  in 
his  character  of  the  theoretical  and  the  executive  has  no  doubt  contributed 
largely  to  his  success. 

Dr.  Chapman  is  a  member  of  the  New  York  State  INIedical  Society,  treas- 


636  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

urer  of  the  Westchester  County  Medical  Society,  consulting  physician  and 
surgeon  of  the  state  reformatory  for  women  at  Bedford,  and  officer  in  the 
Westchester  District  Nursing  Association,  and  has  been  for  six  years  health 
ofificer  of  Mount  Kisco,  in  which  position  he  has  given  much  attention  to  the 
sanitary  improvement  of  the  village.  Politically  Dr.  Chapman  is  a  Republi- 
can, but  is  free  from  partisanship,  and  has  never  accepted  any  official  position. 
He  is  a  member  of  Kisco  Lodge  No.  708,  F.  and  A.  M.,  of  which  he  has 
been  at  different  times  master,  and  assistant  grand  lecturer  of  the  Grand 
Lodge.  He  is  a  member  of  Buckingham  Chapter,  R.  A.  M.,  \\'estchester 
Commandery.  K.  T.,  Mecca  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  Dr.  Chapman  takes 
an  active  interest  in  everything  relating  to  the  improvement  of  his  town  and 
county,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Village  Improvement  and  Library  Association. 
He  is  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  church. 

Dr.  Chapman  married,  in  October,  1890,  Ella  J.  Whitlock,  daughter  of 
Daniel  D.  Whitlock,  of  New  York  city.  Mr.  Whitlock,  who  belonged  to  one 
of  the  old  families  of  Katonah,  was  a  native  of  that  place,  and  during  the 
Civil  war  had  ser\-ed  in  the  L'nion  army  with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant. 
Mrs.  Chapman,  who  is  a  woman  of  great  culture  and  refinement,  is  a  gradu- 
ate of  the  New  York  City  Normal  College.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Chapman,  who  are 
both  distinguished  for  their  musical  taste  and  proficiency,  are  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  Bedford  Musical  Society. 

HENRY  HEIMAN,  M.  D.— 1889. 

Dr.  Henry  Heiman,  of  56  West  One  Hundred  and  Twentieth  street. 
New  York  city,  was  born  in  Ludom,  Provinz  Posen,  German}-,  March  21,, 
1865,  a  son  of  Aaron  and  Johanna  (Ziegel)  Heiman.  Aaron  Heiman  was 
the  son  of  Hugo  and  Paulina  Heiman,  and  his  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Robert,  and  Cecilia  Ziegel,  all  of  whom  were  natives  of  Provinz  Posen, 
Prussia.  Dr.  Heiman  was  a  student  in  the  Royal  Gymnasium  (Rogasen  and 
Lissa)  from  October  i,  1873,  to  Septemlaer  2y.  1880,  where  he  acquired  his 
literary  education.  He  then  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Arkansas 
Industrial  University,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  March,  1888,  and 
during  the  summer  of  1888  he  attended  the  New  York  Polyclinic  School  and 
Hospital ;  later  he  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Ph3'sicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York  city,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  October,  1889. 
Dr.  Heiman  then  went  abroad  and  continued  his  studies  in  the  Koenigliche 
Fredrich  Wilhelm  Universitaet  during  the  winter  semester  of  1889  and  1890, 
and  during  the  summer  semester  of  1890  he  was  a  student  in  the  Wiener 
Universitaet.  LTpon  his  return  he  became  actively  connected  with  Mt.  Sinai 
Hospital  Dispensary,  acting  in  the  capacity  of  chief  for  the  outdoor  childrens' 
department,  later  on  adjunct  attending  physician  for  the  children  and  lec- 
turer for  the  training  school :  he  was  also  lecturer  on  children's  diseases  in 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  School  and  Hospital.  In  1889  Dr.  Heiman  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  summer  corps  of  physicians  for  the  board  of  health, 
was  secretary  of  the  pediatric  section  of  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine 
for  the  3'ears  of  1 899-1 900-1 901.     In  1903  he  was  elected  chairman,  and  ser\-ed 


^^^^^^^yin/i>^     CTCe^i^^L^v^i 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  637 

as  trustee  of  the  Harlem  Medical  Association  for  the  years  1 889- 1890- 1902- 
1903.  Dr.  Heiman  is  a  member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the  Academy 
of  Medicine,  the  Pathological  Society,  the  German  Medical  Society,  the  Har- 
lem Medical  Association,  the  Metropolitan  Medical  Society  and  the  Poly- 
clinic Clinical  Society. 

Dr.  Heiman  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  valuable  articles,  among  them 
being  the  following:  "Longevity  of  the  Tubercle  Bacillus,"  a  convenient 
and  rapid  method  of  coloring  the  organism ;  the  effects  of  the  strong  anti- 
septics on  its  chemical  decomposition ;  published  in  the  New  York  Medical 
Journal,  March  12,  1892;  "The  ReniDval  of  a  Pessary  from  the  Uterus  of  a 
Seventy  Year  Old  Woman,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record,  March  17, 
1894;  "Twin  Birth,  One  Child  Dead,  the  Other  Living,"  published  in  the 
Medical  Record,  August  24,  1895;  "-^  Clinical  and  Bacreriological  Study  of 
the  Gonococcus  ( Neisser)  as  Found  in  the  Male  C'rethra  and  in  the  Vulvo- 
vaginal Tract  of  Children,"  published  in  the  Medical  Record,  June  22,  1895 ; 
"A  Further  Study  of  the  Biology  of  the  Gonococcus  with  Contributions  to 
the  Technique,"  a  paper  based  on  the  morphological  and  biological  examina- 
tion of  exudates  in  cases  of  chronic  urethritis,  published  in  the  Medical  Record, 
in  1896:  "Further  Studies  (Third  Series)  on  the  Gonococcus  (Niesser)," 
publishefl  in  the  Medical  Record.  June  15,  1.898;  "Tubercular  Meningitis 
Diagnosis  by  Lumbar  I^mctures  with  Verification  by  Inoculation  Experi- 
ments on  a  Guinea  Pig,"  Archiz'es  of  Pediatric;,  February,  1899:  "A  Case 
of  Amaurotic  Family  Idiocy,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  1897:  "An  Epitome 
of  Current  Methods  of  Blood  Examinations  with  Demonstrations,"  Neiv 
York  Medical  lonrnal.  May  7,  1898;  "Case  of  Crescent  Malaria  Occurring 
in  a  Boy,  Aged  Five  Years,  Always  Resident  in  New  York,"  Medical  Record, 
August  12,  1899;  "Remarks  of  the  Pathogenesis  and  Prophylaxis  of  Acute 
Rheumatic  Fever  in  Children,"  Archives  'of  Pediatrics,  1901  ;  "The  Etiology 
and  Prophylaxis  of  Summer  Diarrhea  in  Children,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics. 
June,  1902;  "Peliosis  Rheumatica  in  Children  with  a  Brief  Review  of  the 
Literature  and  Report  of  Cases,"  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  December,   1902. 

On  June  8,  1898,  Dr.  Heiman  married  Bertha  Tannenbaum,  and  their 
children  are  Ruth  and  Arthiu^  Heiman. 

ADOLPHUS  G.  WIPPERN,  M.  D.— 1892. 

Dr.  Adolphus  G.  AVippern  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  July  12,  186S, 
a  son  of  Adolphus  and  Mary  Catherine  (Korf)  Wippern,  and  the  famih^ 
is  of  German  ancestry.  He  began  his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  city  and  there  continued  his  studies  until  he  had  completed  the  high 
school  course.  His  collegiate  training  was  received  in  the  German  university 
at  Vienna.  In  1887  he  became  a  student  in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Phar- 
macy, in  which  he  was  graduated  in  1889.  Having  become  imbued  with  a 
desire  to  enter  the  medical  profession  he  matriculated  in  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  in  which  he  was  graduated  with  the  class  of  1890,  and  after  practic- 
ing medicine  a  year  and  a  half  in  Vermont,  in  1892  he  completed  the  course 
in  the  College  of  Physicans  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city. 

From  June  of  that  year  until   May,    1895,    Dr.    Wippern   was   abroad 


638  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 


studying  and  traveling  in  Europe,  visiting  many  of  the  most  noted  hospitals 
and  universities  of  the  old  world,  in  which  he  continued  his  investigation 
along  the  line  of  his  profession  until  he  is  today  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  informed  members  of  the  medical  fraternity  in  Chicago.  On  the  ist 
of  May,  1895.  ^'^^  located  in  Chicago,  where  he  has  remained  continuously 
in  practice,  the  profession  and  the  public  recognizing  his  marked  capacity  in 
the  line  of  his  specialty.  He  is  now  professor  of  ophthalmologj"  and  otology  in 
the  Chicago  Eye.  Ear.  Nose  and  Throat  College,  and  in  connection  with  Dr. 
Ballenger  he  wrote  the  text  book  called  ''Eye.  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat.""  On 
the  28th  of  December.  1898.  Dr.  Wippern  was  united  in  marriage  to  ]Miss 
Bertha  Schaub.  and  they  have  one  son.  Virgil,  born  i\Iarch  28.  1901. 

JOSEPH  EDAA'ARD  JANA^RIN.  :\I.   D.— 1864. 

Dr.  Joseph  Edward  Janvrin.  of  New  York  city,  the  son  of  Joseph 
Adams  and  Lydia  A.  (Colcord)  Janvrin.  was  born  in  Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
shire. January  13.  1839,  and  he  can  claim  an  ancestry  distinguished  in  the 
history  of  New  England.  He  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  Governor  Thomas 
Dudlev  and  Governor  Simon  Bradstreet  of  the  JNIassachusetts  Bay  colony, 
of  John  Alden  of  the  Plymouth  colony,  of  Edward  Colcord,  who  was  a  mem- 
ber of  tlie  -Massachusetts  Bay  colony  in  1630,  and  became  one  of  the  founders 
of  Exeter.  New  Hampshire,  in  1638.  of  Captain  John  Janvrin,  a  native  of 
the  Isle  of  Jersey,  who  settled  at  Portsmouth.  New  Hampshire,  in  1705.  and 
was  united  in  marriage  to  jNIiss  Elizabeth  Knight,  a  native  of  that  town. 
His  grandmother  on  the  maternal  side  was  Abigail  A-dams,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Joseph  Adams,  of  Portsmouth,  and  a  cousin  of  President  John  Adams. 

Dr.  Janvrin  acquired  his  preliminary  education  at  the  private  schools 
and  at  Phillips  Academy  at  Exeter,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1857. 
Two  years  later  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  competent  instruc- 
tion of  Dr.  William  G.  Perry,  of  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  but  when  the 
Civil  war  broke  out  in  the  spring  of  1861  he  joined  the  Second  Regiment  of 
New  Hampshire  Volunteer  Infantry  and  was  soon  appointed  an  assistant 
surgeon.  In  1862  he  was  assigned  to  the  same  position  in  the  Fifteenth 
Regiment  of  the  New  Hampshire  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  continued'  in  active 
service  until  mustered  out,  August  13,  1863.  Dr.  Janvrin  then  resumed 
his  studies  by  attending  lectures  at  Dartmouth  ^Medical  College  under  the 
able  preceptorship  of  Professor  E.  R.  Peaslee.  after  which  he  matriculated 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York  city,  from  which 
he  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1864.  During  the  remain- 
der of  that  year  he  served  an  interneship  in  the  Emory  General  Hospital  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  and  upon  his  return  to  New  York  became  associated  with 
Professor  Peaslee  and  so  continued  until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  January, 
1878,  since  which  time  Dr.  Janvrin  has  practiced  alone,  making  a  specialty 
of  gvmecolog}^  in  which  branch  of  the  profession  he  ha';  attained  a  high  repu- 
tation among  his  colleagues  as  well  as  in  the  community. 

Erom  1868  to  1872  Dr.  Janvrin  was  visiting  phj'sician  to  the  DeMilt 
Dispensary  and  the  Orphans'  Home  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church; 
from  1872  to  1882  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Woman's  Hospital,  New  York 


^  .^^ 


JPne  Lewis  Jiiilishinii  Co. 


OFFICERS  AND  ALUMNI.  639 

state,  and  since  1882  has  served  in  the  capacity  of  gynecologist  of  the  New 
York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital.  Among  his  literary  contributions  the 
most  noticeable  are:  "A  Case  of  Interstitial  Pregnancy,"  published  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Obstetrics,  November,  1874;  "The  Simultaneous  Clos- 
ure of  the  Ruptured  Cervix  and  Perineum  with  Report  of  Fifteen  Cases," 
published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women 
and  Children,  May,  1884:  Dr.  Janvrin  had  at  that  date  performed  a  large 
number  of  these  operations  besides  those  reported  in  this  paper,  the  first  one 
in  March,  1874.  "A  Case  of  Tubal  Pregnancy  of  Unusual  Interest,  with 
Some  Remarks  as  to  the  Treatment  of  Such  Cases,"  read  before  the  Ameri- 
can Gynecological  Society,  September  21,  1886;  "On  the  Indications  for 
Primary  Laparotomy  in  Cases  of  Tubal  Pregnancy,"  read  before  the  Ameri- 
can Gynecological  Society  at  \Vashington,  D.  C,  September  18,  1888;  in 
both  these  papers  Dr.  Janvrin  took  the  advanced  ground  that  all  such  cases 
should  be  diagnosed  as  tubal  pregnancy,  and  should  be  immediately  operated 
by  laparotomy.  "A  Clinical  Study  of  Primary  Carcinomatous  and  Sar- 
comatous Neoplasms  Between  the  Folds  of  the  Broad  Ligaments,  with  a  Re- 
port of  Cases,"  read  before  the  American  Gynecological  Society  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  1891 ;  "Limitation  for  Vaginal  Hysterectomy  in  Malignant 
Diseases  of  the  Uterus,"  published  in  the  Neii.'  York  Medical  Record,  July 
9,  1892;  "Vaginal  Hysterectomy  for  Malignant  Diseases  of  the  Uterus," 
published  in  the  Neii'  York  Journal  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  Septem- 
ber, 1892;  "The  Palliative  Treatment  of  Such  Cases  of  Malignant  Diseases 
of  the  L'terus  and  Adnexa  as  Are  Not  Amenable  to  Radical  Operation,"  pub- 
lished in  Gaillard's  Medical  Journal,  January,  1893;  "The  L'ltimate  Results, 
in  My  Own  Experience,  of  Vaginal  Hysterectomy  for  Cancer  Originating  in 
the  Cervix  Uteri,"  published  in  the  Medical  A^ezus,  February  29,  1896;  "Two 
Interesting  Cases  of  Surgery  of  the  Kidney,"  Transactions  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Association  for  1896:  "Selection  of  Operation  in  Cases  of 
Cancer  of  the  Cervix  Uteri,  and  of  the  Uterus  Also,"  published  in  the  Ameri- 
can Gynecological  and  Obstetrical  Journal,  May.  1897;  "The  Use  of  Catgut 
Sutures  in  Ventro-fixation  of  the  LTerus,"  published  in  the  Memphis  lancet, 
December.  1898:  "Why  Vaginal  Hysterectomy  Should  Be  Done  in  Cases  of 
Cancer  of  the  Uterus  in  Its  Early  Stage."  read  before  the  Woman's  Hospital 
Society.  February  25,  1902. 

Dr.  Janvrin  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  International  Congress  of 
Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  was  president  of  the  New  York  Obstetrical  So- 
ciety from  1890  to  1892,  and  president  of  the  New  York  County  Medical 
Association  for  the  years  1896  and  1897.  In  addition  to  these  he  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  New  York  State  and 
County  Medical  Associations,  and  the  New  York  Academy  of  jMedicine,  for 
which  he  acted  in  the  capacity  of  trustee  for  five  years ;  the  American  Gyne- 
cological Association,  and  he  has  long  been  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Gynecological  Society  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  He  is  also  connected  with 
many  social  and  patriotic  organizations,  such  as  the  Union  League  Club,  the 
Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  the  New  York  Society  of  Mayflower 
Descendants,  of  which  he  has  been  surgeon,  the  Societj'  of  Colonial  Wars, 


640  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

and  the  New  England  Society.  On  September  i.  1881,  Dr.  Janvrin  mar- 
ried Miss  Laura  Louise  La  Wall  of  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  and  their  children 
are:  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  born  January  25,  1884;  and  Marguerite 
La  Wall,  born  September  20,  1889. 

HERBERT  MORTON  EDDY,  M.  D.— 1870. 

Dr.  Herbert  Morton  Eddy,  for  more  than  thirty  years  engaged  in  the 
active  practice  of  his  profession  in  Geneva,  New  York,  was  born  November 
27,  1845,  in  Cayuga,  New  York,  and  is  the  son  of  Dr.  Hiram  L.  and  Hetty 
(Peterson)  Eddy.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  years  he  was  taken  by  his  parents 
to  Geneva,  receiving  his  preparatory  education  in  the  Geneva  high  school, 
where  he  was  prepared  to  enter  Hobart  College,  graduating  from  that  insti- 
tution in  the  class  of  1866.  His  father  was  a  capable  physician,  and  the  son 
determined  upon  engaging  in  the  same  profession.  His  preliminary  studies 
were  pursued  under  the  paternal  direction,  and  later  he  came  under  the  pre- 
ceptorship  of  Dr.  Hiram  N.  Eastman,  after  which  he  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  the  class  of  1870,  having  previously  graduated  in  the  Gene\-a  Medical 
College. 

After  practicing  for  a  few  months  in  Seneca  Falls,  he  removed  to  New 
York  city,  where  he  practiced  for  a  while,  and  finally  located  at  Geneva  in 
the  summer  of  1870.  He  is  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Geneva  City  Hos- 
pital and  of  the  Ontario  County  Medical  Society.  Dr.  Eddy  married,  in 
1873,  Miss  Hattie  Hugbie,  a  native  of  Little  Falls,  New  York.  Their  family 
consists  of  a  son,  William  H.,  and  a  daughter,  Katharine  Eddy. 

AUGUSTUS  ALPHONSO  HUSSEY,  M.  D.— 1896. 

Dr.  Augustus  Alphonso  Hussey,  a  physician  of  well  established  reputa- 
tion in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  was  born  May  28,  1872,  and  received  his  pre- 
paratory education  in  the  Ricker  Classical  Listitute.  where  he  was  fitted  to 
enter  Bowdoin  College,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the  class  of  1893  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  from  which  institution  he  graduated  in 
the  class  of  1896.  For  eighteen  months  subsequent  to  his  graduation  Dr. 
Hussey  served  as  interne  in  the  Brooklyn  Hospital,  gaining  thereby  that 
practical  experience  so  indispensable  to  future  success  in  all  professions,  but 
especially  in  that  of  medicine.  In  1899  ^""^  opened  an  office  in  Brooklyn  and 
engaged  in  general  practice,  finding  himself,  ere  many  months  had  elapsed, 
in  the  possession  of  an  extensive  and  steadily  increasing  patronage.  He  holds 
■the  position  of  clinical  assistant  gynecologist  in  the  Brooklyn  Hospital. 

During  the  Spanish-American  war  Dr.  Hussey's  services,  together  with 
those  of  many  of  his  professional  brethren,  were  called  into  requisition  by 
the  United  States  government.  He  received  the  appointment  of  acting  assist- 
ant surgeon,  holding  that  position  throughout  the  summer  and  autumn  of 
1898,  and  discharging  the  services  required  of  him  in  the  most  satisfactory 
manner.  Dr.  Hussey  is  a  member  oi  the  Kings  County  Medical  Society,  the 
Long  Island  Medical  Society,  and  the  Brooklyn  Pathological  Society. 


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